3GPP R8 LTE Overview

조봉열, Bong Youl (Brian) Cho

brian.cho@intel.com
Intel Corporation
 Contents
„ Technology Evolution

„ OFDM(A) and SC-FDMA

„ LTE Overview
„ LTE Radio Interface Architecture
„ LTE Downlink Transmission
„ LTE Uplink Transmission
„ LTE Cell Search

„ Summary

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 2
Technology Evolution
 Worldwide Mobile Users
Number Percentage
cdmaOne 2,512,409 0.06%
CDMA2000 1X 309,507,900 7.18%
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO 121,821,983 2.83%
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev. A 13,912,386 0.32%
Subtotal for 3GPP2 447,754,678 10.39%
GSM 3,449,010,903 80.02%
WCDMA 255,773,412 5.93%
WCDMA HSPA 132,079,727 3.06%
TD-SCDMA 825,044 0.02%
Subtotal for 3GPP 3,837,689,086 89.03%
Subtotal for 3GPP except GSM 388,678,183 9.02%
TDMA 753,411 0.02%
PDC 2,752,436 0.06%
iDEN 21,361,981 0.50%
Total 4,310,311,592
* Data supplied by GSMA Mobile Infolink on Aug/07/2009

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 4
 3GPP Standards Evolution
Ongoing GERAN Evolution
GERAN
GPRS EGPRS GERAN Evolution
DL PDR: 50 kbps DL PDR: 236 kbps SAIC
MSRD
UL PDR: 21 kbps UL PDR: 118 kbps PS Handover
Dual Carrier

Ongoing
UMTS R5 HSDPA R6 HSUPA R7 HSPA R8 HSPA HSPA Evolution
WCDMA (5MHz) (5 MHz) Evolution Evolution
(5MHz) DL PDR: 14 Mbps DL PDR: 14 Mbps (5 MHz) (5 MHz)
DL PDR: 384 kbps UL PDR: 384 kbps UL PDR: 5.7 Mbps DL PDR: 28.8 Mbps DL PDR: 43.2 Mbps
UL PDR: 64 kbps UL PDR: 11.5 Mbps UL PDR: 11.5 Mbps

R7 LTE R8
LTE/SAE R9 &
Feasibility LTE-Adv
Study (1.4-
(1.4-20MHz)
(1.25-
(1.25-20MHz)
DL PDR: ≥ 100 Mbps (R10)…
UL PDR: ≥ 50 Mbps

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009+

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 5
 Technology Evolution Path
3G 3.5G~3.99G IMT-Adv?

2005 2006 2007-2009 2010+

3G Technology Evolution

HSPA+ (R7/R8)
WCDMA (R99) HSDPA (R5) LTE-Adv ?
3GPP LTE (R8)

EVDO R.B
EVDO R.0 EVDO R.A ?
3GPP2 UMB

Wi-Fi 802.16e 802.16e

802.16m ?
OFDM OFDMA MIMO-OFDMA (WiMAX R2.0)
(WiMAX R1.0)

Broadband Wireless Technology Evolution

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 6
 Advancement For High Data Rate

3.5G 4G
2G, 3G
(HSDPA,EVDO) (LTE,WiMAX)

Access Scheme CDMA OFDM(A)

QPSK,16QAM,
Modulation QPSK Up to 16QAM
64QAM
Link Adaptation Mainly PC Mainly AMC with channel-aware scheduler
ARQ without soft
ARQ HARQ with soft combining
combining
Handover SHO HHO
FDD,
Duplexing FDD
TDD is emerging

Antenna Various Antenna

Rx Antenna Diversity
Technology Diversity, MIMO, BF

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 7
OFDM(A) and SC-FDMA
 ISI Prevents High Data Rate?
„ In general, ISI prevents “HIGH DATA RATE”
„ Symbol rate increase Æ Ts decrease Æ severe ISI
Symbol rate decrease Æ Ts increase Æ less ISI

Multipath profile in the wireless channel

(which is already given)

time

System#1 s1 s2

Ts
System#2 s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6 s7 s8 s9 s10 s11 s12 s13 s14 s15 s16

Ts

• System#2 achieves 10x higher data rate by using 10x more spectrum (BW)
• However, at the same time, system#2 suffers 10x more severe ISI due to
short symbol duration compared to the multipath profile in the time domain
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 9
 Multicarrier to “Minimize” ISI Effect
„ Ways to “minimize” inter-symbol interference:
z Reduce the symbol rate, but data rate goes down too
z Equalizers, but equalization is processor intensive & expensive

We are talking about

“Broadband Wireless” which
requires high data rate

„ Solution:
z Transmit data over multiple carrier frequencies in parallel
 Narrow, slower channels are MUCH LESS vulnerable to ISI thanks to long symbol duration compared to
the multipath delay in time domain
 OFDM splits data into parallel, independent, narrowband channels (“subcarriers”)
 Expensive adaptive equalizers are not required

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 10
 Guard Interval To “Remove” ISI

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 11
 Cyclic Prefix for Guard Interval

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 12
 More on CP (Cyclic Prefix)

„ OFDM guarantee no interference ‘between’ subsequent OFDM symbols

OFDM allows ISI ‘within’ one OFDM symbol

„ Then, how can we remove ISI ‘within’ each OFDM symbol?

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 13
 Circular Convolution
„ Circular convolution

where is a periodic version of x[n] with period L.

„ DFT

z The duality b/w circular convolution in the time domain and simple multiplication
in the frequency domain is a property unique to DFT
z The above simple formula describes an ISI-free channel in the frequency
domain, where each input symbol X[m] is simply scaled by a complex value
H[m]
z It is trivial to recover the input symbol by simply computing

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 14
 Frequency Domain Model of OFDM Tx/Rx

One-tap EQ

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 15
 OFDMA: (1) Better BW Utilization
„ Cell center area: mostly BW-limited region
Cell edge area: mostly power-limited region
Æ To better utilize the resource FDM-based access is required on top of TDM-based access

„ Enhance uplink link budget!

„ Active subcarriers are divided into subsets called “resource block”
„ When subscriber uses very few resource blocks,
z It can concentrate all transmitting power (e.g. 200mW) in the used resource blocks
z It will have additional gain on uplink
Æ 10*log10(Fs), where Fs is the power concentration factor

200mW

200mW

Total System BW

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 16
 OFDMA: (2) Freq. Domain Scheduling
„ Loading gain by “frequency selective scheduling”

Localized subcarrier assignment Distributed subcarrier assignment

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 17
 DL Channel Dependent Scheduling
in time and frequency domains

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 18
 OFDMA: (3) Interference Coordination
„ Flexible Fractional Frequency Reuse

Cell-A

Power
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 C1 C2 C3 C4

B5 C5

weak users good users

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B2 B3 B4 B5 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
Cell-B
B1

good user weak user

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
Cell-C
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5

good users weak users

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 19
 A Brief History of OFDM*
„ 1966: Chang shows that multicarrier modulation can solve the multipath
problem without reducing data rate
z R. W. Chang, “Synthesis of band-limited orthogonal signals for multichannel
data transmission”, Bell Systems Technical Journal, 45:1775-1796, Dec. 1966
„ 1971: Weinstein and Ebert show that multicarrier modulation can be
accomplished using a DFT
z S. Weinstein and P. Ebert, “Data Transmission by frequency-division
multiplexing using the discrete Fourier transform”, IEEE Transactions on
Communications, 19(5): 628-634, Oct. 1971
„ 1985: Cimini at Bell Labs identifies many of the key issues in OFDM
transmission and does a proof-of-concept design
z L. J. Cimini, “Analysis and simulation of a digital mobile channel using
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing”, IEEE Transactions on
Communications, 33(7): 665-675, July 1985
„ 1993: DSL adopts OFDM
„ 1999: IEEE 802.11 releases the 802.11a standard for OFDM

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 * Jeffrey Andrews, et al., Fundamentals of WiMAX, Prentice Hall, 2007
20
 OFDM in Communication Systems
„ 3GPP LTE
„ 3GPP2 UMB
„ IEEE 802.16e Mobile WiMAX
„ DAB, DVB-T, DVB-H
„ T-DMB
„ MediaFlo
„ IEEE 802.11a WLAN
„ xDSL
„ PLC
„ Etc…
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 21
 SC-FDMA Transmitter
„ SC-FDMA is a new hybrid modulation technique combining the low PAR
single carrier methods of current systems with the frequency allocation
flexibility and long symbol time of OFDM
„ SC-FDMA is sometimes referred to as Discrete Fourier Transform Spread
OFDM = DFT-SOFDM
Signal at each subcarrier is linear combination of all M symbols

Coded symbol rate= R Spreading

Sub-carrier CP
DFT Mapping IFFT insertion

Msymbols Size-M

Low High Low

Size-N
PAPR PAPR PAPR

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 22
 CM of OFDMA & SC-FDMA

OFDMA

SC-FDMA
16QAM

SC-FDMA
QPSK

SC-FDMA
pi/2-BPSK

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 23
 R8 LTE DL OFDMA

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 24
 R8 LTE UL SC-FDMA (LFDMA)

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 25
 Comparing OFDM and SC-FDMA*
„ QPSK example using N=4 subcarriers
„ How OFDM and SC-FDMA would be used to transmit a sequence of 8
QPSK symbols

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 26
* Moray Rumney (Agilent), “Concepts of 3GPP LTE”, Live Webinar, Sep. 20th, 2007.
 Comparing OFDM and SC-FDMA

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 27
 Time Domain Equalizer

„ In general, the complexity of time-discrete equalizer with linear equalization

implementation (as above) grows relatively rapidly with the bandwidth of the
signal to be equalized
z A more wideband signal is subject to relatively more frequency selectivity or,
equivalently, more time dispersion. This implies the equalizer needs to have a larger
span.
z A more wideband signal leads to a correspondingly higher sampling rate for the
received signal. Thus, also the receiver-filter processing needs to be carried out with
a correspondingly higher rate.

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 28
 Frequency Domain Equalizer

„ Frequency domain equalization basically consists of

z A size-N DFT/FFT
z N complex multiplications (the frequency-domain filter)
z A size-N inverse DFT/FFT
„ Especially in extensive frequency selective channel, the complexity of the
frequency domain equalization can be significantly less than that of time
domain equalization
* D. Falconer, et al., “Frequency domain equalization for single-carrier broadband
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 wireless systems,” IEEE Communication Magazine, vol.40, no.4, April 2002 29
LTE Overview
 3GPP Specifications
„ LTE Study Phase (Release 7)
z TR 25.813, E-UTRA and E-UTRAN: Radio interface protocol aspects
z TR 25.814, Physical layer aspects for E-UTRA
z TR 25.912, Feasibility study for E-UTRA and E-UTRAN
z TR 25.913, Requirements for E-UTRA and E-UTRAN
„ LTE Specifications (Release 8)
z TS 36.101, E-UTRA: UE radio transmission and reception
z TS 36.104, E-UTRA: BS radio transmission and reception
z TS 36.201, E-UTRA: LTE Physical Layer - General Description
z TS 36.211, E-UTRA: Physical channels and modulation
z TS 36.212, E-UTRA: Multiplexing and channel coding
z TS 36.213, E-UTRA: Physical layer procedures
z TS 36.214, E-UTRA: Physical layer – Measurements
z TS 36.300, E-UTRA and E-UTRAN: Overall description; Stage 2
z TS 36.302, E-UTRA: Services provided by the physical layer
z TS 36.306, E-UTRA: UE Radio Access Capabilities
z TS 35.321, E-UTRA: Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification
z TS 36.323, E-UTRA: Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) specification
z TS 36.331, E-UTRA: Radio Resource Control (RRC); Protocol specification
z TS 36.401, E-UTRAN: Architecture description
z TR 36.938, E-UTRAN: Improved network controlled mobility between LTE and 3GPP2/mobile
WiMAX radio technologies
z TR 36.956, E-UTRA; Repeater planning guidelines and system analysis

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 31
 3GPP LTE
„ LTE focus is on:
z enhancement of the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)
z optimisation of the UTRAN architecture
„ With HSPA (downlink and uplink), UTRA will remain highly competitive for
several years
„ LTE project aims to ensure the continued competitiveness of the 3GPP
technologies for the future (started at Nov. 2004)
„ Motivations
z Need for PS optimized system
 Evolve UMTS towards packet only system
z Need for higher data rates
 Can be achieved with HSDPA/HSUPA and/or new air interface defined by 3GPP LTE
z Need for high quality of services
 Use of licensed frequencies to guarantee quality of services
 Always-on experience (reduce control plane latency significantly)
 Reduce round trip delay
z Need for cheaper infrastructure
 Simplify architecture, reduce number of network elements
 Most data users are less mobile

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 32
 Detailed Requirements*
„ Peak data rate
z Instantaneous downlink peak data rate of 100 Mb/s within a 20 MHz downlink
spectrum allocation (5 bps/Hz)
z Instantaneous uplink peak data rate of 50 Mb/s (2.5 bps/Hz) within a 20MHz
uplink spectrum allocation)
„ Control-plane latency
z Transition time of less than 100 ms from a camped state, such as Release 6
Idle Mode, to an active state such as Release 6 CELL_DCH
z Transition time of less than 50 ms between a dormant state such as Release 6
CELL_PCH and an active state such as Release 6 CELL_DCH
„ Control-plane capacity
z At least 200 users per cell should be supported in the active state for spectrum
allocations up to 5 MHz
„ User-plane latency
z Less than 5 ms in unload condition (ie single user with single data stream) for
small IP packet

* 3GPP TR 25.913, Technical Specification Group RAN: Requirements for Evolved

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 UTRA (E-UTRA) and Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN), Release 8, Version 8.0.0, Dec. 2008
33
 Detailed Requirements
„ Average user throughput
z Downlink: average user throughput per MHz, 3 to 4 times Release 6 HSDPA
z Uplink: average user throughput per MHz, 2 to 3 times Release 6 Enhanced Uplink
„ Cell edge user throughput
z Downlink: user throughput per MHz at 5% of CDF, 2 to 3 times Release 6 HSDPA
z Uplink: user throughput per MHz at 5% of CDF, 2 to 3 times Release 6 Enhanced Uplink
„ Spectrum efficiency
z Downlink: In a loaded network, target for spectrum efficiency (bits/sec/Hz/site), 3 to 4
times Release 6 HSDPA )
z Uplink: In a loaded network, target for spectrum efficiency (bits/sec/Hz/site), 2 to 3 times
Release 6 Enhanced Uplink
„ Mobility
z E-UTRAN should be optimized for low mobile speed from 0 to 15 km/h
z Higher mobile speed between 15 and 120 km/h should be supported with high
performance
z Mobility across the cellular network shall be maintained at speeds from 120 km/h to 350
km/h (or even up to 500 km/h depending on the frequency band)
„ Coverage
z Throughput, spectrum efficiency and mobility targets above should be met up to 5 km
cells, and with a slight degradation up to 30 km cells. Cells range up to 100 km should
not be precluded.

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 34
 Detailed Requirements
„ Spectrum flexibility
z E-UTRA shall operate in spectrum allocations of different sizes, including 1.25 MHz, 2.5
MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz and 20 MHz in both the uplink and downlink. Operation
in paired and unpaired spectrum shall be supported
„ Co-existence and Inter-working with 3GPP RAT (UTRAN, GERAN)
„ Architecture and migration
z Single E-UTRAN architecture
z The E-UTRAN architecture shall be packet based, although provision should be made
to support systems supporting real-time and conversational class traffic
z E-UTRAN architecture shall support an end-to-end QoS
z Backhaul communication protocols should be optimized
„ Radio Resource Management requirements
z Enhanced support for end to end QoS
z Support of load sharing and policy management across different Radio Access
Technologies
„ Complexity
z Minimize the number of options
z No redundant mandatory features

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 35
 LTE System Performance
„ Peak Data Rate

150.8 baseline
302.8
51.0
75.4 baseline

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 36
 LTE System Performance – cont’d
„ Downlink Spectral Efficiency

„ Uplink Spectral Efficiency

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 37
 LTE Key Features
„ Downlink: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)
z Less critical AMP efficiency in BS side Making MS cheap as
z Concerns on high RX complexity in terminal side much as possible by
Uplink: SC-FDMA (Single Carrier-FDMA) moving all the burdens
z Less critical RX complexity in BS side from MS to BS
z Critical AMP complexity in terminal side (Cost, power Consumption, UL coverage)
„ Single node RAN (eNB)
„ Support FDD (frame type 1) & TDD (frame type 2 for TD-SCDMA) <cf> H-FDD MS
„ User data rates
z DL (baseline): 150.8 Mbps @ 20 MHz BW w/ 2x2 SU-MIMO
z UL (baseline): 75.4 Mbps @ 20 MHz BW w/ non-MIMO or 1x2 MU-MIMO
„ Radio frame: 10 ms (= 20 slots)
Sub-frame: 1 ms (= 2 slots)
Slot: 0.5 ms
„ TTI: 1 ms
„ HARQ
z Incremental redundancy is used as the soft combining strategy
z Retransmission time: 8 ms
„ Modulation
z DL/UL data channel = QPSK/16QAM/64QAM

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 38
 LTE Key Features – cont’d
„ MIMO SM (Spatial Multiplexing), Beamforming, Antenna Diversity
Min requirement: 2 eNB antennas & 2 UE rx antennas
z DL: Single-User MIMO up to 4x4 supportable
z UL: 1x2 MU-MIMO, Optional 2x2 SU-MIMO
„ Resource block
z 12 subcarriers with subcarrier BW of 15kHz Æ “180kHz”
z 24 subcarriers with subcarrier BW of 7.5kHz (only for MBMS)
„ Subcarrier operation
z Frequency selective by localized subcarrier
z Frequency diversity by distributed subcarrier & frequency hopping
„ Frequency hopping
z Intra-TTI: UL (once per 0.5ms slot), DL (once per 66us symbol)
z Inter-TTI: across retransmissions
„ Bearer services
z Packet only – no circuit switched voice or data services are supported
z Voice must use VoIP
„ MBSFN
z Multicast/Broadcast over a Single Frequency Network
z To support a Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast System (MBMS)
z Time-synchronized common waveform is transmitted from multiple cells for a given duration
Æ The signal at MS will appear exactly as a signal transmitted from a single cell site and subject to multi-path
Æ Not only “improve the received signal strength” but also “eliminate inter-cell interference”

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 39
 E-UTRAN Architecture*

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 * 3GPP TS 36.300, E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description; Stage 2, Release 9, V9.0.0, June 2009
40
Functional Split b/w E-UTRAN and EPC*

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 * 3GPP TS 36.300, E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description; Stage 2, Release 9, V9.0.0, June 2009
41
 3GPP Architecture Evolution
Towards Flat Architecture

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 42
 E-UTRA Frequency Band*

Å Japan, Korea?

Å Korea?

Å Europe
Å Korea?

Å US

Å US

Å China?

* 3GPP TS 36.101, E-UTRA: UE radio transmission

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 and reception, Release 9, V9.0.0, June 2009 43
 E-UTRA Channel Bandwidth*
„ 1RB = 180kHz Æ 6RBs = 1.08MHz, 100RBs = 18MHz
„ 6RBs (72 subcarriers) with 128 FFT, 100RBs (1200 subcarriers) with 2048 FFT

* 3GPP TS 36.101, E-UTRA: UE radio transmission

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 and reception, Release 9, V9.0.0, June 2009 44
 TS 36.101 for UE, 36.104 for eNB
„ Transmitter characteristics
z Transmit power
z Output power dynamics
z Transmit signal quality
z Output RF spectrum emissions
z Transmit intermodulation
„ Receiver characteristics
z Reference sensitivity power level
z Maximum input level
z Adjacent Channel Selectivity (ACS)
z Blocking characteristics
z Intermodulation characteristics
z Spurious emissions
„ Performance requirement (below is examples for UE)
z Dual-antenna receiver capability
z Simultaneous unicast and MBMS operations
z Demodulation of PDSCH (Cell-Specific Reference Symbols)
z Minimum Requirement QPSK/16QAM/64QAM
z Transmit diversity performance
z Open-loop spatial multiplexing performance
z Closed-loop spatial multiplexing performance
z MU-MIMO

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 45
 Conformance Test
„ TS 36.141 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Base Station (BS) conformance
testing
„ TS 36.143 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); FDD repeater conformance testing

„ TS 36.508 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Packet Core (EPC);
Common test environments for User Equipment (UE) conformance testing
„ TS 36.509 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Packet Core (EPC);
Special conformance testing functions for User Equipment (UE)

„ TS 36.521-1 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE)
conformance specification; Radio transmission and reception; Part 1: Conformance testing
„ TS 36.521-2 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE)
conformance specification; Radio transmission and reception; Part 2: Implementation Conformance
Statement (ICS)
„ TS 36.521-3 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE)
conformance specification; Radio transmission and reception; Part 3: Radio Resource Management
(RRM) conformance testing
„ TS 36.523-1 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Packet Core (EPC);
User Equipment (UE) conformance specification; Part 1: Protocol conformance specification
„ TS 36.523-2 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Packet Core (EPC);
User Equipment (UE) conformance specification; Part 2: ICS
„ TS 36.523-3 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Packet Core (EPC);
User Equipment (UE) conformance specification; Part 3: Test suites

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 46
LTE Radio Interface Architecture
 LTE Protocol Architecture (DL)

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 48
 Logical Channels: “type of information it carries”
„ Control Channels
z Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
used for transmission of system information from the network to all UEs in a cell
z Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
used for paging of UEs whose location on cell level is not known to the network
z Common Control Channel (CCCH)
used for transmission of control information in conjunction with random access, i.e.,
used for UEs having no RRC connection
z Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
used for transmission of control information to/from a UE, i.e., used for UEs having
RRC connection (e.g. handover messages)
z Multicast Control Channel (MCCH)
used for transmission of control information required for reception of MTCH
„ Traffic Channels
z Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)
used for transmission of user data to/from a UE
z Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH)
used for transmission of MBMS services

* 3GPP TS 36.300, E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 description; Stage 2, Release 9, V9.0.0, June 2009 49
 Transport Channels: “how”, “with what characteristics”
„ Downlink
z Broadcast Channel (BCH)
 A fixed TF
 Used for transmission of parts of BCCH, so called MIB
z Paging Channel (PCH)
 Used for transmission of paging information from PCCH
 Supports discontinuous reception (DRX)
z Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH)
 Main transport channel used for transmission of downlink data in LTE
 Used also for transmission of parts of BCCH, so called SIB
 Supports discontinuous reception (DRX)
z Multicast Channel (MCH)
 Used to support MBMS
„ Uplink
z Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH)
 Uplink counterpart to the DL-SCH
z Random Access Channel(s) (RACH)
 Transport channel which doesn’t carry transport blocks
 Collision risk

* 3GPP TS 36.300, E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 description; Stage 2, Release 9, V9.0.0, June 2009 50
 DL Physical Channels
„ Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
z 실제 downlink user data를 전송하기 위한 transport channel인 DL-SCH와 paging 정보를 전송
하기 위한 transport channel인 PCH가 매핑
z 동적 방송 정보인 SI (System Information) 값들도 RRC 메시지 형태로 DL-SCH를 통해 전송되
므로 이 역시 PDSCH로 매핑
Æ 이 경우는 전체 셀 영역으로 도달될 수 있는 능력이 요구되기도 함
„ Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
z UE가 cell search과정을 마친 후에 최초로 검출하는 채널로서, 다른 물리 계층 채널들을 수신하
기 위하여 반드시 필요한 기본적인 시스템 정보들인 MIB (Master Information Block)를 전송하
기 위한 transport channel인 BCH가 매핑
„ Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH)
z 방송형 데이터를 전송하기 위한 transport channel 인 MCH가 매핑
„ Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
z 매 subframe마다 전송, only one PCFICH in each cell
z Informs UE about CFI which indicates the number of OFDM symbols used for PDCCHs
transmission
„ Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
z Informs UE about resource allocation of PCH and DL-SCH
z HARQ information related to DL-SCH
z UL scheduling grant
„ Physical HARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
z Carries HARQ ACK/NACKs in response to UL transmission

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 51
 UL Physical Channels
„ Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
z Uplink counterpart of PDSCH
z Carries UL-SCH
„ Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
z Carries HARQ ACK/NAKs in response to DL transmission
z Carries Scheduling Request (SR)
z Carries channel status reports such as CQI, PMI and RI
z At most one PUCCH per UE
„ Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
z Carries the random access preamble

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 52
 LTE Channel Mapping

Downlink

Uplink

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 53
 Terminal States

„ RRC_CONNECTED
z Active state where UE is connected to a specific cell
z One or several IP addresses as well as an identity of the terminal, Cell Radio-Network Temporary
Identifier (C-RNTI), used for signaling purposes b/w UE and network, have been assigned
z Two substates: IN_SYNC & OUT_OF_SYNC whether or not uplink is synchronized to the network
„ RRC_IDLE
z Low activity state where US sleeps most of the time to reduce battery consumption
z Uplink synchronization is not maintained and hence only uplink transmission that may take place is
random access
z In downlink, US can periodically wake up to be paged for incoming calls
z UE keeps its IP address(es) and other internal info to rapidly move to RRC_CONNECTED

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 54
 Example of LTE Data Flow

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 55
LTE Downlink Transmission
 Frame Structure: Type 1 for FDD

One radio frame, Tf = 307200×Ts=10 ms

One slot, Tslot = 15360×Ts = 0.5 ms

#0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19

One subframe

where, Ts = 1/(15000 x 2048) seconds Æ “the smallest time unit in LTE”

Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10 ms

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 57
 Frame Structure: Type 2 for TDD

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 58
 Frame Structure: FDD/TDD

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 59
 DL Slot Structure Tslot

DL
„ N RB : Downlink bandwidth configuration,
expressed in units of N scRB DL
N symb

„ N scRB : Resource block size in the k = N RB N sc − 1

DL RB

frequency domain, expressed as a

number of subcarriers
DL
N symb × N scRB
DL
„ N symb : Number of OFDM symbols in an
downlink slot

(k , l )

× N scRB

N scRB
DL
The minimum RB the eNB uses for LTE N RB

scheduling is “1ms (1subframe) x 180kHz

(12subcarriers @ 15kHz spacing)”

k =0
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 60
l=0 l= DL
N symb −1
 Definitions
„ Resource Grid
DL RB DL
z Defined as N RB N sc subcarriers in frequency domain and N symb OFDM symbols in time domain
DL
z The quantity N RB depends on the DL transmission BW configured in the cell and shall fulfill
6 ≤ N RB
DL
≤ 110
DL
z The set of allowed values for N RB is given by TS 36.101, TS 36.104
„ Resource Block (1 RB = 180 kHz)
Defined as N scRB “consecutive” subcarriers in frequency domain and N symb “consecutive” OFDM
DL
z
symbols in time domain
z Corresponding to one slot in the time domain and 180 kHz in the frequency domain

„ Resource Element
z Uniquely defined by the index pair (k, l ) in a slot where k = 0,..., N RB
DL
N scRB − 1 and l = 0,..., N symb
DL
−1
are the indices in the frequency and time domain, respectively

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 61
 Normal CP & Extended CP

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 62
 PRB and VRB (LVRB, DVRB)
„
DL
Physical resource blocks are numbered from 0 to N RB − 1 in the frequency domain.
„ The relation between the physical resource block number nPRB in the frequency domain
and resource elements (k , l ) in a slot is given by
⎢ k ⎥
nPRB = ⎢ RB ⎥
⎢⎣ N sc ⎥⎦
„ A virtual resource block is of the same size as a physical resource block.
Two types of virtual resource blocks are defined: LVRB and DVRB
„ Virtual resource blocks of localized type are mapped directly to PRBs such that virtual
resource block nVRB corresponds to physical resource block nPRB = nVRB .
DL
Virtual resource blocks are numbered from 0 to N VRB − 1 , where N VRB
DL
= N RB
DL
.

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 63
 DVRB
„ Virtual resource blocks of distributed type are mapped to PRBs as follows
z Consecutive VRBs are not mapped to PRBs that are consecutive in the frequency domain
z Even a single VRB pair is distributed in the frequency domain
„ The exact size of the frequency gap depends on the overall downlink cell BW

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 64
 Resource-element groups (REG)

n+5
n+6
n+7
„ Basic unit for mapping of PCFICH,
PHICH, and PDCCH
„ Resource-element groups are used
for defining the mapping of control

n+3
n+4
channels to resource elements.
„ Mapping of a symbol-quadruplet

n+0
n+1
n+2
z (i), z (i + 1), z (i + 2), z (i + 3) onto a resource
-element group is defined such that
elements z (i) are mapped to resource
elements (k , l ) of the resource-element

n+5
n+4

n+6
group not used for cell-specific
reference signals in increasing order
of l and k

n+3
n+0
n+1
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 n+2
65
 DL Physical Channel Processing
code words layers antenna ports

Modulation Resource OFDM signal

Scrambling element mapper
Mapper generation
Layer
Precoding
Mapper
Modulation Resource OFDM signal
Scrambling element mapper
Mapper generation

„ scrambling of coded bits in each of the code words to be transmitted on a

physical channel
„ modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued modulation symbols
„ mapping of the complex-valued modulation symbols onto one or several
transmission layers
„ precoding of the complex-valued modulation symbols on each layer for
transmission on the antenna ports
„ mapping of complex-valued modulation symbols for each antenna port to
resource elements
„ generation of complex-valued time-domain OFDM signal for each antenna port

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 66
 Channel Coding

„ Turbo code
z PCCC (exactly the same as in WCDMA/HSPA)
z QPP (quadratic polynomial permutation) interleaver

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 67
 Modulation

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 68
 DL Layer Mapping and Precoding
„ Explained in MIMO session

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 69
 DL OFDM Signal Generation
„ OFDM Parameters
0 ≤ t < (N CP ,l + N )× Ts
N = 2048 for ∆f=15kHz
N = 4096 for ∆f=7.5kHz

„ Check with resource block parameters

z (160+2048) x Ts = 71.88us
(144+2048) x Ts = 71.35us
71.88us + 71.35us x 6 = 0.5ms
„ Normal Cyclic Prefix = 160 Ts = 5.2 us
Normal Cyclic Prefix = 144 Ts = 4.7 us
Extended Cyclic Prefix = 512 Ts = 16.7 us
Extended Cyclic Prefix for MBMS = 1024 Ts = 33.3 us

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 70
 DL Physical Channels & Signals
„ Physical channels
z Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
z Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
z Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH)
z Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
z Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
z Physical HARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
„ Physical signals
z Reference Signals
 Cell-specific RS, associated with non-MBSFN transmission
„ Aid coherent detection (pilot)

„ Reference channel for CQI from UE to eNB

 MBSFN RS, associated with MBSFN transmission

 UE-specific RS
z Synchronization Signals
 Carries frequency and symbol timing synchronization
 PSS (Primary SS) and SSS (Secondary SS)

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 71
 DL Reference Signals
„ Cell-specific reference signals
z Are transmitted in every downlink subframe, and span entire cell BW
z Can be used for coherent demodulation of any downlink transmission
“except” when so-called non-codebook-based beamforming is used
z Using antenna ports {0, 1, 2, 3}

„ MBSFN reference signals

z Are used for channel estimation for coherent demodulation of signals being
transmitted by means of MBSFN
z Using antenna port 4

„ UE-specific reference signals

z Is specifically intended for channel estimation for coherent demodulation of
DL-SCH when non-codebook-based beamforming is used.
z Are transmitted only within the RB assigned for DL-SCH to that specific UE
z Using antenna port 5

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 72
 Cell-Specific Reference Signals
„ When estimating the channel for a certain RB, UE may not only use the
reference symbols within that RB but also, in frequency domain, neighbor
RBs, as well as reference symbols of previously received slots/subframes
„ Pseudo-random sequence generation

rl ,ns (m) =
1
(1 − 2 ⋅ c(2m)) + j 1 (1 − 2 ⋅ c(2m + 1)), m = 0,1,...,2 N RB
max,DL
−1
2 2
z is the slot number within a radio frame.
z is the OFDM symbol number within the slot.
z The pseudo-random sequence c(i) is a length-31 Gold sequence.
„ The complex values of reference symbols will vary b/w different reference-
symbol position and also b/w different cells. Thus, RS of a cell can be seen as
a cell-specific two-dimensional sequence with the period of one frame.
„ Regardless of cell BW, the reference signal sequence is defined assuming the
maximum possible LTE cell BW corresponding to 110 RBs in frequency
domain

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 73
 Relationship with Cell Identity
„ 504 unique Cell ID:
z 168(N1) Cell ID groups, 3 (N2) Cell ID within each group
z Cell ID = 3xN1+N2 = 0 ~ 503 index
„ 504 pseudo-random sequences
„ One to one mapping between the Cell ID and Pseudo-random sequences
„ Cell-specific Frequency Shift (N1 mod 6)
z 1 RE shift from current RS position in case of next Cell ID index
z Each shift corresponds to 84 different cell identities, that is 6 shifts jointly cover all
504 cell identities.
z Effective with RS boosting to enhance reference signal SIR by avoiding the collision
of boosted RSs from neighboring cells (assuming time synchronization)

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 74
 Cell-Specific RS Mapping
R0 R0
One antenna port

R0 R0

R0 R0

R0 R0
l=0 l =6 l=0 l=6

Resource element (k,l)

R0 R0 R1 R1
Two antenna ports

R0 R0 R1 R1
Not used for transmission on this antenan port

R0 R0 R1 R1
Reference symbols on this antenna port

R0 R0 R1 R1
l =0 l=6 l =0 l =6 l =0 l =6 l =0 l =6

R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3 R3
Four antenna ports

R0 R0 R1 R1 R2

R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3 R3

R0 R0 R1 R1 R2
l =0 l =6 l =0 l =6 l=0 l =6 l=0 l=6 l=0 l =6 l=0 l=6 l =0 l=6 l =0 l=6

LTE/MIMO 표준기술
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
75
Antenna port 0 Antenna port 1 Antenna port 2 Antenna port 3
 MBSFN RS Mapping

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 76
 MBSFN RS Mapping

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 77
 UE-specific RS on top of Cell-specific RS
„ UE-specific RS (antenna port 5)
z 12 symbols per RB pair
„ DL CQI estimation is always based on cell-specific RS (common RS)

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 78
 PCFICH
„ The number of OFDM symbols used for control channel can be varying per TTI
„ CFI (Control Format Indication)
z Information about the number of OFDM symbols (1~4) used for transmission of PDCCHs in a
subframe
„ PCFICH carries CFI

z 2 bits Æ 32 bits (block coding) Æ 32 bits (cell specific scrambling) Æ 16 symbols (QPSK)
z Mapping to resource elements: 4 REG (16 RE excluding RS) in the 1st OFDM symbol
 Spread over the whole system bandwidth
 To avoid the collisions in neighboring cells, the location depends on cell identity
z Transmit diversity is applied which is identical to the scheme applied to BCH

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 79
 PCFICH REG Mapping Cell ID

„ Example for 5 MHz BW LTE

DL
z N RB = 25 (number of REGs = 50)
z N scRB = 12

REG

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 80
 PCFICH Processing

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 81
 PHICH
„ HARQ ACK/NAK in response to UL transmission
„ HI codewords with length of 12 REs = 4 (Walsh spreading) x 3 (repetition)
z 3 groups of 4 contiguous REs (not used for RS and PCFICH)
z BPSK modulation with I/Q multiplexing
Æ SF4 x 2 (I/Q) = 8 PHICHs in normal CP

„ Cell-specific scrambling
„ Tx diversity, the same antenna ports as PBCH
„ Typically, PHICH is transmitted in the first OFDM symbol only
„ For FDD, an uplink transport block received in subframe n should be acknowledged on the
PHICH in subframe n+4

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 82
 PHICH REG Mapping Cell ID

⎧
⎪
(⎣N cell
ID ⎦ )
⋅ nli′ n1 + m' mod nli′ i=0
⎪
ni = ⎨ (⎣N cell
ID ⋅ nli′ n1 ⎦ + m'+ ⎣nl ′ 3⎦)mod nl ′
i i
i =1
⎪
⎪
⎩
(⎣N cell
ID ⋅ nli′ n1 ⎦ + m'+ ⎣2 nl ′ 3⎦)mod nl ′
i i
i=2
DL
N RB

„ Example for 5 MHz BW LTE

DL
z N RB = 25 (number of REGs = 50)
z N scRB = 12

REG

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 83
 PHICH Processing

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 84
 symbol

PCFICH/PHICH RE Mapping
„ Example for 5 MHz BW LTE

Subcarrier
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 85
 PDCCH DCI Format
„ PDCCH is used to carry DCI where DCI includes;
z Downlink scheduling assignments, including PDSCH resource indication, transport format, HARQ-
related information, and control information related to SM (if applicable).
z Uplink scheduling grants, including PUSCH resource indication, transport format, and HARQ-
related information.
z Uplink power control commands

DCI
Usage Details
Formats
0 UL grant For scheduling of PUSCH
1 For scheduling of one PDSCH codeword (SIMO, TxD)
For compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword (SIMO, TxD) and random access procedure
1A
initiated by a PDCCH order
1B For compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword with precoding information (CL single-rank)
DL
For very compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword (paging, RACH response and dynamic
1C assignment
BCCH scheduling)
1D For compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword with precoding & power offset information
2 For scheduling PDSCH to UEs configured in CL SM
2A For scheduling PDSCH to UEs configured in OL SM
3 Power For transmission of TPC commands for PUCCH/PUSCH with 2-bit power adjustment
3A control For transmission of TPC commands for PUCCH/PUSCH with single bit power adjustment

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 86
 Downlink Assignment
„ Major contents of different DCI formats: not exhaustive
z DCI format 0/1A indication [1 bit]
z Distributed transmission flag [1 bit]
z Resource-block allocation [variable]
z For the first (or only) transport block
 MCS [5 bit]
 New-data indicator [1 bit]
 Redundancy version [2 bit]
z For the second transport block (present in DCI format 2 only)
 MCS [5 bit]
 New-data indicator [1 bit]
 Redundancy version [2 bit]
z HARQ process number [3 bit for FDD]
z Information related to SM (present in DCI format 2 only)
 Pre-coding information [3 bit for 2 antennas, 6 bit for 4 antennas in CL-SM]
 Number of transmission layer
 HARQ swap flag [1 bit]
z Transmit power control (TPC) for PUCCH [2 bit]
z Identity (RNTI) of the terminal for which the PDCCH transmission is intended [16 bit]

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 87
 Uplink Grants
„ Major contents of DCI format 0 for UL grants: not exhaustive
z DCI format 0/1A indication [1 bit]
z Hopping flag [1 bit]
z Resource-block allocation [variable]
z MCS [5 bit]
z New-data indicator [1 bit]
z Phase rotation of UL demodulation reference signal [3 bit]
z Channel-status request flag [1 bit]
z Transmit power control (TPC) for PUSCH [2 bit]
z Identity (RNTI) of the terminal for which the PDCCH transmission is intended [16 bit]
„ The time b/w reception of an UL scheduling grant on a PDCCH and the
corresponding transmission on UL-SCH are fixed
z For FDD, the time relation is the same as for PHICH
z Uplink grant received in downlink subframe n applies to uplink subframe n+4

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 88
 PDCCH Processing
„ First n OFDM symbols
z < 10RB: 2~4 OFDMA symbols
z > 10RB: 1~3 OFDMA symbols Æ 1/14~3/14 (10~20%) overhead
„ PDCCH format based on # of CCE (Control Channel Element, = 9 REGs)
z Depending on the payload size of control information (DCI payload) & coding rate
z Number of CCEs for each of PDCCH may vary and is not signaled, so UE has to blindly
determine this
Æ search space: a set of candidate control channels formed by CCEs on a given aggregation
level {1, 2, 4, 8}, which UE is supposed to attempt to decode

z User identification is based on “UE specific CRC (normal CRC with UE ID masking)”
„ Cell-specific scrambling, QPSK with tail-biting Conv. Code
„ Tx diversity, the same antenna ports as PBCH
„ Mapped to REG not assigned to PCFICH or PHICH

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 89
 PDCCH Processing

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 90
 System Information
„ Master information block (MIB) includes the following information:
z Downlink cell bandwidth [4 bit]
z PHICH duration [1 bit]
z PHICH resource [2 bit]
z System Frame Number (SFN) except two LBSs
z Etc…
„ LTE defines different SIBs:
z SIB1 includes info mainly related to whether an UE is allowed to camp on the cell. This includes info about the
operator(s) and about the cell (e.g. PLMN identity list, tracking area code, cell identity, minimum required Rx
level in the cell, etc), DL-UL subframe configuration in TDD case, and the scheduling of the remaining SIBs.
SIB1 is transmitted every 80ms.
z SIB2 includes info that UEs need in order to be able to access the cell. This includes info about the UL cell
BW, random access parameters, and UL power control parameters. SIBs also includes radio resource
configuration of common channels (RACH, BCCH, PCCH, PRACH, PDSCH, PUSCH, PUCCH, and SRS).
z SIB3 mainly includes info related to cell-reselection.
z SIB4-8 include neighbor-cell-related info. (E-UTRAN, UTRAN, GERAN, cdma2000)
z SIB9 contains a home eNB identifier
z SIB10/11 contains ETWS (Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System) notification
z More to be added
„ MIB mapped to PBCH
„ Other SIBs mapped to PDSCH

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 91
 BCH on PBCH
„ To broadcast a certain set of cell and/or system-specific information
Requirement to be broadcast in the entire coverage area of the cell
„ BCH transmission
z The coded BCH transport block is mapped to four subframes (slot #1 in subframe #0)
within a 40ms interval
z 40ms timing is blindly detected (no explicit signaling indicating 40ms timing)
z Each subframe is assumed to be self-decodable, i.e. the BCH can be decoded from a
single reception, assuming sufficiently good channel conditions

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 92
 BCH on PBCH – cont’d
„ Single (fixed-size) transport block per TTI (40 ms)
z No HARQ
z Cell-specific scrambling, BPSK with ½ tail-biting Conv. Code, Tx diversity(1,2,4)
„ BCH mapped to 4 OFDM symbols within a subframe in time-domain at 6 RBs
(72 subcarriers) excluding DC in freq-domain
„ PBCH is mapped into RE assuming RS from 4 antennas are used at eNB,
irrespective of the actual number of TX antenna
„ Different transmit diversity schemes per # of antennas
z # of ant=2: SFBC
z # of ant=4: SFBC + FSTD (Frequency Switching Transmit Diversity)
„ No explicit bits in the PBCH to signal the number of TX antennas at eNB
z PBCH encoding chain includes CRC masking dependent on the number of
configured TX antennas at eNB
z Blind detection of the number of TX antenna using CRC masking by UE

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 93
 PBCH Processing

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 94
 PDSCH Processing

1) RS
2) PSS & SSS
and BCH
3) PCFICH
4) PHICH
5) PDCCH
6) PDSCH

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 95
 DL constellation & frame summary

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 96
LTE Uplink Transmission
 LTE Uplink Key Features
„ SC-FDMA 사용
z 단말의 PAPR을 낮추어 커버리지를 증가시키기에 적합함
z DFT size is limited to products of the integers 2, 3, and 5
(e.g. DFT sizes of 60, 72, and 96 are allowed but a DFT size of 84 is not allowed.)
z No unused DC-subcarrier is defined
„ CAZAC (Constant Amplitude Zero Autocorrelation) sequence 사용
z Reference signal 및 제어 정보 채널 전송 시 각 단말들의 신호를 구분하기 위하여 CDM
을 수행하는 경우 CAZAC sequence를 주로 사용
z CAZAC sequence는 시간/주파수 차원에서 일정한 amplitude를 유지하는 특성을 가지
므로 단말의 PAPR을 낮추어 커버리지를 증가시키기에 적합함
„ MU-MIMO 지원
„ QPSK/16QAM/64QAM modulation 지원

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 98
 UL Slot Structure Tslot

UL
„ N RB : Uplink bandwidth configuration,
RB
expressed in units of N sc UL
N symb

„ N scRB : Resource block size in the k = N RB N sc − 1

UL RB

frequency domain, expressed as a

number of subcarriers UL
N symb × N scRB

UL
„ N symb : Number of SC-FDMA symbols in
an uplink slot
(k , l )

× N scRB

N scRB
UL
N RB

k =0
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 99
l=0 l= UL
N symb −1
 Definitions
„ Resource Grid
UL UL
z Defined as N RB N scRB subcarriers in frequency domain and N symb SC-FDMA symbols in time domain
UL
z The quantity N RB depends on the UL transmission BW configured in the cell and shall fulfill
6 ≤ N RB
UL
≤ 110

UL
z The set of allowed values for N RB is given by TS 36.101, TS 36.104
„ Resource Block
z Defined as N scRB “consecutive” subcarriers in frequency domain and N symb
UL
“consecutive” SC-
FDMA symbols in time domain
z Corresponding to one slot in the time domain and 180 kHz in the frequency domain

„ Resource Element
Uniquely defined by the index pair (k, l ) in a slot where k = 0,..., N RB N sc − 1 and
UL RB
z l = 0,..., N symb
UL
−1

are the indices in the frequency and time domain, respectively

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 100

 UL Physical Channels & Signals
„ UL physical channels
z Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
z Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)

z Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

„ UL physical signals
z An uplink physical signal is used by the physical layer but does not
carry information originating from higher layers
z Two types of reference signals
 UL demodulation reference signal (DRS) for PUSCH, PUCCH
 UL sounding reference signal (SRS) not associated with PUSCH,
PUCCH transmission

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 101

 UL Reference Signals
„ UL RS should preferably have the following properties:
z Favorable auto- and cross-correlation properties
z Limited power variation in freq-domain to allow for similar channel-estimation quality for all
frequencies
z Limited power variation in time-domain (low cubic metric) for high PA efficiency
z Sufficiently many RS sequences of the same length to avoid an unreasonable planning effort
„ Zadoff-Chu Sequence
z Appeared in IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory in 1972
z Poly-phase sequence
z Constant amplitude zero auto correlation (CAZAC) sequence의 일종
 Cyclic autocorrelations are zero for all non-zero lags, Non-zero cross-correlations
 Constant power in both the frequency and the time domain
z No restriction on code length N
⎧ − j 2Nπ pn 2
⎪ e , when N is even
g p ( n) = ⎨ 2π
⎪ e − j N pn ( n +1) , when N is odd
⎩
- Sequence number p is relatively prime to N
- Sequence length: N
- Number of sequences: N-1

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 102

 DRS
„ DRS is made from Z-C sequence*, and the DRS sequence length is the same
with the number of subcarriers in an assigned RBs
„ DRS is defined with the following parameters
z Sequence group (30 options): cell specific parameter
z Sequence (2 options for sequence lengths of 6PRBs or longer): cell specific
parameter
z Cyclic shift (12 options): both terminal and cell specific components
z Sequence length: given by the UL allocation
„ Typically,
Cyclic shifts are used to multiplex RSs from different UEs within a cell.
Different sequence groups are used in neighboring cells.

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 103

 DRS Location within a Subframe
„ DM RS for PUSCH
z Normal CP 적용 시 PUSCH RS는 한 슬롯 당 중앙의 SC-FDMA 심볼에 위치
Extended CP 적용 시 PUSCH RS는 한 슬롯 당 3번째 SC-FDMA 심볼에 위치

„ DM RS for PUCCH
z Format 1x

z Format 2x

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 104

 SRS
„ 기지국이 각 단말의 상향링크 채널 정보를 추정할 수 있도록 단말이 전송하는 RS
„ Reference for channel quality information
z CQ measurement for frequency/time aware scheduling
z CQ measurement for link adaptation
z CQ measurement for power control
z CQ measurement for MIMO
z Timing measurement
„ Reference signal sequence is defined by a cyclic shift of a base sequence (ZC)
r SRS (n ) = ru(,αv ) (n ) ru(,αv ) (n) = e jαn ru ,v (n), 0 ≤ n < M scRS

„ SRS 전송주기/대역폭은 각 단말마다 고유하게 할당

z From as often as once in every 2ms to as infrequently as once in every 160ms (320ms)
z At least 4 RBs
„ SRS는 서브프레임의 마지막 SC-FDMA 심볼로 전송
„ SRS multiplexing by
z Time, Frequency, Cyclic shifts, and transmission comb (2 combs Æ distributed SC-FDMA)
„ To avoid the collision b/w SRS and PUSCH transmission from other UEs, SRS
transmissions should not extend into the frequency band reserved for PUCCH.

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 105

 SRS – cont’d
„ Non-frequency-hopping (wideband) SRS and frequency-hopping SRS

„ Multiplexing of SRS transmissions from different UEs

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 106

 Uplink L1/L2 Control Signaling
„ Uplink L1/L2 control signaling consists of:
z HARQ acknowledgements for received DL-SCH transport blocks
z UE reports downlink channel conditions including CQI, PMI, and RI
z Scheduling requests
„ Two different methods for transmission of UL L1/L2 control signaling
z No simultaneous transmission of UL-SCH
 UE doesn’t have a valid scheduling grant, that is, no resources have been assigned for UL-SCH
in the current subframe
 PUCCH is used for transmission of UL L1/L2 control signaling
z Simultaneous transmission of UL-SCH
 UE has a valid scheduling grant, that is, resources have been assigned for UL-SCH in the
current subframe
 UL L1/L2 control signaling is time multiplexed with the coded UL-SCH onto PUSCH prior to SC-
FDMA modulation
 Only HARQ acknowledgement and channel-status reports are transmitted
No need to request a SR. Instead, in-band buffer status reports are sent in MAC headers
 The basis for channel-status reports on PUSCH is aperiodic reports
If a periodic report is configured to be transmitted on PUCCH in a frame when US is scheduled
to transmit PUSCH, then the periodic report is rerouted to PUSCH resources

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 107

 Periodic/Aperiodic Channel Info Feedback
Periodic reporting Aperiodic reporting
When to send Periodically every 2-160 ms When requested by eNB

Normally on PUCCH, PUSCH used

Where to send Always on PUSCH
when multiplexed with data

Payload size of the reports 4-11 bits Up to 64 bits

Channel coding Linear block codes RM coding or tail-biting CC

CRC protection No Yes, 8 bit CRC

Sent in separate subframes at lower Sent separately encoded in the

RI
periodicity same subframe

Only very limited amount of Detailed frequency selective reports

Freq. selectivity of CQI
frequency info are possible

Frequency selective PMI reports are

Freq. selectivity of PMI Only wideband PMI
possible

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 108

 UL L1/L2 control signaling on PUCCH
„ The reasons for locating PUCCH resources at the edges of the spectrum
z To maximize frequency diversity
z To retain single-carrier property
„ Multiple UEs can share the same PUCCH resource block
z Format 1: length-12 orthogonal phase rotation sequence + length-4 orthogonal cover
z Format 2: length-12 orthogonal phase rotation sequence
„ PUCCH is never transmitted simultaneously with PUSCH from the same UE
„ 2 consecutive PUCCH slots in Time-Frequency Hopping at the slot boundary

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 109

 Changing UL System BW Via PUCCH Config

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 110

 PUCCH Formats
Multiplexing
PUCCH Modulation Number of bits
Usage capacity
format scheme per subframe
(UE/RB)
1 N/A N/A SR 36, 18*, 12
1a BPSK 1 ACK/NACK 36, 18*, 12
1b QPSK 2 ACK/NACK 36, 18*, 12
2 QPSK 20 CQI 12, 6*, 4
2a QPSK+BPSK 21 CQI + ACK/NACK 12, 6*, 4
2b QPSK+QPSK 22 CQI + ACK/NACK 12, 6*, 4

* Typical value with 6 different rotations (choosing every second cyclic shift)

„ PUCCH Format 2/2a/2b is located at the outermost RBs of system BW

„ ACK/NACK for persistently scheduled PDSCH and SRI are located next
„ ACK/NACK for dynamically scheduled PDSCH are located innermost RBs

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 111

 PUCCH Resource Mapping
„ Format 1

z 4 symbols are modulated by BPSK/QPSK

z BPSK/QPSK symbol is multiplied by a length-4 orthogonal cover sequence (a length-3
orthogonal cover when there is SRS), and then it modulates the rotated length-12
sequence.
 Reference signals also employ one orthogonal cover sequence
 PUCCH capacity: up to 3 x 12 = 36 different UEs per each cell-specific sequence
(assuming all 12 rotations being available Æ Practically, only 6 rotations.)
„ Format 2

z 5 symbols are modulated by QPSK after being multiplied by a phase rotated length-12
cell specific sequence.
z Resource consumption of one channel-status report is 3x of HARQ acknowledgement

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 112

 More on PUCCH Multiplexing
„ CDM and FDM
„ Two ways for CDM
z CDM by means of cyclic shifts of a CAZAC sequence
z CDM by means of block-wise spreading with the orthogonal cover sequences

„ Two main issues with CDM

z Channel delay spread limits the orthogonality between cyclically shifted
CAZAC sequences
z Channel Doppler spread limits the orthogonality between block-wise spread
sequences

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 113

 PUCCH Format1 Processing

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 114

 PUCCH Format2 Processing

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 115

 UL L1/L2 control signaling on PUSCH

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 116

 More on Control Signalling on PUSCH
„ CQI/PMI transmitted on PUSCH uses the same modulation scheme as data.
„ ACK/NACK and RI are transmitted so that the coding/scrambling/ modulation
maximize the Euclidean distance at the symbol level.
The outermost constellation points are used to signal these for 16QAM and
64QAM.
„ Different channel coding
z 1-bit ACK/NACK: repetition coding
z 2-bit ACK/NACK/RI: simplex coding
z CQI/PMI < 11bits: (32,N) Reed-Muller coding
z CQI/PMI > 11bits: tail-biting CC (1/3)
„ How to keep the performance of control signaling on PUSCH?
z Different power offset? Æ No! Because SC properties are partially destroyed.
z Variable coding rate? Æ Yes! The size of physical resources for control is scaled.

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 117

 PUSCH Processing (1)

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 118

 UL SC-FDMA Signal Generation
„ This section applies to all uplink physical signals and physical channels
except the physical random access channel
„ SC-FDMA parameters
0 ≤ t < (N CP ,l + N )× Ts where N = 2048

„ Check with numbers in Table 5.2.3-1.

z {(160+2048) x Ts} + 6 x {(144+2048) x Ts} = 0.5 ms
z 6 x {(512+2048) x Ts} = 0.5 ms

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 119

 PUSCH Frequency Hopping
„ PUSCH transmission
z Localized transmission w/o frequency hopping
Æ Frequency Selective Scheduling Gain
z Localized transmission with “frequency hopping”
Æ Frequency Diversity Gain, Inter-cell Interference Randomization
„ Two types of PUSCH frequency hopping
z Subband-based hopping according to cell-specific hopping patterns
z Hopping based on explicit hopping information in the scheduling grant

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 120

 Hopping based on cell-specific patterns
„ Subbands are defined
z In 10 MHz BW case, the overall UL BW corresponds to 50 RBs and there are a total of 4 subbands, each consisting
of 11 RBs. The remaining 6 RBs are used for PUCCH transmission.

„ The resource defined by a scheduling grant (VRBs) is not the actual set of RBs for transmission.
The resource to use for transmission (PRBs) is the resource provided in the scheduling grant “shifted” a
number of subbands according to a cell-specific hopping pattern.

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 121

 More on hopping w/ cell-specific patterns
„ Example for predefined hopping for PUSCH with 20 RBs and M=4
(subband hopping + mirroring)

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 122

 Hopping based on explicit information
„ Explicit hopping information provided in the scheduling grant is about the “offset” of the
resource in the second slot, relative to the resource in the first slot
„ Selection b/w hopping based on cell-specific hopping patterns or hopping based on explicit
information can be done dynamically.
z Cell BW less than 50 RBs
 1 bit in scheduling grant indicating to specify which scheme is to be used
 When hopping based on explicit information is selected, the offset is always half of BW
z Cell BS equal or larger than 50 RBs
 2 bits in scheduling grant
 One of the combinations indicate that hopping should be based on cell-specific hopping patterns
 Three remaining combinations indicate hopping of 1/2, +1/4, and -1/4 of BW

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 123

 PRACH
„ PRACH는 RA 과정에서 단말이 기지국으로 전송하는 preamble이다
„ 6RB를 차지하며 부반송파 간격은 1.25kHz (format #4는 7.5kHz)
„ 64 preamble sequences for each cell Æ 64 random access opportunities per PRACH resource
„ Sequence부분은 길이 839의 Z-C sequence로 구성 (format #4는 길이 139)
z Phase modulation: Due to the ideal auto-correlation property, there is no intra-cell interference from multiple
random access attempt using preambles derived from the same Z-C root sequence.
„ Five types of preamble formats to accommodate a wide range of scenarios
z Higher layers control the preamble format

Æ 넓은 반경의 셀 환경과 같이 시간 지연이 긴 경우

Æ SINR이 낮은 상황을 고려하여 sequence repetition
Æ SINR이 낮은 상황을 고려하여 sequence repetition
Æ TDD 모드용

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 124

 Different Preamble Formats

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 125

 PRACH Location

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 126

 UL 16QAM SC-FDMA

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 127

LTE Cell Search
 Synchronization Signals
„ 504 unique physical-layer cell identities
z 168 unique physical-layer cell-identity groups (0~167)
z 3 physical-layer identity within physical-layer cell-identity group (0~2)
„ SS is using single antenna port
However, SS can be with UE-transparent transmit antenna scheme (e.g.
PVS, TSTD, CDD)
„ Primary SS (PSS) and Secondary SS (SSS)

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 129

 Primary Synchronization Signal
„ The sequence used for the primary synchronization signal is generated from a frequency-
domain Zadoff-Chu sequence (Length-62)
⎧ − j πun ( n +1)
⎪ e 63 n = 0,1,...,30
d u (n) = ⎨ πu ( n +1)( n + 2)
⎪e − j 63 n = 31,32,...,61
⎩
„ For frame structure type 1, PSS is mapped to the last OFDM symbol in slots 0 and 10
z No need to know CP length
„ The sequence is mapped to REs (6 RBs) according to
DL RB
ak ,l = d (n ),
N RB N sc
k = n − 31 + , l = N symb
DL
− 1, n = 0,...,61
2

„ Cell ID detection within a cell ID group (3 hypotheses)

„ Half-frame timing detection (Repeat the same sequence twice)

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 130

 Secondary Synchronization Signal
„ The sequence used for the second synchronization signal is an interleaved concatenation
of two length-31 binary sequences (X and Y)
„ The concatenated sequence is scrambled with a scrambling sequence given by PSS
„ The combination of two length-31 sequences defining SSS differs between slot 0 (SSS1)
and slot 10 (SSS2) according to
⎧⎪s0( m0 ) (n)c0 (n ) in subframe 0
d ( 2 n) = ⎨ ( m )
⎪⎩s1 1 (n)c0 (n ) in subframe 5
⎧⎪s1( m1 ) (n)c1 (n )z1( m0 ) (n ) in subframe 0
d (2n + 1) = ⎨ ( m )
⎪⎩s0 0 (n)c1 (n )z1 1 (n ) in subframe 5
(m )

where 0 ≤ n ≤ 30
„ Blind detection of CP-length (2 FFT operations are needed)
„ The same antenna port as for the primary sync signal
„ Mapped to 6 RBs

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 131

 Structure of SSS

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 132

 Synchronization Signals – cont’d
„ Cell ID group detection (the set of valid combination of X and Y for SSS are 168)
„ Frame boundary detection (the m-sequences X and Y are swapped b/w SSS1 and SSS2)

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 133

 LTE Cell Search
Primary SS
Symbol timing acquisition
Frequency synchronization
Cell ID detection within a cell group ID (3
hypotheses)
Half-frame boundary detection

Secondary SS
Cell group ID detection (168 hypotheses)
Frame boundary detection (2 hypotheses)
CP-length detection (2 hypotheses)

Check Cell ID with cell-specific RS

BCH
40ms BCH period timing detection
eNB # of tx antenna detection
MIB acquisition
(Operation BW, SFN, etc…)

PDCCH reception

SIB acquisition within PDSCH

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 134
 (cf) WCDMA Cell Search Procedure
Terminal power on

Detect strongest PSCH

Get slot synch from P-SCH

Get PICH code group info from S-SCH

8 PN codes per group.
64 code groups have
512 PN codes in total. Get PN code info by evaluating
all 8 PN codes in code group

Get system info from PCCPCH

Wait while monitoring SCCPCH

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 135

 LTE Cell Search – cont’d*

PSS/SSS, BCH

1.4

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 136

Summary
 LTE Frame & Slot Structure

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 * 윤상보 (삼성), “3GPP LTE & LTE-Advanced System”, 제5차 차세대이동통신 단기강좌, Aug. 2008
138
 DL Frame Structure Type 1*

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 139

 UL Frame Structure Type 1*

1 RB

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 140

 E-UTRA UE Capabilities*

* 3GPP TS 36.306, E-UTRA; UE Radio Access Capabilities,

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 Release 8, V8.4.0, June 2009 141
 LTE with Voice?
„ Long-term
z Maybe through IMS
„ Near-term
z CS Fallback
 NTT DoCoMo pushed the industry to include CS Fallback as part of the 3GPP standard.
 With CS Fallback the operator accepts the notion that its brand new LTE network won’t support voice and
SMS services. Instead, a control signal is sent to the LTE device indicating an incoming voice call/SMS
message at which point the device falls back to the legacy 2G/3G network to receive the call/message.
 Largely comparable to 1xEV-DO/1X
 Won’t work for 3GPP2 operators (e.g. Verizon, KDDI, and LGT)
z VoLGA
 Leverage the operator’s existing circuit switched CN to carry voice calls and SMS messages over the LTE air
interface.
 In many respects VoLGA is comparable to GAN/UMA, which is how operators like Orange UK and T-Mobile
USA leverage Wi-Fi access points to offload voice traffic from their macro cellular networks.
 In other words VoLGA = GAN/UMA – Wi-Fi.
 Has been ruled out as from Release 8 or Release 9 of 3GPP
„ The driver for LTE is the rapid acceleration of mobile data traffic, thus it would be counter
productive to use LTE for voice services.
„ What about SR-VCC (Single Radio Voice Call Continuity) to GSM/WCDMA/CDMA?
„ What about coverage?

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 142

 CS Fallback
„ Mobile terminated call

„ Mobile originated call

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 143

 Evolution Beyond Release 8
„ LTE MBMS
„ SON enhancements
„ Further improvements for enhanced VoIP support in LTE
„ The requirements for the multi-bandwidth and multi-radio access
technology base station
„ Enhanced mobility support for LTE
„ Enhanced positioning support for LTE
„ Dual layer beam forming for Rel.9
„ Enhanced DL transmission for LTE
„ Home-(e)NB

„ And… LTE-Advanced with Release 10

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 144

 LTE and WiMAX
„ What is 4G (through LTE and WiMAX)?
z New Technology: OFDM + MIMO
z New Biz Model: Mobile Broadband

„ LTE is justifying WiMAX and WiMAX is justifying LTE

z They are using the same fundamental technologies
z They are targeting the same market

„ Convergence??
z In
technical area: 3GPP LTE-Adv & IEEE 802.16m are getting more
and more similar
z In biz area: Ecosystem??

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 145

 Final Message* * Signals Ahead

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 146

 References
[1] 3GPP homepage: www.3gpp.org
[2] Hannes Ekström, Anders Furuskär, Jonas Karlsson, Michael Meyer, Stefan Parkvall, Johan Torsner, and Mattias
Wahlqvist (Ericsson), “Technical Solutions for the 3G Long-Term Evolution”, IEEE Communications Magazine,
March 2006
[3] Erik Dahlman, Hannes Ekstrom, Anders Furuskar, Ylva Jading, Jonas Karlsson, Magnus Lundevall, and Stefan
Parkvall (Ericsson), “The 3G Long-Term Evolution - Radio Interface Concepts and Performance Evaluation”, IEEE
VTC 2006
[4] Leonard J. Cimini Jr. and Ye (Geoffrey) Li, “Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing for wireless channels”,
AT&T Labs – Research
[5] Richard van Nee and Ramjee Prasad, OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications, Artech House Publishers
[6] D. Falconer, et al., “Frequency domain equialization for single-carrier broadband wireless systems,” IEEE
Communication Magazine, vol.40, no.4, April 2002
[7] Hyung G. Myung, Junsung Lim, and David J. Goodman, “Single Carrier FDMA for Uplink Wireless Transmission”,
IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, Sep. 2006
[8] 오민석 (LGE), “3GPP LTE”, KRnet 2007, June 29 2007
[9] 김학성 (LGE), “3GPP LTE PHY Layer Specification and Technology”, 제4차 차세대이동통신 단기강좌, Feb. 2008
[10] Moray Rumney (Agilent), “Concepts of 3GPP LTE”, Live Webinar, Sep. 2007
[11] 이상근, 조봉열, 여운영, 쉽게 설명한 3G/4G 이동통신 시스템 (2nd edition), 홍릉과학출판사, 2009
[12] Erik Dahlman, et al, 3G Evolution: HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband (2nd edition), Academic Press, 2008
[13] Harri Holma and Antti Toskala, LTE for UMTS: OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access, Wiley, 2009
[14] Stefania Sesia, Issam Toufik, and Matthew Baker, LTE, The UMTS Long Term Evolution: From Theory to
Practice, Wiley, 2009
[15] David Astély, et al, “LTE: The Evolution of Mobile Broadband,” IEEE Commun. Mag. April 2009
[16] Anna Larmo, et al, “The LTE Link-Layer Design,” IEEE Commun. Mag. April 2009
[17] LSTI, “Latest Results from the LSTI,” Feb. 2009;
http://www.lstiforum.com/file/news/Latest_LSTI_Results_Feb09_v1.pdf

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 147