IN-CAMPUS INDOOR NAVIGATION APPLICATION

Eshwar K (15Z315)
Karthikeyan K (15Z325)
Sreebalaji H (15Z350)
Syed Hameed M (15Z355)
Vijay G (15Z362)

15Z720 PROJECT WORK I

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

Branch: COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

of Anna University

OCTOBER 2018

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous lnstitution)
COIMBATORE – 641 004
 PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous Institution)
COIMBATORE – 641 004

SMART INDOOR NAVIGATION SYSTEM

Bona fide record of work done by

Eshwar K -15Z315
Karthikeyan K -15Z320
Sreebalaji H -15Z350
Syed Hameed -15Z355
Vijay G -15Z362

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
Branch: COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
of Anna University

October 2018

...……………………… …………..……………….
Dr.G.R. Karpagam Dr. Sudha Sadasivam G
Faculty guide Head of the Department

Certified that the candidate was examined in the viva-voce examination

held on ………………….

………………………….. …………………………..
(Internal Examiner) (External Examiner)
 CERTIFICATE
Certified that this report titled “In-campus Indoor Navigation Application, for the
Project Work-I (15Z720) is a bonafide work of Eshwar K (15Z315),
Karthikeyan_K(15Z325), Sreebalaji H(15Z350), Syed Hameed M(15Z355),
Vijay_G(15Z362) who have carried out the work under my supervision for the partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Computer Science and
Engineering. Certified further that to the best of my knowledge and belief, the work
reported herein does not form part of any other thesis or dissertation on the basis of
which a degree or an award was conferred on an earlier occasion.

Place: Coimbatore Dr.G.R. Karpagam

Date: Designation: Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
PSG College of Technology
Coimbatore - 641004

COUNTERSIGNED

HEAD
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore – 641004
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to extend our sincere thanks to Dr. R. RUDRAMOORTHY

Principal, PSG College of Technology, for providing us with a wonderful opportunity
to develop and complete a project in our field of study.

We profoundly thank, Dr. G. SUDHA SADHASIVAM, Professor & Head,

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, who has greatly helped in the
success of the project, by providing the necessary facilities that were required.

We take immense pleasure in conveying our thanks and deep sense of

gratitude to our project guide and the program coordinator Dr. G. R. KARPAGAM,
Professor, Associate HOD, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, for her
valuable suggestions, for the exemplary guidance, timely advice, valuable directions,
constant support, motivation and encouragement given in completing our project
work.

We express our thanks and gratitude to our tutor Dr. J. UMA MAHESWARI
and assistant tutor Mrs. R. THIRUMAHAL, Assistant Professor (SG), Department of
computer Science and Engineering for help and encouragement in the duration of
the course.

We express our sincere thanks to all the panel members and faculty in charge,
for helping us in resolving the problems that incurred during the project work.
 SYNOPSIS
The challenge that is associated with real-time navigation, in any educational
institution/organization, is that students can find it difficult to places they’ve never
been to, in and around the campus. Also, it would be difficult to provide directions to
a person who has just visited the campus for the first time. So, indoor navigation can
become a factor of great concern, when it comes with respect to any educational
institution. In order to address this real-time problem, every student and faculty can
be facilitated with a mobile application, that would track their current locations real-
time and also helping them to navigate across the campus. This would be helpful for
people who find it difficult to navigate inside the campus.

Hence, this project focuses on a typical Android based mobile application

which would help the user to navigate inside a block, while also providing the user
with voice assistance, to help the user better, in reaching the destination.

Keywords: Indoor Navigation, IndoorAtlas, positioning, BLE (Bluetooth Low Emission),

source, destination, voice assistance
Contents
1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Problem Statement ...................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Objective .......................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Existing systems ............................................................................................................................................ 2
1.4 Result of analysis of existing system ..................................................................................................... 2
1.5 Organisation of the report ........................................................................................................................ 2
2 Specifications ......................................................................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Hardware Specifications ............................................................................................................................ 3
2.2 Software Specifications .............................................................................................................................. 3
2.2.1 Wayfinding in IndoorAtlas: ............................................................................................................... 4
2.2.2 Device Compatibility: .......................................................................................................................... 4
3 Literature Review .................................................................................................................................................. 5
4 Analysis and Design ............................................................................................................................................ 8
4.1 The architecture ............................................................................................................................................ 8
4.1.1 The Interface Layer .............................................................................................................................. 9
4.1.2 The Control Layer ................................................................................................................................. 9
4.1.3 The Services Layer ................................................................................................................................ 9
4.1.4 The Infrastructure layer ...................................................................................................................... 9
5 System Implementation .................................................................................................................................. 10
5.1 Internal Implementation ......................................................................................................................... 10
5.1.1 Spinners ................................................................................................................................................ 10
5.1.2 Text to speech conversion ............................................................................................................. 10
5.2 IndoorAtlas – SDK integration with Android .................................................................................. 11
5.2.1 Dependency adding using JAR files ........................................................................................... 11
5.2.2 Declaring the sensor attributes .................................................................................................... 11
5.2.3 Bluetooth support for the SDK:.................................................................................................... 12
5.2.4 Adding API key and secret: ............................................................................................................ 12
5.2.5 Obtaining the permission of the user:....................................................................................... 12
5.2.6 Wayfinding graph construction: .................................................................................................. 13
6 Testing ................................................................................................................................................................... 15
6.1 Types of testing.......................................................................................................................................... 15
6.1.1 Unit testing .......................................................................................................................................... 15
6.2 Test Cases ..................................................................................................................................................... 16
6.2.1 Input validation .................................................................................................................................. 16
6.2.2 Path generation ................................................................................................................................. 17
6.2.3 Voice assistance ................................................................................................................................. 18
6.2.4 Path completion................................................................................................................................. 19
6.2.5 Android Emulator Testing .............................................................................................................. 20
7 Conclusion and Future Scope ....................................................................................................................... 21
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................................ 22
Appendix A: Source Code .................................................................................................................................. 23
Appendix B: Paper Communicated based on the project ..................................................................... 26
LIST OF FIGURES:

1. Fig. 4.1 Architecture of the project In-Campus Indoor Navigation Application

2. Fig 5.1 The voice output corresponding to the text, using the Natural Reader software
3. Fig 5.2 The wayfinding graph, uploaded as a JSON format to the android code
4. Fig 6.1 The input validation scenario
5. Fig 6.2 The path generation scenario
6. Fig 6.3 The voice assistance scenario
7. Fig 6.4 The Path Completion scenario
8. Fig 6.5 The Android Emulator, for testing the application
9. Fig 6.6 The Android application, as a running instance
10. Fig Appendix B.1 Context of the work
11. Fig Appendix B 2 Case Based Reasoning
12. Fig Appendix B 3 Registration Agent
13. Fig Appendix B 4 Navigation Agent
14. Fig Appendix B 5 Case Based Retrieval Agent
15. Fig Appendix B 6 Sample Testing

LIST OF TABLES:

1. Table 1.1 Existing Systems

2. Appendix B Table 1 Observation
Introduction Chapter 1

1 Introduction
In a typical environment, there are two types of navigation, namely outdoor and
indoor navigation. Outdoor navigation refers to navigating to a specific location, that can be
effectively distinguished with the help of latitude and longitude co-ordinates, with a much
greater extent. On the contrary, Indoor navigation would refer to the navigation of a user,
within a confined area or premises. Hence, when we consider this scenario, we would only be
able to distinguish between two waypoints, with a smaller difference in the latitude and the
longitude values. Hence, the accuracy is hindered in this process. Also, consider a situation
where you’re in a completely new environment, and you have to get to know the place
better, then the indoor navigation system can help in understanding the place better and
also learning about new paths to destinations, without the need for asking the route to the
destination from a person.

1.1 Problem Statement

Hence, essentially, the problem statement is the requirement for indoor navigation to
be present inside the proximity of a premises, for better navigation inside the very same
premises. This can be really helpful for assisting people with their everyday activities. This
problem specifically focuses on the requirement for an indoor navigation system inside a
college campus, specifically, individual departments. This can be useful for students, faculty,
and anyone who has newly entered the campus, for instance, it would be extremely helpful
for parents who are about to enrol their ward for the college for admissions. They would
have no idea of how the campus would look around, so this application can provide an
insight into what they’re looking for.

1.2 Objective
To put things into perspective, there are two basic objectives that need to be fulfilled:

1. The user needs to be correctly navigated from the source to the destination.
2. In addition to the navigation, the user should be assisted with additional
information such as voice output, for the navigation, making it easier for the user
to navigate.

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1 Introduction Chapter 1

1.3 Existing systems

In order to overcome the fallacy in the accuracy, many different methods have been
proposed and used to make sure that the positioning is intact and is not hindered by any of
the external factors. They are distinguished from one another in terms of the technology, the
range under which they work, the transmitter power supply and the power consumption
involved in the process of navigation. Even when going for a particular technology, we will
need to consider several factors together, for example, we can choose BLE at some point, but
its range is quite shorter compared to the other technologies, so if you’re in an environment
where the factors wouldn’t retaliate to close proximity, then it’s better not to choose BLE for
that environment. The same goes for the other technologies that are present.

Technology Accuracy Range Suitable for Battery

Wi-fi <15 m <150 m Area detection Medium
BLE <8 m <75 m Area detection High
UWB <30 cm <150 m Area detection Low to Medium
RFID <10 cm <1 m Spot detection Passive RFID tag
Table 1.1 Existing Systems

1.4 Result of analysis of existing system

The complete result of the analysis of the existing systems suggests that a
combination of BLE and Wi-fi can be used together for the purpose of indoor navigation,
because of the fact that it combines and leverages the benefits of both the accuracy and
range of the system, and also the battery capacity, an added additional advantage.

1.5 Organisation of the report

In Chapter 2, the hardware and software specifications required for the project is
described.
In Chapter 3, the study on various paper is done which are related to the project.
In Chapter 4, the architecture and the design of the project is described.
In Chapter 5, the method of implementation of the project is described.
In Chapter 6, the types of testing done for the project and the various test cases done for
the project is described.
In Chapter 7, the idea to extend the project is described.

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2 Specifications Chapter 1

2 Specifications
The purpose of this chapter is to give a clear picture of the specification system that
we need to develop our project

2.1 Hardware Specifications

4GB RAM
100 GB Hard Disk Space
Intel core i5 or later Processor
Typical Configuration of Accelerometer (in Phone) – To measure the speed at which the
user moves from one place to another.
Typical Configuration of Gyroscope (in Phone) – To measure about the orientation.
Typical Configuration of Compass (in Phone) - To find the direction along which the user
is facing.

2.2 Software Specifications

• Navigation tool used – IndoorAtlas
IndoorAtlas is a platform which provides technology to add features like indoor
positioning and wayfinding. No infrastructure requirements, whatsoever. No beacons,
no WIFI base stations, nothing. Multi-platform compatibility. Only a magnetometer is
needed, which is commonly available in most smartphones. It simply calculates
distortions on the earth's natural magnetic field caused by metallic structures inside
buildings. These distortions create patterns which can be detected by a
magnetometer sensor (which most smartphones carry), provided the mapping
process was performed. Almost zero maintenance required. Beacons require new
batteries, Wifi base stations can break or become obsolete. Magnetic fields will
always be there. Less battery impact - Accessing the magnetometer is much friendlier
to the battery than constantly reading the Wifi radio.

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2 Specifications Chapter 1

2.2.1 Wayfinding in IndoorAtlas:

Before starting the mapping one should plan the route that the person will walk to
collect the data. The waypoints act as confirmation points for the data collection paths.

1. The waypoint adding icon is displayed at the bottom right of the mapping screen. Tap
the icon and after it has been selected tap the place on the floor plan where the user would
like to place the waypoint.

2. One can change the position of the already existing waypoints by long pressing the
waypoint. This will turn the waypoint into a position marker that can be used to change the
location of the waypoint.

3. When placing the waypoints take advantage of the distinct features of the floor plan
such as pillars, doors and stairs to ease the mapping effort.

4. To delete a waypoint select “Remove” from the bottom menu when the waypoint is in
the edit mode.

5. In order to avoid the situation where the position wanders over the walls make sure to
leave approximately one meter space between the wall and the waypoint.

2.2.2 Device Compatibility:

In order to check the compatibility of the device, the application description in Google
Play for MapCreator 2 needs to be checked. The recommended devices for production
quality mapping are listed below:
Nexus 5 & 5X
Nexus 6P
Honor 8
LG G4 & G5
OnePlus 2 & 3
Oppo R9s

By using a device from the above list, we can make sure that the sensor data is recorded
properly. Other Android devices including the needed sensors (accelerometer,
magnetometer, gyroscope) and OS-version 5 or newer can be used as well. Please note the
device needs to have hardware sensors - e.g. a virtual gyroscope doesn’t provide the needed
data. Samsung devices are not recommended for mapping because of the sensor filtering
that prevents IndoorAtlas positioning to work in an optimal way. In positioning most devices
in the market are supported.

IndoorAtlas is supported by
Android Version – 4.0 or later
Windows 8 or later

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3 Literature Review Chapter 1

3 Literature Review
For the complete literature analysis, different research papers based on the concept of
navigation were read through and thoroughly analysed. The comprehensive summarisation
of each of those papers is described below in brief.
1. Title - A state-of-the-art survey of indoor positioning and navigation systems and
technologies
a. Author - Wilson Sakpere, Michael Adeyeye-Oshin, Nhlanhla B.W. Mlitwa
b. Year - December 2017
c. Objective – A state-of-the-art survey of indoor positioning and navigation
systems and technologies, and their use in various scenarios. And analysing
distinct positioning technology metrics such as accuracy, complexity, cost,
privacy, scalability and usability.
d. Methodology – Using the various positioning algorithms by means of
triangulation, trilateration, proximity, scene analysis and combining the
properties of a signal, such as the angle of arrival, the time difference of
arrival, the received signal strength indication, a general navigation system
can be constructed
e. Remarks - The paper explains the basic concepts of navigation (outdoor and
indoor) and the focus is primarily on the positioning techniques that are
involved.
2. Title - Performance analysis of multiple Indoor Positioning Systems in a healthcare
environment
a. Author - Tom Van Haute1, Eli De Poorter, Pieter Crombez, Filip Lemic, Vlado
Handziski, Niklas Wirström, Adam Wolisz, Thiemo Voigt and Ingrid Moerman
b. Year - 2016
c. Objective – Many key enablers for the optimization of healthcare systems
require provisioning of location awareness for patients), nurses, doctors,
assets, etc. Hence, health care systems require indoor positioning.
d. Methodology – The evaluation (data-collecting and data-processing) is
executed using a standardized methodology and evaluates the point accuracy,
room accuracy and latency of multiple IPSs
e. Remarks - The fact that Wi-Fi based fingerprinting solutions have the best
accuracy result and proximity-based solutions (based on sensor nodes) are
significantly cheaper to install, do not require calibration and still obtain
acceptable room accuracy results.

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3 Literature Review Chapter 1

3. Title - Indoor Landmark and Indoor Wayfinding: The Indoor Landmark Identification
issue
a. Author - Rohini Gangaputra
b. Year - 2017
c. Objective – In spite of all the theories on indoor landmark and indoor
wayfinding and many experiments being conducted, indoor navigation still
needs to be explored and explained to make navigation readily available and
easier to access.
d. Methodology - The methodology focuses on developing a more vivid
definition for indoor landmark, a flowchart on how an indoor landmark could
be derived, comparison between an indoor and an outdoor landmark and
characteristics of an indoor landmark.
e. Remarks - Indoor Navigation is made easier in this thesis work.
4. Title - Indoor navigation system - US Patent US20130262223A1
a. Author - Yehuda Feinberg, Offir Dor, Avishai Catane
b. Year - March 2015
c. Objective - The main objective of this patent is to devise a system for
providing the use of commercial navigation for indoor facilities. It is also able
to provide mobile communications across the entire facility.
d. Methodology - The methodology involved here is that it consists of two
modules:
i. The tracking module, which is able to track your location and provide
accurate locations based on the access points
ii. The I/O module, for connection across the current location with
respect to the map and other devices.
5. Title - Development of an Indoor Navigation System Using NFC Technology,
Thailand, IEEE.
a. Author - Busra Ozdenizci, Vedat Coskun and Kerem Ok
b. Year - April 2016
c. Objective - The objective of the paper is to provide an NFC based navigation
of indoor that allows you to navigate using simple NFC tags.
d. Methodology - To achieve this, the concept of the Data Exchange format for
NFC is used, which comes in three operating modes:
i. Peer to Peer, where the communication is in both the directions and
data exchange takes place.
ii. Card emulation, where the phone acts as a smart card for exchange of
information.
iii. Reader-Writer, where the mobile phone should be RF layer
compatible.

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3 Literature Review Chapter 1

6. Title - Accurate Pedestrian Indoor Navigation by Tightly Coupling Foot-Mounted

IMU and RFID Measurements, IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Society.
a. Author - Antonio Ramón Jimenez Ruiz, Fernando Seco Granja, José Carlos
Prieto Honorato.
b. Year - July 2014
c. Objective - The objective is to provide navigation by combining the
methodologies of RFID tags along with the Inertial Navigation System.
d. Methodology - A foot mounted Inertial Measurement Unit is used in the case
where it has to communicate with the RFID tags, within a given range. This
would correspond to better accuracy implementation.
7. Title - A smartphone based indoor navigation system,28th International Conference
on Microelectronics (ICM).
a. Author - Shivam Verma, Rohit Omanwar, Sreejith Vidhyadharan, G S Meera
b. Year - December 2016
c. Objective - The principle objective is to create an indoor system
that makes use of dead reckoning to easily generate floor plans and providing
the indoor locations information.
d. Methodology - Using the existing sensors in a given smartphone, namely
accelerometer, gyroscope and compass, the corresponding waypoints are
generated and brought about using a web-based architecture, providing the
correct internal environment.

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4 Analysis and Design Chapter 1

4 Analysis and Design

The entire project was completely split into three separate phases.

Phase 1:
This would require real-time collection of data using traversal and path tracing from
one point to another. This, coupled along with the blueprint, would enable to produce an
approximate path for the API.

Phase 2:
During this phase, a sample test location is provided in the application and tested for
accuracy, whether it accurately gives the destination path from the source correctly. Besides
this, alignments to the original path trace have to be calibrated correctly.

Phase 3:
In this phase, the complete blueprint is combined into a real map, and the routes to
all the possible destination points are developed. Map development can be done using any
simulation software, for example, Unity.

4.1 The architecture

The architecture of the project consists of four layers:
• The Interface Layer
• The Control Layer
• The Services Layer
• The Infrastructure Layer

Fig. 4.1 Architecture of the project In-Campus Indoor Navigation Application

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4 Analysis and Design Chapter 1

4.1.1 The Interface Layer

The interface layer represents the way in which the user interacts with the system,
which would correspond to the front-end design of the system. It consists of two
components namely, Data Acquisition and Event Capture. The Data Acquisition would
correspond to the input that the user provides to the system, in this case, it would represent
the starting and the destination points respectively. The event capture event would
correspond to the final result that would be presented to the user on the screen. This would
correspond to the path between the source and the destination nodes. This front end has
been displayed with the help of interactive screens with respect to Android Studio, where all
the user interface screens and the pathways were generated with the help of the IndoorAtlas
API.

4.1.2 The Control Layer

The control layer would represent the control of the flow of actions that were triggered
by the interface layer. It also consists of two subdivisions namely data processing and event
controls. Data processing would correspond to the intermediate layer of processing between the
front end and the back end. Here, the input that the user provides would be converted into an
intermediate format, in this case, it would be converted to the source and the destination’s
corresponding latitude and longitude respectively. With respect to these values, the lower end of
the processing is carried out. For the case of event controls, it would represent the flow of events
that happen with respect to the back-end services. In specific, the IndoorAltas API would produce
many assists such as google maps overlay, connectivity to different streams etc. But we consider
only the wayfinding algorithm for the implementation.

4.1.3 The Services Layer

The services layer represents the core component of this entire architecture. Here, the
IndoorAtlas API comes into perspective. Here, the principal component is the navigation
service (IndoorAtlas), which are further divided into service location, indoor navigation and
routing algorithm. The service location represents the real time details of the current
location, namely E-block 1st floor in PSG College of Technology. The indoor navigation would
correspond to the path between the source and the destination and the routing algorithm
that we use her would correspond to Dijkstra’s Algorithm.

4.1.4 The Infrastructure layer

This would represent the lowest level of interface interaction. Here, the values of all
the real-time latitude and longitude co-ordinate values are represented in the database, for
retrieval. Each individual datapoint is stored in this database, which is later used for data
retrieval.

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5 System Implementation Chapter 1

5 System Implementation
This chapter is about the prototype implementation. This is about the realisation of
the concepts and ideas mentioned earlier.

5.1 Internal Implementation

5.1.1 Spinners

Spinners provide an efficient and an easy way to choose a value from a given set of
values. The spinner is an integral part of the Android Studio interface, which is used for user
interaction. In the default state, a spinner shows its currently selected value (i.e.) the value
that it displays in the menu. Once the user clicks on a spinner, it will display a dropdown
menu with the list of all the possible options that are required for the user to choose from.
Among these options, the user can choose one particular option. That is correspondingly set
to the spinner object, which helps later in the case of fixation of choices. In this context, the
spinner has been provided for the user to choose the source and the destination places
respectively, on the map. Based on the choice, the path is shown to the user.

5.1.2 Text to speech conversion

This is required for assisting the user with the right direction. Based on the source and
the destination locations, the map is correspondingly oriented. The respective instructions
are converted to speech form and given as a voice output to the user. This is required as a
format for assisting the user, where the user can sometimes find it difficult to find the
direction. The application uses a custom voice-based output, pertaining to the given path
from the user’s list of navigation paths.

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5 System Implementation Chapter 1

Fig 5.1 The voice output corresponding to the text, using the NaturalReader software

5.2 IndoorAtlas – SDK integration with Android

5.2.1 Dependency adding using JAR files

In order to build new projects using the principle component of Gradle, we will have
to use an extensible .jar file which includes both the contents of a typical Java Class and a
manifest file. One of the main reasons to choose this format is that it is easily integratable
and compatible with the present system. All the necessary contents are need to be added to
the build.gradle file.

5.2.2 Declaring the sensor attributes

There are a number of hardware sensors that are required for the SDK to provide
permission to. This is configured beforehand because this is for increasing the accuracy. So,
in order for the application to completely work, it would require the permissions of these
sensors and hence, they are declared in the Android Manifest File.

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5 System Implementation Chapter 7

5.2.3 Bluetooth support for the SDK:

This is required for additional positioning accuracy as well covering a fixed range of
area. Similar to the hardware sensors, they also need to be provided permission such that
they can be enabled at run time.

5.2.4 Adding API key and secret:

This is the most integral part of the application. The application uses the indoor
navigation services of IndoorAtlas. Hence, in order to access these services, an online API key
and secret key is provided for each of the users of IndoorAtlas. Hence, it is required that the
application developer should provide the API key and the secret key for enabling the use of
the required navigation services.

5.2.5 Obtaining the permission of the user:

Here, for the cases of Android devices with Android Version 6.0 or above, the various
permissions like “The application would like to change the Wi-fi state”. Then the user is asked
whether he will allow or deny the requests. But, it’s always better to provide permissions to
all the requests such that better accuracy is obtained.

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5 System Implementation Chapter 7

5.2.6 Wayfinding graph construction:

The corresponding locations are added to the indooratlas system, where each
location can be represented as a waypoint. The waypoints are then interconnected with each
other and the list of all possible combinations of the paths are traversed and maintained in
this system. So, whenever the user calls for the location functionality, the data is obtained
from this indooratlas system. Then, using the concept of Dijkstra’s algorithm, the shortest
distance is calculated between the source and the destination and the shortest path is drawn
between the source and the destination. This is dynamically updated in the application,
whenever the user chooses a specific destination.
But, for the sake of convenience and the fact of poor connectivity, we have compiled
this entire dataset from the indooratlas cloud service and added them at a local repository.
So, every time the user requests for the path, instead of retrieving the path from the cloud
service, it is automatically taken from the local repository.

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5 System Implementation Chapter 7

Fig 5.2 The wayfinding graph, uploaded as a JSON format to the android code

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6 Testing Chapter 7

6 Testing
This chapter deals with the tests that we conducted for the project. It also lists the
test cases that we implemented for the project.

Software testing is really required to point out the defects and errors that were made
during the development phases. It's essential since it makes sure of the Customer's reliability
and their satisfaction in the application.

6.1 Types of testing

The project is an android application. Both white box testing and black box testing is
performed for the project.

6.1.1 White box testing

It is a software testing method in which the internal structure/ design/implementation
of the item is known and the testing is performed. In our project, after coding/developing
each functionality, the testing is done to ensure whether that functionality is working
correctly before continuing to develop the next module (Unit testing).

6.1.2 Black box testing

This testing is based entirely on the software requirements and specifications. The
focus is on inputs and output of the system. In our project, after developing a set of
modules, the testing is conducted with various inputs ensuring that the final output obtained
is matching with the expected output

6.1.3 Unit testing

Unit testing is a level of software testing where individual units/ components of a
software are tested. The purpose is to validate that each unit of the software performs as
designed. A unit is the smallest testable part of any software. It usually has one or a few
inputs and usually a single output.
For the given application, 4 different scenarios of unit testing were performed and
checked for proper working and functioning.

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6 Testing Chapter 7

6.2 Test Cases

Some of the test cases that we performed are:

6.2.1 Input validation

Fig 6.1 The input validation scenario

If the source and the destination remain the same, then the user is given a toast
message prompting them to enter a valid destination. Similarly, if the source field is left
blank, then the user is prompted with a message “Please enter a valid starting point”.

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6 Testing Chapter 7

6.2.2 Path generation

Fig 6.2 The path generation scenario

If the source and the destination are valid check points with respect to the map, then
it is correct. So, now, when the user clicks on the FIND PATH button, then the corresponding
path is directed from the source to the destination, but not all at once

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6 Testing Chapter 7

6.2.3 Voice assistance

Fig 6.3 The voice assistance scenario

Here, whenever the user reaches an intermediate check point, he is automatically

shown the next path to be taken, when the user clicks on the NEXT button. Now, every path
that the user goes through, a display text denoting the right direction of the path and a voice
assistance (voice output) is also given here.

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6 Testing Chapter 7

6.2.4 Path completion

Fig 6.4 The Path Completion scenario

Once the user has reached the final phase of the path to be traversed, then, the next
button is converted to a DONE button, denoting the fact that the user has completed the
journey from the source to the destination. The user can navigate to any destination on the
map.

19
6 Testing Chapter 7

6.2.5 Android Emulator Testing

Fig 6.5 The Android Emulator, for testing the application

Fig 6.6 The Android application, as a running instance

20
7 Conclusion and Future Scope Chapter 7

7 Conclusion and Future Scope

Hence, the concept of navigation with respect to indoor environment has been thoroughly
studied, analysed and implemented. The very concept of indoor navigation can not only be limited to
colleges, but many other places such as hospitals, government institutions, offices etc. With the help of
the required location-based components, every indoor building can be equipped with this navigation
system, thus simplifying the works of the users.
In the paper titled, “Case based Reasoning and User-Generated AI for real time games”,
authored by Santiago Ontanon and Ashwin Ram in the year 2011, it focused on technique that enables
end user to create an AI for game without having a technical knowledge but by using the Case Based
Reasoning Technique. The methodology involved here is something which would make an end user to
implement AI for games. It requires a complex strategic reasoning which includes resource handling,
long time planning under severe real time constraints and without having complete information.
In Future, CBR (Case Based Reasoning) approach can be implemented in this project. Case-
based reasoning would refer to using existing experiences of a given task, in order to solve a new
problem. It does so by being able to remember a previous situation. Using this, it can adapt to the old
ones to meet new requests, and we can even critique the solution that we have obtained.

21
Bibliography Chapter 7

Bibliography
[1] Antonio Ramón Jimenez Ruiz, Fernando Seco Granja, José Carlos Prieto Honorato, ”Accurate
Pedestrian Indoor Navigation by Tightly Coupling Foot-Mounted IMU and RFID
Measurements”, IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Society, July 2014.
[2] Avishai Catane, Offir Dor, Yehuda Feinberg, “Indoor navigation system”, US Patent
US20130262223A1, March 2015.7
[3] Busra Ozdenizci, Vedat Coskun and Kerem Ok, “Development of an Indoor Navigation System
Using NFC Technology, Thailand, IEEE”, April 2016
[4] Rohini Gangaputra, “Indoor landmark and indoor wayfinding: The indoor landmark
identification issue”, July 7, 2017.
[5] Santiago Ontanon and Ashwin Ram, “Case-Based Reasoning and User-Generated Artificial
Intelligence for Real-Time Strategy Games”, Artificial Intelligence for Computer Games
(pp.103-124), February 2011.
[6] Shivam Verma, Rohit Omanwar, Sreejith Vidhyadharan, G S Meera, “A smartphone based
indoor navigation system” ,28th International Conference on Microelectronics (ICM),
December 2016.
[7] Tom Van Haute et al., “Performance analysis of multiple Indoor Positioning Systems in a
healthcare environment”, International Journal of Health Geographics, Feb 2016.
[8] Wilson Sakpere, Michael Adeyeye Oshin, Nhlanhla BW Mlitwa, “A State-of-the-Art Survey of
Indoor Positioning and Navigation Systems and Technologies”, South African Computer
Journal Vol 29, No 3 (2017)

22
Appendix A: Source Code Chapter 7

Appendix A: Source Code

MainActivity.java

23
Appendix A: Source Code Chapter 7

activity_main.xml:

24
Appendix A: Source Code Chapter 7

25
Appendix B: Paper Communicated based on the project Chapter 7

Appendix B: Paper Communicated based

on the project
CBR (Case Based Reasoning) based Smart
Indoor Navigation
Dr.G.R.Karpagam, Eshwar.K, Karthikeyan.K, Syed Hameed.M
Department of Computer Science, PSG College of Technology,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu – 641 004.

1.Abstract:

In order to improve the efficiency of an urban infrastructure, the concept of smart

cities can be used, which is an equal balance between communication technologies
and physical devices that connect to them. The recent changes in technology and
economy have garnered a significant level of attention in the field of smart cities. The
evolution of a city, both in terms of the city infrastructure and the community, can be
monitored directly through the help of this technology. One such domain under the
smart city infrastructure is the medical domain. On a global scale, hospitals need to
take care of factors like pressures with respect to cost and reimbursement, as this can
happen when they serve a population with illness. Hence, they need to find out ways
to improve their efficiency. Combining the concept of smart city along with hospitals,
we get Smart hospitals. Smart hospitals are being developed with the intention of
providing a better value-added service for the common people. It also helps in
redesigning and radically think about new processes. All of this is enabled by an
interconnection of a complete network infrastructure. Further analysis of the
smartness in hospitals would lead us to localization. Localization has to heavily
depend on sensing devices, such as beacons, RFID tags etc, despite the use of GPS
services. Taking a typical hospital environment into account here, a navigation path
should not only provide the shortest path, but also keeps track of the overall paths
the patient has traversed across the hospital. This will help in analysing the paths of
the specific patient and give the respective recommendation measures that need to
be taken in order to complete the course of action (in this case, diagnosis and
treatment). The motive is a smart indoor navigation system, which learns the user's
behaviour through previous sensing data.

26
Appendix B: Paper Communicated based on the project Chapter 7

2.Motivation:

The concept of “smartness” in cities can be incorporated into domains that are
present namely, Smart Buildings, Smart Water, Smart Energy and Grids, Smart Public
Services, Smart Waste Management, Smart Mobility. The healthcare sphere’s
automation is one of the most tedious tasks to work with. The main aim of the Smart
Hospital system is to create a single IT work environment, which is completely
integrated and interconnected.
Medical IT Solutions can be broadly classified into Telemedicine services,
clinical data transmission, patient data’s workflow maintenance and management,
and Data storage and collection. According to a study, being lost in a hospital
environment has been shown to have an increasingly negative impact on the patients
and have increased their blood pressure and physical aggression. These solutions,
coupled along with the concept of mobility, would bring about the term “navigation”
inside a medical system. The main focus of navigating complex healthcare facilities
has been on sign and map systems. It has been shown in studies, that the state of
being lost has several negative impacts on patients and is said to have increased
acute stress, blood pressure, physical aggression and fatigue. Hence, there is an
imminent need for the guidance of patients across the indoor environment of a
hospital.

3. Context of the work:

Fig Appendix B.1 Context of the work

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Appendix B: Paper Communicated based on the project Chapter 7

4.Related Work:
4.1 Existing work in the area of smart city:

4.1.1. Title - Internet-of-Things Based Smart Cities: Recent Advances and

Challenges
a. Author - Yasir Mehmood, Farhan Ahmad, Ibrar Yaqoob, Asma Adnane,
Muhammad Imran, and Sghaier Guizani
b. Year - September 2017
c. Objective - A taxonomy to best bring forth a generic overview of IoT
paradigm for smart cities, integrated information and communication
technologies (ICT), network types, possible opportunities and major
requirements.
d. Methodology –
The methodologies of this study are as follows:
i. First, A taxonomy of IoT based smart city environment is
devised.
ii. An overview of major open platforms for smart cities is
presented.
iii. Recent synergies and a number of case studies on various
smart city deployments reported by various enterprises is
presented.
iv. Finally, Several IoT related open research challenges are
unearthed
e. Remarks: The generic framework of IoT paradigm, combines all the
possible communication technologies, provided the fact that we have
the required resources to look over the complete framework system, it
has to be self-sustainable. It also should be compatible with the case
study we are taking into consideration

28
Appendix B: Paper Communicated based on the project Chapter 7

4.1.2. Title: Sustainable development of smart cities: A systematic review of the

literature
a. Author: Evelin Priscila Trindade, Marcus Phoebe Farias Hinnig, Eduardo
Moreira da Costa, Jamile Sabatini Marques, Rogério Cid Bastos and Tan
Yigitcanlar.
b. Year: 2017
c. Objective: This paper aims to analyse scientific studies focusing on
both environmental sustainability and smart city concepts to
understand the relationship between these two.
d. Methodology:
i. The paper focuses on the literature review based on the smart city
infrastructure. The keywords/search terms used was “Smart city”. The
results were as follows:
1. 19 documents from the Scopus database;
2. 49 documents from the Emerald database, and;
3. 629 documents from the Science Direct database.
ii. After verifying documents in duplicate, 630 articles were obtained. Of
these, 353 were complete. It was further reduced to 97 documents
based on the keyword search. After reading the abstracts and the
complete documents, 25 of those were used for the analysis in the final
stage
e. Remarks:The literature review provides a comprehensive overview of
the sustainable data resources, and we develop a corresponding
framework by classifying the documents.

4.1.3. Title: Exploring the Big Picture of Smart City Research

a. Author: Nicos Komninos and Luca Mora
b. Year: January 2018
c. Objective: This paper analyses the ‘big picture’ of the smart city
research field by means of a bibliometric analysis of the literature on
smart cities produced between 1992 and 2012. This new field of
interest has been found to grow over recent years.
d. Methodology - This bibliometric study is carried out by combining the
analysis of the citations among 1,067 scientific publications with
citation and publication counts, which are two basic bibliometric
measures (Tijssen and van Leeuwen, 2003).Smart City research was
carried out and the results of the analysis between the years 1992-2012
are summarised. The presence of “smart city” in the context of the work
of an article has been extremely useful for this study.
e. Remarks – The analysis shows that the main features of this emerging
research field are fragmentation and the presence of diverging research
strands. This is mainly due to the interdisciplinary approach and the
gathering of researchers with different backgrounds and

29
Appendix B: Paper Communicated based on the project Chapter 7

epistemologies, and the open choices concerning a series of main

structural axes: 1) technology-driven vs. human-driven approach; 2)
top-down vs. bottom-up planning; 3) collective intelligence vs. data-
driven intelligence.

4.1.4. Title: Smart Cities Based on Internet of Things (IoT) -A Review

a. Author - Jason Repko, Steve DeBroux
b. Year - June 2017
c. Objective: IoT vision for a smart city is applied to a noise mapping case
study to illustrate a new method for existing operations that can be
adapted for the enhancement and delivery of important city services
d. Methodology: IoT-related technologies are explained.
e. Remarks: IoT enabled noise mapping work in association with the City
of Melbourne is presented as a case study to highlight the practical
usage and merit of our recommended framework. Finally, in order to
push the development forward, the proper business model of smart
city is believed to be equally important as technological advancement

4.1.5. Title: Highlight the practical usage and merit of a recommended

framework for smart city
a. Author: M. F. Jawaid, Saad A. Khan
b. Year: March 2015
c. Objective: This paper attempts to analyse and evaluate the need for
the development and planning of smart city projects in the country in
line with various ongoing projects and the government’s proposal for
development of the 100 smart cities throughout the country.
d. Methodology: This paper aims at analysing the trend of urbanization
and urban growth, and need for new cities and urban centres so as to
cater to the ever-increasing urban demand and at the same time work
out a sustainable and workable solution within the limited and
constrained budget.
a. Remarks: The smart city concept is one such upcoming concept which
is deemed to be the solution for the present-day problems as well as
the sustainable future. But because of the non-existence of guidelines
specific to smart cities in India, further research is needed in this field of
work, in order to work out the parameters.

30
Appendix B: Paper Communicated based on the project Chapter 7

4.2 Existing work in the area of smart indoor navigation:

4.2.1. Title - A state-of-the-art survey of indoor positioning and navigation

systems and technologies
a. Author - Wilson Sakpere , Michael Adeyeye-Oshin , Nhlanhla B.W. Mlitwa
b. Year - December 2017
c. Objective – A state-of-the-art survey of indoor positioning and
navigation systems and technologies, and their use in various scenarios.
And analysing distinct positioning technology metrics such as accuracy,
complexity, cost, privacy, scalability and usability.
d. Methodology – Using the various positioning algorithms by means of
triangulation, trilateration, proximity, scene analysis and combining the
properties of a signal, such as the angle of arrival, the time difference of
arrival, the received signal strength indication, a general navigation
system can be constructed
e. Remarks:
The paper explains the basic concepts of navigation (outdoor and
indoor) and the focus is primarily on the positioning techniques that
are involved.
4.2.2. Title - Performance analysis of multiple Indoor Positioning Systems in a
healthcare environment
a. Author - Tom Van Haute1, Eli De Poorter, Pieter Crombez, Filip Lemic,
Vlado Handziski, Niklas Wirström, Adam Wolisz, Thiemo Voigt and Ingrid
Moerman
b. Year - 2016
c. Objective – Many key enablers for the optimization of healthcare
systems require provisioning of location awareness for patients),
nurses, doctors, assets, etc. Hence, health care systems require indoor
positioning.
d. Methodology – The evaluation (data-collecting and data-processing)
is executed using a standardized methodology and evaluates the point
accuracy, room accuracy and latency of multiple IPSs
e. Remarks:
The fact that Wi-Fi based fingerprinting solutions have the best
accuracy result and proximity based solutions (based on sensor nodes)
are significantly cheaper to install, do not require calibration and still
obtain acceptable room accuracy results.

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Appendix B: Paper Communicated based on the project Chapter 7

4.2.3. Title - Indoor Landmark and Indoor Wayfinding: The Indoor Landmark
Identification issue
a. Author Rohini Gangaputra
b. Year - 2017
c. Objective – In spite of all the theories on indoor landmark and indoor
wayfinding and many experiments being conducted, indoor navigation
still needs to be explored and explained to make navigation readily
available and easier to access.
d. Methodology The methodology focuses on developing a more vivid
definition for indoor landmark, a flowchart on how an indoor landmark
could be derived, comparison between an indoor and an outdoor
landmark and characteristics of an indoor landmark.
e. Remarks:
Indoor Navigation is made easier in this thesis work.

4.3 Existing work in the area of case based reasoning

4.3.1. Title - Case based Reasoning and User-Generated AI for real time games
a. Author Santiago Ontanon and Ashwin Ram
b. Year - 2011
c. Objective – This paper focus on technique that enables end user to
create a AI for game without having a technical knowledge but by
using the Case Based Reasoning Technique

d. Methodology This paper aims at which would make an end user to

implement AI for games which requires a complex strategic reasoning
which includes resource handling, long time planing under severe real
time constraints and without having complete information
e. Remarks:
This paper explains the basics of the Case Based Reasoning and gives a
general idea of how to implement that in the real time gaming

32
Appendix B: Paper Communicated based on the project Chapter 7

5.Lessons Learnt:

1. There is a definite need for Case Based Reasoning, because it will help the
user/patient with the list of suggestions for the next checkup-room/treatment
room he has to visit, based on the tests he has undergone and the current
location of the user/patient.

2. The inherent factors of increase in complexity, due to different technologies

that is being introduced for the as well as for the environment (e.g. building
automation for energy control and comfort functions for the patients), has
attributed to the need for Indoor Navigation

3. Any guaranteed solution can be provided only when there is need for further
research to work out the parameters, definitions and guidelines for the
development of the service.

4. The accuracy of obtaining the results depend on the proximity algorithm that
is chosen for the system, as well as the signal properties, which has a
significant influence in deciding the positioning of the system.

6.Objective:
The objective of the paper is to design and develop a CBR (Case Based
Reasoning) based smart indoor navigation system.
7.Case Based Reasoning:
Case-based reasoning would refer to using existing experiences of a given task, in
order to solve a new problem. It does so by being able to remember a previous
situation. Using this, it can adapt to the old ones to meet new requests, and we can
even critique the solution that we have obtained.

33
Appendix B 2 Case Based Reasoning
Appendix B: Paper Communicated based on the project Chapter 7

8.Synergy Between CBR and Smart Navigation System:

Let us consider a scenario where A,B,C,D,E where 5 different place inside a Hospital.
Assume that initially in the data base the we have the following paths:
A→B
B→C
C→D
D→E
These are the paths that is already in the data base, Assume a situation where the
user now wants the system to navigate him/her from A→E. Typically how the system
works is that it checks for the direct entry in the table, if that is present then it just
retrieves the data the data from the base and display if, whereas in this case the
direct entry is not available, this is the place where CBR takes charge, from the
previously available data it tries to form a new path,
A→B
B→C
C→D
D→E
From which CBR forms a new path
A→E
And, after forming a new solution that is entered as a new data to the table after
insertion now the table holds the following data
A→B
B→C
C→D
D→E
A→E

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Appendix B: Paper Communicated based on the project Chapter 7

Conceptual Architecture:

Appendix B 1 Conceptual Architecture

Registration Agent:
The registration agent would enable the user to register with the hospital servers.
This is essential because only an authenticated user can use this indoor navigation
facility.

Appendix B 3 Registration Agent

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Appendix B: Paper Communicated based on the project Chapter 7

Navigation Agent:
The navigation agent takes care of the entire navigation services inside the hospital.
It consists of the mobile navigation module(the front end), the checkpoints that are
present within the map and the overall System. The next steps are typical navigation
of the user, where the user is guided by a path for navigation, and an additional
voice command is given to the user, as an assist.

Appendix B 4 Navigation Agent

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Appendix B: Paper Communicated based on the project Chapter 7

Case Based Retrieval Agent:

The case-based retrieval agent would take care of the new instances of the paths that
are provided by the user. This would mean that the agent would learn about
potential new paths of the user and helps in providing suggestions for the
user/patient regarding his/her next visit around the indoors of the hospital.

Fig. Appendix B 5 Case Based Retrieval Agent:

Observations:

Appendix B Table 1 Observation

37
Appendix B: Paper Communicated based on the project Chapter 7

Sample Testing:

Fig. Appendix B 6 Sample Testing

Discussion and Conclusion:

The essential summarisation of the concept would be: the need for navigation in
smart hospitals along with the existential infrastructure of a smart city has led to the
proposal of a “Case-Based Indoor Navigation System” which would consist of a case
base, along with the navigation module to assist the user in navigating inside the
hospital premises. The case based reasoning method would retrieve, reuse, revise
and retain the cases that are relevant and this method is specifically used in the
context of navigation because of the fact that the result of retrieval of the navigation
path is much faster and more efficient when compared to the conventional
navigation system. The other advantage of the proposed system is it is designed to
develop incrementally and that the case-base can be maintained relatively easier.
Hence, the proposed system would be a significant improvement over the
conventional navigation system, when it comes to the development of navigation in
a smart hospital system, which essentially becomes a part of a smart-city.

38