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Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

DECLARATION

I Eyoel Ashagre a 4th year civil engineering student in WSU have undertaken my internship
experience in Bamacon Engineering plc from march 10/2018 to July 7/2018 under the guidance
of Mr.Ashenafi Reta (academic advisor) and Mr Sisay gizaw (company supervisor).

I classify that my work is original compiled according to the internship report guide given by the
department.

As the student academic advisor, I clarify that the internship report written by the student is his
original work and compiled according to the guide line provided by department as far as my
knowledge is concerned

Student’s Name: ______________________________

Signature: _________________

Date: _____________________

Adviser Name: _______________________________

Signature: _________________

Date: _____________________

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Eyoel Ashagre R/Eng/0971/07
Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First, I would like to thank my almighty god for his merciful and endless guidance through my
life. next to god I would like to thank my beloved families for their great support and being
beside me in all aspects. and next to this I would like to thank wolaita sodo university college of
civil engineering department for providing this kind of internship program for us. and i would
also like to thank my hosting company Bamacon engineering construction for their genuine
hospitality and continued effort to educate, supervise and foster my technical and professional
skills throughout the whole internship program.
at last but not the least I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation to Eng. mulugeta, all
employees in the site and other internship students for their encouragement and endless
cooperation throughout my stay in the internship programs.

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Eyoel Ashagre R/Eng/0971/07
Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

An overall view that shows about what I have been doing. A report about the internship
experience that successes I have achieved during the period of the program in Bamacon
Engineering plc. This report gives detail information about site and office activities carried for
building project.

The contents of the report have been divided into four chapter. In the first chapter of my report,
I briefly described about the back ground of my internship hosting company including the
description, mission and services of the organization. The second chapter of my report describes
over all internship experience. In the third chapter of the report briefly explains about benefit of
the internship. the fourth chapter of my report contain about, conclusion and recommendation
for my host company. To help anyone reading this report better understands for the discussed
topics and ideas.

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Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

TABLE OF CONTENT

DECLARATION ................................................................................................................................ i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ................................................................................................................... ii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. iii
List of Figure ..................................................................................................................................... vii
List of Chart...................................................................................................................................... viii
List of Table ....................................................................................................................................... ix
ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................. x
CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................................ 1
BACKGROUND OF THE COMPANY .......................................................................................... 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 BRIEF HISTORY .................................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 MISSION STATEMENT ........................................................................................................................ 2
1.4 COMPANY POLICY .............................................................................................................................. 2
1.5 MAIN PRODUCTS AND SERVICES ................................................................................................... 3
1.6 PAST AND PRESENT PRODUCTS AND ITS USERS ........................................................................ 4
1.7 OVERALL ORGANIZATION AND WORK FLOW ............................................................................ 5
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................... 6
OVERALL ENTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE ................................................................................... 6
2.1 HOW I GET IN TO THE COMPANY.............................................................................................. 6
2.2 DESCRIPTION ABOUT THE PROJECT ........................................................................................ 6
2.3 MY INTERNSHIP EXPERIANCE ................................................................................................... 7
1. TAKE OFF SHEET ........................................................................................................................... 8
2. BAR SCHEDULE ............................................................................................................................. 8
3. SHORING .......................................................................................................................................... 9
A. PILE CASTING ............................................................................................................................. 9
B. ANCHOR INSTALLATION....................................................................................................... 10
4. EXCAVATION AND EART WORK ............................................................................................. 11
I. BULK EXCAVATION ........................................................................................................... 11
II. PIT EXCAVATION .................................................................................................................... 11
III. TRENCH EXCAVATION ...................................................................................................... 11

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Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

IV. BACK FILL ............................................................................................................................. 12


V. COMPACTION ........................................................................................................................... 12
VI. CART AWAY ......................................................................................................................... 12
5. LEAN CONCRETE ......................................................................................................................... 12
6. FORMWORK .................................................................................................................................. 13
7. SPACER (CLEAR COVER) ........................................................................................................... 14
8. REINFORCEMENT WORK ........................................................................................................... 15
9. CONCRETE WORK ....................................................................................................................... 17
MIXING OF CONCRETE .................................................................................................................. 17
PLACING OF CONCRETE ................................................................................................................ 18
COMPACTION OF CONCRETE ....................................................................................................... 18
CURING OF CONCRETE .................................................................................................................. 18
CONCRETE TEST .............................................................................................................................. 19
10. FOUNDATION ........................................................................................................................... 20
A. RAFT OR MAT FOUNDATION ................................................................................................ 20
B. ISOLATED /SPREAD FOOTING .............................................................................................. 21
11. GRADE BEAM ........................................................................................................................... 22
12. SHEAR WALL ............................................................................................................................ 22
13. WATER PROOFING WORK ..................................................................................................... 23
14. COLUMN .................................................................................................................................... 24
15. BEAM .......................................................................................................................................... 25
16. STAIR CASE ............................................................................................................................... 25
17. SLAB ........................................................................................................................................... 26
A. GROUND FLOOR SLAB ........................................................................................................... 26
B. SOLID SLAB .............................................................................................................................. 27
C. RIBBED SLABS ......................................................................................................................... 27
2.4 CHALLENGES WHILE PERFORM TASKS ................................................................................ 29
2.5 MEASURES IN OVERCOMING THE CHALLENGES ............................................................... 29
CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................................................ 30
BENEFITS OF THE INTERNSHIP ............................................................................................. 30
3.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 30
3.2 PRACTICAL SKILL ....................................................................................................................... 30

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Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

3.3 THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE ................................................................................................... 31


3.4 INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION SKILL ......................................................................... 31
3.5 IMPROVING TEAM PLAYING SKILL ........................................................................................ 31
3.6 IMPROVING LEADERSHIP SKILL ............................................................................................. 32
3.7 ETHICAL BEHAVIORS ................................................................................................................... 33
3.8 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SKILL ..................................................................................................... 33
CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................................. 34
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................................................................ 34
4.1 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................................... 34
4.2 RECOMMENDATION ......................................................................................................................... 35
Appendix ........................................................................................................................................... 36
Reference Book ................................................................................................................................. 36

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List of Figure
Fig 1 OMEDAD MIXED USE BUILDING ...................................................................................... 3
Fig 2 NEHCO MIXED USE BUILDING ............................................................................................ 3
Fig 3 DAGI MIXED USE BUILDING .............................................................................................. 3
Fig 4 Pile Casting ............................................................................................................................... 9
Fig 5 Anchor Installation .................................................................................................................. 10
Fig 6 Excavation work ..................................................................................................................... 11
Fig 7 Earth Work ............................................................................................................................. 12
Fig 8 lean concrete ........................................................................................................................... 13
Fig 9 formworks ............................................................................................................................... 14
Fig 10 Spacer .................................................................................................................................... 15
Fig 11 Reinforcement ....................................................................................................................... 16
Fig 12 Concrete Test ........................................................................................................................ 19
Fig 13 Concrete Work ...................................................................................................................... 20
Fig 14 foundation work .................................................................................................................... 21
Fig 15 shear Wall ............................................................................................................................ 23
Fig 16 Water proof work .................................................................................................................. 24
Fig 17 column work ......................................................................................................................... 24
Fig 18 Beam Work ........................................................................................................................... 25
FIG 19 STAIR CASE ....................................................................................................................... 26
Fig 20 solid slab work ...................................................................................................................... 27
Fig 21 Ribbed Slab ........................................................................................................................... 28

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Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

List of Chart
Chart 1 Head Office Organization Structure ....................................................................................... 5

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Eyoel Ashagre R/Eng/0971/07
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List of Table

Table 1 Some of The Projects Handled by Bamacon Engineering .................................................... 4


Table 2 Take Off Sheet ...................................................................................................................... 8
Table 3 Bar Schedule ......................................................................................................................... 8
Table 4 Box Size of Concrete Grade ................................................................................................ 18

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Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

ABBREVIATIONS
W.S.U…………………….woliata sodo unversity

P.L.C……....…….Private Limited Company

b/n………………between

C/C……………..center to center

C-5,25,30…..……grade of concrete or compressive strength of concrete in MPa

E.g………………..Example

+ve and -ve bars……..positive and negative bars

Eng……………………engineer

E.C ……………………Ethiopian calendar

B+G+9…………………Basement plus ground plus nine

HCB …………………….. Hallow concrete block

Kg…………………………kilogram

Qty ………………………Quantity

Ø……………………......diameter

OPC…………………........Ordinary Portland Cement

NB………………………….Note book

cm3…………………………cubic centimeter

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Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

CHAPTER ONE

BACKGROUND OF THE COMPANY


1.1 INTRODUCTION

Bamacon Engineering PLC is a share, privately owned construction firm with a reliable record
of accomplishments and a bright prospect that matches its high aspiration. The following volume
is an attempt to profile that track record, the prospect and the aspiration from its effective
operating system springs.

This profile includes:

➢ Mission statement and brief history of Bamacon Engineering PLC


➢ Its legal status
➢ Its organizational structure and operating systems
➢ Its existing capacity and experience

The inclusion of these elements in the profile, we presume, will give the concerned reader an
insight on the substance of Bamacon Engineering PLC.

1.2 BRIEF HISTORY

Established as a grade VII construction firm in 2005 using the name of the owner and general
manager as Girma Gelaw Building Contractor, Bamacon Engineering registered with the
ministry of infrastructure, has grown to be a very competitive Grade I Building Contractor with
favorable prospects for a role of excellence in the construction industry.

In the thirteen years of its growth, the firm has always believed that capacity depends more on
organizational and human resource development than on equipment and finance.

In this belief, the firm has invested a significant portion of its time and money on:

➢ Retaining and developing a highly professional management team.


➢ Training and motivating its technical staff, from the craftsmen to the senior engineers,
to achieve and maintain high standards.
➢ Devising and practicing a modern and effective organizational structure.
➢ Solicit counseling and conduct selected research to assist in strategic planning.
➢ Devising and continuously improving on a system of operation that is guided by
written head office and project guide lines, both of which were the result of the
combined efforts of professionals of high standards.

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Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

and the result has been a firm with a work force that can take on any challenge in the form of a
construction job.

With respect to capacity in terms of equipment, while acquisition of major machinery has been
dictated by the need to satisfy the regulatory body’s (ministry of infrastructure’s) capacity
requirements, special emphasis on equipment that are specifically appropriate to Bamacon
Engineering’s own method of construction were also sought and acquired.

Hitherto, financial capacity has always been commensurate to the cash flow requirements of the
projects.

This has been partly due to the firm’s good credit record with clients, insurance companies, banks
and construction material suppliers perhaps the most important creditors to any construction firm.

Looking back, the path Bamacon Engineering PLC traveled over the last years seems to be a
path of initiation for the competitive challenges of the third millennium.

1.3 MISSION STATEMENT

We the leaders and followers of this business entity as a team shall:

➢ Ever survive as a business entity that is committed to the creation of excellent values that always
strives to balance the utility needs of customers, employees, managers and shareholders.
➢ Create and sustain a combination of individual excellence (manifested in purposeful, visionary
and exemplary leadership of our management) and communal values (expressed as the creative,
harmonious, and motivated team spirit of our employees) that will ensure the vitality, strength
and propagation of our business entity.
➢ Uphold the maxim that (“All things are changing, and we are changing with them”) since change
is a universal and continuous phenomenon that positively affects our customers, employees,
managers and shareholders, so as to always prepare and provide for change, however violent.

1.4 COMPANY POLICY

Throughout the construction process on every project we will be proactive and offer quality work
all projects are completed safely, within budget and to the best possible standard.

Our vision is to become a successful contractor participating in road construction projects, bridge
construction projects and building construction projects and to maximize company profitability

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➢ To be one of the biggest consulting firms in Ethiopia


➢ Opening branches in other east African countries
➢ To advance new technology in building sector
1.5 MAIN PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

Bamacon Engineering PLC, through years of vast experience dealing with project management
and contract administration issues in different construction projects, has specialized in
construction of:

✓ Residential Houses
✓ Office Building
✓ Complexes
✓ Hospitals
✓ Hotels
✓ Factories
✓ Warehouses
✓ Multi-Purpose
✓ Buildings
Fig 1 OMEDAD MIXED USE BUILDING

Fig 2 NEHCO MIXED USE BUILDING

Fig 3 DAGI MIXED USE BUILDING

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Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

1.6 PAST AND PRESENT PRODUCTS AND ITS USERS

The following table summarizes major construction jobs Bamacon Engineering PLC took over
the past four to five years which are relevant to the current job at hand in nature and complexity.

S/N PROJECT TYPE EMPLOYERS TOTAL COMP. TIME YR OF


VALUE (BIRR) COMP.

MIXED-USE BUILDINGS

1. Mixed-Use Ato Alemayehu Tameru 18.539,481.45 460 days Mar. 2008

2. Mixed-Use (Str. Only) Ato Mesfin Mengesha 46,148,368.58 120 days Mar. 2012

3. Mixed-Use OMEDAD PLC 82,153,346.45 450 days 96%

5. Mixed-Use NEHCO Trading PLC 220,345,128.96 365 days 75%

6. Mixed-Use Ato Jonny Seifu 26,687,254.32 180 days Nov. 2012

7. Mixed-Use Afework Int. Group 22,465,312.17 150 days 87%

HOTEL BUILDINGS

1. Hotel- Assela Ath. Kenenisa Bekele 13,423,917.30 630 days Oct. 2008

2. Hotel Apart. (Str. Only) Ato Mekdes Aklilu 41,774,804.48 150 days Oct. 2011

3. Saromayria Hotel Ato Alemayehu Nigussie 37,745,864.28 340 days Sept. 2011

4. Hotel Tenkir Trading PLC 61,935,784.88 300 days April 2012

5. Hotel (Str. Only) Ato Habtamu Desta 56,342,567.98 360 days July 2012

APARTMENT BUILDINGS

1. Apartment Ene Tsehaye Zemui 38,637,542.12 300 days Aug. 2012

HOSPITAL BUILDINGS

1. Hospital (Str. Only) Ato Berhane Dagnew 15,157,635.36 240 days Sept. 2011

FACTORY BUILDINGS

1. Factory IHRAK Int. PLC 12,267,547.56 240 days Sept. 2010

2. Factory (Sub- str. Only) STEELY RMI 15,147,268.48 120 days Jan. 2012

Table 1 Some of The Projects Handled by Bamacon Engineering

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Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

1.7 OVERALL ORGANIZATION AND WORK FLOW


KEY PROFESSIONAL STAFF
Bamacon Engineering PLC has an excellent blend of qualified engineers, more than 30 in all,
most of them have longer than five years of experience in different civil and industrial projects
in the country. The group is committed to keep its brand and dedicates its time and effort to the
development of the company and the wellbeing of its employees.

Qualified construction technicians support the engineering staff. Individuals with the right
experience and educational background attend finance, administration and procurement
divisions. Full secretarial and office support is provided by means of modern facilities such as
copiers, laptop and desktop computers, fax machine, etc.

Chart 1 Head Office Organization Structure

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Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

CHAPTER TWO

OVERALL ENTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE


2.1 HOW I GET IN TO THE COMPANY

First, I would like to start with how I got into the company before explaining my internship
experience. After the application form was given to us from Wolaita Sodo University, I applied
to different companies who could be good mentors for my future in my profession. Some were
polite and some hostile to receive my application and give me the required service. In contrary I
faced some companies who were not willing to accept internship student or give answers politely.

In the bright side I got accepted in different places and I preferred to work in BAMACON
Engineering plc. The reasons why I chose this company were the willingness of the company to
support the student and the availability of advising staff in the company, the effort of the
company in research and development and its willingness to give project works for the students,
the existence of updating new technology and other facilities.

2.2 DESCRIPTION ABOUT THE PROJECT


Project: Mixed use building
Story: B+G+9
Site: Addis Ababa, Global
Employer: Lemeneh Emiru and Alemay Shita
Contractor: Bamacon Engineering PLC
Consultant and Supervisor: Birhanu mussa architecture and engineering consultant
Plot area: 1147m2
Building area: 875m2
This site has three main purposes which are used for commercial apartment and car parking.
since it has basement +1 ground and +9 stories. The car parking area occupies basement and the
commercial floors are from ground floor and the 1st floor From2nd floor to the 9th is used for
apartment purpose.
We start the internship program on March 10 to June 7 for consecutive 4 months
On another hand I could sow other construction site that worked by sister company of Bamacon,
called Anchor foundation specialist, the major tasks that I were introduce was anchor installation
and mat foundation only.

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Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

2.3 MY INTERNSHIP EXPERIANCE


In this chapter I will try to show what I have seen and what I have get in my 4-month experience.
In the first two weeks I was introducing with the project and the staff members who are at the
site. I was familiar with the following categories of works executed.
✓ Take Off Sheet
✓ Bar Schedule
✓ Shoring
✓ Excavation and Earth work
✓ Lean
✓ Formwork
✓ Reinforcement work
✓ Concrete work
✓ Foundation
✓ Grade beam
✓ Retaining wall
✓ Water proof work
✓ Column
✓ Beam
✓ Stair
✓ Slab

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Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

1. TAKE OFF SHEET

The standard form used for entering the dimensions taken or scaled from drawings to determine
the accurate quantity in each trade of work, except reinforcement steel, is called take off sheet or
dimension paper
Takeoff sheet format has four columns

Qty Size Total Qty Description

No. of No. of L W H
Elements in a Member
Member

Table 2 Take Off Sheet


2. BAR SCHEDULE

Bar schedule is a format used to calculate the quantity of reinforcement bars. In this format the
quantity of bar of each diameter will be calculated. Preparing bar schedule is the process of
analyzing number, diameter, length, location and shape of placement of the bar from the
structural drawing of the given project and putting in the bar schedule in their respective place
provided.
Ite Posi Dia Sha No of No. of Length Total Length
m tion (mm) pes bar bar
member Ø6 Ø8 Ø10 Ø12 Ø14 Ø16 Ø20

Sum of Total Length (in m)

Unit Weight in (kg/m) =(0.222*D2)/36 0.222 0.395 0.617 0.888 1.208 1.578 2.466

Total Weight in Kg

Table 3 Bar Schedule


The dimension of different works expressed in different dimension. These are
➢ Concrete work – m3
➢ Formwork – m2
➢ Lean concrete – m2
➢ Reinforcement in- Kg
➢ Excavation in- m3
➢ Site clearance in- m2

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Eyoel Ashagre R/Eng/0971/07
Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

3. SHORING

Shoring is a construction of temporary structure, to support temporary unsafe structure

A. PILE CASTING
There were Around 84 piles casted by 1m distance far apart each other, with a depth of 12m and
6oomm diameter
The following steps was I sow on site
Phase 1 Digging
First check the Auger machine is 900 Adjusted, then start digging on Marking points, water is
adding at a time of digging in to hole Because of the water is helping to lubricate and prevent
bore to collapse
Phase 2 reinforcement placing
The Ready reinforcement placed mechanically in to the cage
phase 3 concrete placement
The tube pipe is placed mechanically in to the cage. This pipe is used, to avoid mixing of debris
with in concrete and to control segregation (separation of aggregate and cement), Therefore the
ready concrete is added admixture of accelerator then overthrow to cage, this admixture
decreases initial setting time of concert to stable water cement ratio that Came from Ground
water table
Phase 4 capping
Connect all pile by beam for correcting its alignment
Phase 5 Meshing
Excavate up to a depth of 3m, mesh the side by 8dia of bar and sprinkle cement paste by concrete
pumper for resisting side soil.
Digging reinforcement placing pipe concrete placement

Fig 4 Pile Casting

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Eyoel Ashagre R/Eng/0971/07
Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

B. ANCHOR INSTALLATION
Phase 1 Borehole is drilled
We start Borehole the pill at a depth of 3m. which have 130mm diameter and (12-15m) depth
within 300 inclinations angle. the digging is done by Anchor Drill Machin
Phase 2 Anchor tendon is inserted
Two types of anchor tendon are inserted in to borehole the first one is anchor cable and the
second one is post hose. Anchor cable is composed of a single bar of steel and cover by plastic
tube. Post hose is polymer tube that used to pass cement pest in to a free space of bore hole
Phase 3 Grouting
By using pumping Machin remove all water that appear around the cage
Phase 4 Cast cement pest
Cement pest is the mixture of cement and water have mix ratio of {50kg cement + 20-25L of
water}. The ready mixture is pumped in to the borehole by using concrete Pamper
Phase 5 Tensioning
After cement pest casted, the anchor is tension to the calculated lode by using Tensioning
Machin finally cover the outer plate by cap to avoid corrosion

1 Borehole is drilled 5 Tensioning

2 Anchor tendon is inserted

6 completed anchor

Fig 5 Anchor Installation


3&4 grouting then Cast cement
pest

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Eyoel Ashagre R/Eng/0971/07
Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

4. EXCAVATION AND EART WORK


EXCAVATION

It’s the prosses of work involving the digging of soil and rock from the construction site, it
depends on the design levels, widths and depths. The excavation was performed by excavator or
digging machine within consideration of working space, based on the purpose of excavation it
may be classified as bulk excavation, pit excavation and trench excavation
EART WORK

It’s the prosses of Removing or building of human embankment


I. BULK EXCAVATION
It’s a type of excavating work, that massive area of soil and rocks are digging out from the
construction site by considering working space According to design.
Bulk excavation has level surface at the bottom, this Process is used to prepare the construction
site for mat foundation or pit excavation work.
Mostly bulk excavation preferable for the case of
➢ A building which have basement floor
➢ To Removing poor soil
➢ to avoiding low bearing capacity of a soil
➢ Used for raft/mat foundation
II. PIT EXCAVATION
It’s a types of excavation work, that a footing pad area is digging out from the construction site by
considering work space According to design.
pit excavation is mostly preferable for case of footing pad (L-footing, isolated footing, combined
etc.) but all pit excavated surface are leveled at the bottom. So, pit excavation prepares the
construction site to foundation work and Trench excavation
III. TRENCH EXCAVATION
It’s a types of excavation work, that excavated for masonry wall and Grad beam works. Most
trench excavation was done by daily labor Bulk excavation

Pit excavation
Fig 6 Excavation work

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Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

IV. BACK FILL


Backfill is the process of fill up of excavated spaces by hard core or selective materials. mostly,
the excavated soils from the construction site is not approved for the purpose of back fill.
Therefore, fill up by selected material is recommended.
Back fill is needed in the following places
- Back fill around the footing
- Back fill around Masonry
- Back fill Hardcore
Volume (m3) = Back fill-up Area x Back fill Depth / 0.9
NB 0.9 is rate that, convert expansion to compaction
V. COMPACTION
Compaction is a prosses of compact the hard core to improve high density and uniform layer, by
using roller or appropriate compacter, this improves soil strength, lowers its permeability and
reduces future settlement. So, it can bear any load comes above it.
Fill shall be placed in successive stages of not exceeding 200mm and water showering and
compacted to approval by the Engineer (if necessary check by fill density test or compaction
test)
Check Each layer to be well rammed and consolidated with the addition of water as necessary
to achieve the required compaction. The maximum layer of fill for one-time
compaction does not exceed 20cm.
VI. CART AWAY
This is disposing or transporting off the extra-excavated material away from the construction
site. The soil excavated from bulk, pit & Trench excavation will be disposed, if it’s not used as
a backfill.

Back fill compaction Cart away

Fig 7 Earth Work


5. LEAN CONCRETE
After the excavation and compaction work is done the next step is make foundation, but before
reinforcement there should be lean concrete.

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Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

Lean concrete is a mix where the amount of cement is lower than the amount of liquid present
in the strata. This makes it ideal as the base layer where other kinds of concrete are placed at the
top. It is a concrete which has less water cement ratio having less percentage of cement paste. In
which aggregates are lean together with very less cement paste, it is usually a low slump concrete
used in construction of footings and foundations
Most of the time the c-5 grade concrete is called lean concrete. It is mostly used under
sub structures. It has 50 mm thick qualify of C-5 with minimum cement content of 150 kg/m3 of
concrete. The ratio of 1:3:4 It has some advantages like;
➢ It acts like a hard stratum
➢ It protects all sub structural elements from extra moisture.
➢ It prevents the soil particles under substructures from any relative movement
We use lean concrete in all part of structure which has a direct contact with the soil: Under
footing pad, under grade beam, under masonry foundation, under retaining wall.
Quantity M3 (volume) = Area X 0.05m

Fig 8 lean concrete


6. FORMWORK
Then I was sow composite wood and steel form work which is depending the shape of the
construction work.
The formwork is temporary construction material used as a mold for structure with
required size and shape while controlling its position and alignment to support and form concrete
members. It can be mainly made up of timber plywood steel and aluminum material of any
desired shape mostly rectangular. It also treated with oil or releasing agent to prevent
sticking of formwork with concrete Thus, it can be named based on the type of structural member
construction such as slab formwork, beam formwork, column formwork, footing formwork, etc.
In our site the formworks that we preferred to use tow they from perspective view of the material
they are made of i.e. used plywood and metal formworks for the erection of beams columns shear
walls and stairs cases.
E.x. Plywood, H-frame or scaffolding, Probs, RHS

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Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

When the concrete has reached the strength, the formwork is no longer needed and is removed.
The operation of removing formwork is called striping. After stripping the removed formwork
is reused for another structural element.
Period of removal of formwork (Stripping times)
➢ Vertical formwork for columns, beams and walls…………………...18 hrs.
➢ Soffit formwork to slab and stair case………………………….........21 days.
➢ Soffit formwork to beam……………………..……………………...21 days.
➢ Props to slab………………………………...……………………….14 days.
➢ Props to beam………………………………………………………...14 days
Formwork must full fill the following requirement
➢ It must be accurately set out
➢ the material of formwork should be suitable for re-use of several time
➢ should be strong enough to carry the lodes placed on it, E.x dead weight of the fresh
concrete, reinforcement, HCB and daily labors
➢ the joint in the form work should be tight agent’s linkage
➢ should be Brushed by releasing agent or oils

Fig 9 formworks
7. SPACER (CLEAR COVER)
It’s a space b/n reinforcement and formwork or lean concrete. The spacers are tied to the rebar before
casting the concrete
It has the purpose of protecting the rebar from corrosion, fire resistance also give reinforcing bar
sufficient imbedding to enable them to be stress without stepping
On our site we have seen spacer used in different structural elements
For sub-structural works ….……………………..……….50mm
For super-structural works for beam and columns… 25mm
for slab and stair ……20mm

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Eyoel Ashagre R/Eng/0971/07
Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

Fig 10 Spacer
8. REINFORCEMENT WORK
Reinforcement bars are a rounded steel bars with different size and shape of deformed
type used in reinforced concrete. Steel reinforcement is generally used in the form of bars or
circular cross section in concrete structure. Steel is one of the best forms of reinforcement, to
take care of those stresses and to strengthen the concrete to bear all kinds of loads. All
reinforcement bars are of the specified quality and in accordance with the standard technical
specification. The bars should be store in clean and dry area and also sheltered from rainfall. It
should be reasonably free from corrosion, rust and other impurities, such as grease, oil and other
kind of dirt which affect the strength of reinforcement. When it’s rust we should be brushed it
b/c of many types of dirty which affect the strength of reinforcement
NB check The Bar dimeter by Verner caliper
The Bar length By Meter
The steel strength no
It’s very important that the reinforcement is made up and placed strictly in accordance with the
drawing and that is so maintained during the placing reinforcement bars overlap location. During
the arrangement of reinforcement for the construction we have different types of reinforcement
bars
Stirrups
Stirrups Serve as shear reinforcement and are tied on longitudinal reinforcement to provide
resistance against outward buckling. The stirrups are different spacing for column and beam.
Most of the time we use 6 and8 bars for stirrups. They are placed to provide diagonal shear
resistance,
in our site I sow D/t types of stirrups for column spiral, circular, rectangular, diamond etc.
Longitudinal reinforcement or +ve bar
Longitudinal bars are the vertical bars, which are in the vertical alignment within the column and
horizontal alignment in the slab and beam. They resist bending forces in beam, axial compression
in the column and bending stress in slab.

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Eyoel Ashagre R/Eng/0971/07
Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

Reinforcement placed to resist moment created by flexure, torsion, vertical load and it also
support shear reinforcement and other force longitudinal reinforcement proved resistance to
compressive and tensile lode and tensile lode with concrete.

Negative bars–
these bars is used to resist negative moment. Most of the time they are found at the support of
the beams. They are placed on 1/3 of span length from the center of the column to top, where
bending moment is maximum.
Chair Bar (Kebelto)
➢ it’s uphold the gap between upper and lower cage
➢ it supports the upper cage
➢ mostly used in solid slab and mat foundation
lapping length
There are three types of lapping length depend on position of overlap. When found at the bottom
of support lapping length is 40φ in mm, when it’s found at top of middle span lapping length
is 20φ in mm, when it’s on column 50φ in mm. Reinforcing steel can be used in the forms of the
bar that are either plain & Deformed
Ties of reinforcement
When bar diameter greater than φ8 we use double tie
When bar diameter greater than 32 it should be weld.
Type of supplies L shape tie
8 shape ties
O shape

Fig 11 Reinforcement

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Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

9. CONCRETE WORK
concrete is made by mixture of cement, sand, aggregate, water, air and admixture if required.
The strength and quality of concrete depend not only on the quality and quantity of the materials,
but on the procedures used in combining these materials and the skill involved in the
transportation, placing, compaction, finishing and curing of concrete.
Cement: the cement powder, when mixed with water forms paste. This past acts like glue and
holds or bonds the aggregate together. It’s like binding agent
Aggregate: used for strength, resistance for cover large volume. Based on size two types of
aggregates fine and cores.
Fine Aggregate (sand): - Its size greater than 4.75mm pass aggregate e.x. crashed sand (00)
aggregate and river sand Used for to fill void b/n (filler) Coarse aggregate Its size at 25mm pass
at 20mm retied Its cover large area
Water: Water fit for drinking is generally suitable for concrete. It facilitates the spreading of
cement over the aggregate and makes the mix workable.
Admixture: -unlike cement, aggregate and water are not an essential component of the concrete
mix, but they are important and increasingly widespread component that are used to improve
certain properties of concrete.
An admixture can be defined as chemical product which is added to the concrete mix in qualities
no longer than 5%by mass of cement during mixing operation prior to the placing of concrete
for achieving specific modification to normal properties of concrete.
Type of admixture
1 retarder: - used to increase the initial setting time of concrete, mostly used in transportation
process when the concrete plan Bach is far from construction site
2 accelerators: - used to decrease initial setting time concrete, mostly used in pile casting process
when it has underground water table appear
3air entries
4 plasticizers: - used to reduce amount of water that present in mixed concrete large enough
5 super-plasticizers: - used to form concrete to jelly property during pumping process of concrete
On my site, used concrete making materials are: OPC type of cement, well graded coarse
aggregate,with good quality of sand and clean water.
MIXING OF CONCRETE
Mixing of concrete materials should be done thoroughly to ensure the uniform
distribution of materials in concrete mass & this can be judged by consistency of concrete.
Method of mix may be hand mix or mechanical (machine) mix. In our site mixing process is
done in standing mixer.

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Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

This all is about how I was investigated on foundation work. As I mentioned I explain that, we
were used C-30 for foundation work and C-25 concrete grade for major components of structures,
and here a table for concrete material









Table 4 Box Size of Concrete Grade


PLACING OF CONCRETE
Concrete should be deposited (poured) as near as possible to its final position in order to
reduce segregation. Problems that arise due to poor handling and placing of fresh concrete are
segregation and bleeding.
COMPACTION OF CONCRETE
After the concrete had been placed, the compaction or consolidation has been started
using vibrator. The purpose of vibration or consolidation is to expel or eliminate the air bubbles
from the concrete mass to the maximum extent in order to achieve maximum density of concrete.
But Over vibrate produced bleeding
Under vibration form honeycomb
CURING OF CONCRETE
Curing of concrete is a process of keeping mixing water design so hydration continue up to max
compressive strength gained E.x. for PPC 45 Day and OPC 28 Day
The curing time may depend on concrete type, the type of the structural element and
environment of the working station. There are two setting times of concrete namely, initial
setting time and final setting time.
Initial setting time is a time that takes for Mixing, discharging, transporting and casting period
required up to (30-45min)
Final setting time: - is a time that found b/n after cast of concrete to starting period of curing, so
it takes a minimum time of (10hr or 600min)

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Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

CONCRETE TEST
1 SLUMP TEST
The concrete slump test measures the consistency of fresh concrete and water cement ratio before it
sets.it is performed to cheek the workability of fresh made concrete.it can also be used as an indicator
of an improperly mixed batch. The tools (cone) has an internal diameter of 10cm at the top and 20cm
at the bottom with height of 30cm.
Procedure for concrete slump cone tests
1.clean the slump and apply oil (releasing agent)
2 fill the cone with concrete mix in 3 approximately equal layer
3 tamp 25 times each layer by tamping rods
4 remove the excess concrete and level the surface with trowel
5 raise the cone from the concrete immediately and slowly in vertical direction.
6 measuring the distance from the top of the slumped concrete to the level of the top of the slump
cone. medium workability mixes with slump 60-90mm are typically used for normal reinforced
concrete placed.
Note. if there no thumping roads we use bar its length 60cm and its diameter 16mm.
2 CUBIC TESTS
This test used for test compressive strength of concrete
Procedure for cubic test
Arrange minimum nine (9) molds 15*15*15 size
Clean the molds and apply oil (releasing agent)
Fill the concrete in molds by three-layer approximal 5cm thick and blows 25 times by tamping rod.
Level the top surface and vibrate by table vibrator in this case vibrator used for avoiding air.
After 18-24 hrs we soak in water.
After 7,21,28 days we break this concrete cube by compression testing machine
Age strength percent
3 45
21 85
28 >95
3 HAMMER TESTS
We use this test after 28 day we finish casting the concrete to test compressive strength in Map

Fig 12 Concrete Test

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Eyoel Ashagre R/Eng/0971/07
Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

Fig 13 Concrete Work


10. FOUNDATION
The lowest artificially built part of a structure which transmits the load of the structure to the
ground is called foundation. The foundation of the structure is always constructed below ground
level to increase lateral stability of the structure.
Type of foundation
In our site I was familiar with mat, combined and isolated footing.

A. RAFT OR MAT FOUNDATION


A raft or mat is a footing type, that covers the entire area beneath a structure and supports all the columns.
When the allowable soil pressure is low, or the structure loads are heavy, the use of spread footings would
cover more than one-half of the area. It is also used where the soil mass contains compressible layers so
that the differential settlement would be difficult to control the raft tends to bridge over the erratic deposits
and eliminates the differential settlement.
When reinforcing bar compression is at the bottom and tension is at the top so we add more bar on tension
part that means on the upper. It looks like inverted slab
Procedure to construct raft/mat foundation.
➢ Excavate bulk with a give depth and width
➢ Place hard core
➢ Compact by compacter machine
➢ 50mm lean concrete, when it has ground water we use water proof and forms like sandwich
structure
➢ Place formwork in all side
➢ Insert spacer below the bottom bar
➢ Reinforce the bar according to design
➢ Cast the concrete.

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Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

B. ISOLATED /SPREAD FOOTING


It used to support individual column load. These are the most common type of foundation, primarily
because of their cost and easy to construct. They are most often used on sites with moderate to good soil
condition.
C. COMBINED FOOTINGS
Combined footings are types of footings which are used in our site, and support two or more columns
within the same footings. They can be rectangular or trapezoidal in shape. We use
Combined footings based on the following criteria.
➢ If two isolated footings overlap on each other
➢ If there is lack of working area
➢ If two isolated footings are too close
➢ If there is a boundary line
If two columns with different load/ stress are close one to the other, in this case to make the load
distribution uniform, we combine them
Procedure to construct a footing pad
➢ Pit Excavate with the given dimension
➢ Check the length, width and the depth
➢ Place hard core
➢ Compact by compactor machine
➢ 50mm lean concrete
➢ Construct a pad form work
➢ Reinforce the bottom in the given center to center and diameter
➢ Insert spacer below the bottom bar
➢ Tie the footing column
➢ Cast the concrete
➢ Remove the form work in the next day

Fig 14 foundation work

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Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

11. GRADE BEAM


Reinforced concrete beam placed directly on the poured lean concrete on to the ground to provide
the foundation for the supper structure. A grade beam connects two or more short columns (foundation
columns), they are highly reinforced compared with the upper floor beams. And they were used
stirrups of Ф8 at given c/c spacing throughout the length of beams for resisting shear force.
Procedure followed to construct a grade beam
➢ trench excavation
➢ Place hard core
➢ Compact by compactor machine
➢ 50mm lean concrete
➢ Side formworks
➢ Tie +Ve and –Ve bars
➢ Tie stirrups on the given c/c
➢ Check the c/c and the required bars existence
➢ Insert spacer b/n the bars and the form work
➢ Cast the concrete

fig 1. 1 Grade Beam

12. SHEAR WALL


Shear wall is a structural system composed of braced panels to counter the effects of lateral load
acting on a structure. Shear wall in building construction, a rigid vertical diaphragm capable of
transferring lateral forces from exterior walls, floors to the ground foundation in a direction parallel
to their planes.

Thus, retaining is a vertical member used for resisting horizontal loads, and mainly shear wall is
used for structures which are exposed to heavy loads and some environmental factors like seismic
and wind load.

Also, most of the time basement floor wall are constructed from shear wall, because under
basement the lateral earth load is much heavy thus mostly blocks cannot support and resist the load
from the lateral earth pressure.

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Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

In shear wall construction, we were make the following major works

Reinforcement work
Formwork preparation
Concrete casting

NB, we use Tierode for avoid cracking and to support formwork

Fig 15 shear Wall


13. WATER PROOFING WORK
as I mentioned still the building is under the sub-structure works. And have a basement floor
with shear wall, thus in order to protect the percolation of water in to the building there must be
a water proofing work executed.
Water proofing work is a system which is made for concrete structures in order to protect water
percolation through the concrete. If water percolates through concrete structures, the durability
of the building will decrease and in some extent the building may collapse down.
I was familiar with water proofing work after the construction of the basement shear wall, then
by selecting a material for proofing and plastered on it
Most of the time some constructions sites were does not consider water proofing work as major
construction work, but this is not correct. Especially if there is a basement floor it must be done.
The water proofing work can be done by many systems
➢ by painting water proofing chemicals in to retaining wall
➢ by plastering water proofing substance on the wall by Heating
➢ making an extra wall closed to the building wall

We were used a plastic substance to proofing water and plastered by heating it. And also in order
to protect the substance from scratching an extra block wall was built closed to the shear wall.

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Eyoel Ashagre R/Eng/0971/07
Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

Fig 16 Water proof work


14. COLUMN
Columns are reinforced structures which transmit the axial loads to the foundations. It is used to
Carry and transfer loads from slabs, roofs and beams to the foundation.
Columns vary in size and shape. There are circular as well as rectangular columns in shape, the
circular column have higher required reinforcement than rectangular and esthetically beautiful.
As we know theoretically column has longitudinal (resist lateral load and axial load with aid of
concrete) and lateral reinforcement /stirrups (prevent buckling and tie the longitudinal
reinforcement).
Procedure followed to construct a column.
➢ First “kracher” is fixed for marking center and edge of a column.
➢ Overlap the reinforcement bars with reference of structural drawing.
➢ Fix the formwork
➢ The form work will be fixed with “kravat” and “stanga” and it should be checked for
the actual position by suspending “plumb bob” in two opposite sides of column and
with reference of other columns.
➢ Cast concrete as per design.
➢ Remove the form work on the next day and curing it with wet cover

kracher kravat

stanga

Fig 17 column work

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Eyoel Ashagre R/Eng/0971/07
Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

15. BEAM
Beam is structural members which span horizontally, that resist loads by means of internal moments
and shear forces. There are two categories of beams depending on their positions; these are grade
beams and upper floor beams. As their name implies, the upper floor beams are the beams found
above the ground surface. This beam can be primary and secondary beam.
Primary(main) beam is a type beam that runs from column to column, in this case the load
transfer directly to the column.
Secondary (distributed) beam is a type beam that runs from beam to beam not connected to the
column, in this case the load transfer directly to the primary beam and also the primary (main)
beam transfer the load to the column.
Procedure followed to construct upper floor
➢ Tie form work
➢ Tie +Ve and –Ve bars
➢ Tie stirrups on the given c/c
➢ Check the c/c and the required bars existence
➢ Insert spacer b/n the bars and the form work
➢ Keep the form work
➢ Cast the concrete

Fig 18 Beam Work


16. STAIR CASE
Stairs are set of steps leading from one floor to another and are provided in a building to afford
as means of communication b/n varies floor. stair case is seen as connectors between at least two
different levels. this is super structure necessary for the building which has additional floor to
the ground floor of the building to another floor part of the building.
# Procedure followed to construct stair case
➢ Tie main bars on the grade beam
➢ Keep form work
➢ Mesh it in both direction
➢ Insert spacer b/n inclined form work and main bars
➢ Bend the bars 1/3 of the span around support
➢ Tie 90-degree bended bars for riser

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➢ Keep spacer
➢ Form work for the riser
➢ Cheek the required alignment
➢ Cast the concrete

FIG 19 STAIR CASE


17. SLAB
Structural slabs are constructed to provide flat surfaces, usually horizontal, in building floors,
roofs and any other types of structures. Floor slabs are classified in to two as their positions or
levels. These are ground floor and suspended or upper floors
A. GROUND FLOOR SLAB
Ground floor slab it is a type of floor which is directly contact on the ground surface, The grade
beam is used only for partition of floor in to the ground not for the purpose of support load on to
ground floor
The ground slab which used to prevent crack developed by settlement, temperature change,
shrinkage, expansion and another factor. mostly ground floor mesh is not construct with grade
beam (not inter lock with grade beam) because to allow the ground slab to freely move in case
of settlement and expansion.
The Procedures on placing of ground floor slab
➢ Place Hard core in to the space that formed by grade beam
➢ Compaction by using vibrators
➢ Mesh it in both direction by 8 Ø
➢ Concrete work
Suspended slab
The slab that supported by column not directly contact with ground surface is called suspended
slab, suspended Slabs are classified based on their construction process and shapes. These are
solid slab, flat slab and ribbed slab.

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Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

B. SOLID SLAB
Solid slab has a depth of (13mm-23mm) and that shows beams. solid slab is high costly than
ribbed slab and heavy in weight. It requires high amount of concrete because of its high strength
and depth It is used only for the area which supports relatively high load and ground leveling of
the slab. The slab constructed in my site two way because ly/lx<2 (less than two), the
reinforcement bar arrangements into two directional and loads are transfer unequally in to
primary beam.
The Procedures on placing of suspended Beam and Slab can be summarized as follows:

➢ Place H-frame or scaffolding


➢ Construct beam form work
➢ put ply wood
➢ arrange beam reinforcement
➢ Then arrange slab reinforcement
➢ Electrical, plumbing and sanitary installation
➢ Arrange electrical and sanitary fittings
➢ Check c/c , +ve and –ve bars
➢ Cast concrete both in slab and beams at once solid slab work

Fig 20 solid slab work

C. RIBBED SLABS
It is a type of slab which uses HCB, wide bend beams running between columns and narrow
ribs. Ribbed slab can be selected for the following reasons: -
➢ Relatively light in weight and less expensive and economical.
➢ Has high capacity of sound absorbance or excellent vibration control
➢ For flexible uses of the construction
➢ Durable for low live load slab construction
In this construction site ribbed slabs are used for all the floors excluding ground floor. Hollow
block of 24mm is used but around the bathroom area 18mm of hollow blocks are use for more
dampness resistance. The U-bar used has the diameter of 6mm.

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Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

The procedure that were used to constrict this slab are as follows

➢ The scaffoldings were erected by an appropriate height and put ply wood
➢ The beam reinforcements were placed in position
➢ Electrical, plumbing and sanitary installation
➢ U bars are constricted
➢ Negative bars were placed near the supports and Meshes the upper surface of slab
➢ Casting of mass concrete proceeds by the specified depth using a vibrator

Fig 21 Ribbed Slab

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Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

2.4 CHALLENGES WHILE PERFORM TASKS


It is clear that I am a practicing employer. Due to this there are some challenges which faced me
at the real construction site.
Some of the challenges are: -
➢ Unwillingness of some professional persons to share their experience and practical
knowledge.
➢ Local (site) names of equipment and materials in the site
➢ Lack of computer access in the office during office work.
➢ During at the time of working on the site there are lacks safety which may endanger health.
➢ Lack of software skill.
➢ The office workers were busy, and they don't have time to help us, especially quantity
surveyor and to show Bill of quantity as well as general office works.
➢ Freezing of the project, because of shortage of material in the site when perform my tasks.
2.5 MEASURES IN OVERCOMING THE CHALLENGES
Some of the measures in overcoming the challenges are:
➢ Creating relation with Forman and site supervisor and I asked them. After that I became
familiar with every work and understood well.
➢ Creating smooth relation with unwilling persons.
➢ I asked carpenters and other daily laborers, through time I became familiar with all the site
names.
➢ I asked the foreman and he answered me “this is a new and temporary office. Therefore, we
will try to fulfill every facility for future. “Therefore, I did all office works manually.
➢ When I move here and there on the site I moved with great care. As a result, I finished the
tasks safely without any danger.
➢ I convince myself that I can adopt all site conditions such as the discrepancy of theoretical
learning and practical work.
➢ I have tried to come with my handouts daily and concerning with each other activity, in
addition to, using cape to solve rainy related problems.

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Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

CHAPTER THREE
BENEFITS OF THE INTERNSHIP
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Internship program is a method of letting the students to assume themselves as a potentially
responsible workman for a particular work by assigning them to actively participating in
construction company. And such trends help students to have valuable work experience.
Internship programs are also potentially valuable to company.
In this internship that means within these four months I observed what the outside
construction world looks like more than what I used to know when I was at school. At school I
learned or took many theoretical lessons even difficult to understand theoretically. So in this
internship period I have got opportunity to solve these difficulties. Because those things which
were theoretically difficult to understand, were not that much hard to understand when I faced it
practically.
The overall benefits of the internship are not limited to the practical skill only. I would
like to group the overall benefits in terms of different categories such as:
➢ In terms of improving practical skill
➢ In terms of upgrading theoretical knowledge
➢ In terms of improving interpersonal communication skill
➢ In terms of improving team playing skill
➢ In terms of improving leadership skill
➢ In terms of understanding about work ethics related issues
➢ In terms of entrepreneurship skill

3.2 PRACTICAL SKILL


the first thing I have get from my internship experience is practical skill. This is also the target
of university linkage administration office of my university.
Practical skill: - means skill performed by hands (as in tying a knot) or with human intervention
using equipment, tools or technology requiring guidance, force or movement.
I have theoretical knowledge from my 7 semester classes, thus this internship investigation helps
me to compare and contrast my theoretical knowledge with the practical.
➢ I get a knowledge about how my structural designs will apply on real construction, and their
purpose on buildings.
➢ I get technical knowledge about how structural members and components of a structure
construct and methods of construction
➢ I get a knowledge about construction materials and equipment’s with their techniques and
methods of application
➢ I get a knowledge about reading of detail drawings
➢ I get a knowledge about how reinforcement bars arranged and how it becomes structural
member
➢ I get knowledge about how formwork is constructed for a temporary mold and its techniques
of construction

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➢ I get a knowledge about how concrete works are done


➢ I get a knowledge about mixing ratio of concrete materials at desired grade of concrete. And
sizes of boxes.
➢ I get knowledge about site language of a construction materials and construction
equipment’s and their site names
➢ I get a knowledge about types of construction machines and their methods of operations on
site.
➢ I get a knowledge about how quality of construction materials checked and standards of
material which are available at the market.
3.3 THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE
Besides improving practical skill this program provides the student a chance to apply our
theoretical knowledge in the real construction world. Because to understand the practical world
everybody has to refer what we have learned before.
As every student & staff knows almost all the courses we took focused on theoretical part, thanks
to this internship program we now able to upgrade our theoretical knowledge by practice. So I
can say that my knowledge is upgraded by the practical things I saw when I was at the site.
3.4 INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION SKILL
It’s the ability to convey information to another effectively and efficiently. Business managers
with good verbal, non-verbal and written communication skill helps facilitate the sharing of
information between people within a company for its commercial benefit.
I have exercised communication skill with contractors, Engineers, Forman, etc. This helps me to
upgrade my listening and understanding abilities. I had also a conversation with non-professional
workers by understanding the way they express their ideas. This needs a great patience,
respecting and understanding people's ideas and using the local language.
While accomplishing my task at the project site i have been able to increase my interpersonal
communication competence i.e. the ability to use verbal and nonverbal language and behavior
successfully in a variety of situations.
I believe that I have improved my interpersonal communication skill as i have learned the barriers
of effective communication lies in the difference between interpersonal needs and failures to
acknowledge the rules associated with interpersonal communication. I’m surprised to learn that
one of the most significant ways to influence others in a positive way is by effectively listening
to them.
3.5 IMPROVING TEAM PLAYING SKILL
Since this internship program have arranged in order to practice theoretically knowledge, share
common experiences and getting addition information from the team which found in site
especially from experienced worker.
Especially in case of mistake happens on specific work; I learnt that as a team member how could
investigate such error and reach to the solution. Here, adopt the skill of decision-making and
conflict management whenever necessary. Additionally, I was gain the skill of comparing one’s
idea within a group member before going to reject the idea that might be important and gain
benefits in terms of improving my skills in different way in terms of what is expect from me as

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a team member. This means how to accomplish site works, acting as a group or a team. Some of
the benefits that I had got in this skill
Task oriented
➢ Generating new ideas and discussing on it.
➢ Asking and sharing questions and ideas with each other about the tasks.
➢ Explaining ideas within a group
➢ Communicate each other with respectful and understandable ways.
➢ Sharing work task together.
Social role oriented
➢ Keeping communication channel open
➢ Understanding difference between the group;
➢ Appreciate the ideas of the others.
➢ Conflict management skill
➢ Accept the group idea, etc.
Generally, I can improve team-playing skill very well. This is the main skill have to be improved
in our daily life, so I got this experience for

3.6 IMPROVING LEADERSHIP SKILL


Since construction work by itself relates with so many disciplines and different workers,
accordingly these workers have their own position at work place based on their education status
and experience in works so it is necessary to be one as a leader and the others leaded. Leadership
is a skill to guide, control and monitor peoples. A leader is basic for the whole project to be
hindered well. Leadership started from planning. This helps to know the progress of the work
have to be done and the required goal to be achieved. After having a good plan by organizing the
team and creating best strategies, we could achieve our goal.
If there is a good leadership throughout the whole construction work, the following things done
smoothly

➢ Wastage of materials and labor is controlled


➢ Proper co-ordination between all the categories of person will improved.
➢ The quality of products and workmanship will be better.
➢ Work has properly executed as per specifications.
➢ The work can be finished as per the specified period.
In my internship time, I have observed some tasks, which were related more of with
leadership.
➢ I have seen how each worker is controlled and organized to perform its day-to-day activities.
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Eyoel Ashagre R/Eng/0971/07
Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

➢ I have actually observed the method of controlling the working time and amount of work
done by each worker so that the work proceeds according to the work plan.
➢ For effective leadership I understood that personal values like confidence, effective
communication and devotion are very important.
➢ I was a witness when the Forman and supervisor responsibility to control and supervise some
activity.
Generally, the internship time helps me to get and improve the skills to be a leader. Some of
them are good speaking ability, to have the ability to listen to others, to be decisive, good
management skills and to know the subject one is working on thoroughly.
3.7 ETHICAL BEHAVIORS
The company has rules and regulations about the work ethics at work place, and this helps me to
conduct some ethical behaviors.
➢ Punctuality; I understand that I have to be punctual, because my punctuality aids other
workers to be punctual.
➢ Reliability; I understand that my reliability for the company brings me works satisfaction and
also plays a vital role for the development of the company.
➢ Efficiency; being efficient helps to decrease errors at construction and if there is no error
there will not be failure
➢ Open mindedness; open mindedness can bring a good communication with labors. This helps
for the effectiveness of the work.
3.8 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SKILL
From this internship investigation, I get a knowledge about how can i become an entrepreneur
and helps me to understand job opportunities and application mechanism of the construction
sector. If I become contracts or sub – contracts
So after graduation I’m ready to invent a job opportunity and generate an income for myself and
for peoples who needs my help.
The following works are recommended for fresh graduates, because those works need a small
capital and gives a better income.
➢ HCB production
➢ Become sub- contractors
➢ Cobble stone works.
➢ Construction equipment’s rent

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Eyoel Ashagre R/Eng/0971/07
Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

4.1 CONCLUSION
I think it would be fair to say the internship program has been a helpful experience in exposing
us to the real engineering work. It can also be expressed as an exciting even depending upon how
excited one really is to put his theoretical knowledge into practice.
Also, this program creates an opportunity to think in what way we should learn and what type of
knowledge should we have to gather before we leave. For the students the program opens the
space to have some relation with some personnel and company. Which in turn minimize the
number of idles in the country.
These days the technology of construction industry has been improved. Consequently, modern
and new construction techniques and material usage is in practice. This has greatly required the
improvement of the work methodology. As a result, the supervision work shall also be improved.
So, it is clear that the supervisor has a big role to improve the time quality and cost controlling
in the construction industry. To implement these parameters (time, cost and quality) the
experience of the supervisor shall be carefully determined by the consultant depending on the
size and complexity of the project.
Additional to the above having this internship in this time helps us to know what will be expected
from us as civil engineers. Such us
o Being practically rich
o Being confident in theoretical knowledge
o Team working ability
o Creativity and problem-solving ability ...
Generally, the purpose of this Internship (apparent) program was to introduce students with
working condition and mostly it helps students to grasp knowledge from practicing the theory
which they have been learning in the class. This program gave us good practical skills and made
us familiar to the outside real construction world. Most the theoretical things we been leaned got
illustrated here in this program, which develops more our confidence in the theoretical
knowledge.

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Eyoel Ashagre R/Eng/0971/07
Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

4.2 RECOMMENDATION
During my internship experience period I have seen some positive and negative sides about the
internship hosting company and area of improvement of the internship program. So, I want to
raise my personal opinion to improve the internship for future students. In this part of my report
I will try to suggest some ideas for my internship hosting company and my department.
The following are the recommendations that I made to solve the problems and I hope they might
help the company:
➢ Necessary safety materials and first aid should be prepared for workers and site visitors.
➢ Poor Handling of steel (rebar) on the site the problem with drawing should be corrected.
Because each and everything must have done with only the design given unless and
otherwise it must be design again.
➢ Slump test and silt content test should be conducted on the site.
➢ Carelessness of using spacer, on keeping/storing construction materials and on batching,
mixing, pouring, placing and vibration of concrete should be stopped.
➢ All construction rules should be respected in day to day activities to avoid or reduce
different problems.

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Eyoel Ashagre R/Eng/0971/07
Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

Appendix
Site words Rough meaning

Tumby Plum bob

Cristy T shape like scaffold for slab and beam to keep stand the formworks

Kerebat Timber material used to keep the column formwork fixed.

Kabaleto Rebar chair

Berga One 12 m bar

Flaudi Single formwork

Fondo Bottom formwork

Sponda Side form work

Squadra keep some area rectangle or make each angle 90

Soleta Slab

Stafa Stirrup

stanga inclining layer used to keep column fixed

Gindila It horizontal layer on slap that keep stanga fixed

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Eyoel Ashagre R/Eng/0971/07
Department of civil Engineering WSU/2018

Reference Book
 My own internship site diary, 2010E.C
 Company profile,www.bamacon engineering profile,10/11/2010 E.C, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
 EBCS-2, Structural use of concrete,1995,AddisAbaba Etiopia
 http://www.civileblog.com,8/12/2010E.C, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
 A text book of Building Construction , Dr. Abebe Dinku Addis Ababa University , 2007 ,Addis
Ababa Ethiopia
 Building construction practices , Eng Henok Asfaw, August 2015 ,Addis Ababa Ethiopia

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