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An event can be described as a public assembly for the purpose of celebration, education, marketing or
reunion. Events can be classified on the basis of their size, type and context.
An event can be:
3) Sports events
Events like Olympics, World Cup, marathons, Wimbledon, wrestling matches etc.
4) Entertainment events
Events like music concerts, fairs, festivals, fashion shows, award functions, celebrity nights, beauty
peagents, flash mob, jewellery shows, stage shows etc.
5) Political events
Events like political procession, demonstration, rally, political functions etc.
6) Corporate events
Events like MICE (meetings, incentives, conferences, exhibitions), product launches, road shows, buyer-
seller meet etc.
7) Religious events
Events like religious festivals / fairs, religious procession, Katha, Pravachan, Diwali fair, Dusherra fair etc.
2) Event Coordinator
He is responsible for coordinating with all event professionals and ensures that business operations are
efficient and effective.
3) Information Manager
He has following responsibilities:
1. He manages the information acquired through different sources.
2. He is responsible for the documentation of all business operations carried out pre-event, at-event and
post-event.
3. He maintains database of service providers, delegates, guests, organizers, sponsors, partners, clients,
target audience, media people and various govt. departments officials.
4. He formulates, prepares and implements the risk management plan. (risks related to information
management like loss of data)
4) Logistic Manager
He has following responsibilities:
1. Responsible for custom clearances and other clearances.
2. Responsible for warehousing of cargo
3. Cargo Insurance
4. He is expected to move goods and merchandise from one destination to the other in the most efficient
manner.
5. He is responsible for procurement management and resource management.
6. He formulates, prepares and implements the risk management plan. (risks related to logistic management
like cargo theft etc.)
5) Security Manager
He has following responsibilities:
1. He is responsible for formulating, preparing and implementing the security plan and strategies. i.e. how to
protect delegates, guests, service providers, organizers, sponsors, partners, clients, target audience, goods
and merchandise etc.
2. He does procurement management and resource management.
3. He formulates, prepares and implements the risk management plan. (risks related to security like
stampede, brawl etc)
6) Infrastructure Manager
He has following responsibilities:
1. He does procurement management and resource management.
2. He is responsible for setting up and dismantling the infrastructure for the whole event like:
a. Construction of boundary walls, entrance and exit gates, driveways, walkways and parking lots
b. Construction of AC/Non AC hangers/ halls, seating arrangement, stage design/ set up.
c. Construction of green rooms, staff rooms, storage rooms, power rooms, toilets, sewage systems, stalls,
counters, booths and kiosks.
d. He is responsible for setting up electricity, water and phone connections.
e. He is responsible for conservancy (i.e. cleanliness).
3. He formulates, prepares and implements the risk management plan. (risks related to infrastructure
management like sudden shortage of workers, materials, power failure etc)
Organizers
An Organizer finances maximum amount of money in an
event. Therefore he has maximum control over the event.
Among sponsors, principal sponsor finances maximum
amount of money. Depending on the amount of money financed, a sponsor can be a principal sponsor, co-
sponsor or associate sponsor.
Sponsors
Similarly, depending on the type of service financed, a sponsor can be: a venue sponsor, gift sponsor, crown
and jewellery sponsor, catering sponsor, badge sponsor, banner sponsor etc.
Partners
Partners generally provide services either at subsidized rate or for free like media partners (which provide ad
space), promotional partners (which do publicity), logistic partners (which move goods and merchandise
from one destination to the other in the most efficient manner).
Media partners can be: a newspaper partner, magazine partner, TV partner, Radio partner, Phone partner,
Online partner or Outdoor partner. Any college, institute or publication can become: a knowledge partner,
Research Partner, Scholistic partner, Holistic partner or Academic Partner to support an event.
Supporting Agencies
Supporting Agencies (either goverment or private) can also support an event by either financing the event or
donating some service.
Career in Event Management
Event management is a multi million dollar industry which is
growing at the rate of 150% per annum with events being
hosted almost daily. So making a career in event
management is a good choice.
Organzing a perfectly synchronized, well planned, well
conducted and memorable event, requires the supervision
and services of well trained and experienced event
professionals. Therefore event management companies are
always on a look out for event professionals.
The success of an event manger depends upon how well he
organized the event and up to which extent he is able to
achieve event and marketing objectives.
The salary of an event manager depends upon his
qualification, amount of exposure to events, media and corporate contacts. Working as an entrepreneur after
two or three years of work experience is strongly recommended. If you can give value for money to your
sponsors than sky is the limit for your income.
Competitors' Analysis
Find out:
- who are your competitors
- Where they live?
- What are their employee base (i.e. number of employees)
- Client base (i.e. number of clients)
- Market value (i.e. what is their reputation in the market)
- Market share (i.e. how much business they have occupied)
- Turnover (i.e. annual sales)?
- How many events they organize in a year?
- Why people attend their events?
- What is so special about their events?
- How do they get clients and sponsors for their events?
All this will help you in developing a better business plan for your event management company.
Weaknesses
Determine the resources you lack. Determine the advantages your competitors have. What could you
improve? What you should avoid?
Opportunities
Look at your strengths and determine which opportunities are opened for you. Determine how you can open
up even more opportunities by eliminating some of your weaknesses.
Threats
Changes in external environment (like changes in economy or market trends) or any unfavourable situation
can pose threat to your company or business. Determine all present and possible threats to your business
venture. It can be the presence of a very powerful competitor or new or innovative ways of organizing events
or a heavy tax on entertainment.
Following steps can be adopted for developing a business plan for your event management
company:
1. Outline your business objectives.
What do you want to achieve in short term and in long term i.e. what is the mission and vision of your event
planning company? However don't stick too much with long term objectives as they may become
meaningless after a long time or changes in market situation.
2. Determine your staffing needs and what should be their skill sets.
Develop the organizational structure of your event management company. Outline your own skills,
knowledge and experience and determine how they can be used to achieve business success. Prepare
resume of yourself and all of the people who will be involved in your business. These resumes will come
handy when you will look for partners/investors later on.
3. Determine how exactly you will find clients?
How you will approach them and how you will sell your services. How you will expand your business? What
will be your rules, regulations, policies and procedures regarding payments, reimbursement, penalties,
cancellation and behaviour?
4. Estimate your capital requirements for one whole year.
How you will manage the cash flow?
5. Prepare a contingency plan
i.e. what strategies you will adopt in case of capital loss, economic crisis or market downturn.
Step 4: On the basis of your business plan determine your operating cost
i.e. the cost to run the business.
Step 5: On the basis of the operating cost, decide your own fees and the staff salary.
Step 6: Get investors/ business partners for your event management company
on the basis of market research, competitors' analysis, SWOT analysis and your business plan.
Step 7: Decide name and logo of your company and its status
i.e. whether organization will be a company, firm or establishment.
Step 8: Premises, recruitment and marketing your business
Hire office. Buy office stationary and recruit staff. Launch a new flashy website which effectively describes
your business and services in great detail. Hire an internet marketing professional to promote it.
If you won't promote your website, then nobody will visit your website. So in that case your website will be as
good as nothing. Through your website, your business will get global presence, 24 hours a day and 365
days a year. You can also expect to get lot of clients once, your website becomes popular.
Additional Resources
- Procedure for forming a company in India
- Procedure for forming a company in United States (US)
- Procedure for forming a company in United Kingdom (UK)
- Registration forms for Event Management Company in India
- Top Event Management Companies in India
- People involved in Event Management Companies
Market Research in Event Planning
Market Research
Before organizing an event, find out whether there is a market (i.e.
audience) for your intended event or not. For e.g. you want to organize a
fashion show in Oman. If people there have little or no interest in fashion
shows, then it is not a good idea to organize such event there. The event
will fail for sure.
Market Analysis
If there is a market for your intended event, then do market analysis. Market Analysis means finding
information about your target audience. Find out who are your target audience i.e. there age group, sex,
qualification, profession, knowledge level, income, status, likings, disliking, personality, customs, traditions,
religion, lifestyle etc.
Knowing your target audience's customs, traditions and religion is very important so that we don’t hurt there
customs and religion unknowingly through our event. For e.g. if you organize a Hindu wedding and serve
beef there, then u will be in mortal danger as cow is considered as a sacred animal in Hindu religion.
Similarly serving pork in a Muslim function can bring havoc. Find out where majority of your target audience
live so that you can direct your marketing efforts towards them.
There is no point in advertising across US if your target audience belongs only to New Jersey. In this way
you can cut down your advertising and marketing cost tremendously. Find out what are the desires and
expectations of target audience from your intended event. Find out when (i.e. date and time) and where (i.e.
venue) they want the intended event to take place .For this you will have to do survey. All this information will
help you in developing a better event plan.
Competitors' Analysis
It means finding information about your competitors. Find out who are your competitors .i.e. their age, sex,
qualifications, knowledge level, experience in organizing events, turnover, market value, PR (media and
corporate contacts) and market share.
Find out how they promote and execute there events. What they do in there events? Why people come to
there events? For this you will have to attend each and every event organized by your competitors and then
create an event report. The event report will contain things like
- seating and light arrangements
- promotional materials used
- blueprint of the whole venue
- program and food menu
- contact details of sponsors, partners, clients (for whom the event is organized)
- service providers like DJs, Anchors, Make up artist, Performers, photographers, videographers,
decorator, florist etc.
Find out as much information as possible about events organized by your competitors.
SWOT Analysis in Event Planning >
SWOT Analysis
In SWOT Analysis:
'S' stands for Strengths
'W' stands for Weaknesses
'O' stands for Opportunities
'T' stands for Threats
It is a strategic planning tool which is used to identify and analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities
and threats involved in your project. SWOT analysis can also be done on your organization.
Strengths:
These are the attributes of your project/organization which are helpful in achieving project's objectives. For
e.g.: experienced event team, high motivation level, excellent PR, good market share etc.
Weaknesses:
These are those attributes of your project/organization which are harmful in achieving project's objectives.
For e.g.: social loafing, lack of funds, inexperienced event team, low energy level, lack of media and
corporate contacts etc.
Opportunities:
These are those external factors which are helpful in achieving the project's objectives. For e.g.: little
competition, favorable economic conditions, support from the local authorities, availability of the state of the
art infrastructure etc.
Threats:
These are those external factors which are harmful in achieving the project's objectives. For e.g.: high
competition, little or no support from local authorities, bad weather, poor infrastructure, high lab our rate,
unavailability of raw material etc. It is very important that you conduct SWOT analysis before developing an
event plan to develop a strategy which maximizes the potential of strengths and opportunities of your project
and at the same time, minimizes the impact of the weaknesses and threats.
Analysis Report
After conducting market, competitors, product/service research and SWOT analysis, create a report which
contain details of all the research work done by you. Documentation of your research work is important, later
for event evaluation. Your analysis report will also help you in getting sponsorship for your event.
Why
'Why' means, why you want to organize the event i.e. event objective.
What do you want to get from the event? For eg: do you want to organize
the event to enhance your company's brand image, to increase company's
sales, to promote your client's products/services or to promote a social
cause etc.
Defining event objectives at the very start of event planning is very important as it gives you the direction in
which you should proceed to accomplish your objectives. Organizing an event without clear objectives is a
huge waste of both time and resources.
What
'What' means what you are going to do in the event i.e. what will be the:
Event Name
What will be the name of the event? For eg: 'Auto Expo 2007".
Food and Beverage Menu
It contains the list of food items and beverages you will serve during the event to guests and target
audience. Always consult a caterer while deciding your food and beverage menu as he knows the best
which wine is served with a particular course (i.e. meal).
Keep event theme, preferences and religion of target audience and guests in mind while deciding the menu.
If majority of your target audience are vegetarian, then it is not a good idea to serve non-veg in the event.
Similarly if majority of your guests are very health conscious then there should also be some low calories
food items in your menu. You don't want them to go back with an empty stomach.
Also keep climatic conditions into account. Don't serve out of season food items and beverages. Like
serving ice cream/cold drink in winter, food (like spicy food) that provides warmth during summer or food that
provides coolness during winter.
Event Profile
What the event is all about? For eg: This event is an International exhibition on new models of Cars and its
accessories
Guests Profile
Who will be your chief guest and other guests? Your guest list must include organizers, sponsors, partners,
clients and specially media people. Use your imagination to create good titles to woo your guests. Like
'Guest of honor', star guest etc. Never give special treatment to one particular guest or guests' group.
Event Theme
Theme means subject. An event can be based on a particular theme like : hollywood, hawaaian, egyptian,
balloon, clock, red, white etc. Theme based events are generally parties or wedding. Like we can have party
based on flowers theme. Such type of parties are known as theme parties. In a theme party, everything from
dress code, decoration, games, music, gifts, favors to food and beverages are based on a particular theme.
Service Providers
Who will be your service providers? Any professional providing any type of service in lieu of money is a
service provider. For e.g.: DJ, anchor, florist, videographer, photographer, make up artist, performers,
decorator, models, technicians, usher etc.
Obligations
These are the compulsions on the guests like dress code or the knowledge of salsa dance.
Type of Entry
Decide how will be the entry. Entry will be by ticket, pass or through invitation only.
Favors
These are the gifts given to guests. We can give gifts to guests when they enter a party, when they win a
game or when they leave the party.
Entry fees
What will be the entry fees? If you are going to charge entry fees, then be prepared to pay entertainment
tax. Your entry fees should be according to your target audience's status. If you overcharge you won’t get
any audience.
Event Highlights
These are those activities which you do to catch your taget audience and media's attention. Like
inagrauation of your fashion show by Tom Cruise, performance by Latin singer Shakira or display of the
world most expensive car etc.
Promotional Campaign
How you are going to promote your event, organizers, sponsors, partners and clients pre-event, at-event
and post-event.
Programe Menu
It is the list of various activities that will occur as a part of the event. Sample Programe Menu of a
Conference.
Event Budget
To determine your event budget find out what will be the cost for producing and marketing the event. To
determine production cost, create a list of logistics used in the event and then sum up there hiring/usage
cost. You can determine marketing cost on the basis of historical data like past advertising expenditure for
same or similar events.If you are a first timer, then take help from an ad agency. On the basis of production
and marketing cost, determine your operating cost (i.e. cost to run the business). On the basis of operating
cost decide your own fees and the staff salary.
If you are organizing event for a client, then the client will bear the production and marketing cost of the
event. If you are organizing your own event then you will bear the production and marketing cost. As an
event manager, you must be able to recover your production, marketing and operating costs plus you must
be able to make considerable profit also. Developing event budget and managing cash flow pre-event, at-
event and post event is quite difficult and requires help from an experienced professional. Better leave this
job to an Accountant if you are organizing
Conference Planning
Monday, 30 April 2007 Tuesday, 1 May 2007 Wednesday, 2 May 2007
8:00 Registration 8:30 Chair: M. Eisenhut; 9:10 Session 7: Angiogenesis
Heidelberg, Germany
R Haubner; Innsbruck, Austria
Session 4: Amino acids, peptides
and proteins
9:00 Chair: H.H. Coenen 10:00 Coffee break 10:00 Coffee break
Opening and welcome addresses
10:00 Coffee break 10:30 Chair: K.Suzuki, Chiba, 10:30 Chair: J. Fowler; Brookhaven,
Japan USA
Session 5: Interdisciplinary Session 8: PET-nuclides II
10:30 Chair: A. Luxen; Liège, Belgium 12:00 Lunch and Posters 12:00 Lunch
Session 1: PET-nuclides I
RADIOCHEMICAL YIELD DEPENDENCE
OF 3’-DEOXY-3’
12:00 Lunch and Posters 13:30 Ann Arbor, USA 13:30 Chair: S. McQuarrie,
Session 6: Click labelling methods Edmonton, Canada
Session 9: Radiopharmacology
13:30 Chair: S. S. Jurisson; Missouri, USA 16:30 Adjourn 16:30 Closing & Farewell
Session 2: Radiometals
15:00 Coffee break
16:30 Adjourn
Event Venue Selection
Keep following things in mind while selecting a venue for your event:
4) Climatic Conditions
Keep Climatic conditions in mind while selecting a venue. If you are going to organize an event during rainy
season or during peak winter then selecting an open-aired venue is not a good idea. Always try to organize
indoor events if possible as there production cost is lesser than the outdoor events.
5) Venue History
Before hiring a venue check out the history of the venue. Find out how many events have been organized in
the venue so far. In this way you can find out whether or not venue and the staff there is event friendly. This
will help you immensely when you later organize event there as you will have to do less amount of work in
making the venue suitable for the event. If venue has noise ordinace problems in the past like neigbours
calling the cops to shut down the event, then it is not a good idea to organize event there especially outdoor
event.
Contracting the Event Venue
What is a Contract?
It is an agreement that is enforceable by law.
What is an Agreement?
An agreement is a promise or set of promises.
2.) The agreement has been made on the free will of the parties. Free will means, the agreement has been
made:
- Without giving threats or use of physical force.
- Without any undue influence i.e. party in the dominating position didn't take advantage of its position or
authority to get consent from the other party.
- Not by mistake. You can declare a contract as Null and Void if your are able to prove in the court of law that
the agreement has not been made on the free will or the other party is not authorized or legally competent to
enter into a contract.
3.) The contract contains consideration (i.e. benefits and detriments). A contract without detriments (i.e.
damages and harms) is legally insignificant.For e.g. if your contract doesn’t contain the
penalty/compensation if a certain clause is violated, then it has no significance.
4.) The objects and consideration in the contract are not lawful either wholly or in parts. For e.g. the following
contract is considered to be void: 'After getting payment of US $ 1.22 million from Black Rose Corporation
you will kill person 'A' or you will do a robbery on our behalf.'
2) Decide the compensation in case your event is forced to shut down or cancelled because of: noise
ordinance, venue staff strike, change in the management staff, change in the ownership of the venue, buy
outs, bankruptcies or other guests housed by the venue who are not associated with your event.
- Exact, itemized list of all the services promised and the fees associated with those promised services
including maximum cost (i.e. the cost will not go over this amount)
- Promises and commitments discussed and agreed upon.
5) Always Consult your personal attorney to review the contract for you
and make sure that the contract protects your interests against forceful
shutdown of the event, venue staff's strike/shortage, change in the management staff or ownership of the
venue, buy outs, bankruptcies or violation of any agreement or clause.
During contracting with the venue manager make sure that your contract contains the
following clauses:
1) There should be no construction/repair work of the venue building or any of its parts without prior approval
on the day of the event. (Decide the compensation with the venue manager if this clause is violated.)
2) No other event can take place in the venue on the day of my event. (If this is not possible then make sure
that the other event doesn’t affect the services provided to you by the venue like shortage of staff or parking
space. It should not produce any party noise, music or announcement that affects your event's programs.
Decide the compensation with the venue manager if this clause is violated.)
3) This contract is all inclusive and no other oral or written contract exists between the two parties stated in
this agreement.
Event Marketing
Steps involved in creating a promotional campaign for your event
Note: Before creating a promotional campaign get the basic idea of some business and marketing terms.
- You want to advertise to get sponsors and clients for your events
Note: For large scale events, you will have to prepare a separate event calendar for each field of event
production.
Physiological needs
The need to have food, water, warmth, shelter and other things necessary for survival.
Your team members will not feel anything, if these needs are met but can cause them discomfort, sickness
and pain if these needs are not full filled. So as an event manager it is your job to make sure that all the
physiological needs of your team are met from time to time. Just imagine how a team member who hasn’t
eaten anything all day will perform his duty in the evening and you will get my point.
Safety needs
It includes need to be safe from physical and psychological harm. It also includes job security and financial
security.
As an event manger you have to ensure safety of your team especially women. A person can’t give his best
in an unsafe environment.
To protect your team from psychological harm, make sure there are no internal conflicts (like ego clashes,
altercations, conflict of interest etc) among team members. If there are conflicts, then resolve them
judiciously.
Providing job security to your team is also very important. At no point any team member should feel that his
job is under threat either by your actions or by someone else actions.
Take care of your team beyond the work place. If any team member is facing a financial problem, then help
him as much as you can.
Social needs
It is the need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance. Need to love and be loved by friends, intimate
partner, family and social groups like your team.
To fulfill this need, there must be cordial relationship between you and the team and among the team
members. A team member will not perform his best if he has considerable family problems. Try whatever you
can to reduce his family problems. If you can’t do much at least accept his problems and empathize with
him. Try to reduce his stress by giving him a day off or engaging him in the sport he likes the most. Ask you
team members to be as supportive to him as possible. All this will help.
People who have strong social needs should not be placed in a job where they have minimum interaction
with people. They are the best for marketing or PR type jobs.
Esteem needs
It is the need to get respect, recognition, fame and status.
Some people have stronger esteem needs than the other. You will have to identify those team members who
have strong esteem needs and then find ways to fulfill those needs. For e.g. if a person is working very hard
to get recognition among the team members and you are not giving him the recognition he deserves (by
openly praising him or giving him promotion) then sooner or later his motivation level will go down and he
will not give optimum results or worst will not perform and quit.
Cognitive needs
It is the need to understand, learn, discover and explore.
People who have strong cognitive needs should not be placed in a job which is monotonous and
which doesn’t offer any possibility of intellectual growth. Frankly speaking, people with strong
cognitive needs are not suitable for event management jobs.
Step 3: Determine the possibility of occurrence of the risk and the severity of the consequences if
the risk does happen. For e.g.
Elements Risk Possibility Severity
A logistic manager is expert in all the aforesaid areas. He has extensive knowledge of the rules, regulations,
policies, procedures and documentation necessary to import, export or move goods and merchandise. He
has extensive knowledge of the transportation cost, custom clearance, banking practices etc. Therefore he
is indispensable for national or international level events.
1. Fire
In case of fire at the event venue, use fire
extinguisher to extinguish the fire. In the mean time
take everyone out of the venue safely. Develop a
separate emergency exit plan for this. If fire is
uncontrollable then call the fire brigade.
Follow fire code and safety regulations to prevent
the fire as specified below:
1. Don't place any combustible or inflammable material in the venue esp. near green rooms, guest rooms or
seating area.
2. All materials including prop must be properly treated with fire retardant solution.
3. Make sure that the entrance and exit ways are not blocked by any material or by any means.
4. Make sure that the event venue must have separate entrance and exit ways, fire alarm system and fire
extinguishers.
5. Use only those electrical equipments which are branded and which use three core wires.
6. At least one doctor with first aid box along with the ambulance must be there at the venue to handle
medical emergency.
7. Your staff must be well trained about giving first aid like CPR and must be able to handle fire extinguishers
and crowd in case of fire.
2. Power Failure
If you are organizing event at a place where power failure is common, then you should have adequate
power backup.
In case of a power failure, switch on the emergency lights and then turned on the generators. If you have
UPS (uninterrupted power supply) system, then it is the best. If you cant arrange such types of power
backups, then at least you should have torch or candles.
Create a separate emergency plan to handle crowd and guests in case of a power failure.
3. Equipment Failure
Use equipments of only reputed brands so that the possibility of their failure is least.
Hire only those light and sound technicians who know how to fix up their equipments in case of any problem
and who carry backup equipments also.
Create a separate emergency plan to manage programs and performers in case of a power failure.
4. Medical Emergency
A paramedical team along with ambulance must be present
at the event venue. If this is out of budget, then at least a
doctor with first aid box must be present.
Your whole event team must be well trained in giving first aid
like check for breathing, CPR, controlling bleeding, effecting
a prompt rescue.
If possible try to know the medical history of your guests in
advance and then prepare your medical emergency plan
accordingly. For e.g. if a guest is allergic to grass and weed
pollens, then you should make sure that he doesn't sit near
grass.
5. Brawl/Stampede
6. Bad Weather
8. Sponsorship Withdrawal
Event Evaluation
Steps Involved in Writing the Evaluation of an Event
Event evaluation is necessary to make you and your team more
efficient and effective, the next time you organize an event. It is all
about finding your mistakes and learning from them.
Event evaluation should be done immediately after the event is over or
the next day. Conduct a meeting with your team members to evaluate
your event.
Q1) Did you enjoy the event? If no, then please state the reason.
Q4) what are the problems you faced during the event?
Q5) what could have been done to make this event better?
Q6) How do you rate the various services provided by us (please check one of the
option):
Hospitality: Excellent, good, average, poor
Catering: Excellent, good, average, poor
Transportation: Excellent, good, average, poor
Management staff behavior: Excellent, good, average, poor
Management staff services: Excellent, good, average, poor
Note: Your questionnaire should not have more than 10 questions. You don't want to irritate your guests.
Ask only relevant questions and keep the questionnaire short to 5-6 questions. Of course the type of
questions you will ask may change from event to event.
And don't forget to mention the following line in you feedback form: "Thank you for taking the time to
complete this feedback form" .
Event Equipment
DJ Equipments
DJ Sound
DJ Light
Pyrotechnics
2. Turntable
A turntable is a circular horizontal platform that rotates a phonograph record and is primarily used by Club
DJs along with a mixer to manipulate sounds and create music through beat mixing (a DJ technique of
mixing two tracks so that the beats of both tracks occur at the same time), scratching and beat juggling.
3. DJ Mixer
A DJ mixer is a type of audio mixer which is used to combine (two separate sound sources and play them as
one), route and change the level and dynamics of audio signals. It is one of the key equipments of a DJ and
is generally used along with turntables.
4. DJ Headphone
This equipment is used to hear a track while mixing.
5. DJ turntable stand
DJ Stand or Turntable stand is used to keep DJ equipments like turntables and mixers.
7. Sampler
This equipment is used to play pre-programmed samples. A sampler is DJ equipment which generates
sounds from samples of sounds added by a user.
8. Beat Counter
Beat Counter is used to count number of beats per minute of a track. Majority of mixers have beat counters.
9. Beat Machine
Types of Microphones
1. Corded Microphone
It is a microphone connected to a wire.
2. Wireless Microphone
Microphone without wire
3. Handheld Microphone
4. Lectern Microphone
This microphone is connected to a microphone stand or is placed on a lectern.
5. Lavaliere Microphone (or clip-on microphone)
This mike is placed on the upper part of a tie or the collar of a coat or a shirt. The head of the lavaliere mike
should be as close to the mouth as possible.
6. Head worn microphone
7. Hydro phone
It is a water proof microphone.
8. Miniature Microphone
9. Condenser microphones
These microphones are generally used in recording studios as they are more sensitive.
10. Dynamic microphone
These microphones are generally used in live shows.
2. Confetti
Small bits of paper usually launched during a special moment in an event. Confetti can be
white or multi colored.
3. Flutter fetti
It is a type of confetti that remains suspended in the air 5 to 10 times longer than the
traditional confetti.
4. Streamer
It is a long narrow ribbon of paper.
5. Types of Pyrotechnics
Indoor Pyrotechnics
Launchers (or cannons)
These device are used to launch confetti, flutter fetti, streamers and glitters into the air. Some launchers can
create sound effects also.
* Electronic Launchers
These launchers use electricity or battery to launch confetti, streamers and glitters into the air. There are two
type of electronic launchers:
Disposable electronic launchers
As the name suggest, these launchers can be used only once.
Outdoor Pyrotechnics
Aerial Pyrotechnics
These pyrotechnics effects can go up to 2000 feet in the air. Here is a list of some famous aerial
pyrotechnics effects:
* Brocade crown
* Chrysanthemum
* Multiple shots
* Roman Candles
* Comets
* Mines
Stage Pyrotechnics
These pyrotechnics are used on stage. It can be both indoor and outdoor. For e.g.
. * Flash Pot
It is a firework which produces flash followed by small amount of smoke. It is generally used to give the
appearance of a ghost or a genie or some magical moment. Fire ball is a type of flash pot effect.
* Flame Shooter
This firework shoots a ball of fire (up to 10 feet in the air) without producing smoke.
* Flash Portal
This firework produces a wide wall (2 feet wide) of fire.
* Rockets
* Body fire
* Gerbs / Fountain
It is a firework which produces upward shower of sparks. This effect is known as the fountain effect.
* Waterfall
When the gerb is suspended upside down (usually from a ceiling or truss) then it produces the waterfall
effect.
* Airburst
This firework emits bright silver sparks effect and is either suspended from the ceiling or from the truss.
Note: All stage pyrotechnics except body fire use battery or a low voltage source for ignition.
2. Fog Machine
This machine creates fog (thick mist) by vaporizing fog juice through a heater.
5. Colored Smoke
There are two ways of producing colored smoke:
1. By washing the smoke with colored lights.
2. By using the colored smoke cartridges. These cartridges can produce smoke in red, green, blue, yellow,
orange etc colors and are available in 7 seconds or 30 seconds duration. The colored smoke produced by
these cartridges is not pleasant
to breathe and can stain fabrics and materials in the vicinity.
6. Bubble Machine
This machine is used to produce bubbles. It can produce hundreds of bubbles per minute.
7. Snow Machine
This machine is used to produce evaporative or non evaporative snow flakes. Evaporative snow flakes
evaporate in 30 seconds to 120 seconds. whereas non-evaporative snow flakes last for few days. The snow
flakes produced by the snow machine must be bio-degradable, non toxic, environmental friendly and they
should not leave any water stain. Size of the snow flakes can be adjusted i.e. we can have small, medium or
large snow flakes.
8. Foam Machine
This machine is used to produce foam and is generally used in foam parties. Foam machine looks like the
snow machine. Foam can damage anything that a regular water can. Therefore cover your walls with
waterproof cloth and floor with plastic carpets when you are organizing a foam party.
9. Wind Machine
It is a large high powered fan and is used to create illusion of wind.
10.Gobo
Gobo means pattern. It is a stainless steel or glass etched cutout which is placed inside a pattern projector
to project desired pattern on walls, ceiling and floor.
Types of gobos
1. Stainless steel gobos
2. Glass gobos
3. Colored glass gobos
4. Commercially available gobos (.i.e. gobos available in the market)
5. Customized gobos (i.e. gobos made according to customers' specifications)
3. LED Display
Also know as LED screen, LED display board and
LED panel. LED panels are used in:
1. Bus Station to display information about the bus
timings (arrival and departure time), routes names etc.
2. Railway Stations to display information about the trains (train number, train name, arrival and departure
time etc.)
3. Airports to display flight information like flight number, arrival and departure time, flight status, origin,
destination etc.
6. LED panels are used in restaurant, clinics and hospitals to display token information.
7. They are extensively used in stock market to display market information, shares' rates, exchange rates
etc
8. They are used as score boards in sports events. They are also used in conferences, fashion shows,
concerts and other live shows to show the close up video images of the
speakers, performers or programs on the stage to the far silted audience.
5. Electronic Signage
1. Visual Display Signage
2. Plasma Screen
5. Projection Screen
6. Video Wall
It is wall of several video screens (like CRT monitors, LCD monitors etc) which are placed on top of each
other and side by side. Each video screen displays only a section of the whole image.
6. Projector
It is a device which is used to display data and image on a screen usually projection screen. Four most
commonly used projectors are:
1. LCD Projectors
2. Slide Projectors
3. OHP (overhead projector)
4. Film Projector
Note: Now a days LCD projectors are used in place of slide and OHP projectors.
7. Flex
It is a flexible insulated wire.
8. Scroller
It is a moving display unit. Scrollers are available in different sizes also.
9. Canopy
It is a roof like projection
10. Kiosk
It is a light open structure, generally used to sell newspapers, food etc.
11. Backlit
illuminated from behind
12. Front lit
illuminated from front
2. Backlit hoarding
3. Painted hoarding
4. Poster hoarding
It is that hoarding on which a poster is pasted.
7. Mono pole
It is a outdoor promotional material which has double sided visibility with front lit or backlit option. A mono
pole can be from 15 feet to 40 feet high.
8. Unipole
9. Tri-Vision
It is a hoarding which displays three images one after the other, after a certain time interval. It can be used
both indoor and outdoor. A tri-vision can be from 5' X 5' to 10' X 10' in size.
10. Billboard
Very large hoarding is known as the billboard. There are two types of billboard:
Scrolling message billboard
Mobile billboard
billboard which is moved from place to place through a truck.