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IN
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
SPECIAL LEAVE TO APPEAL (CRL.) NO. 2009 OF 2017

Rakesh Kumar Paul .…Petitioner

versus
State of Assam …Respondent
WITH
SPECIAL LEAVE TO APPEAL (CRL.) NO. 2176 OF 2017

Rakesh Kumar Paul .…Petitioner

versus
State of Assam …Respondent

JUDGMENT

Madan B. Lokur, J.
1. In Measure for Measure the Duke complains (in the given situation):

“And liberty plucks justice by the nose”. 1 The truth is that personal liberty

cannot be compromised at the altar of what the State might perceive as justice –

justice for one might be perceived as injustice for another. We are therefore

unable to agree with learned counsel for the State that the petitioner is not

entitled to his liberty through what is commonly referred to as ‘default bail’ or

Signature Not Verified

Digitally signed by
SANJAY KUMAR
Date: 2017.08.16
15:58:55 IST
that the justice of the case should persuade us to decide otherwise.
Reason:

Act 1 Scene III line 20-32

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2. The facts in these petitions are not in dispute and we need not go into

them in any great detail since we are really concerned with the interpretation of

the words “imprisonment for a term not less than ten years” appearing in clause

(i) of proviso (a) to Section 167(2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 as

amended in 1978.

A few facts

3. A First Information Report No. 936 of 2016 was lodged on 27th October,

2016 in respect of allegations made under the provisions of the Prevention of

Corruption Act, 1988 (PC Act) and the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (IPC).

Although the petitioner was not named in the First Information Report,

investigations seemed to implicate him in a very large and structured

conspiracy. Accordingly, on 5th November, 2016 the petitioner was taken into

custody pending further investigation.

4. Ordinarily, the maximum period of detention during the course of

investigation (without a charge sheet or challan being filed) would be 60 days in

terms of clause (ii) of proviso (a) to Section 167(2) of the Code of Criminal

Procedure, 1973 (for short ‘the Cr.P.C.’). In the petitioner’s case, this period

would come to an end on 3rd January, 2017. However according to the State,

since the petitioner had committed offences which could result in

“imprisonment for a term not less than ten years” he could be kept in custody

for a period of 90 days in terms of clause (i) of proviso (a) to Section 167(2) of

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the Cr.P.C. Therefore, the question before us is whether, pending investigation,

the petitioner could be kept in custody for a maximum period of 60 days in

terms of clause (ii) of proviso (a) to Section 167(2) of the Cr.P.C. or for 90 days

in terms of clause (i) of proviso (a) to Section 167(2) of the Cr.P.C. without a

charge sheet being filed.

5. On 20th December, 2016 (before the expiry of 60 days), the petitioner

applied for bail before the Special Judge dealing with cases relating to offences

under the PC Act. His application was rejected.

6. Subsequently, on or about 11th January, 2017 (after the expiry of 60 days

of detention but before the expiry of 90 days of detention), the petitioner

applied for bail before the Gauhati High Court, but that application was rejected

on 11th January, 2017. The prayer made in the application for bail was for grant

of “regular bail” under Section 439 of the Cr.P.C. This is of some importance

because, according to learned counsel for the State, assuming the petitioner

could be detained only for a maximum period of 60 days during investigations,

he had not applied for ‘default bail’, that is bail in default of the prosecution

filing a charge sheet against him soon after that 60 day period of detention, but

had only applied for “regular bail”.

7. At this stage, it may be mentioned that even though the petitioner had not

applied for ‘default bail’ he did contend before the High Court that he was

entitled to ‘default bail’ since no charge sheet had been filed against him within

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60 days of his arrest during investigations. This submission was considered by

the High Court but rejected, not on the ground that the petitioner had not

applied for ‘default bail’ but on the ground that he could be detained for 90 days

without a charge sheet being filed and that period of 90 days had not yet come

to an end. (The period of 90 days would come to an end on or about 2 nd

February, 2017).

8. To complete the narration of essential facts, it may be mentioned that a

charge sheet was filed against the petitioner on 24 th January, 2017 that is after

60 days of his detention but before completion of 90 days of detention.

9. In view of the charge sheet having been filed, the modified question

before us is whether the petitioner was entitled to ‘default bail’ with effect from

3rd or 4th January, 2017 onwards and, in any case on 11th January, 2017 when his

application for “regular bail” was rejected by the Gauhati High Court.

History behind the enactment of Section 167 of the Cr.P.C.

10. The Code of Criminal Procedure enacted in 1898 contained Section 167

which laid down the procedure to be followed in the event the investigation into

an offence is not completed within twenty-four hours. What is significant is that

the legislative expectation was that the investigation would ordinarily be

completed within twenty-four hours. Incidentally, this legislative expectation

continues till today. Whatever be the anxiety of the Legislature in 1898, there

can be no gainsaying that investigation into an offence deserves an early

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closure, one way or the other. Therefore, when Section 167 was enacted in the

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 it was premised on the conclusion of

investigations within twenty-four hours or within 15 days on the outside,

regardless of the nature of the offence or the punishment. Section 167 of the

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 reads as follows:

167. [Marginal Note: Procedure when investigation cannot be completed in

twenty-four hours] (1) Whenever any person is arrested and detained in
custody, and it appears that the investigation cannot be completed within the
period of twenty-four hours fixed by section 61, and there are grounds for
believing that the accusation or information is well-founded, the officer in
charge of the police-station or the police-officer making the investigation if he
is not below the rank of sub-inspector shall forthwith transmit to the nearest
Magistrate a copy of the entries in the diary hereinafter prescribed relating to
the case, and shall at the same time forward the accused to such Magistrate.

(2) The Magistrate to whom an accused person is forwarded under this section
may, whether he has or has not jurisdiction to try the case, from time to time
authorise the detention of the accused in such custody as such Magistrate
thinks fit, for a term not exceeding fifteen days in the whole. If he has not
jurisdiction to try the case or commit it for trial, and considers further
detention unnecessary, he may order the accused to be forwarded to a
Magistrate having such jurisdiction:

Provided that no Magistrate of the third class, and no Magistrate of the

second class not specially empowered in this behalf by the State Government
shall authorise detention in the custody of the police.

(3) A Magistrate authorizing under this section detention in the custody of the
police shall record his reasons for so doing.

(4) If such order is given by a Magistrate other than the District Magistrate or
Sub-divisional Magistrate, he shall forward a copy of his order, with his
reasons for making it, to the Magistrate to whom he is immediately
subordinate.

11. Unfortunately, all laws tend to be misused whenever opportunity knocks,

and Section 167 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 was no exception.

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Since there was a practical difficulty in completing investigations within the 15

day time limit, the prosecution often took recourse to the provisions of Section

344 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 and filed a preliminary or

incomplete report before the Magistrate to keep the accused in custody. The

Law Commission of India noted this in its 41 st Report (after carefully studying

several earlier Reports) and proposed to increase the time limit for completion

of investigations to 60 days, acknowledging that “such an extension may result

in the maximum period becoming the rule in every case as a matter of routine:

but we trust that proper supervision by the superior courts will prevent

that.” (Emphasis supplied by us). The view expressed by the Law Commission

of India and its proposal is as follows:

14.19. Section 167 provides for remands. The total period for which an
arrested person may be remanded to custody – police or judicial – is 15 days.
The assumption is that the investigation must be completed within 15 days,
and the final report under section 173 sent to court by then. In actual practice,
however, this has frequently been found unworkable. Quite often, a
complicated investigation cannot be completed within 15 days, and if the
offence is serious, the police naturally insist that the accused be kept in
custody. A practice of doubtful legal validity has therefore grown up. The
police file before a magistrate a preliminary or “incomplete” report, and the
magistrate, purporting to act under section 344, adjourns the proceedings and
remands the accused to custody. In the Fourteenth Report, the Law
Commission doubted if such an order could be made under section 344, as
that section is intended to operate only after a magistrate has taken cognizance
of an offence, which can be properly done only after a final report under
section 173 has been received, and not while the investigation is still
proceeding. We are of the same view, and to us also it appears proper that the
law should be clarified in this respect. The use of section 344 for a remand
beyond the statutory period fixed under section 167 can lead to serious abuse,
as an arrested person can in this manner be kept in custody indefinitely while
the investigation can go on in a leisurely manner. It is, therefore, desirable, as
was observed in the Fourteenth Report, that some time limit should be placed
on the power of the police to obtain a remand, while the investigation is still
going on: and if the present time limit of 15 days is too short, it would be
better to fix a longer period rather than countenance a practice which violates
the spirit of the legal safeguard. Like the earlier Law Commission, we feel

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that 15 days is perhaps too short, and we propose therefore to follow the
recommendation in the Fourteenth Report that the maximum period under
section 167 should be fixed at 60 days. We are aware of the danger that such
an extension may result in the maximum period becoming the rule in every
case as a matter of routine: but we trust that proper supervision by the superior
courts will prevent that. We propose accordingly to revise sub-sections (2) and
(4) of section 167 as follows:-

“(2) The Magistrate to whom an accused person is forwarded under

this section may, whether he has or has not jurisdiction to try the case,
from time to time authorise the detention of the accused in such
custody as such Magistrate thinks fit, for a term not exceeding fifteen
days at a time and sixty days in the whole. If he has no jurisdiction to
try the case or commit it for trial, and considers further detention
unnecessary, he may order the accused to be forwarded to a Magistrate
having such jurisdiction:

Provided that –

(a) no Magistrate shall authorize detention in any custody

under this section unless the accused is produced
before him;

(b) no Magistrate of the second class not specially

empowered in this behalf by the High Court shall
authorise detention in the custody of the police.

(4) Any Magistrate other than the Chief Judicial Magistrate making
such order shall forward a copy of his order, with his reasons for
making it, to the Chief Judicial Magistrate.”

12. The recommendations of the Law Commission of India were carefully

examined and then accepted. The basic considerations for acceptance, as

mentioned in the Statement of Objects and Reasons dated 7 th November, 1970

for introducing the (new) Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 were:

3. The recommendations of the Commission were examined carefully by

the Government, keeping in view among others, the following basic
considerations:-

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(i) an accused person should get a fair trial in accordance with the
accepted principles of natural justice;
(ii) every effort should be made to avoid delay in investigation and
trial which is harmful not only to the individuals involved but
also to society; and
(iii) the procedure should not be complicated and should, to the
utmost extent possible, ensure fair deal to the poorer sections
of the community.

The occasion has been availed of to consider and adopt where appropriate
suggestions received from other quarters, based on practical experience of
investigation and the working of criminal Courts.

13. Accordingly, Section 167 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (the

Cr.P.C.) was enacted as follows, with the recommended time limit and again

regardless of the nature of the offence or the punishment:

167. [Marginal Note: Procedure when investigation cannot be completed in

twenty-four hours] (1) Whenever any person is arrested and detained in
custody, and it appears that the investigation cannot be completed within the
period of twenty-four hours fixed by section 57, and there are grounds for
believing that the accusation or information is well-founded, the officer in
charge of the police station or the police officer making the investigation, if he
is not below the rank of sub-inspector shall forthwith transmit to the nearest
Judicial Magistrate a copy of the entries in the diary hereinafter prescribed
relating to the case, and shall at the same time forward the accused to such
Magistrate.

(2) The Magistrate to whom an accused person is forwarded under this section
may, whether he has or has not jurisdiction to try the case, from time to time
authorise the detention of the accused in such custody as such Magistrate
thinks fit, for a term not exceeding fifteen days in the whole: and if he has no
jurisdiction to try the case or commit it for trial, and considers further
detention unnecessary, he may order the accused to be forwarded to a
Magistrate having such jurisdiction:

Provided that

(a) the Magistrate may authorise detention of the accused

person, otherwise than in custody of the police, beyond the
period of fifteen days if he is satisfied that adequate grounds
exists for doing so, but no Magistrate shall authorise the
detention of the accused person in custody under this section
for a total period exceeding sixty days, and on the expiry of the
said period of sixty days, the accused person shall be released
on bail if he is prepared to and does furnish bail; and every

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person released on bail under this section shall be deemed to be
so released under the provisions of Chapter XXXIII for the
purposes of that Chapter;

(b) no Magistrate shall authorise detention in any custody

under this section unless the accused is produced before him;

(c) no Magistrate of the second class, not specially

empowered in this behalf by the High Court, shall authorise
detention in the custody of the police.

Explanation.- If any question arises whether an accused person was

produced before the Magistrate as required under paragraph (b), the
production of the accused person may be proved by his signature on
the order authorising detention.

(3) to (6) Not relevant for the present purposes.

14. A few years later in 1978, a need was felt to amend Section 167 of the

Cr.P.C. by not only extending the period for completing investigation but also

relating that period to the offence. Therefore, a shift was proposed to grant an

aggregate period of 90 days for completing the investigation in cases relating to

offences punishable with death, imprisonment for life or “imprisonment for not

less than ten years or more” and up to 60 days in any other case, as stated in the

Notes on Clauses accompanying the Statement of Objects and Reasons dated 9 th

May, 1978 for amending the statute. What is of significance (for our purposes)

is the use of the words “imprisonment for not less than ten years or more”. In

our opinion, the use of the words “or more” gives a clear indication that the

period of 90 days was relatable to an offence punishable with a minimum

imprisonment for a period of not less than ten years, if not more. The Notes on

Clauses reads as follows:

Clause 13.- Section 167 is being amended to empower the Magistrate to

authorise detention, pending investigation, for an aggregate period of 90 days

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in cases where the investigation relates to offences punishable with death,
imprisonment for life or imprisonment for not less than ten years or more
and up to 60 days in any other case. These amendments are intended to
remove difficulties which have been actually experienced in relation to the
investigation of offences of a serious nature.

A new sub-section is being inserted empowering an Executive Magistrate

………….. (Emphasis supplied by us).

15. When Section 167 of the Cr.P.C. was enacted, it was perhaps felt that the

words “or more” were superfluous (as indeed we believe that they are in the

context of the use of the words “not less than”) and Section 167 came to read:

167. Procedure when investigation cannot be completed in twenty-four

hours - (1) Whenever any person is arrested and detained in custody, and it
appears that the investigation cannot be completed within the period of
twenty-four hours fixed by Section 57, and there are grounds for believing
that the accusation or information is well-founded, the officer in charge of the
police station or the police officer making the investigation, if he is not below
the rank of sub-inspector, shall forthwith transmit to the nearest Judicial
Magistrate a copy of the entries in the diary hereinafter prescribed relating to
the case, and shall at the same time forward the accused to such Magistrate.

(2) The Magistrate to whom an accused person is forwarded under this section
may, whether he has or has not jurisdiction to try the case, from time to time,
authorise the detention of the accused in such custody as such Magistrate
thinks fit, for a term not exceeding fifteen days in the whole; and if he has no
jurisdiction to try the case or commit it for trial, and considers further
detention unnecessary, he may order the accused to be forwarded to a
Magistrate having such jurisdiction:

Provided that, —

(a) the Magistrate may authorise the detention of the accused

person, otherwise than in the custody of the police, beyond the
period of fifteen days, if he is satisfied that adequate grounds
exist for doing so, but no Magistrate shall authorise the
detention of the accused person in custody under this paragraph
for a total period exceeding,—

(i) ninety days, where the investigation relates to an offence

punishable with death, imprisonment for life or imprisonment
for a term of not less than ten years;

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(ii) sixty days, where the investigation relates to any other
offence,

and, on the expiry of the said period of ninety days, or sixty days, as the case
may be, the accused person shall be released on bail if he is prepared to and
does furnish bail, and every person released on bail under this sub-section
shall be deemed to be so released under the provisions of Chapter XXXIII for
the purposes of that Chapter;

(b) no Magistrate shall authorise detention of the accused in

custody of the police under this section unless the accused is
produced before him in person for the first time and subsequently
every time till the accused remains in the custody of the police, but
the Magistrate may extend further detention in judicial custody on
production of the accused either in person or through the medium
of electronic video linkage;

(c) no Magistrate of the second class, not specially empowered in

this behalf by the High Court, shall authorise detention in the
custody of the police.

Explanation I.- For the avoidance of doubts, it is hereby declared that,

notwithstanding the expiry of the period specified in paragraph (a), the
accused shall be detained in custody so long as he does not furnish bail.

Explanation II.- If any question arises whether an accused person was

produced before the Magistrate as required under clause (b), the production of
the accused person may be proved by his signature on the order authorising
detention or by the order certified by the Magistrate as to production of the
accused person through the medium of electronic video linkage, as the case
may be:

Provided further that in case of a woman under eighteen years of age, the
detention shall be authorised to be in the custody of a remand home or
recognised social institution.

(2A) to (6) Not relevant for the present purposes.

16. Generally speaking therefore, it could be said that the legislative intent is

and always has been to complete the investigation into an offence within

twenty-four hours, failing which within 15 days (Cr.P.C. of 1898). The period of

15 days was later extended to 60 days (Cr.P.C. of 1973) and eventually it was

extended to 90 days if the investigation was relatable to an offence punishable

with death, imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term of not less than ten

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years. In respect of all other offences, the period of 60 days remained

unchanged.

17. The significance of the period of 60 days or 90 days, as the case may be,

is that if the investigation is not completed within that period then the accused

(assuming he or she is in custody) is entitled to ‘default bail’ if no charge sheet

or challan is filed on the 60th or 90th day, the accused applies for ‘default bail’

and is prepared to and does furnish bail for release. As can be seen from the

narration of facts, no charge sheet or challan was filed against the petitioner on

the 60th day but was filed before the conclusion of 90 days. Consequently, was

the petitioner entitled to ‘default bail’ after 60 days? According to the petitioner

the answer is in the affirmative since he had not committed an offence

punishable with imprisonment for not less than ten years, but according to the

State he had committed an offence punishable with imprisonment for ten years.

18. So what was the offence allegedly committed by the petitioner?

According to the State he was liable for punishment for an offence, inter alia,

under Section 13(1) of the PC Act, the offence being “punishable with

imprisonment for a term which shall be not less than four years but which may

extend to ten years” and fine. Therefore, the view of the State is that since the

petitioner could face imprisonment that could extend to 10 years, the date for

applying for ‘default bail’ would commence on the expiry of 90 days. However,

according to the petitioner the date for obtaining ‘default bail’ would commence

on the expiry of 60 days that is on or about 3rd January, 2017. (On the facts of

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this case, we need not quibble on the exact date). To this extent there is no

dispute between the petitioner and the State.

Discussion on interpretation
19. To answer the primary question before us, we need to first decide the

meaning of the expression “punishable with imprisonment for not less than ten

years” occurring in Clause (i) to proviso (a) of Section 167(2) of the Cr.P.C. Its

interpretation stirred considerable debate and discussion before us.

20. Learned counsel for the petitioner relied upon Rajeev Chaudhary v.

State (NCT) of Delhi)2 to contend that “not less than” 10 years imprisonment

must mean a minimum of 10 years imprisonment. In that decision, the offence

was punishable under Section 386 of the IPC which provides that an accused, if

found guilty, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term “which may

extend to 10 years”.3 This Court contrasted that expression with the words “not

less than” occurring in Clause (i) to proviso (a) of Section 167(2) of the Cr.P.C.

Juxtaposing the two expressions, this Court concluded that the words “not less

than” in Clause (i) would mean that the imprisonment should be 10 years or

more and would cover only those offences for which punishment of

imprisonment could be for a clear period of 10 years or more. It was held in

paragraph 6 of the Report:

2
(2001) 5 SCC 34
3
386. Extortion by putting a person in fear of death or grievous hurt.—Whoever
commits extortion by putting any person in fear of death or of grievous hurt to that
person or to any other, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a
term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.

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“From the relevant part of the aforesaid sections, it is apparent that
pending investigation relating to an offence punishable with
imprisonment for a term “not less than 10 years”, the Magistrate is
empowered to authorize the detention of the accused in custody for not
more than 90 days. For rest of the offences, the period prescribed is 60
days. Hence in cases where offence is punishable with imprisonment
for 10 years or more, the accused could be detained up to a period of 90
days. In this context, the expression “not less than” would mean
imprisonment should be 10 years or more and would cover only those
offences for which punishment could be imprisonment for a clear period
of 10 years or more. Under Section 386 punishment provided is
imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to 10
years and also fine. That means, imprisonment can be for a clear period
of 10 years or less. Hence, it could not be said that minimum sentence
would be 10 years or more. Further, in context also if we consider
clause (i) of proviso (a) to Section 167(2), it would be applicable in case
where investigation relates to an offence punishable (1) with death; (2)
imprisonment for life; and (3) imprisonment for a term of not less than
ten years. It would not cover the offence for which punishment could be
imprisonment for less than 10 years. Under Section 386 IPC,
imprisonment can vary from minimum to maximum of 10 years and it
cannot be said that imprisonment prescribed is not less than 10 years.”

This decision certainly supports the contention of learned counsel and there is

also a feeling of déjà vu in the use of the words “or more” in the decision, those

words having been used in the Notes on Clauses when the Cr.P.C. was sought to

be amended in 1978.

21. In contrast, learned counsel for the State referred to and relied upon

Bhupinder Singh v. Jarnail Singh.4 That case concerned an offence under

Section 304-B of the IPC where the punishment provided is not less than 7

years but which may extend to imprisonment for life. 5 In other words, the
4
(2006) 6 SCC 277
5
304-B. Dowry death.—(1) Where the death of a woman is caused by any burns or bodily injury or occurs
otherwise than under normal circumstances within seven years of her marriage and it is shown that soon before
her death she was subjected to cruelty or harassment by her husband or any relative of her husband for, or in
connection with, any demand for dowry, such death shall be called “dowry death”, and such husband or relative
shall be deemed to have caused her death.
Explanation.—For the purpose of this sub-section, “dowry” shall have the same meaning as in Section

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‘punishment range’ or ‘punishable range’ available to a sentencing judge varied

from not less than 7 years extending to life imprisonment. Keeping this in

mind, it was noted that what is the adequate punishment in a given case would

be decided by the court on the basis of the facts and circumstances before it.

22. The decision in Rajeev Chaudhary was distinguished by recording that

the case

“related to an offence punishable under Section 386 IPC and the

sentence in respect of the said offence is not less than 10 years. This
Court held that the expression “not less than” means that the
imprisonment should be 10 years or more to attract 90 days’ period. In
that context it was said that for the purpose of clause (i) of proviso (a) of
Section 167(2) CrPC the imprisonment should be for a clear period of
10 years or more.”

This is factually incorrect, inasmuch as Section 386 of the IPC provides for a

punishment “which may extend to ten years”. It is Clause (i) that uses the

expression “imprisonment for a term not less than ten years”. This Court

unfortunately overlooked the juxtaposition and distinction referred to above.

23. It was further held in paragraph 11 of the Report:

“The position is different in respect of the offence punishable under

Section 304-B IPC. In the case of Section 304-B the range varies
between 7 years and imprisonment for life. What should be the adequate
punishment in a given case has to be decided by the court on the basis of
the facts and circumstances involved in the particular case. The stage of
imposing a sentence comes only after recording the order of conviction
of the accused person. The significant word in the proviso is
“punishable”. The word “punishable” as used in statutes which declare
that certain offences are punishable in a certain way means liable to be
2 of the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 (28 of 1961).
(2) Whoever commits dowry death shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which shall not be
less than seven years but which may extend to imprisonment for life.

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punished in the way designated. It is ordinarily defined as deserving of
or capable or liable to punishment, capable of being punished by law or
right, may be punished or liable to be punished, and not must be
punished.”

24. In the context of the word “punishable” occurring in Clause (i) and the

meaning attached to this word taken from several dictionaries, this Court held in

Bhupinder Singh that where a minimum and maximum sentence is prescribed,

both are imposable depending upon the facts of the case. Therefore, if an

offence is punishable with imprisonment that may extend upto or beyond or

including 10 years, then the period available for completing investigations

would be 90 days before the provision for ‘default bail’ kicks in. It was said in

paragraph 15 of the Report:

“Where minimum and maximum sentences are prescribed, both are imposable
depending on the facts of the cases. It is for the court, after recording
conviction, to impose appropriate sentence. It cannot, therefore, be accepted
that only the minimum sentence is imposable and not the maximum sentence.
Merely because minimum sentence is provided that does not mean that the
sentence imposable is only the minimum sentence.”

25. While it is true that merely because a minimum sentence is provided for

in the statute it does not mean that only the minimum sentence is imposable.

Equally, there is also nothing to suggest that only the maximum sentence is

imposable. Either punishment can be imposed and even something in between.

Where does one strike a balance? It was held that it is eventually for the court to

decide what sentence should be imposed given the range available.

Undoubtedly, the Legislature can bind the sentencing court by laying down the

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minimum sentence (not less than) and it can also lay down the maximum

sentence. If the minimum is laid down, the sentencing judge has no option but

to give a sentence “not less than” that sentence provided for. Therefore, the

words “not less than” occurring in Clause (i) to proviso (a) of Section 167(2) of

the Cr.P.C. (and in other provisions) must be given their natural and obvious

meaning which is to say, not below a minimum threshold and in the case of

Section 167 of the Cr.P.C. these words must relate to an offence punishable with

a minimum of 10 years imprisonment.

26. Of the two views expressed by this Court, we accept the view in Rajeev

Chaudhary.

27. It is true that an offence punishable with a sentence of death or

imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term that may extend to 10 years is

a serious offence entailing intensive and perhaps extensive investigation. It

would therefore appear that given the seriousness of the offence, the extended

period of 90 days should be available to the investigating officer in such cases.

In other words, the period of investigation should be relatable to the gravity of

the offence – understandably so. This could be contrasted with an offence where

the maximum punishment under the IPC or any other penal statute is (say) 7

years, the offence being not serious or grave enough to warrant an extended

period of 90 days of investigation. This is certainly a possible view and indeed

the Cr.P.C. makes a distinction in the period of investigation for the purposes of

‘default bail’ depending on the gravity of the offence. Nevertheless, to avoid

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any uncertainty or ambiguity in interpretation, the law was enacted with two

compartments. Offences punishable with imprisonment of not less than ten

years have been kept in one compartment equating them with offences

punishable with death or imprisonment for life. This category of offences

undoubtedly calls for deeper investigation since the minimum punishment is

pretty stiff. All other offences have been placed in a separate compartment,

since they provide for a lesser minimum sentence, even though the maximum

punishment could be more than ten years imprisonment. While such offences

might also require deeper investigation (since the maximum is quite high) they

have been kept in a different compartment because of the lower minimum

imposable by the sentencing court, and thereby reducing the period of

incarceration during investigations which must be concluded expeditiously. The

cut-off, whether one likes it or not, is based on the wisdom of the Legislature

and must be respected.

Discussion from personal liberty perspective

28. We may also look at the entire issue not only from the narrow

interpretational perspective but from the perspective of personal liberty. Ever

since 1898, the legislative intent has been to conclude investigations within

twenty-four hours. This intention has not changed for more than a century, as

the marginal notes to Section 167 of the Cr.P.C. suggest. However, the

Legislature has been pragmatic enough to appreciate that it is not always

possible to complete investigations into an offence within twenty-four hours.

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Therefore initially, in the Cr.P.C. of 1898, a maximum period of 15 days was

provided for completing the investigations. Unfortunately, this limit was being

violated through the subterfuge of taking advantage of Section 344 of the

Cr.P.C. of 1898. The misuse was recognized in the 41 st Report of the Law

Commission of India and consequently the Law Commission recommended

fixing a maximum period of 60 days for completing investigations and that

recommendation came to be enacted as the law in the Cr.P.C. of 1973.

Subsequently, this period was also found to be insufficient for completing

investigations into more serious offences and, as mentioned above, the period

for completing investigations was bifurcated into 90 days for some offences and

60 days for the remaining offences.

29. Notwithstanding this, the basic legislative intent of completing

investigations within twenty-four hours and also within an otherwise

time-bound period remains unchanged, even though that period has been

extended over the years. This is an indication that in addition to giving adequate

time to complete investigations, the Legislature has also and always put a

premium on personal liberty and has always felt that it would be unfair to an

accused to remain in custody for a prolonged or indefinite period. It is for this

reason and also to hold the investigating agency accountable that time limits

have been laid down by the Legislature. There is a legislative appreciation of

the fact that certain offences require more extensive and intensive investigations

and, therefore, for those offences punishable with death or with imprisonment

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for life or a minimum sentence of imprisonment for a term not less than 10

years, a longer period is provided for completing investigations.

30. The need to expeditiously conclude investigations has been discussed

from time to time over the years and the view has been that as far as practicable,

the investigating agency should be distinct from the police staff assigned to the

enforcement of law and order. This was the view expressed (in 1958) in the 14 th

Report of the Law Commission of India as reflected in its 154 th Report (in

1996).6

31. In the 154th Report, the Law Commission noted that the unanimous

opinion of members of the Bench and the Bar, prosecuting agencies and senior

police officers during legal workshops held at various places was that the

investigation of serious offences punishable with a sentence of 7 years or more

should invariably be undertaken by senior officers. The Law Commission

concluded, as a result of these extensive discussions, that it was desirable to

separate the investigating police from the law and order police and as many as

seven reasons were given for arriving at this conclusion in Chapter II of the

Report.

32. Even this Court had occasion to consider this issue and looked into

several reports including those of the National Police Commission in Prakash

Singh v. Union of India.7 In paragraphs 20 and 21 of the decision, this Court

6
Chapter II paragraph 4
7
(2006) 8 SCC 1

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noted that the Home Minister, all the commissions and committees have

concluded that there is an urgent need for police reforms and that there is

convergence of views on the need, inter alia, to separate investigation work

from law and order. Such views and opinions over a prolonged period have

prompted the Legislature for more than a century to ensure expeditious

conclusion of investigations so that an accused person is not unnecessarily

deprived of his or her personal liberty by remaining in prolonged custody for an

offence that he or she might not even have committed. In our opinion, the

entire debate before us must also be looked at from the point of view of

expeditious conclusion of investigations and from the angle of personal liberty

and not from a purely dictionary or textual perspective as canvassed by learned

counsel for the State.

Default bail as an indefeasible right

33. It was submitted by learned counsel for the State that the charge sheet

having been filed against the petitioner on 24th January, 2017 the indefeasible

right of the petitioner to be now released on ‘default bail’ gets extinguished and

the petitioner must apply for regular bail.

34. What is forgotten is that the indefeasible right for ‘default bail’ accrued to

the petitioner when the period of 60 days for completing the investigation and

filing a charge sheet came to an end on 3rd or 4th January, 2017 and that the

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indefeasible right continued till 24th January, 2017. The question is whether

during this interregnum the petitioner was entitled to ‘default bail’ or not?

Ordinarily, the answer would be “yes” but in the present case, the petitioner was

not granted bail and a charge sheet was filed against him on 24 th January, 2017.

Was his indefeasible right completely taken away?

35. Our attention was drawn to the decision of the Constitution Bench in

Sanjay Dutt v. State.8 In paragraph 46 of the Report it was conceded by learned

counsel appearing for the accused that the indefeasible right is enforceable only

up to the filing of a charge sheet or challan and does not survive after the charge

sheet or challan is filed in the court against him. This submission was not

refuted by but agreed to by the learned Additional Solicitor General appearing

for the State. The submission made by both the learned counsels was based on

an interpretation of the decision of this Court in Hitendra Vishnu Thakur v.

State of Maharashtra9 which was a case under the Terrorist and Disruptive

Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987.

36. While dealing with this common stance, the Constitution Bench in

Sanjay Dutt made it clear in paragraph 48 of the Report that the indefeasible

right accruing to the accused is enforceable only prior to the filing of the charge

sheet and it does not survive or remain enforceable thereafter, if already not

availed of. In other words, the Constitution Bench took the view that the

indefeasible right of ‘default bail’ continues till the charge sheet or challan is
8
(1994) 5 SCC 410
9
(1994) 4 SCC 602

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filed and it gets extinguished thereafter. This is clear from the conclusion stated

by the Constitution Bench in paragraph 53(2)(b) of the Report. This reads as

follows:

“(2)(b) The “indefeasible right” of the accused to be released on bail in

accordance with Section 20(4)(bb) of the TADA Act read with Section
167(2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure in default of completion of
the investigation and filing of the challan within the time allowed, as
held in Hitendra Vishnu Thakur is a right which enures to, and is
enforceable by the accused only from the time of default till the filing of
the challan and it does not survive or remain enforceable on the challan
being filed. If the accused applies for bail under this provision on
expiry of the period of 180 days or the extended period, as the case may
be, then he has to be released on bail forthwith. The accused, so
released on bail may be arrested and committed to custody according to
the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The right of the
accused to be released on bail after filing of the challan, notwithstanding
the default in filing it within the time allowed, is governed from the time
of filing of the challan only by the provisions relating to the grant of bail
applicable at that stage.”

37. This Court had occasion to review the entire case law on the subject in

Union of India v. Nirala Yadav.10 In that decision, reference was made to

Uday Mohanlal Acharya v. State of Maharashtra11 and the conclusions

arrived at in that decision. We are concerned with conclusion No. 3 which

reads as follows:

“(3) On the expiry of the said period of 90 days or 60 days, as the case
may be, an indefeasible right accrues in favour of the accused for being
released on bail on account of default by the investigating agency in the
completion of the investigation within the period prescribed and the
accused is entitled to be released on bail, if he is prepared to and
furnishes the bail as directed by the Magistrate.”

10
(2014) 9 SCC 457
11
(2001) 5 SCC 453

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38. This Court also dealt with the decision rendered in Sanjay Dutt and noted

that the principle laid down by the Constitution Bench is to the effect that if the

charge sheet is not filed and the right for ‘default bail’ has ripened into the

status of indefeasibility, it cannot be frustrated by the prosecution on any

pretext. The accused can avail his liberty by filing an application stating that

the statutory period for filing the charge sheet or challan has expired and the

same has not yet been filed and therefore the indefeasible right has accrued in

his or her favour and further the accused is prepared to furnish the bail bond.

39. This Court also noted that apart from the possibility of the prosecution

frustrating the indefeasible right, there are occasions when even the court

frustrates the indefeasible right. Reference was made to Mohamed Iqbal

Madar Sheikh v. State of Maharashtra12 wherein it was observed that some

courts keep the application for ‘default bail’ pending for some days so that in

the meantime a charge sheet is submitted. While such a practice both on the

part of prosecution as well as some courts must be very strongly and

vehemently discouraged, we reiterate that no subterfuge should be resorted to,

to defeat the indefeasible right of the accused for ‘default bail’ during the

interregnum when the statutory period for filing the charge sheet or challan

expires and the submission of the charge sheet or challan in court.

Procedure for obtaining default bail

40. In the present case, it was also argued by learned counsel for the State
12
(1996) 1 SCC 722

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that the petitioner did not apply for ‘default bail’ on or after 4th January, 2017 till

24th January, 2017 on which date his indefeasible right got extinguished on the

filing of the charge sheet. Strictly speaking this is correct since the petitioner

applied for regular bail on 11th January, 2017 in the Gauhati High Court – he

made no specific application for grant of ‘default bail’. However, the

application for regular bail filed by the accused on 11th January, 2017 did advert

to the statutory period for filing a charge sheet having expired and that perhaps

no charge sheet had in fact being filed. In any event, this issue was argued by

learned counsel for the petitioner in the High Court and it was considered but

not accepted by the High Court. The High Court did not reject the submission

on the ground of maintainability but on merits. Therefore it is not as if the

petitioner did not make any application for default bail – such an application

was definitely made (if not in writing) then at least orally before the High

Court. In our opinion, in matters of personal liberty, we cannot and should not

be too technical and must lean in favour of personal liberty. Consequently,

whether the accused makes a written application for ‘default bail’ or an oral

application for ‘default bail’ is of no consequence. The concerned court must

deal with such an application by considering the statutory requirements namely,

whether the statutory period for filing a charge sheet or challan has expired,

whether the charge sheet or challan has been filed and whether the accused is

prepared to and does furnish bail.

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41. We take this view keeping in mind that in matters of personal liberty and

Article 21 of the Constitution, it is not always advisable to be formalistic or

technical. The history of the personal liberty jurisprudence of this Court and

other constitutional courts includes petitions for a writ of habeas corpus and for

other writs being entertained even on the basis of a letter addressed to the Chief

Justice or the Court.

42. In Sunil Batra II v. Home Secretary, Delhi Administration 13 this Court

accepted a letter, which was treated as petition, written by a prisoner in Tihar

Jail, Delhi complaining of inhuman torture inflicted on another prisoner by the

Jail Warder. In Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar14 a number of writ

petitions, some by way of a letter, were grouped together and treated as habeas

corpus petitions. In Rubabbuddin Sheikh v. State of Gujarat15 the brother of

the deceased wrote a letter to the Chief Justice of India complaining of a fake

encounter and subsequent disappearance of his sister-in-law. This was treated

as a habeas corpus petition. In Kishore Singh Ravinder Dev v. State of

Rajasthan16 the petitioners sent a telegram to a learned judge of this Court

complaining of solitary confinement of prisoners. The telegram was treated as

a habeas corpus petition and the concerned persons were directed to be released

from solitary confinement. In Paramjit Kaur (Mrs.) v. State of Punjab17 a

telegram received at the residential office of a learned judge of this Court

13
(1980) 3 SCC 488
14
(1980) 1 SCC 98
15
(2007) 4 SCC 318
16
(1981) 1 SCC 503
17
(1996) 7 SCC 20

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alleging an incident of kidnapping by the police was treated as a habeas corpus

petition. In Bandhua Mukti Morcha v. Union of India18 a petition addressed to

a learned judge of this Court relating to the inhumane and intolerable conditions

of stone quarry workers in many States and how many of them were bonded

labour was treated as a writ petition on the view that the “Constitution-makers

deliberately did not lay down any particular form of proceeding for enforcement

of a fundamental right nor did they stipulate that such proceeding should

conform to any rigid pattern or straight-jacket formula”. In People’s Union for

Democratic Rights v. Union of India 19 a letter addressed to a learned Judge of

this Court concerning violation of various labour laws in the construction

projects connected to the Asian Games was treated as a writ petition. In Dr.

Upendra Baxi (I) v. State of Uttar Pradesh 20 a letter relating to inhuman

conditions in the Agra Protective Home for Women was treated as a writ

petition and in Sheela Barse v. State of Maharashtra 21 a letter addressed by a

journalist complaining of custodial violence against woman prisoners in

Bombay was treated as a writ petition. These cases are merely illustrative of the

personal liberty jurisprudence of this Court and in matters pertaining to Article

21 of the Constitution of India this Court has consistently taken the view that it

is not advisable to be ritualistic and formal. However, we must make it clear

that we should not be understood to suggest that procedures must always be

given a go-by – that is certainly not our intention.

18
(1984) 3 SCC 161
19
AIR 1982 SC 1473
20
(1983) 2 SCC 308
21
(1983) 2 SCC 96

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Duty of the Courts

43. This Court and other constitutional courts have also taken the view that in

the matters concerning personal liberty and penal statutes, it is the obligation of

the court to inform the accused that he or she is entitled to free legal assistance

as a matter of right. In Khatri v. State of Bihar22 the Judicial Magistrate did not

provide legal representation to the accused since they did not ask for it. It was

held by this Court that this was unacceptable and that the Magistrate or the

Sessions Judge before whom an accused appears must be held under an

obligation to inform the accused of his or her entitlement to obtain free legal

assistance at the cost of the State. In Suk Das v. Union Territory of Arunachal

Pradesh23 the accused was tried and convicted without legal representation, due

to his poverty. He had not applied for legal representation but notwithstanding

this, this Court held that the trial was vitiated and the sentence awarded was set

aside, particularly since the accused was not informed of his entitlement to free

legal assistance, nor was an inquiry made from him whether he wanted a lawyer

to be provided at State expense. In Rajoo @ Ramakant v. State of Madhya

Pradesh24 the High Court dismissed the appeal of the accused without enquiring

whether he required legal assistance at the expense of the State even though he

was unrepresented. Relying on Khatri and Suk Das this Court remanded his

appeal to the High Court for re-hearing after giving an opportunity to the

accused to take legal assistance. Finally, in Mohammed Ajmal Mohammad

22
(1981) 1 SCC 627
23
(1986) 2 SCC 401
24
(2012) 8 SCC 553

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Amir Kasab v. State of Maharashtra25 this Court relied on Khatri and held that

in paragraph 474 of the Report as follows:

“… it is the duty and obligation of the Magistrate before whom a person

accused of committing a cognizable offence is first produced to make
him fully aware that it is his right to consult and be defended by a legal
practitioner and, in case he has no means to engage a lawyer of his
choice, that one would be provided to him from legal aid at the expense
of the State. The right flows from Articles 21 and 22(1) of the
Constitution and needs to be strictly enforced. We, accordingly, direct
all the Magistrates in the country to faithfully discharge the aforesaid
duty and obligation and further make it clear that any failure to fully
discharge the duty would amount to dereliction in duty and would make
the Magistrate concerned liable to departmental proceedings.”

44. Strong words indeed. That being so we are of the clear opinion that

adapting this principle, it would equally be the duty and responsibility of a court

on coming to know that the accused person before it is entitled to ‘default bail’,

to at least apprise him or her of the indefeasible right. A contrary view would

diminish the respect for personal liberty, on which so much emphasis has been

laid by this Court as is evidenced by the decisions mentioned above, and also

adverted to in Nirala Yadav.

Application of the law to the petitioner

45. On 11th January, 2017 when the High Court dismissed the application for

bail filed by the petitioner, he had an indefeasible right to the grant of ‘default

bail’ since the statutory period of 60 days for filing a charge sheet had expired,

no charge sheet or challan had been filed against him (it was filed only on 24 th

January, 2017) and the petitioner had orally applied for ‘default bail’. Under

25
(2012) 9 SCC 1

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these circumstances, the only course open to the High Court on 11 th January,

2017 was to enquire from the petitioner whether he was prepared to furnish bail

and if so then to grant him ‘default bail’ on reasonable conditions.

Unfortunately, this was completely overlooked by the High Court.

46. It was submitted that as of today, a charge sheet having been filed against

the petitioner, he is not entitled to ‘default bail’ but must apply for regular bail –

the ‘default bail’ chapter being now closed. We cannot agree for the simple

reason that we are concerned with the interregnum between 4th January, 2017

and 24th January, 2017 when no charge sheet had been filed, during which

period he had availed of his indefeasible right of ‘default bail’. It would have

been another matter altogether if the petitioner had not applied for ‘default bail’

for whatever reason during this interregnum. There could be a situation

(however rare) where an accused is not prepared to be bailed out perhaps for his

personal security since he or she might be facing some threat outside the

correction home or for any other reason. But then in such an event, the accused

voluntarily gives up the indefeasible right for default bail and having forfeited

that right the accused cannot, after the charge sheet or challan has been filed,

claim a resuscitation of the indefeasible right. But that is not the case insofar as

the petitioner is concerned, since he did not give up his indefeasible right for

‘default bail’ during the interregnum between 4th January, 2017 and 24th January,

2017 as is evident from the decision of the High Court rendered on 11th January,

2017. On the contrary, he had availed of his right to ‘default bail’ which could

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not have been defeated on 11th January, 2017 and which we are today compelled

to acknowledge and enforce.

47. Consequently, we are of opinion that the petitioner had satisfied all the

requirements of obtaining ‘default bail’ which is that on 11 th January, 2017 he

had put in more than 60 days in custody pending investigations into an alleged

offence not punishable with imprisonment for a minimum period of 10 years,

no charge sheet had been filed against him and he was prepared to furnish bail

for his release, as such, he ought to have been released by the High Court on

reasonable terms and conditions of bail.

48. It may be mentioned that learned counsel for the petitioner had contended

that the extended period of 90 days for filing a charge sheet would not apply to

the petitioner since he is not covered by the provisions of the Lokpal and

Lokayuktas Act, 2013 and therefore the maximum sentence that could be

awarded to him would be 7 years under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.

This argument of desperation is recorded only to be summarily rejected. Even

if the petitioner is not within the purview of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act,

2013 he is certainly not outside the purview of the PC Act and can be

prosecuted and punished for a violation of Section 13(1) thereof. There is

absolutely no cogent reason for excluding the petitioner from the rigours of the

PC Act as amended by the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013.

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Conclusion

49. The petitioner is held entitled to the grant of ‘default bail’ on the facts and

in the circumstances of this case. The Trial Judge should release the petitioner

on ‘default bail’ on such terms and conditions as may be reasonable. However,

we make it clear that this does not prohibit or otherwise prevent the arrest or

re-arrest of the petitioner on cogent grounds in respect of the subject charge and

upon arrest or re-arrest, the petitioner is entitled to petition for grant of regular

bail which application should be considered on its own merit. We also make it

clear that this will not impact on the arrest of the petitioner in any other case.

50. We allow the petition and set aside the judgment and order of the High

Court.

51. The companion petition, being S.L.P. (Crl.) No. 2176 of 2017 is rendered

infructuous and is dismissed as such.

52. By way of a footnote, we may add that it is time that the reports of the

Law Commission of India and the decision of this Court in Prakash Singh are

given very serious thought and in addition a greater degree of professionalism is

introduced in investigations into offences along with scientific methods and

techniques of investigation and the use of technology.

New Delhi; ………………………J

August 16, 2017 (Madan B. Lokur)

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REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

SPECIAL LEAVE TO APPEAL (CRL.) NO. 2009 of 2017)

Rakesh Kumar Paul …Appellant

Versus

The State of Assam ....Respondent

WITH

SPECIAL LEAVE TO APPEAL (CRL.) NO. 2176 of 2017

JUDGMENT

Prafulla C. Pant, J.

I have the benefit of going through the draft judgment

authored by My Lord Hon’ble Justice Madan B. Lokur. Agreeing

with the importance of right of personal liberty, with great regard

to His Lordship, I beg to differ on the interpretation of Section

167(2)(a)(i) of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973, and in the

facts and circumstances of the case at hand, in my opinion, both

the appeals are liable to be dismissed. I express my opinion in

the matter as under:-

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2. These appeals are directed against the order dated

11.01.2017, passed by the High Court of Guwahati in Bail

Application No.23/2017 and the order dated 13.2.2017 in Bail

Application No.136/2017, wherein the bail applications filed by

the appellant under Section 439 of the Code of Criminal

Procedure 1973, have been rejected.

3. Prosecution story in short is that the appellant - Rakesh

Kumar Paul was working as the Chairman of the Assam Public

Service Commission (APSC) from 11.12.2013. On 27.10.2016 an

FIR No. 936 of 2016 was lodged by one Dr. Angshumita Gogoi for

offences under Sections 7, 13(1)(b)(2) of the Prevention of

Corruption Act 1988 (For short “PC Act”) at Police Station

Dibrugarh, Assam stating that one Mr. Nabakanta Patir

contacted her and asked her to pay Rs.10,00,000/- (Rupees ten

lacs only) to him for recruiting her as Dental Surgeon in the

selection conducted by APSC. Upon her intimation to the police,

a trap was laid up, wherein Nabakanta Patir was apprehended in

his residential premises located at Circuit House Road while he

was receiving the amount from the informant. He was arrested

and it was found that there was a network of such illegal

activities to recruit persons for government service in connivance

and conspiracy of other persons. Investigation revealed that the

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appellant being the Chairman of the APSC was involved in

running a network to recruit people to government services in the

state in connivance and conspiracy with others. He was found

having direct access to the said Nabakanta Patir. During the

search at the residence of the appellant, cash amounting to

Rs.10,00,000/- (Rupees ten lacs only) answer scripts of the APSC

Examination were recovered which contained extra marks

bearing the signature of the invigilator including the APSC

tabulation sheet, master paper of answer scripts, draft copy of

APSC answer booklets including instructions part from a

particular printing press of the brother of the appellant. The

Papers were supposed to be printed at the Government Printing

Press as per the APSC provisions, but they were made to be

printed at the private press without any authority. Telephonic

conversation records revealed that Nabakanta Patir was in

contact with a candidate regarding appointment for the post of

BDO also for the year 2016. Some other recoveries were also

made from his office and the printing press. The appellant was

arrested on 4.11.2016 and was produced before the Judge,

Special Court, Guwahati on 5.11.2016, wherein he was

remanded to custody.

4. The present appellant first preferred a regular bail

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application before the Special Judge which was dismissed on

20.12.2016. Thereafter, in January 2017, he filed Bail

Application No. 23 of 2017 before the High Court of Guwahati

under Section 439 of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 (for

short “the Code”). It is significant to note that this application

was for regular bail on merits as is evident from a perusal of the

same. As such, there was no ground taken in the petition to

enlarge the appellant on default bail for non filing of chargesheet

within a period of sixty days. This issue will be addressed later in

the judgment. The bail application came to be disposed on

11.1.2017. It is to be noted that the arguments made before the

High Court were predominantly based on the ground that the

accused was entitled to bail under Section 167(2) of the code

since the chargesheet was not filed within a period of sixty days.

The counsel for the accused argued that since the maximum

punishment u/s 13(2) of the PC Act 1988 was seven years, the

charge sheet was to be filed within sixty days, i.e. upto

04.01.2017, but since chargesheet was not filed, the accused is

entitled to bail under Section 167(2) of the Code. It was also

argued that assuming the PC Act was amended by the Lokpal

and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 the punishment under Section 13(2)

as amended will extend to 10 years and in that case also the

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chargesheet had to be filed within 60 days. He placed reliance on

the judgment of the decision of this court in the case of Rajeev

Chaudhary vs. State (NCT) of Delhi26.

5. Counsel for the State contested the bail application before

the High Court by stating that upon the amendment of Section

13(2) of the PC Act 1988 by the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013

which came into effect from 16.1.2014, the maximum

punishment imposable is ten years imprisonment and thus the

time period for filing charge sheet is ninety days. It was also

contested on merits. The High Court vide impugned order dated

11.1.2017 rejected the bail application by holding that in the

present case, since the offence under Section 13(2) of the PC Act

(as amended by the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013) is

punishable with imprisonment which may extend to 10 years

imprisonment, the provisions of Section 167(2)(a)(i) of the Code

would be applicable and the accused is not entitled to his bail

due to the default of the prosecution in not filing the chargesheet

within a period of sixty days under Section 167(2)(a)(ii) of the

Code. The High Court did not consider it a fit case to grant bail

on the merits either.

6. Thereafter, on 24.01.2017, the police filed charge sheet in

26

(2001) 5 SCC 34

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FIR No. 936 of 2017 for the offences under Sections 7, 13(1)(a)(b)

(d) and 13(2) of the PC Act and Sections 120B, 420, 462, 468,

471, 477(A), 201 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) against the

appellant and other co-accused. After filing the chargesheet, the

appellant moved bail application No.136 of 2017 before the High

Court of Guwahati seeking bail on merits. This bail application

also came to be rejected on 13.2.2017. These two orders of the

High Court dated 11.1.2017 and 13.2.2017 are challenged before

this Court in these present appeals.

7. Heard Shri Abhishek Manu Singhvi, senior counsel for the

appellant and Shri Mukul Rohtagi, senior counsel for the State of

Assam.

8. The primary argument advanced by the learned counsel for

the appellant is that the default of the Investigating Agency in not

filing the chargesheet within sixty days entitles the accused to be

released as per the provision of Section 167(2) of the Code. It is

contended that the maximum punishment for the offences for

which the chargesheet has been filed against the accused is

seven years. The PC Act was amended by the Lokpal and

Lokayuktas Act, 2013 primarily by enhancing the punishments

for certain offences, to be investigated and prosecuted by Lok Pal

or Lokayukta. Learned Counsel submits that such amendment

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of the PC Act 1988 by the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act 2013 was

not permissible in respect of offences tried by ordinary Special

Courts. Further it was argued that, assuming that the Act stood

amended and the punishment for the offence under Section 13(2)

of the PC Act was amended and the maximum punishment stood

extended to ten years, the Investigating agency was still required

to file the charge sheet within sixty days and in default of which

the accused would be entitled to bail under Section 167(2) of the

Code. He placed reliance on a decision of this Court in the case

of Rajeev Chaudhary vs. State (NCT) of Delhi (supra) wherein

the court held that for the offence under Section 386 IPC which

is punishable with imprisonment upto ten years, the chargesheet

was required to be filed within sixty days.

9. Mr. Mukul Rohatgi argued that power of the parliament to

amend the PC Act 1988 by way of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas

Act, 2013 cannot be questioned. He further submitted that the

Amendment came into force with effect from 16.1.2014 as

recognised by this court in the case of Kiran Chander Asri vs.

State of Haryana27. Reference is also made to the case of

Bhupinder Singh and ors. vs. Jarnail Singh and Another 28

27

(2016) 1 SCC 578

28

(2006) 6 SCC 277

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to contend that, when minimum as well as maximum sentences

are imposable, it cannot be said that only minimum sentences

are imposable and not the maximum sentence. While reiterating

the reasoning given by the High Court, he further conteded that,

in the instant case, the accused had only approached the High

Court for regular bail under Section 439 of the Code wherein no

ground of default bail on the ground of not filing chargesheet

within sixty days, was taken in the application. It is only during

the arguments, the ground for non compliance of Section 167(2)

was taken by the counsel before the High Court. He argued that

this cannot be said to be in conformity with the procedure

provided under Section 167(2) of the Code for availing the bail on

the default of the investigation to file the charge sheet. Further,

since the charge sheet came to be filed on 24.01.2017, he is no

longer entitled to such relief. On merits it was argued that it is

not a fit case for bail.

10. At the outset, it may be stated that the argument taken by

the counsel for the accused that the Amendment made to the

Prevention of Corruption Act 1988 by the Lokpal and Lokayukta

Act, 2013 has not been enforced, has no legs to stand on. The

Amendment has been enforced with effect from 16.01.2014

which has been accepted by this Court in the case of Kiran

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Chander Asri vs. State of Haryana (supra). The challenge to

the power of the parliament to amend the provisions of the

Prevention of Corruption Act 1988 by way of the Lokpal and

Lokayuktas Act, 2013 is neither substantiated nor further

pressed and is thus liable to be rejected.

11. The three main questions that arise in these appeals for our

consideration are as under:

I. Whether in a case regarding offence for which the

punishment imposable may extend upto ten years, the

accused is entitled to bail under Section 167(2) of the Code

of Criminal Procedure 1973 due to default on the part of

investigating agency in not filing the charge sheet within

sixty days?

II. Whether the appellant is entitled to default bail under

Section 167(2) of the Code though he has not made any

application (oral or written) under section 167(2) of the Code

before the Magistrate (or Special Judge), but has instead

argued orally without pleadings in a pending regular bail

application filed under Section 439 of the Code before the

High Court?

III. Whether the appellant is entitled to bail on merits?

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Answer to question I:

12. To answer this question, I shall briefly trace out the history

of the provision under Section 167(2)(a) of the Code. The

erstwhile Code of Criminal Procedure 1898 did not contain any

such provision for grant of bail on default of the investigating

agency in not filing the charge sheet within a specific period of

time. When the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 was enacted to

replace the Criminal Procedure Code of 1898, it was felt that the

investigation into offences ought to be carried out in a time

bound manner so as to provide speedy justice and to protect the

life and liberty of the accused persons who are remanded to

custody during the pendency of investigation. Thus the provision

of Section 167(2)(a) was introduced in the Code of Criminal

Procedure 1973, wherein the accused was entitled to get bail on

default of the investigating agency in not filing the charge sheet

within sixty days of remand. Thereafter, in the year 1978, the

Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act 1978 (Act 45 of

1978) was passed, making several amendments to the Code of

Criminal Procedure, 1973. One such amendment was a

classification within the proviso to section 167(2)(a) by

authorising the detention of upto ninety days in cases

punishable with death, imprisonment for life or imprisonment for

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a term not less than ten years; and authorising detention upto

sixty days where the investigation relates to other offences.

13. The text of Section 167 (2) of the Code as amended and as it

stands today is reproduced below:

“167- Procedure when investigation cannot be

completed in twenty-four hours.
(1) xxxxxxxxxx
(2) xxxxxxxxxx
Provided that-
(a) The Magistrate may authorize the detention of the
accused person, otherwise than in the custody of
the police, beyond the period of fifteen days, if he
is satisfied that adequate grounds exist for doing
so, but no Magistrate shall authorise the
detention of the accused person in custody under
this paragraph for a total period exceeding-
(i) Ninety days, where the investigation relates
to an offence punishable with death,
imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a
term of not less than ten years;
(ii) Sixty days, where the investigation relates
to any other offence.”

14. The question that arises in the instant case is whether

for the offence which is punishable with imprisonment for a

term which may extend to ten years, the accused will be

entitled to be released on bail for default in not filing charge

sheet within sixty days from the date of remand. The learned

counsel of the accused has relied on the case of Rajeev

Chaudhary (supra) wherein a Division Bench of this Court

was dealing with the permissible period of custody for an

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offence under Section 386 IPC, which is punishable with

imprisonment which may extend to ten years.

15. In Rajeev Chaudhary (supra) it has been observed that

only if the minimum prescribed punishment is ten years

imprisonment or more, then the requirement of completing

investigation may extend to ninety days. But in my opinion

when S.167(2) of Code was amended, there was no such

category of offences in the Indian Penal Code where minimum

sentence of ten years imprisonment was required to be

imposed in 1978 without alternative prescribed sentence of

imprisonment for life. For example: offences punishable under

Sections 121A, 122, 128, 131, 194, 304 (part I), 313, 314,

326, 329, 371, 394, 395, 409, 412, 413, 436, 449, 450, 459,

460 of the IPC provide for a punishment of life imprisonment,

also and as such the expression – ‘or imprisonment for a term

not less that ten years”, does not help any determine for the

purposes of Section 167(2) of the Code in the above category of

cases as the alternative punishment of imprisonment for life

already covered in the said clause. Similarly, offences under

Sections 132, 305 and 396 are punishable with death, or life

imprisonment also. In my view if the legislature intended to

exclude the offences for which the minimum imprisonment

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was ten years, it could have used the words “or imprisonment

for a term more than ten years”. Thus the argument that

ninety days period does not cover the cases where maximum

imposable sentence is ten years can not be accepted. It is also

relevant to mention here that there seems to be some

contusion in the disposition of the Rajeev Chaudhary case

(supra) wherein the appellant in that Case, Rajeev Chaudhary,

was an accused, and had in fact approached this Court

challenging the decision of the High Court of Delhi passed in

Cr.M.(M.) No.2532 of 1999 (reported in 2001 Cri. L. J. 2023)

wherein the High Court had held that the accused was not

entitled to bail at the expiry of sixty days in custody for the

offence under Section 386 IPC which was punishable with

imprisonment which may extend to ten years. If this Court in

the said case intended that Section 386 IPC is not covered

under Section 167(2)(a)(i), then the appeal would have been

allowed, but, in fact, the appeal of the accused was dismissed

by this court.

16. In the case of Bhupinder Singh vs. Jarnail Singh

(supra), this Court was faced with the question regarding

period when the accused would be entitled to bail on default

in filing charge sheet in a case for offence under Section 304B

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IPC. The offence under Section 304B is punishable with

imprisonment of not less than seven years but may extend to

imprisonment for life. While holding that the permissible

period in filing challan is ninety days in a case for offence

under Section 304B IPC, the court observed that the

significant word used in the proviso is “punishable”. And since

life imprisonment was a punishable sentence, the permissible

period for filing challan was for the offence under Section

304B IPC was held to be ninety days. While holding so, the

Court observed as under:

“Where minimum and maximum sentences are

prescribed both are imposable depending on the
facts of the cases. It is for the Court, after recording
conviction, to impose appropriate sentence. It
cannot, therefore, be accepted that only the
minimum sentence is imposable and not the
maximum sentence. Merely because minimum
sentence is provided that does not mean that the
sentence imposable is only the minimum
sentence………”
(emphasis supplied)

17. The main ambiguity in the interpretation of the provision

arises in the use of the words “not less than ten years” in

Section 167(2)(a)(i) of the Code. The legislative drafts on the

amendment of this provision do not throw much light on the

expression “not less than ten years” used in the provision.

But while answering the criticism to the amendment at the

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Rajya Sabha, the then Minister of State in the Ministry of

Home Affairs - Shri S.D.Patil, who had moved the bill in both

the houses, made the following statement which may help us

to know the kinds of cases that were intended to be included

in the ninety days category. The statement is as under:

“Then, Sir, a lot of criticism has been levelled against

section 167 as to why the investigation is not
completed within 60 days. There is a provision for
releasing a person on bail. Why do we want to extend
it by thirty days? We have made two categories. Ninety
days are applicable where the investigation relates to
an offence punishable with death,- there are eight
offences punishable with death--- Imprisonment for
life-we have 48 offences punishable with
imprisonment for life--- or imprisonment for a term of
not less than ten years and we have 36 offences
punishable with this sentence. Only in such cases
which are complicated in nature investigation takes a
longer time. To complete this kind of investigation, one
has to go through other states as well. This has been
our experience...”29

18. If we look at the figures of 8, 48 and 36, referred to in the

aforementioned statement, we may be able to cull out the

intention of the legislature in classifying the offences. From

the first schedule of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 (as

it existed in 1978) read with whole of I.P.C, it can be gathered

that, the “eight” cases punishable with death were – Sections

121, 132, 194(part II), 302, 303 (struck down), 305, 307 (part

29

Rajya Sabha Debates Vol CVII Nos.13-25, 6 to 25 December 1978, (6 th December), pg

203.

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III), 396 IPC; the forty eight offences punishable with life

imprisonment were – Sections 121A, 122, 124A, 125, 128,

130, 131, 194 (part I), 222, 225 (part V), 232, 238, 255, 304

(part I), 307 (part II), 311, 313, 314 (part II), 326, 329, 363A

(part II), 364, 371, 376, 377, 388 (part II), 389 (part II), 394,

395, 400, 409, 412, 413, 436, 437, 438, 449, 459, 460, 467,

472, 474 (part II), 475, 477, 489A, 489B, 489D and 511 (part

I) IPC; and the thirty six offences refer to Sections 119 (part II),

123, 235 (part II), 240, 251, 304 (part II), 306, 307 (part I),

314, 315, 316, 327, 328, 331, 333, 363A (part I), 366, 366A,

366B, 367, 372, 373, 382, 386, 388 (part I), 389 (part I), 392

(part I), 399, 437, 439, 450, 454 (part II), 455, 493 and 495

IPC.

19. A perusal of the figure of eight, forty eight, and thirty six

mentioned in his speech by the then Hon’ble Minister of State

in the Ministry of Home Affairs, Shri S.D.Patil, in the light

what I have mentioned in preceding para shows that the

Hon’ble Minister classified cases which are “punishable” with

a particular sentence as a separate class. His statistics shows

that he had classified the cases punishable with death

sentence in one group, cases punishable with life

imprisonment were classified in another group and cases

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punishable with imprisonment of upto ten years were

classified in the third group. The reference he was making to

the 36 cases that fall in the category of “imprisonment of not

less than ten years” in section 167(2)(a)(i) of the Code, were in

fact the offences for which the punishment was of

imprisonment for a period which may extend to ten years. It

can further be inferred that, when he stated “...or

imprisonment for a term of not less than ten years and we have

36 offences punishable with this sentence...”, he referred to

offences wherein ten years imprisonment was also an

imposable punishment.

20. From the above analogy, I am of the opinion that the

intention of the legislature was that if an offence was

punishable with imprisonment upto ten years, then it falls

within the provision of Section 167(2)(a)(i) of the Code, and the

permissible period for investigation is ninety days. The

intention of the Legislature in extending the permissible time

period from sixty days to ninety days for investigation is to

include the offences in which sentence awardable is at least

ten years or more. Therefore, as discussed above, though the

expression “not less than ten years” used in Section 167(2)(a)

(i) of the Code has created some ambiguity, the real intention

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of the legislature seems to include all such offences wherein

an imprisonment which may extend to ten years is an

awardable sentence. In other words, for offences wherein the

punishment may extend to ten years imprisonment, the

permissible period for filing charge sheet shall be ninety days,

and only after the period of ninety days, the accused shall be

entitled to bail on default for non filing of the charge

sheet. (In the present case, admittedly the charge sheet is

filed within ninety days). I may further add that, since the

expression “not less than ten years” has caused ambiguity in

interpretation, the best course for the legislature would be to

clear its intention by using the appropriate words.

Answer to question II:

21. The second issue which requires to be addressed is

whether the appellant is entitled to statutory bail under

Section 167(2) of the Code though he has not made any

application under Section 167(2) of the Code before the

Magistrate (or Special Judge) prior to the filing of the charge

sheet. The record of the case reveals that the appellant was

arrested on 4.11.2016 and produced before the Magistrate on

5.11.2016 and he was remanded to custody for the first time.

The period of sixty days for filing charge sheet expired on

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04.01.2017. The charge sheet came to be filed on 24.1.2017.

Initially the appellant had applied for regular bail before the

Sessions Court which came to be rejected on 20.12.2016.

Thereafter he moved bail application No. 23/2017 for bail

under Section 439 of the Code before the High Court of

Guwahati. This bail application was disposed on 11.01.2017

which was after sixty days of arrest, but prior to filing of

charge sheet. A perusal of this bail application shows that this

bail application was moved under Section 439 of the Code for

regular bail on merits and not as a bail claiming the statutory

right under Section 167 of the Code. In none of the grounds

taken in the bail application, the appellant has pleaded for

default bail as a result of non filing of the charge sheet. All the

grounds urged are on merits. The prayer is also for regular

bail. It appears that, prior to the time of hearing, the counsel

for the appellant has realised that the accused was entitled for

default bail under Section 167(2) and has taken the plea in

the oral arguments in the High Court that since sixty days for

filing charge sheet has expired, he is entitled to bail as matter

of right under Section 167(2) of the Code. The question thus

arises, whether such application on merits can be equated to

be an application seeking enforcement of statutory right under

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Section 167(2) of the Code and whether such practice of

taking such oral arguments directly before the High Court in a

pending regular bail application without having taken such

grounds in the application or having approached the

Magistrate (or Special Court) should be entertained.

22. The legal position regarding bail under Section 167(2) of

the Code was cemented by a Constitution Bench of this Court

which has inter alia held in the case of Sanjay Dutt vs. State

through C.B.I., Bombay30 that:

“...The “'indefeasible right” of the accused to be

released on bail in accordance with Section 20(4)(bb)
of the TADA Act read with Section 167(2) of the CrPC
in default of completion of the investigation and filing
of the challan within the time allowed, as held in
Hitendra Vishnu Thakur vs. State of Maharashtra
[(1994) 4 SCC 602], is a right which enures to, and is
enforceable by the accused only from the time of
default till the filing of the challan and it does not
survive or remain enforceable on the challan being
filed. If the accused applies for bail under this
provision on expiry of the period of 180 days or the
extended period, as the case may be, then he has to be
released on bail forthwith. The accused, so released on
bail may be arrested and committed to custody
according to the provisions of the CrPC. The right of
the accused to be released on bail after filing of the
challan, notwithstanding the default in filing it within
the time allowed, is governed from the time of filing of
the challan only by the provisions relating to the grant
of bail applicable at that stage...”

23. In the case of Uday Mohanlal Acharya vs. State of

30

(1994) 5 SCC 410

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Maharashtra31 three Judge Bench of this Court had the

occasion to determine when an accused can be said to have

availed of his indefeasible right for being released on bail

under the proviso to Section 167(2) of the Code of Criminal

Procedure, if a challan is not filed within the period stipulated

thereunder. The Court held in a majority of 2:1 that the

indefeasible right is said to be availed at the time when an

application is made for enforcement of the right under Section

167(2) of the Code and the accused offers to abide by the

terms and conditions of bail. While holding so, the court, in

para 11, interpreted the decision in Dr. Bipin Shantilal

Panchal vs. State of Gujarat32, a three Judge Bench

decision of this Court, as under:

“In this case (Dr. Bipin Shantilal Panchal), the

accused had not made application for enforcement of
his right accruing under proviso to Section 167(2) of
the Code. But raised the contention only in the
Supreme Court. This Court, therefore, formulated the
question thus - Whether the accused who was entitled
to be released on bail under proviso to sub-section (2)
of Section 167 of the Code, not having made an
application when such right had accrued, can exercise
that right at a later stage of the proceeding, and
answered in the negative.”

24. The requirement for making the application for seeking

31

(2001) 5 SCC 453

32

(1996) 1 SCC 718

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enforcement of the right under Section 167(2) has been

recognised in several cases. In the case of Mohamed Iqbal

Madar Sheikh vs State of Maharashtra33, this court

rejected the claim for statutory bail under Section 167(2) of

the Code on the ground that no application was made on that

ground. In para 11 of the Judgment the Court held as under:

“So far the facts of the present case are concerned, the
appellant Nos. 1 to 6 were taken into custody on
16.1.1993. The charge-sheet was submitted on
30.8.1993; obviously beyond the statutory period
under Section 20(4)(b). There is nothing on record to
show that provisions of Section 20(4)(bb) were applied
in respect of appellants. They had become entitled to
be released on bail under proviso (a) to Section 167(2)
of the Code read with Section 20(4)(b) of the TADA.
But it is an admitted position that no application for
bail on the said ground was made on behalf of the
appellants. Unless applications had been made on
behalf of the appellants, there was no question of their
being released on ground of default in completion of
the investigation within the statutory period. It is now
settled that this right cannot be exercised after the
charge-sheet has been submitted and cognizance has
been taken, because in that event the remand of the
accused concerned including one who is alleged to
have committed an offence under TADA, is not under
Section 167(2) but under other provisions of the
Code.”
[Emphasis supplied]
25. In the case of Hitendra Vishnu Thakur and Others

etc. etc. vs. State of Maharashtra and Others34, it was held

in para 30 that:
33

(1996) 1 SCC 722

34

(1994) 4 SCC 602

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“In conclusion, we may (even at the cost of repetition)
say that an accused person seeking bail under Section
20(4) has to make an application to the court for grant
of bail on grounds of the 'default' of the prosecution
and the court shall release the accused on bail after
notice to the public prosecutor uninfluenced by the
gravity of the offence or the merits of the prosecution
case since Section 20(8) does not control the grant of
bail under Section 20(4) of TADA and both the
provisions operate in separate and independent fields.
It is, however, permissible for the public prosecutor to
resist the grant of bail by seeking an extension under
Clause (bb) by filing a report for the purpose before the
court. However, no extension shall be granted by the
court without notice to an accused to have his say
regarding the prayer for grant of extension under
Clause (bb). In this view of the matter, it is immaterial
whether the application for bail on ground of 'default'
under Section 20(4) is filed first or the report as
envisaged by Clause (bb) is filed by the public
prosecutor first so long as both are considered while
granting or refusing bail....”
[Emphasis supplied]
26. The law laid down as above shows that the requirement

of an application claiming the statutory right under Section

167(2) of the Code is a prerequisite for the grant of bail on

default. In my opinion, such application has to be made before

the Magistrate for enforcement of the statutory right. In the

cases under the Prevention of Corruption Act or other Acts

where Special Courts are constituted by excluding the

jurisdiction of the Magistrate, it has to be made before such

Special Court. In the present case, for the reasons discussed,

since the appellant never sought default bail before the court

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concerned, as such not entitled to the same.

Answer to question III:

27. Now, it is to be seen whether the appellant is entitled to

bail on merits at this stage. Admittedly, the appellant was the

Chairman of the APSC from 11.12.2013. The allegations

against him are serious in nature and several recoveries

appear to have been made from his residence and other

places. The provisions of the APSC with regard to handling of

the answer sheets and other procedural illegalities in dealing

with the examination are alleged. A network of illegal activities

is said to have been operating for huge amounts of illegal

gratification. It is submitted by the state that the Investigating

Officer has filed an application under Section 173(8) of the

Code seeking permission to carry out further investigation as

materials have been unearthed which indicates involvement of

some other accused persons. It is further submitted that at

least fourteen witnesses have deposed under Section 164 of

the Code indicating that the appellant has demanded illegal

gratification in lieu of one post or the other and also received

the same.

28. In the case of Nimmagadda Prasad vs. Central Bureau

56
 of Investigation,35 this Court, while rejecting bail in a case

related to economic offences, has observed that:

“While granting bail, the court has to keep in mind the

nature of accusations, the nature of evidence in
support thereof, the severity of the punishment which
conviction will entail, the character of the accused,
circumstances which are peculiar to the accused,
reasonable possibility of securing the presence of the
accused at the trial, reasonable apprehension of the
witnesses being tampered with, the larger interests of
the public/State and other similar considerations. It
has also to be kept in mind that for the purpose of
granting bail, the Legislature has used the words
"reasonable grounds for believing" instead of "the
evidence" which means the Court dealing with the
grant of bail can only satisfy itself as to whether there
is a genuine case against the accused and that the
prosecution will be able to produce prima facie
evidence in support of the charge. It is not expected, at
this stage, to have the evidence establishing the guilt
of the accused beyond reasonable doubt.
Economic offences constitute a class apart and
need to be visited with a different approach in the
matter of bail. The economic offence having deep
rooted conspiracies and involving huge loss of public
funds needs to be viewed seriously and considered as
a grave offence affecting the economy of the country as
a whole and thereby posing serious threat to the
financial health of the country.”

29. I may hasten to add that in the present case, the

allegations do not disclose merely an economic offence but it

shows a transgression of the constitutional rights of the

victims of the crime. The Chairman of the APSC has the

responsibility on behalf of the State for enforcement of the

35

2013 (7) SCC 466

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Fundamental Rights of equality in matters of public

employment enshrined under Articles 14 and 16 of the

Constitution of India. If the allegations are found to be true,

then the offence cannot merely be considered as an economic

offence, but a fraud on the Constitution itself by the persons

appointed to enforce it.

30. In the above circumstances, without expressing any

views on the merits of the case pending before the trial court,

looking into the nature of allegations, the role attributed to the

appellant, the fact that further investigation regarding the

offence is underway, possibility of tampering evidence and

influencing witnesses, I am of the opinion that it is not a fit

case for grant of bail at this stage even on merits.

31. Therefore both these appeals are liable to be dismissed,

and are accordingly dismissed.

.............................J.
[Prafulla C. Pant]

New Delhi
August 16, 2017.

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REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

PETITION(S) FOR SPECIAL LEAVE TO APPEAL (CRIMINAL) NO(S).

2009 OF 2017

RAKESH KUMAR PAUL .... PETITIONER (S)

Versus

STATE OF ASSAM ... RESPONDENT (S)

WITH

PETITION(S) FOR SPECIAL LEAVE TO APPEAL (CRIMINAL) NO(S).

2176 OF 2017

RAKESH KUMAR PAUL .... PETITIONER (S)

Versus

STATE OF ASSAM ... RESPONDENT (S)

JUDGMENT

Deepak Gupta, J.

1. I have had the privilege of going through the judgments authored

by my learned brothers Madan B. Lokur and Prafulla C. Pant, JJ.

2. Since the facts of the case and the legislative history of Section

167 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (for short ‘the Code’) have been

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set out in detail in the two judgments of my learned brothers, I do not

want to burden the file with unnecessary facts. The main issue is

whether the petitioner, who is charged with an offence, which is

punishable with imprisonment for a period ranging from 4 to 10 years

is entitled to ‘default bail’ or ‘statutory bail’ in terms of Section 167(2)

of the Code on completion of 60 days or not. The petitioner is a former

Chairman of the Assam Public Service Commission. The allegation

against him is that he used to take bribe from some candidates for

recruiting them to the posts advertised and filled in by the Assam

Public Service Commission (for short ‘APSC’). A trap was laid and he

was allegedly caught red-handed. Amongst other offences he is also

charged of having committed an offence under Section 13(1)(d)(ii) of

the Prevention of Corruption Act (for short ‘PC Act’).

3. The first submission of Mr. Abhishek Manu Singhvi, learned

senior counsel, was that the amendments made to the PC Act whereby

the sentence for committing offence under Section 13 has been

increased from a minimum of one year to maximum of 7 years to a

minimum of 4 years and maximum of 10 years is applicable only in

those cases where the prosecution is launched under the provisions of

Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 (for short ‘the Lokpal Act’). This

argument is without any merit whatsoever. Section 58 of the Lokpal

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Act incorporates amendments in other statutes as mentioned in the

Schedule. Amendments have been made to the Commission of

Enquiry Act, 1952, The Delhi Special Police Act, the Prevention of

Corruption Act, 1988, The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 and the

Central Vigilance Commission Act, 2003. In my view, the

amendments made to these five Acts by the Lokpal Act will apply

regardless of the fact whether the prosecution has been launched

under the Lokpal Act or under the provisions of any other law. I fully

agree with my learned brothers that this submission has no force.

4. The petitioner was arrested on 04.11.2016 and was remanded to

judicial custody on 05.11.2016. The period of 60 days of arrest would

expire either on 03.01.2017 or 04.01.2017, which will make no

difference, as far as this case is concerned. Period of 90 days will

expire on 02.02.2017. It is also not disputed that the police filed

charge-sheet on 24.01.2017.

The petitioner had filed a regular bail application before the trial

court, which was rejected on 20.12.2016. He moved an application in

the High Court for grant of bail. In this bail application no specific

prayer was made for grant of ‘default bail’. However, the perusal of the

impugned order dated 11.01.2017 whereby this bail application was

rejected, clearly shows that main contention of the counsel for the

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petitioner was that the petitioner was entitled to grant of ‘default bail’

because 60 days had expired but this prayer did not find favour with

the High Court, which was of the view that since the offence was

punishable by imprisonment up to 10 years, the investigating agency

was entitled to get 90 days to complete investigation and the accused

could apply for grant of ‘default bail’ thereafter.

Two issues arise for consideration in this case:

(d) When an accused is charged with an offence in which

the punishment imposable is up to 10 years, whether

the accused is entitled to grant of bail in terms of

Section 167(2) of the Code if the investigating agency

does not file the charge-sheet within a period of 60 days.

(e) Whether an accused can be enlarged on bail under

Section 167(2) even though he may not have made an

application in writing under Section 167(2) of the Code

but has orally argued that he is entitled to grant of

‘default bail’.

5. Before dealing with Section 167 of the Code, I would like to refer

to Section 57, which provides that any person arrested by the police

should not be detained for more than 24 hours unless an order is

obtained from the magistrate under Section 167 of the Code. The

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Code was originally enacted in the year 1898. We must remember

that at that time, the means of communication were very primitive;

the means of telecommunications barely existed. Despite that, in

the Code as originally enacted, the police was expected to complete

investigation within 15 days and the magistrate did not have any

jurisdiction to pass an order detaining him beyond 15 days if

investigation was not completed. This system worked well enough

for more than seven decades. After the country attained

independence, we enacted and gave to ourselves the Constitution of

India, which came into force on 26.01.1950. Article 21 of the

Constitution provides that “no man shall be deprived of his life and

personal liberty except in accordance with the procedure

established by law”. Right of personal liberty is not only a legal

right but it is a human right, which is inherent in every citizen of

any civilised society. Article 21 only recognises this right. We can

read Section 57 and 167 to be the procedure established by law

which curtails this right.

6. The investigating agencies, for reasons best known to them,

found that it was not possible to complete investigation within 15

days and, therefore, a very unhealthy practice of filing preliminary

or incomplete police reports before the magistrate was started to

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ensure that the accused is kept in custody and not released. This

amounted to virtually nullifying the legal provisions. Therefore, the

Law Commission of India, in its 41st Report, recommended that the

time limit for completion of investigation should be enhanced to 60

days. Even though the Law Commission was recommending

enhancement from 15 days to 60 days, it expressed a hope and

reposed a trust that the superior courts would prevent misuse of

the enhancement of this period.

7. Pursuant to the suggestion of the Law Commission, the new

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 was enacted, which provided a

maximum period of 60 days to complete the investigation failing

which the accused would be entitled to be released on bail. A few

years later, it was felt that the period of 60 days was also not

sufficient and a proposal was made that where the investigation

relates to offences punishable with death, imprisonment for life and

imprisonment for not less than 10 years or more, the aggregate

period for which an accused could be detained without giving any

right of bail would be 90 days and in all other cases, it would be 60

days. The words “or more” in the Bill are obviously superfluous.

The other phrase “imprisonment for not less than ten years”

obviously means 10 years or more. Section 167 of the Code was

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amended and relevant portion of it reads as follows:

“167. Procedure when investigation cannot be

completed in twenty four hours.- (1) Whenever any
person is arrested and detained in custody, and it
appears that the investigation cannot be completed
within the period of twenty- four hours fixed by
section 57, and there are grounds for believing that
the accusation or information is well-founded, the
officer in charge of the police station or the police
officer making the investigation, if he is not below the
rank of sub- inspector, shall forthwith transmit to the
nearest Judicial Magistrate a copy of the entries in the
diary hereinafter prescribed relating to the case, and
shall at the same time forward the accused to such
Magistrate.
(2) The Magistrate to whom an accused person is
forwarded under this section may, whether he has or
has not jurisdiction to try the case, from time to time,
authorise the detention of the accused in such
custody as such Magistrate thinks fit, for a term not
exceeding fifteen days in the whole; and if he has no
jurisdiction to try the case or commit it for trial, and
considers further detention unnecessary, he may
order the accused to be forwarded to a Magistrate
having such jurisdiction:
Provided that-
(a) the Magistrate may authorise the detention of the
accused person, otherwise than in the custody of the
police, beyond the period of fifteen days, if he is
satisfied that adequate grounds exist for doing so, but
no Magistrate shall authorise the detention of the
accused person in custody under this paragraph for a
total period exceeding,-

(i) ninety days, where the investigation relates to

an offence punishable with death, imprisonment
for life or imprisonment for a term of not less
than ten years;

(ii) sixty days, where the investigation relates to

any other offence, and, on the expiry of the said
period of ninety days, or sixty days, as the case
may be, the accused person shall be released on
bail if he is prepared to and does furnish bail,
and every person released on bail under this
sub- section shall be deemed to be so released
under the provisions of Chapter XXXIII for the
purposes of that Chapter;]
(b) no Magistrate shall authorise detention of the

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accused in custody of the police under this section
unless the accused is produced before him in person
for the first time and subsequently every time till the
accused remains in the custody of the police, but the
Magistrate may extend further detention in judicial
custody on production of the accused either in person
or through the medium of electronic video linkage;

(c) no Magistrate of the second class, not specially

empowered in this behalf by the High Court, shall
authorise detention in the custody of the police.
Explanation I.- For the avoidance of doubts, it is
hereby declared that, notwithstanding the expiry of
the period specified in paragraph (a), the accused shall
be detained in custody so long as he does not furnish
bail].
Explanation II.- If any question arises whether an
accused person was produced before the Magistrate as
required under clause (b), the production of the
accused person may be proved by his signature on the
order authorising detention or by the order certified by
the Magistrate as to production of the accused person
through the medium of electronic video linkage, as the
case may be.]
Provided further that in case of a woman under
eighteen years of age, the detention shall be
authorised to be in the custody of a remand home or
recognised social institution.”

8. We are only concerned with interpretation of the phrase “for a

term of not less than ten years” occurring in Section 167(2)(a)(i),

which provides a period of 90 days where the investigation relates

to an offence punishable with death, imprisonment for life or

imprisonment for a term not less than 10 years.

9. In my considered view, without indulging in any semantic

gymnastics, the meaning of this provision is absolutely clear. It

envisages three types of offences:

(b) Offences which are punishable with death;

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(c) Offences which are punishable with imprisonment for

life;
(d) Offences which are punishable with a term not less

than 10 years.

10. In my view the language of the statute is clear and

unambiguous. Out of the three categories of offences, we need to

deal only with that category of offences where the punishment

prescribed is not less than 10 years. If an offence is punishable

with death then whatever be the minimum punishment, the period

of investigation permissible would be 90 days. Similarly, if the

offence is punishable with life imprisonment, even if the minimum

sentence provided is less than 10 years, the period of detention

before ‘default bail’ is available would be 90 days.

11. Keeping in view the legislative history of Section 167, it is clear

that the legislature was carving out the more serious offences and

giving the investigating agency another 30 days to complete the

investigation before the accused became entitled to grant of ‘default

bail’. It categorises these offences in the three classes:

I First category comprises of those offences where the

maximum punishment was death;

II Second category comprises of those offences where the

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maximum punishment is life imprisonment.

III The third category comprises of those offences which

are punishable with a term not less than 10 years.

12. In the first two categories, the legislature made reference

only to the maximum punishment imposable, regardless of the

minimum punishment, which may be imposed. Therefore, if a

person is charged with an offence, which is punishable with

death or life imprisonment, but the minimum imprisonment is

less than 10 years, then also the period of 90 days will apply.

However, when we look at the third category, the words used by

the legislature are “not less than ten years”. This obviously

means that the punishment should be 10 years or more. This

cannot include offences where the maximum punishment is 10

years. It obviously means that the minimum punishment is 10

years whatever be the maximum punishment.

13. While interpreting any statutory provision, it has always

been accepted as a golden rule of interpretation that the words

used by the legislature should be given their natural meaning.

Normally, the courts should be hesitant to add words or subtract

words from the statutory provision. An effort should always be

made to read the legislative provision in such a way that there is

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no wastage of words and any construction which makes some

words of the statute redundant should be avoided. No doubt, if

the natural meaning of the words leads to an interpretation

which is contrary to the objects of the Act or makes the provision

unworkable or highly unreasonable and arbitrary, then the

Courts either add words or subtract words or read down the

statute, but this should only be done when there is an ambiguity

in the language used. In my view, there is no ambiguity in the

wording of Section 167(2) of the Code and, therefore, the wise

course would be to follow the principle laid down by Patanjali

Shastry, CJI in Aswini Kumar Ghose v. Arabinda Bose, AIR 1952

SC 369, where he very eloquently held as follows:

“It is not a sound principle of construction to brush

aside words in a statute as being inapposite
surplusage, if they can have appropriate application in
circumstances conceivably within the contemplation of
the statute”.

In Jugalkishore Saraf v. Raw Cotton Co. Ltd., AIR 1955 SC 376,

S.R. Das, J., speaking for this Court, held as follows:

“The cardinal rule of construction of statutes is to read

the statutes literally, that is, by giving to the words
their ordinary, natural and grammatical meaning”.

14. External aids of interpretation are to be used only when the

language of the legislation is ambiguous and admits of two or more

meanings. When the language is clear or the ambiguity can be

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resolved under the more common rules of statutory interpretation,

the court would be reluctant to look at external aids of statutory

interpretation.

15. Gajendragadkar J., speaking for this Court in the case of

Kanai Lal Sur v. Paramnidhi Sadhukhan, AIR 1957 SC 907 held :

“6.........the first and primary rule of construction is

that the intention of the Legislature must be found in
the words used by the Legislature itself.”

16. These sound principles of statutory construction continue

to hold the field. When the natural meaning of the words is clear

and unambiguous, no external aids should be used.

17. A bare reading of Section 167 of the Code clearly indicates

that if the offence is punishable with death or life imprisonment

or with a minimum sentence of 10 years, then Section 167(2)(a)(i)

will apply and the accused can apply for ‘default bail’ only if the

investigating agency does not file charge-sheet within 90 days.

However, in all cases where the minimum sentence is less than

10 years but the maximum sentence is not death or life

imprisonment then Section 167(2)(a)(ii) will apply and the

accused will be entitled to grant of ‘default bail’ after 60 days in

case charge-sheet is not filed.

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18. Even if I were to assume that two views are possible and

third category envisaged in Section 167(2)(a)(ii) is ambiguous, as

suggested by learned brother Pant J., then also I have no doubt

in my mind that a statute which curtails the liberty of a person

must be read strictly. When any human right; a Constitutional

fundamental right of a person is curtailed, then the statute

which curtails such right must be read strictly. Section 167 of

the Code lays down the procedure established by law by which a

person can be deprived of his personal liberty, guaranteed to him

under Article 21 of the Constitution of India. If two meanings

could be attributed to such a provision then the courts must lean

towards liberty and accept that interpretation of the statute,

which upholds the liberty of the citizen and which keeps the

eternal flame of liberty alive. If words are ambiguous then also

the court should be reluctant to accept that interpretation which

curtails the right of a human being of being free.

19. It has been urged that the accused is charged with very

serious offences and, therefore, he should not be released on

bail. We are dealing with ‘default bail’. There is no discretion in

such matters. At times like this, it would be prudent to remind

ourselves of what was said by Benjamin Franklin more than two

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centuries ago:

“Any society that would give up a little liberty

to gain a little security will deserve neither and
lose both”.

20. Two judgments have been cited before us which dealt with

the interpretation of the words “not less than ten years”. In Rajeev

Chaudhary v. State (NCT) of Delhi, (2001) 5 SCC 34, the accused

was charged with having committed offence punishable under

Section 386 of the Indian Penal Code. The punishment whereof is a

term of imprisonment which may extend to 10 years. This Court

held that in a case where an offence is punishable with

imprisonment for 10 years or more, the accused could be detained

up to 90 days. The Court further held that the expression “not less

than ten years” obviously means 10 years or more and would cover

only those offences for which punishment could be imprisonment

for a clear period of 10 years or more.

21. On the other hand, in Bhupinder Singh & Ors. v. Jarnail

Singh & Anr., (2006) 6 SCC 277, the Court had distinguished

Rajeev Chaudhary’s case (supra) and held that the word

“punishable” is significant and if the offence is punishable with

imprisonment for 10 years, whether that be the maximum

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punishment or minimum punishment, the accused was not entitled

to ‘default bail’ prior to 90 days. With due respect, I am unable to

agree with the view expressed in this case. Strictly speaking, this

question did not arise in Bhupinder Singh’s case (supra). In that

case, the accused was charged for an offence under Section 304B of

the Indian Penal Code and this offence is punishable with

imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than 7 years but

which may extend to imprisonment for life. Since the offence is

punishable with imprisonment for life, then the fact that the

minimum sentence provided is 7 years would make no difference,

as explained by me above. It is only when the maximum sentence

is less than life imprisonment that the minimum sentence must be

10 years to fall in the third category of cases. Certain examples of

such cases are offences punishable under Section 21(c) and 22(c) of

the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985, which

provide a minimum sentence of 10 years and a maximum sentence

of 20 years.

22. The Code was initially enacted in the year 1898. We are

now in the year 2017. 119 years have elapsed. There have been

huge technological advancements. We have moved from horse-carts

to the space age. From telegraph we have moved to the fast

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changing vistas in the field of telecommunications including

internet, wi fi etc.. Scientific investigation is the need of the hour.

The investigating agencies must investigate quickly and efficiently.

They must use the latest technology. Scientific investigation should

be done in each and every case. If the investigation agencies adopt

scientific methods of investigation, the same will be much more

efficient and faster. This can be done if there is a special

investigative branch in the police, which is trained in investigation.

Therefore, there is a need to ensure that the judgment of this Court

in the case of Prakash Singh v. Union of India, (2006) 8 SCC 1, does

not lie in the dusty library racks and is actually enforced. If

investigation is done scientifically and efficiently by the police

officials, who are earmarked and trained to do investigation work,

then I see no reason why investigation cannot normally be

completed even within a period of 15 days, as envisaged in the year

1898.

23. The second issue which arises is whether the petitioner had

applied for ‘default bail’ or not. Admittedly, there is no such plea in

the bail application, but it is also not disputed that this was the

main argument at the time of hearing and this issue was

specifically dealt with in the impugned order. In my opinion, once

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the High Court permitted the counsel for the petitioner to argue the

petition on the ground of grant of ‘default bail’ and no objection was

raised by the counsel for the State then at this stage it cannot be

urged that the petitioner never applied for ‘default bail’ and is not

entitled to ‘default bail’. If this objection had been raised at that

stage, either by the Court or by the State, the accused could have

either filed a fresh application for grant of ‘default bail’ or could

have prayed for ‘default bail’ by adding an additional ground in the

existing application much before 24.01.2017 when the charge-sheet

was filed.

24. It has also been urged on behalf of the State that since the

charge-sheet has now been filed, the petitioner is not entitled to

grant of ‘default bail’. Both my learned brothers have referred to

the case of Sanjay Dutt v. State through C.B.I., Bombay (II), (1994)

5 SCC 410. Reference has also been made to Uday Mohanlal

Acharya v. State of Maharashtra, (2001) 5 SCC 453.

25. It is not necessary to multiply citations because in Union of

India v. Nirala Yadav, (2014) 9 SCC 457, this Court has considered

the entire law on the subject and followed the law laid down in

Uday Mohanlal Acharya’s case (supra) as well as in Mohamed Iqbal

Madar Sheikh & Ors. v. State of Maharashtra, (1996) 1 SCC 722,

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wherein this Court deprecated the practice followed by some courts

of adjourning applications for grant of ‘default bail’ till the

prosecution filed the charge-sheet and held that the statutory right

should not be defeated by keeping the applications pending till the

charge-sheet is filed.

26. In Uday Mohanlal Acharya’s case (supra) the Court culled

out six guidelines, which are as follows:

“1. Under sub-section (2) of Section 167, a Magistrate

before whom an accused is produced while the police
is investigating into the offence can authorise
detention of the accused in such custody as the
Magistrate thinks fit for a term not exceeding 15 days
on the whole.

2. Under the proviso to the aforesaid sub-section (2) of

Section 167, the Magistrate may authorise detention
of the accused otherwise than in the custody of police
for a total period not exceeding 90 days where the
investigation relates to offence punishable with death,
imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term of
not less than 10 years, and 60 days where the
investigation relates to any other offence.

3. On the expiry of the said period of 90 days or 60

days, as the case may be, an indefeasible right
accrues in favour of the accused for being released on
bail on account of default by the investigating agency
in the completion of the investigation within the period
prescribed and the accused is entitled to be released
on bail, if he is prepared to and furnishes the bail as
directed by the Magistrate.

4. When an application for bail is filed by an accused

for enforcement of his indefeasible right alleged to
have been accrued in his favour on account of default
on the part of the investigating agency in completion of
the investigation within the specified period, the

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Magistrate/court must dispose of it forthwith, on
being satisfied that in fact the accused has been in
custody for the period of 90 days or 60 days, as
specified and no charge-sheet has been filed by the
investigating agency. Such prompt action on the part
of the Magistrate/court will not enable the prosecution
to frustrate the object of the Act and the legislative
mandate of an accused being released on bail on
account of the default on the part of the investigating
agency in completing the investigation within the
period stipulated.

5. If the accused is unable to furnish the bail as

directed by the Magistrate, then on a conjoint reading
of Explanation I and the proviso to sub-section (2) of
Section 167, the continued custody of the accused
even beyond the specified period in para (a) will not be
unauthorised, and therefore, if during that period the
investigation is complete and the charge-sheet is filed
then the so-called indefeasible right of the accused
would stand extinguished.

6. The expression “if not already availed of” used by

this Court in Sanjay Dutt v. State through CBI, (1994)
5 SCC 410, must be understood to mean when the
accused files an application and is prepared to offer
bail on being directed. In other words, on expiry of the
period specified in para (a) of the proviso to
sub-section (2) of Section 167 if the accused files an
application for bail and offers also to furnish the bail
on being directed, then it has to be held that the
accused has availed of his indefeasible right even
though the court has not considered the said
application and has not indicated the terms and
conditions of bail, and the accused has not furnished
the same.”

27. A reading of the aforesaid judgments leaves no manner of

doubt that if an accused files an application for grant of default bail

and is willing to furnish bail then he is deemed to have exercised

his right to avail of bail and this right cannot be defeated by filing

the charge-sheet thereafter.

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28. The right to get ‘default bail’ is a very important right. Ours is

a country where millions of our countrymen are totally illiterate and

not aware of their rights. A Constitution Bench of this Court in the

case of Sanjay Dutt (supra) has held that the accused must apply

for grant of ‘default bail’. As far as Section 167 of the Code is

concerned, Explanation I to Section 167 provides that

notwithstanding the expiry of the period specified (i.e. 60 days or 90

days, as the case may be), the accused can be detained in custody

so long as he does not furnish bail. Explanation I to Section 167 of

the Code reads as follows:

“Explanation I.- For the avoidance of doubts, it is

hereby declared that, notwithstanding the expiry of
the period specified in paragraph (a), the accused shall
be detained in custody so long as he does not furnish
bail.”

This would, in my opinion, mean that even though the period

had expired, the accused would be deemed to be in legal custody till

he does not furnish bail. The requirement is of furnishing of bail.

The accused does not have to make out any grounds for grant of

bail. He does not have to file a detailed application. All he has to

aver in the application is that since 60/90 days have expired and

charge-sheet has not been filed, he is entitled to bail and is willing

to furnish bail. This indefeasible right cannot be defeated by filing

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the charge-sheet after the accused has offered to furnish bail.

29. This Court in a large number of judgments has held that the

right to legal aid is also a fundamental right. Legal aid has to be

competent legal aid and, therefore, it is the duty of the counsel

representing the accused whether they are paid counsel or legal aid

counsel to inform the accused that on the expiry of the statutory

period of 60/90 days, they are entitled to ‘default bail’. In my view,

the magistrate should also not encourage wrongful detention and

must inform the accused of his right. In case the accused still does

not want to exercise his right then he shall remain in custody but if

he chooses to exercise his right and is willing to furnish bail he

must be enlarged on bail.

30. In view of the above discussion, my findings are as follows:

1. I agree with both my learned brothers that the

amendment made to the Prevention of Corruption Act,1988 by

the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 applies to all accused

charged with offences under this Act irrespective of the fact

whether the action is initiated under the Lokpal and

Lokayuktas Act, 2013, or any other law;

2. Section 167(2)(a)(i) of the Code is applicable only in

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cases where the accused is charged with (i) offences

punishable with death and any lower sentence; (ii) offences

punishable with life imprisonment and any lower sentence and

(iii) offences punishable with minimum sentence of 10 years;

3. In all cases where the minimum sentence is less than

10 years but the maximum sentence is not death or life

imprisonment then Section 167(2)(a)(ii) will apply and the

accused will be entitled to grant of ‘default bail’ after 60 days

in case charge-sheet is not filed.

4. The right to get this bail is an indefeasible right and

this right must be exercised by the accused by offering to

furnish bail.

On issues 2 to 4, I agree and concur with my learned brother

Lokur J. and with due respect I am unable to agree with learned

brother Pant J.

I agree and concur with the conclusions drawn and directions

given by learned brother Lokur J. in Paras 49 to 51 of his judgment.

....................................J.
(DEEPAK GUPTA)
New Delhi
August 16, 2017

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