Chapter 1 Properties of Natural Gases 1.4 Introduction This chapter prevents mtheas for estinating reservoir Hud prope erties required for gasreservoir-engireering calculations. Labora tory analysis isthe most accurate way to determine the physical and chemical properties ofa particular Aad sample. however. in the absence of laboratory dats, correlations are viable alternatives for estimating many of the properties. We present corelaions for estimitiag properties oF not only natural gases fut also Liguid hydrocarbons and formation waters, The correlations were chosen for accuracy. consistency. ard simplicity for manual analysis of somputer programming. Also included are correlations for esti ing pore volume (PV) compressibility and the now-Dazey flow coefficient for turbulent flow, which is common in g9s Wels. 1.2 Review of Definitions and Fundamental Principles Before discussing the Huid-property cakulations and cortelations. wwe review some definitions and fandamenial principles requised lo understand Haid propemies and their computa With corel tions. This review includes the concepts of mole fraction, molar volun. ideal anil real-gas behavior. ara the principle of corre sponding states. MeCain! diseusses these fundamienials mare com Dletely ard provides. an excellent discussion of phiss-behavior "huracterites of hydrocarbon. gases an! liquids 1.2.1 Moles and Mole Fraction. A pount-mole Shm-mel) is « dquantiy of matter with a mass in pounds equal {o the molecular ‘eight Similar definitons apply to grunt nice, kilogram-mot, ec For example, 1Ibn-imol of methane weigns 19.043 itm, The mole Fraction of a component in a minture is the umber of poundnicies of that component divided by the total namber of moles nF al som omens in that mustuee, For asystem with components, the mole Where 5, =mole fraction of the ih component, », temperaure fiom degrees Fahrenheit tn degrees Rankin using acon- _7<~ the substance cannot be liq jaarless of the presmure, version constant of 459.67. For subsequent calsulatons inthis hap. fer, We use a Jess accurate bul more common conversion constant of 460 1 2 ea ar. The realgas law is simply the pres- * ration (ie.. EOS) preiciod by the slal-gas law ‘mociied bya correction factor that Accs forthe none Be havior ofthe poe The relat law fe toiesnere as where =dimensionless guanlty celled the factor the eompress- iil Factor. oF the gas deviation factor. The = facor corrects the simple FOS of Eq. 1.2 for an ideal gas and allows us to describe the bchavior of a real gas, Under ileal pressure and tompe onions, ¢= 1.0. The factor, which depends on presse. ter- perature, and gas composition, can be measured in the laboratory ‘on sample of reservoir gas oF, more often, obtained from eonre- lations. 1.2.5 Principle of Corresponding States. Several gas properties hhave the same values for similar gases (such as parain hybcat- bons) at identical values of reduced pressure and temperature. Re- duced pressure and reduced temperature for pare compounds are defined a Pe=Plr, 6) and T° TT, an respectively. Pseudoreduced pressure and pscwloredaced temper- ure for mixtures are defined as For pare subsanees, p and 7, ate detemined experimentally. For sdures. pp and Tp either are computed wih some consistent sot of mixing res oF ae estimsted from correlations. Thess cons puted values of fy. aid F.aze not true critica... the proper- ties of the liquid nd vapor phases do ror bovome identical tthe POI (PyesT ye) ‘The cberaton that certain gas propemies, such asthe = factor, should be approximately the same at ziven reduced temperature and pressure fr pure but similar gases forms the hasis forthe prin- ipl of corresponding states. This behavior also has beea observed for mixtures of chemically similar gases: therefore. correlations ‘of factors for pure gases and gas mistures are bused on this principe 4.9 Properties of Natural Gases ‘Table 1.1 tists the physical properties of pure components that occur ‘in natural gases. These properties. which are evaluated at stan- ‘dard conditions of pyc = 1.7 psia and 7,, 60°F, incinde molecu lar weight, critical pressure and temperature, ideal density, nd viscosity (components lighter than pentane only). These proper. ties of pure components are used in calculations based on mixing rules 10 develop pseudoproperties for gas mixtures. including ap- parent moleculae weight and specific gas gravity. Refs. 2 through 44 provide more complete listings of natural gas properties and com luminints commonly associated with natural gav production 1.3.1 Apparent Molecular Weight of 2 Gas Mixture. Because 1 gas mixture is composed of molecule of various sizes and molest lar weights it doesnot ave an explicit molecular weight of its own, However, gas mixture behaves ar if it has a definite molecular ‘weight. This observed molecular weight fora gas mixture with m, components is called the apparent or molal average molecular wight and is determined by Por =P Pp 8) and Ty = Tp a9 respectively. whore p, critical pressure for a pure gas, pris jc =pscudoeritical pressure for a gas mixture, psia; To critical temperature fora pure gas, °R: and T,..= pseudoeritical tempers tore for s gas mature, °R. MD yM, a.10)4 ‘TABLE 1.2 COMPOSITION OF SWEET NATURAL GAS, EXAMPLE 1.1 Molecular Griical rial Mele "Weight Temperature Preseure Component Fraction (ilbrm-moh (psia) Ne 0p138 26.013 4031 | cH, —o9g02 60433430000 | CeHy 0.0329 30.070 bass 7085 CoH, 00198 = 44.097 66573150 Mimo 0002358123, T3H13 5779 ROH, 0.0037 58.129 765.28 5506 HCsHi2 00012 72.180 22377 ag04 mst 00010 72.180, 3a547 4886 Hy 0.0008 36.177 91327 4369, 6." 0.0005 112.251 ae Example 1.1—Calculation of Pseudocritieal Properties for Sweet Natural Gas With the Stewart et al. Miging Rules. Co! culate the apparent molecalar weight, was pravity. ad pseudocti- ical pressure and temperature of the swact gas! described in Table 1.2. 4 sneet gas i a natural gas with ho HoS comtamins tion. The molecular weight and gravity of the C=, fraction are 114.2 Ibm/bn-mol and 0.7070, respectively Solution. I. First, we mua estimate the critical propentics of the C; fraction, ‘A. Estimate the boiling temperature with Bq, 113 Thos. = (4.5579 MOISE, 1187) =14.5579014.2)% 180800 7070 015% 76° BB. Newt, calculate the psoudoeritical pressae with Eq, 114 0.0566 8.36u—— ona + % es 22808 yc =O} 1.0300 [exp] 8.303 ve. / 10 G 7070 we ( 2898 0.11857 697.6 —(o.22444 } 0.7070 "9.70702 / 1,000 ( ROI 0.47227) 607.62 +(1.s6ns4 = 0.7070 0.70702) 10 ‘TABLE 1.3-PSEUDOGRITICAL PROPERTY CALCULATIONS USING THE ‘STEWART et al.> MIXING RULES, EXAMPLE 1.1 GAS RESERVOIR ENGINEERING 1.6977 yon 6) Tow -(0.2:0104 23785 pin (os rt) To | C. Caleulate the preadoeritical womperature with Eq. 1.13. BAL IBI9e, )HOAREHOLTIC., They 105 417481 16,070) + [0.4244-40.117410.707011697.6), (e108 so.rr0n( 22) 0 30-8 one +10.26650-9.2 2. Calculate the correction facors forthe C3. fraction. These factors. F,-& and £,_ are defined by Eqs. 116 throw 1.18, respostively L(t) 0005415 a\p 3755 6.00082 > eles Ww al ass = UO0SIF, +1. 18252 — HOME ye, 464.4346 02 =0.€081(4.466 10-4) +1.132514.460%10-4 2 ~ 14.004(4.4602 100.0000) +64.434(4.456% 10-4) & (=) Waite, AA18609, 127.3788) 1031290. 000)-4.81390 005) Vis £27.251/0,0005)8] =0 08054, 3. Obtain th critical pressures and temperatures of the remie= sonmpontenis from Table |. 1. Table 1.3 summarizes these vals, 4 Determine the psewdocstical pressure and temperature, A. Referring to Table 1.3, calculate the parameters J and ran, aye fh g (2) = (JE) 3 Np al BN? 1 —Lo.siass+ 210.75 3 ; Grtcal Crea Moe Netecuar press frasien. Weatt a yt 023) _yTolte sTaloa VTelybe D018 za018 991 0006 eeose 01812 Sa%02 is008 Gera Bates Cests 12380 Bare Soom yes ones Geen ‘Oaes a Boia ss0er, Geo Obie cores Ossee 0023 S825 S278 000% Gober Dore Sooar 38123, S506 Bdost Senta Ozer Soo 73159, 004 80000 Gone bom S001 F180 4386 oor ceo's Gusee 80008 os.177 4369 Doo17 Gani box S000 1428 358 boos ome ozs — 05405 a7a18 19804 40000 —