Agilent TM M Odes PDF

8x8 MIMO and
Carrier
Aggregation
Test Challenges
for LTE
Presented by
Iyappan Ramachandran
Agilent Technologies
Wireless Communications
© 2013 Agilent Technologies
Agenda
• Industry Background
• Design Issues and Test Challenges for LTE and
LTE-A
• LTE Transmission Modes
• LTE Signal Processing
• Test Solutions
2
New Broadband Applications Fuel the Drive
for Next Generation Wireless Technologies
Market trends
• Mobile data traffic grows at high double-digit rates
-Advanced each year
LTE
• High-speed applications fuel the drive for 4G
• Demand for smart phones and other mobile devices
• Increasing wireless technology complexity
• Fierce competition
• More functionality at lower cost
a/g/n/ac Agilent response

• Participate, lead on wireless standards bodies and
industry forums
• Work with industry-leading customers to bring new
(r) technologies to market faster
• Deliver multi-format solutions that simplify design and
test of complex devices
• Deliver integrated design simulation and test to reduce
cost, time, and risk
• Deliver cost-effective test solutions with scalable
performance
Last decade was for mobile communication
This decade is for mobile broadband
3
Cellular evolution 1990 - 2013 Technology evolution
Market evolution
W-LAN
Increasing efficiency, bandwidth and data rates
2G PDC GSM IS-136 IS-95A 802.11b

(Japan) (Europe) (US TDMA) (US CDMA)
802.11a/g
2.5G iMODE HSCSD GPRS IS-95B
(US CDMA)
802.11h
3G W-CDMA TD-SCDMA E-GPRS cdma2000
(FDD & TDD) (China) (EDGE) (1x RTT)
802.11n
HSDPA EDGE 1x EV-DO 802.16d

3.5G
HSUPA Evolution 0AB (Fixed WiMAX)
WiBRO
3.9G/ HSPA+ / LTE 802.16e (Korea)
4G E-HSPA (R8/9 FDD & TDD) (Mobile WiMAX)
802.11ac
4G / IMT- 802.11ad
LTE-Advanced 802.16m / WiMAX2
Advanced (R10 & beyond) WirelessMAN-Advanced
4
It’s All About More Data, Faster!
• Mobile penetration continues to grow:
>6.5 billion subscribers worldwide by end
of 2012; >92% of world population
• Mobile data traffic is growing exponentially
• Single Video Streaming = Around 500,000

Text Messages’ Traffic
• > 2 Billion App Downloads per Month
• In addition to subscriber growth, there is

parallel growth in cellular peak data rates
Source: LTE World Summit presentation 2011 and Portio research
LTE-Advanced
LTE
HSPA+
HSPA
W-CDMA
384 kbps 14 Mbps 21-168 Mbps 150-300 Mbps 1 Gbps
Growth in cellular peak data rates (theoretical) showing more than 2500 times higher data rate over a
period of 10 years
5
Agenda
• Design Issues and Test Challenges for LTE and LTE-A
• Test Solutions
6
3GPP Release 10 and Beyond
1. Carrier aggregation
2. Enhanced multiple antenna transmission
a) Downlink 8 antennas, 8 streams
b) Uplink 4 antennas, 4 streams Rel-10 LTE-A
3. Enhanced uplink multiple access proposed to ITU
a) Clustered SC-FDMA
b) Simultaneous Control (PUCCH) and Data (PUSCH)
4. Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP)
5. Relaying
6. Home eNB mobility enhancements Other Rel-10
7. Heterogeneous network support and beyond
8. Self Optimizing networks (SON)
LTE-Advanced Design & Test Challenges - Carrier Aggregation Webcast
7
Test Challenges for LTE-Advanced
Adds more complexity to the Physical Layer
Carrier Aggregation
• Simultaneous transceivers creates interference problems within the UE or
Base Station
Clustered SC-FDMA
• Adds to amplifier design challenges
• Creates large opportunity for in-channel and adjacent channel spur
generation
MIMO
• More antennas, more complexity
• Hard to design a multi-band, MIMO antenna in small space of the handset
Needs to co-exist with legacy 2G and 3G cellular systems

worldwide
8
What is Carrier Aggregation?
• Extends the maximum transmission bandwidth, up to 100 MHz, by aggregating

up to five LTE carriers – also known as component carriers (CCs)
• Lack of sufficient contiguous spectrum forces use of carrier aggregation to meet
peak data rate targets:
– 1 Gbps in the downlink and 500 Mbps in the uplink
• Motivation:
– Achieve wide bandwidth transmissions
– Facilitate efficient use of fragmented spectrum
– Efficient interference management for control channels in heterogeneous
networks Component Carrier (CC)–
up to 20 MHz BW
Resource block
9
Carrier Aggregation Modes
Component Carrier (CC)–
up to 20 MHz BW
Resource block
Intra -band
f contiguous
allocation
Band A
Resource block
Intra-band
f non-contiguous
allocation
Band A
Resource block
Inter-band
≈ f non-contiguous
allocation
Band A Band B
10
Carrier Aggregation Band Combinations
• One of RAN WG4’s most intense activities is in the area of creating RF

requirements for specific band combinations.
• In theory there could be as many as 5 carriers but so far all the activity is
around dual carrier combinations
• The original CA work in Rel-10 was limited to three combinations
Uplink (UL) band Downlink (DL) band
E-UTRA UE receive / BS Duple
Band operatin UE transmit / BS receive Channel Channel x
transmit
BW BW
g Band FUL_low (MHz) – FUL_high FDL_low (MHz) – FDL_high mode
MHz MHz
(MHz) (MHz)
CA_40 40 2300 – 2400 [TBD] 2300 – 2400 [TBD] TDD
1 1920 – 1980 [TBD] 2110 – 2170 [TBD]
CA_1-5 FDD
5 824 – 849 [TBD] 869 – 894 [TBD]
3 1710 – 1788 20 1805 – 1880 20
CA_3-7 FDD
7 2500 – 2570 20 2620 – 2690 20
• In Rel-11 there are now up to 18 CA combinations being specified
11
Rel-11 Carrier Aggregation Combinations
Band Lead company Uplink Downlink Uplink Downlink Mode
CA-B3_B7* TeliaSonera 1710 - 1785 1805 - 1880 2500 - 2570 2620 - 2690 FDD
CA-B4_B17 AT&T 1710 – 1755 2110 - 2155 704 – 716 734 - 746 FDD
CA-B4_B13 Ericsson (Verizon) 1710 – 1755 2110 - 2155 777 - 787 746 - 756 FDD
CA-B4_B12 Cox Communications 1710 – 1755 2110 - 2155 698 – 716 728 - 746 FDD
CA-B20_B7 Huawei (Orange) 832 – 862 791 - 821 2500 - 2570 2620 - 2690 FDD
CA-B2_B17 AT&T 1850 – 1910 1930 - 1990 704 – 716 734 - 746 FDD
CA-B4_B5 AT&T 1710 – 1755 2110 - 2155 824 – 849 869 - 894 FDD
CA-B5_B12 US Cellular 824 – 849 869 - 894 698 – 716 728 - 746 FDD
CA-B5_B17 AT&T 824 – 849 869 - 894 704 – 716 734 - 746 FDD
CA-B20_B3 Vodafone 832 – 862 791 - 821 1710 - 1785 1805 - 1880 FDD
CA-B20_B8 Vodafone 832 – 862 791 - 821 880 – 915 925 - 960 FDD
CA-B3_B5 SK Telecom 1710 - 1785 1805 - 1880 824 – 849 869 - 894 FDD
CA-B7 China Unicom 2500 - 2570 2620 - 2690 2500 - 2570 2620 - 2690 FDD
CA-B1_B7 China Telecomm 1920 - 1980 2110 - 2170 2500 - 2570 2620 - 2690 FDD
CA-B4_B7 Rogers Wireless 1710 – 1755 2110 - 2155 2500 - 2570 2620 - 2690 FDD
CA-B25_25 Sprint 1850 - 1915 1930 - 1995 1850 - 1915 1930 - 1995 FDD
CA-B38 Huawei (CMCC) 2570 - 2620 2570 - 2620 2570 - 2620 2570 - 2620 TDD
CA-B41 Clearwire 2496 - 2690 2496 - 2690 2496 - 2690 2496 - 2690 TDD
* Carried forwards from Rel-10
12
Combinations of Carrier Aggregation
and Layers
There are multiple combinations of CA and layers that can meet the
data rates for the new and existing UE categories
The following tables define the most likely cases for which
performance requirements may be developed
Downlink Uplink
capability DL layers capability UL layers
UE category UE category
[#CCs/BW(MHz)] [max #layers] [#CCs/BW(MHz)] [max #layers]
1 / 20MHz 4 1 / 20MHz 1
2 / 10+10MHz 4
Category 6 2 / 10+10MHz 1
Category 6 2 / 20+20MHz 2
4 (10MHz) 1 / 10MHz 2
2 / 10+20MHz
2(20MHz) 2 / 20+20MHz 1
1 / 20MHz 4
1 / 20MHz 2
2 / 10+10MHz 4 Category 7
Category 7 2 / 20+20MHz 2 2 (10MHz)
2 / 10+20MHz
4 (10MHz) 1 ( 20MHz)
2 / 10+20MHz
2(20MHz) Category 8 [2 / 20+20MHz] [4]
Category 8 [2 / 20+20MHz] [8]
13
Design Challenges – Intra-Band Carrier
Aggregation
• Not such an issue for the eNB

because already dealing with multi-
carriers
• Major challenge for the UE
• For Intra-band: Wider Carrier being 2 uplink contiguous CCs
transmitted
– More stringent linearity requirements on the
power amplifier
– UE will need to use less transmitter power Single uplink CC
for the amplifier to remain in the linear
region
Example of CCDF plot using N7624B LTE/LTE-

Advanced Signal Studio software
14
Design Challenges – Inter-Band Carrier
Aggregation
• For Inter-Band: Multiple simultaneous transmit and
receive chains
RF filter
– Challenging radio environment in RF filter

Multiplex IFFT D/A
terms of intermodulation and cross- 1 BB
L1 RF PA
modulation within the UE device

– Need to design front-end Multiplex IFFT D/A
L2 RF PA RF filter
2 BB
components that help reduce
harmonics, and other
intermodulation products, which
meet 3GPP requirements
15
Agenda
• Test Solutions
16
Multi-Antenna Techniques
Tx Diversity Tx0
• Transmit orthogonally modified redundant copies
across multiple antenna’s Tx1
• Robustness to channel fading / noise
Frequency domain
Spatial Multiplexing Tx0

• Transmit different data streams simultaneously
• Improved spectral efficiency / throughput
Beamforming
Tx0
• Transmit per antenna weighted signal copies
• Coherent beamforming gain (dB) at receiver
17
LTE Downlink MIMO Terminology
Codeword - independent transport block of data to be transmitted
a maximum of 2 is supported in LTE
- codewords mapped to multiple layers by a serial to parallel
converter process
Layer - a stream of data to be transmitted
Rank - number of layers to be transmitted
Antenna Port - no definition of antenna port to physical antenna mapping
- example: one antenna port could be mapped to four physical
antennas, but the RX perceives the transmission originated from a single
antenna.
Codebook - a predefined set of precoding weights
Precoding - complex weights used for each layer to match the
transmission to the propagation conditions of the channel.
- this process results in mapping each layer to one or more antenna ports
. Physical UE-specific pattern
antennas
UE1
Beamforming
weights
Broadcast pattern
CRS
UE-specific RS Cell-specific RS
18
LTE DL Transmission Modes
3GPP Release 8
TM1: SISO single antenna transmissions
TM2 : Tx Diversity using 2 or 4 antennas
TM3: Open-Loop SU-MIMO (Spatial Multiplexing) with CDD
TM4: Closed-Loop SU-MIMO Codebook
based precoding
TM5: Closed-Loop MU-MIMO
TM6: Closed-Loop, Rank 1 Spatial Multiplexing
TM7: Rank 1 Spatial Multiplexing (Single-Layer Beamforming)
3GPP Release 9
Non-Codebook
TM8: Rank 2 Spatial Multiplexing (Dual-Layer Beamforming) based precoding
3GPP Release 10
TM9: Up to 8 layer transmissions using Ports 7 to 14
19
Transmission Mode 3
Open-Loop SU-MIMO Spatial Multiplexing
• Requires no PMI feedback from UE
• Reduced overhead since Precoding Matrix Indicator is not signaled
• Rank information still transmitted
• Used in high mobility scenarios where it is not possible to get accurate feedback
• Which precoding matrix should be used?
• Uses predetermined precoding weights
• Always uses the 1st codebook index when in open-loop mode (this index not used in
closed-loop mode)
• Cyclic Delay Diversity – why do we add this?
• Applies an increasing delay to each antenna port, before the CP
• Results in linear phase offset for each subcarrier
• Adds additional diversity - each subcarrier experiences a different beamforming pattern
Tx1
Layer
Precoding UE
mapping
Tx2
CRS Cell-specific RS
20
Transmission Mode 4
Closed-Loop SU-MIMO Spatial Multiplexing
• Most used case for Release 8

• Precoding based on codebook
• UE reports rank and PMI to eNB, with rank and codebook index
most closely matching channel
eNB
Tx1
Layer
Precoding UE
mapping
Tx2
CRS Cell-specific RS
Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI)
21
Transmission Mode 5
Closed-Loop MU-MIMO
• Extension to TM4
• Concept is to direct each layer to a different user, rather than all layers to one UE
• Main difference is an additional power offset between PDSCH and CRS can be
signaled – necessary since the TX power can now be split between multiple users
and since UE uses RS for both amplitude & phase references. UE knows the
number of layers used in TM3 & TM4, so this information is not necessary to be
transmitted to UE’s in these cases.
• Power offset signaled in DCI Format 1D
Tx1 UE 1
eNB Layer
Precoding
mapping
Tx2 UE 2
CRS
Cell-specific RS
22
Transmission Mode 6
Rank 1 Spatial Multiplexing
• Essentially beamforming using 1 layer, BUT with codebook-based precoding
• UE signals which precoding matrix should be used
• Why does this mode exist (seems to be a subset of TM4)?
• Reduced signaling overhead
• UE’s with low SINR (that can’t support multiple layers)
eNB
Tx1
Layer
Precoding UE
mapping
Tx2
Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI)

23
Transmission Mode 7
Single Layer Beamforming
• Available in R8 of standard
• Control channels utilize TX diversity, no beamforming
• Utilizes non-codebook based precoding
• UE still reports PMI using codebook based indexes, but eNB may or may not actually use them
• UE perceives the transmission originating from a single antenna port
• How does eNB know how to choose precoding weights?
• Measure the Sounding RS
• Channel reciprocity in the case of TDD
• Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimates using a calibrated RX array
• UE informed to use UE-specific RS for as the phase reference in demod
• Why important: Eliminates need of UE to know how precoding was performed
• Where Transmitted: UE-specific RS only transmitted in RB’s of the PDSCH for a given UE
24
MIMO in LTE Release 8
• Based on cell-specific RS
• Transmitted on antenna ports 0 through 3
• Support for up to 4x4 MIMO
• Transmit diversity or spatial multiplexing
Cell-specific RS
• Codebook-based precoding
• Limited set of precoding matrices
• UE has to be informed of precoding used
25
Transmission Mode 8
Dual Layer Beamforming
• Similar to Transmission Mode 7
• but now uses 2 layers for increased throughput
• UE can send quantized PMI feedback to eNB, not ideal, but better than none
• CQI reports made using cell specific RS because UE-specific RS may not be allocated across
entire channel – important for FDD where channel reciprocity does not work like in TDD
• Utilizes non-codebook based precoding
• UE perceives the transmission originating from a two antenna ports
• UE informed to use UE-specific RS for as the phase reference in demod
• UE-specific RS are orthogonal to enable separation of the 2 layers
• Transmitted on the same resource elements & symbols for each port
• Orthogonality provided via Walsh codes
• Enables MU-MIMO in TM8 & TM9:  2 cover codes & 2 UE-Specific RS = up to 4 unique users
• MU-MIMO operation transparent to UE through use of UE-specific RS. Power ratio between RS
and data scales the same way for each layer.
26
MIMO in Release 9
• Based on UE-specific RS ports 5, 7 and 8
• Up to 2-layers (called TM8)
• Amenable to UE-specific beamforming
• Non-codebook-based precoding
• UE-RS undergoes the same precoding

• Channel estimation/equalization based on UE-RS
• No need to inform UE of precoding
Physical
antennas
Beamforming
weights
UE-specific
pattern
UE-specific RS
27
Transmission Mode 9
8-Layer Transmissions
• Non-codebook based precoding used
• Extension from 2-layers in TM8 (introduced in R9) for up to 8-layers in R10
• Codewords still limited to 2. Additional codeword support adds little benefit and comes at cost of additional
signaling to support each transport block
• New CSI-RS introduced
• Used for channel estimation by the higher layers
• Relatively sparse in density since they are used for feedback only
• Can be ‘muted’ to enable reception of CSI-RS from other cells, important for COMP & Hetnet interference
management
• UE-specific RS updated to enable additional layers/antenna ports while remaining backward compatible with R9
transmissions
28
Antenna Ports in LTE/LTE-A
• Ports are not the same as physical antennas

• Cell-specific RS
• Ports 0 – 3
• UE-specific RS
• Port 5 defined in Rel 8
• Ports 7 and 8 defined in Rel 9
• Ports 9-14 defined in Rel 10
• MBSFN-RS (Multicast-Broadcast Single Frequency Network Reference Signal)

• Port 4
• Positioning RS
• Port 6 defined in Rel 9
• CSI-RS (Channel State Information Reference Signal)

• Ports 15-22 defined in Rel 10
29
Agenda
• Test Solutions
30
LTE Signal Processing (TM7 & TM8)
(Adapted from 3GPP 36.211 and 36.212)
a0 , a1 ,..., a A 1 PDSCH (Data)

Transport block  Channel encoded as 1 or 2 codewords per Subframe (TTI)
CRC attachment
 Mapped to 1 layer for TM7 and 1 or 2 layers for TM8
b0 , b1 ,..., bB 1
 BF precoding is non-codebook based
Code block segmentation
Code block CRC attachment  BF precoding can vary per RB & per Subframe (TTI)
cr 0 , cr1 ,..., cr K r 1

UERS (UE-specific Reference Signal)
Channel coding  Mapped to associated TM7/TM8 PDSCH RB allocations
 Same BF precoding as each associated PDSCH RB
d r(i0) , d r(1i ) ,..., d r(i)D
r 1
CRS (Cell-specific Reference Signal)

Rate matching
 Can be weighted to produce sector wide common control Broadcast pattern
er 0 , er1 ,..., er Er 1  Possible when Num Physical Ports > Num CRS Ports
Code block
UE-specific pattern
concatenation
codewords layers antenna ports
f 0 , f1 ,..., f G 1 Modulation Resource element OFDM signal UE1

Scrambling mapper
mapper generation
Layer
Precoding
mapper
Modulation Resource element OFDM signal
Scrambling mapper
mapper generation
UERS CRS
UE-specific RS Cell-specific RS Broadcast pattern
31
LTE Signal Processing
R8 & R9 Reference Signals: Common CRS and UE-Specific RS
TM7
Single Layer
UERS
Port 5
TM8
Dual Layer
UERS
Port 7 Port 8
Common
CRS
Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3
32
MIMO in LTE-A Release 10
• Extension of MIMO based on UE-specific RS

• Up to 8 layers (8x8 MIMO) supported (called TM9)
• Transmission on ports 7 through 14
• The 8 UE-RS ports are orthogonal

• Either on time/freq grid or in code domain
33
R10 Reference Signals: Common CRS and UE-Specific RS
TM7
Single Layer
UERS
Port 5
TM8
UERS
TM9
UERS
Common
CRS
34
CSI-RS in LTE-A Release 10
• To be used by UE to measure Channel State Information

• Fed back to eNB through CQI
• 8 ports defined : ports 15 through 22

• Relatively sparse in the time-freq grid
35
What really happens…
Layer Mapper Precoding Mapping to physical Antennas Receiver
MIMO Channel
CW1 L1 P1 A1
P2 A2
Serial L2 P3 A3
CW2 to
Parallel
L3 P4 A4
Converter
UERS
P5
UE-specific RS
P6
P… A5
CRS
Cell-specific RS
36
Agenda
• Test Solutions
37
Design Issues for MIMO
TRANSMITTER RECEIVER
DSP DSP
• Cross Coupling through power • Receiver needs to differentiate/

supplies, poor grounding etc - recover simultaneous multiple
Requires analyzer to pick out the signals coming at it - Requires a
right signal and look at power wide range of test conditions/
characteristics scenarios
• It gets worse for picocells & • Need to adequately stress
femtocells amplifiers, I/Q modulators, filters,
• Signal Coding Verification - Need etc - Need to simulate real-world
the analyzer to figure out what all signals including fading
the signals are before making • Receivers must deal with
measurements. complex interference - Need to
• Distortion in Power Amplifiers - provide the ability to add
Needs out of band spectrum impairments to the test signals.
measurements.
38
Test Challenges in LTE systems (1 of 2)
Some specific challenges for LTE:
• Six channel bandwidths from 1.4 to 20 MHz
• Different transmission schemes for the downlink (OFDMA) and uplink (SC-
FDMA)
• Flexible transmission schemes where the physical configuration impacts RF
performance
• Specifications that include both FDD and TDD transmission modes
• Challenging measurement configurations caused by spectral, power, and time
variations due to traffic
• Multi-antenna techniques such as TX diversity, spatial multiplexing (MIMO), and
beamsteering
• Complex tradeoffs between in-channel, out-of-channel, and out-of-band
performance
• New multi-standard radio (MSR) base station transmitter requirements
• LTE-Advanced requirements including carrier aggregation (CA) for both
downlink and uplink
39
Test Challenges in LTE systems (2 of 2)
Some specific challenges for LTE:

• Receiver co-channel interference
• Receiver testing under propagation impairment conditions:
• Faded channel performance
• MIMO performance testing
• UE reports (CQI. HARQ, ...)
• Throughput
40
SystemVue: Simulation-Based 8x8 MIMO PHY Modeling
A versatile design & verification tool that bridges early R&D gaps
• Explore open TX/RX baseband reference

Working 8x8 MIMO Reference Design
designs for UE & eNB, with MIMO fading
with TX, RX, MIMO Channel, and RF
• Versatile modeling environment: includes
many technologies, RF/BB models, effects
• Simulate missing system pieces and

environments for earlier R&D validation 8x8 MIMO Channel modeling
Throughput vs. D patterns
• Leverage simulation for scripting and easy
creation of arbitrary payloads, scenarios
• Measure using 89600 VSA for consistency

Basestation beamforming
Pattern synthesis and signal gen
Agilent Solutions: Download

• W1461 SystemVue to/from Agilent
• W1918 LTE-Advanced Library Sources/Analyzers
• W1715 MIMO Channel models
41
Test Challenges for 8x8 MIMO: Analyze
Signals from Multiple Antennas Simultaneously
Test Challenge: The signals from the multiple antennas must be aligned to within 90ns.
This requires measuring time delay between the signals from the multiple transmit
antennas with enough margin.
Agilent Solutions:
89600 VSA software
 Up to 8x8 MIMO support for FDD and
TDD with time alignment error
measurement result.
Hardware: N7109A multi-channel

signal analyzer
42
Test Challenges
MIMO plus Carrier Aggregation for UE Rx Tests
Test Challenge: Test UE’s ability to decode signals with component carriers in two separate
RF bands. Additional challenges result if each component carrier is configured for MIMO
Agilent Solution – Signal Studio for LTE-Advanced Inter-band 1 (Up to 8x8) Inter-band 2 (Up to 8x8)
• Create FDD or TDD signals

• Inter-band carrier aggregation in 2 RF bands
• Up to 5 component carriers
• Independent configuration for each CC
• Up to 8x8 MIMO capability
• Transport channel coding
• Cross-carrier scheduling enables control information to be carried on
another carrier
• Signal Studio synchronizes and automatically controls up to 16 signal
generators
Select RF band for each

component carrier
43
Snapshot of 8x8 MIMO Demod in VSA
44
SISO and MIMO Solutions for R&D and Design Validation
Single Channel 2x2 MIMO 3x3, 4x4 MIMO
MXG/EXG Wideband MIMO PXI VSA

Signal Generator (N) MXG/EXG (800 MHz BW)
(2) MXG/EXG Wideband MIMO PXI VSA Signal Generators
Signal Generators (800 MHz BW)
Signal Studio X-Series Infiniium

Signal Analyzer Oscilloscopes
89600 VSA Infiniium
(13GHz BW)
Software Oscilloscopes
(2) MXA/EXA (13GHz BW)
SystemVue Signal Analyzers
M9381A PXIe RF Vector
Signal Generator
8x8 MIMO
(N) MXG/EXG
Signal Generators
• Up to 8x8 MIMO
N7109 Multi-channel Signal

Analyzer
45
Agenda
• Test Solutions
46
For More Information
Agilent Resources
• LTE-Advanced application and product information:
www.agilent.com/find/lteadvanced
• 8x8 LTE MIMO analysis YouTube video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8TDaVMsKPP8
• Solutions for design and test of downlink 8x8 LTE MIMO, Application
Note: http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5991-1878EN.pdf
• 89600 VSA product information: www.agilent.com/find/vsa
• N7109A multi-channel signal analyzer information:
www.agilent.com/find/N7109A
• X-Series signal analyzer product information:
www.agilent.com/find/xseries
• Signal Studio product information: www.agilent.com/find/signalstudio
47
Thanks for Listening!
Any Questions?
48
Back-Up
49
What’s New: LTE-Advanced at a Glance
Carrier aggregation
1 • Support for up to 5 Aggregated Carriers
• Up to 100 MHz Bandwidth
Enhanced uplink multiple access

2 • Clustered SC-FDMA
• Simultaneous Control and Data
Higher order MIMO

3 • Downlink 8x8
• Uplink 4x4
50
UE Carrier Aggregation Bandwidth Classes
There is a total of six different carrier aggregation bandwidth classes

being defined.
Carrier Maximum Aggregated 3GPP

aggregation number of CC transmission bandwidth Release
bandwidth class configuration
A 1 NRB ≤ 100 R10
B 2 NRB ≤ 100 R10
C 2 100 < NRB ≤ 200 R10
D,E,F For future study 200 < NRB ≤ [500] Beyond R10
20 MHz BW = 100 RB (resource block)
51
Carrier Aggregation Solution
Generate and analyze:

• Up to 5 component carriers
simultaneously
• All aggregation types: Inter-band
and intra-band (both contiguous
and non-contiguous)
• Uplink and downlink signals
• FDD and TDD frame structure
Two CCs at 800 MHz Three CCs at 2100 MHz
52
LTE/LTE-Advanced Specifications Documents
The LTE and LTE-Advanced specifications are defined in the 36-series

documents of 3GPP Standard
There are six major groups of documents
• 36.8XX & 36.9XX Technical reports (background information)
• 36.1XX Radio specifications (and eNB conformance testing)
• 36.2XX Layer 1 baseband
• 36.3XX Layer 2/3 air interface signalling
• 36.4XX Network signalling
• 36.5XX UE Conformance Testing
The latest versions of most of the documents can be found at
www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36-series.htm
• The LTE-Advanced specifications are now drafted in the
Release 10 specifications
• ftp.3gpp.org/specs/latest/Rel-10/
53
MIMO Channel
CW1 L1 P1 A1
P1 A2
Serial L2 P3 A3
CW2 to
Parallel
L3 P4 A4
Converter
UERS
UE-specific RS
CRS
Cell-specific RS
54
MIMO Channel
CW1 L1 P1 A1
P1 A2
Serial L2 P3 A3
CW2 to
Parallel
L3 P4 A4
Converter
UERS
UE-specific RS
CRS
Cell-specific RS
55
MIMO Channel
CW1 L1 P1 A1
P2 A2
Serial L2 P3 A3
CW2 to
Parallel
L3 P4 A4
Converter
UERS
P5
UE-specific RS
P6
P… A5
CRS
Cell-specific RS
56

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8x8 MIMO and

a/g/n/ac Agilent response

2G PDC GSM IS-136 IS-95A 802.11b

HSDPA EDGE 1x EV-DO 802.16d

• Mobile data traffic is growing exponentially

• Single Video Streaming = Around 500,000

• > 2 Billion App Downloads per Month

• In addition to subscriber growth, there is

LTE-Advanced Design & Test Challenges - Carrier Aggregation Webcast

Adds more complexity to the Physical Layer

Needs to co-exist with legacy 2G and 3G cellular systems

• Extends the maximum transmission bandwidth, up to 100 MHz, by aggregating

• One of RAN WG4’s most intense activities is in the area of creating RF

• In Rel-11 there are now up to 18 CA combinations being specified

Band Lead company Uplink Downlink Uplink Downlink Mode

• Not such an issue for the eNB

Example of CCDF plot using N7624B LTE/LTE-

– Challenging radio environment in RF filter

modulation within the UE device

Spatial Multiplexing Tx0

• Most used case for Release 8

Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI)

Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI)

• Control channels utilize TX diversity, no beamforming

• Utilizes non-codebook based precoding

• UE perceives the transmission originating from a single antenna port

• How does eNB know how to choose precoding weights?

• Measure the Sounding RS

• Channel reciprocity in the case of TDD

• Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimates using a calibrated RX array

• UE informed to use UE-specific RS for as the phase reference in demod

• Why important: Eliminates need of UE to know how precoding was performed

• Transmit diversity or spatial multiplexing

• UE-RS undergoes the same precoding

• Non-codebook based precoding used

• Extension from 2-layers in TM8 (introduced in R9) for up to 8-layers in R10

• New CSI-RS introduced

• Used for channel estimation by the higher layers

• Ports are not the same as physical antennas

• MBSFN-RS (Multicast-Broadcast Single Frequency Network Reference Signal)

• CSI-RS (Channel State Information Reference Signal)

a0 , a1 ,..., a A 1 PDSCH (Data)

cr 0 , cr1 ,..., cr K r 1

CRS (Cell-specific Reference Signal)

f 0 , f1 ,..., f G 1 Modulation Resource element OFDM signal UE1

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3

• Extension of MIMO based on UE-specific RS

• The 8 UE-RS ports are orthogonal

Port 7 Port 8 Port 9 Port 10

Port 7 Port 8 Port 9 Port 10

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3

• To be used by UE to measure Channel State Information

• 8 ports defined : ports 15 through 22

Port 15 Port 16 Port 17 Port 18

• Cross Coupling through power • Receiver needs to differentiate/

Some specific challenges for LTE:

• Explore open TX/RX baseband reference

• Simulate missing system pieces and

• Measure using 89600 VSA for consistency

Agilent Solutions: Download

Hardware: N7109A multi-channel

• Create FDD or TDD signals

Select RF band for each