Fort Reno DERP FUDS Archives Search Report

Defense Environmental Restoration Program
for
Formerly Used Defense Sites
Ordnance and Explosives
ARCHIVES SEARCH REPORT
AAA Fort Reno

Washington, D.C.
Project Number - C03DC048401
FINAL – 20 SEPTEMBER 2006
Prepared by
US ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
ST. LOUIS DISTRICT
C03DC048401_01.02_0003_a
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
HUNTSVILLE CENTER, CORPS OF ENGINEERS
P,O, BOX 1600
HUNTSVILLE, ALABAMA 35807-4301
CEHNC-OE-CX 20 September 2006
MEMORANDUM FOR Commander, US Army Engineering District, Baltimore

(CENAB-PP-E/Jack Butler), PO Box 1715 Baltimore, MD 21203-1715
SUBJECT: Defense Environmental Restoration Program, Formerly Used Defense Sites,

Ordnance and Explosives, Chemical Warfare Materials, Archives Search Report (ASR), Fort
Reno, Washington, D.C., Project No. C03DC048401.
1. Enclosed is the final ASR Technical Advisory Group (TAG) package for the above subject
site. In accordance with the TAG review, a RAC 5 has been assigned.
2. Remove the existing "draft" cover from ASR. Replace with enclosed cover and package.
3. A RAC 5 will be entered into FUDSMIS by CEHNC.
4. The District needs to ensure ASR is entered into P1RS.
5. 1fyou disagree or have any questions concerning the action, please call me at 256-895-1797
or DSN 760-1767.
FOR THE DIRECTOR:
~--..,,'~~~
Encl DANNYR RDIS
Archives Search Report Manager
CF:
Commander, US Army Engineer District, St Louis (CEMVS-EC-PlMichael Dace),
1212 Spruce Street, St Louis, MO 63103-2822 (w/encls)
DISCLAIMER
The purpose of this archives search report is to present the findings of research undertaken for
this specific Formerly Used Defense Site (FUDS) property. All of the factual information found
during the research is included in this “Findings” volume. Reference may be made in this
volume to a separate “Conclusions and Recommendations” volume. In some instances, the
Conclusions and Recommendations volume contained recommendations of individuals
performing the analysis that may contain inferences or conjecture not supported in subsequent
reviews. Because these statements are not always factual in nature, the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers has determined the Conclusions and Recommendations volumes, where they exist, do
not necessarily represent the opinion of the USACE and are not available for public release.
Ordnance and Explosives / Chemical Warfare Materials
~ ARCHIVES SEARCH REPORT - FINDINGS
IiiIiiIJ AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D. C.

Project Number - C03DC04840 1
March 1997
Prepared by the:
u.s. Anny Corps of Engineers

St. Louis District
Ordnance and Technical Services Branch
Engineering Division
1222 Spruce Street
St. Louis, MO 63103-2833
The following individuals comprised the archive search team:
Name Phone Number CELMS- Position

Kenneth J. (Kenny) Brimm 314-331-8797 ED-P Historian
Jessica Bush 314-331-8446 ED-G Geotechnical
Randal (Randy) Curtis . 314-331-8786 ED-P ASR Project Manager
Michael (Mike) Dace 314-331-8036 ED-P Chief of Ordnance and
Technical Service Branch
Gary Dyhouse 314-331-8362 ED-HE Hydrology & Climate
Gregg E. Kocher 314-331-8790 ED-P Safety Specialist
Shirley Hamilton 314-331-8848 ED-P Project Assistant
Sharon Hornback 314-331-8388 ED-HG CADD Specialist
James (Jim) Luebbert 314-331-8840 ED-P Historian
Lynn Neher 314-331-8880 PD-A Biologist
Rick Webster 314-331-8639 ED-HG Aerial Photography
Interpretation
f'IIr.I ARCHIVES SEARCH REPORT - FINDINGS
IiiIiiI AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D.C.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION Page 1-1

1.1 AUTHORITY Page 1-1
1.2 SUBJECT Page 1-1
1.3 PURPOSE Page 1-1
1.4 SCOPE Page 1-2
2.0 PREVIOUS SITE INVESTIGATIONS Page 2-1

2.1 CORPS OF ENGINEERS DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 2-1
2.2 OTHER REPORTS Page 2-1
3.0 SITE DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 3-1

3.1 LAND USE Page 3-1
3.2 CLIMATIC DATA Page 3-1
3.3 GEOLOGY AND SOILS Page 3-3
3.4 HYDROLOGY Page 3-4
3.5 ECOLOGY Page 3-5
3.6 DEMOGRAPHICS Page 3-6
4.0 SITE HISTORY Page 4-1

4.1 HISTORICAL SITE SUMMARY Page 4-1
4.1.1 General Site History . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 4-1
4.1.2 Summary of DE Activities Page 4-2
4.1.3 Summary of CWM Activities Page 4-3
4.1.4 Certificates of Clearance Page 4-3
4.2 REVIEW OF HISTORICAL RECORDS Page 4-4
4.3 SUMMARY OF INTERVIEWS Page 4-11
4.4 AIR PHOTO INTERPRETATION AND MAP ANALYSIS Page 4-11
4.4.1 General Area Map Analysis Page 4-11
4.4.2 Site Specific Map and Drawing Analysis Page 4-12
4.4.3 Air Photo Interpretation Page 4-13
5.0 REAL ESTATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 5-1

5.1 CONFIRMED DOD OWNERSHIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 5-1
5.2 POTENTIAL DOD OWNERSHIP Page 5-1
5.3 SIGNIFICANT PAST OWNERSHIP OTHER THAN DOD Page 5-1
5.4 PRESENT OWNERSHIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 5-1
6.0 SITE INSPECTION Page 6-1

6.1 GENERAL PROCEDURES AND SCOPE
I
Page 6-1
6.2 SITE INSPECTION SYNOPSIS ..' Page 6-1
Table of Contents
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ARCHIVES SEARCH REPORT - FINDINGS
AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D.C.
March 1997
7.0 EVALUATION OF ORDNANCE POTENTIAL ................................................... Page 7-1

7.1 CONVENTIONAL ORDNANCE CONTAMINATION ................................ Page 7-1
7.2 CHEMICAL WARFARE MATERIAL CONTAMINATION........................ Page 7-1
8.0 TECHNICAL DATA OF ORDNANCE AND EXPLOSIVES .............................. Page 8-1

8.1 ORDNANCE AND CHEMICAL RELATED MISSIONS ............................. Page 8-1
8.2 DESCRIPTION OF CONVENTIONAL ORDNANCE.................................. Page 8-1
9.0 EVALUATION OF OTHER SITE INFORMATION............................................ Page 9-1
APPENDICES
A REFERENCES
B ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS AND BREVITY CODES
C TEXT / MANUALS
D REPORTS / STUDIES
E LETTERS / MEMORANDUMS / MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS
F REAL ESTATE DOCUMENTS
G NEWSPAPER / JOURNALS..........................................................Not Used
H INTERVIEWS
I PRESENT SITE PHOTOGRAPHS
J HISTORICAL PHOTOGRAPHS.....................................................Not Used
K HISTORICAL MAPS / DRAWINGS
L SITE SPECIFIC SAFETY AND HEALTH PLAN / SITE INSPECTION REPORT
M FINALIZATION DOCUMENTS
N REPORT DISTRIBUTION LIST
REPORT PLATES
1 AAA Site Fort Reno - Vicinity Map

2 AAA Site Fort Reno - Aerial Photograph-1955
Table of Contents
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~ ARCHIVES SEARCH REPORT· FINDINGS
IIiIiiI AAA Site Fort Reno· Washington, D.C.

March 1997
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 AUTHORITY
In 1986, Congress established the Defense Environmental Restoration Program (DERP) at 10

United State Code (USC) 2701 et seq. This program directed the Secretary of Defense to
"carry out a program of environmental restoration at facilities under the jurisdiction of the
Secretary. II
In March, 1990, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a revised National
Contingency Plan (NCP). Under 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 300.120, EPA
designated the Department of Defense (DoD) to be the removal response authority for
incidents involving DoD military weapons and munitions under the jurisdiction, custody and
control of DoD.
Since the beginning of this program, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has been the agency
responsible for environmental restoration at Formerly Used Defense Sites (FUDS). Since
1990, the U.S. Army Engineering and Support Center, Huntsville (CEHNC) has been the
Mandatory Center of Expertise (MCX) and Design Center for Ordnance and Explosives.
1.2 SUBJECT
The AAA Site Fort Reno FUDS consists of approximately 61.31 acres in Washington, D.C.
Military use began in 1861 when the War Department began constructing temporary earthen
barricades for the defense of Washington, D.C. during the U.S. Civil War. The armament
for Fort Reno and Battery Reno just to the north, included a variety of 34 weapons (Le. 8
inch siege howitzers, 24 lb. howitzers, 100 lb., 30 lb. and 20 lb. Parrott guns, 10 inch and
24 lb. Coehorn mortars), as well as 3 artillery magazines. Fort and Battery Reno
participated in repelling General Early's Confederate forces in 1864 but saw no other hostile
action during the war. In January 1866, the War Department returned the property to the
private land owner. The Department of Interior acquired much of Fort Reno and Battery
Reno in the 1930's for inclusion into the National Park system. In June 1951, the Army
acquired 4.83 acres of the park by use permit for the Army Antiaircraft Command
(ARAACOM) for the deployment of units to defend Washington, D.C. In addition to it's
probable use by 90 mm and 120 mm antiaircraft gun units as a tactical field position, the
36th AAA Battalion and the 70th AAA Battalion established their headquarters at Fort Reno
by September 1952. On 31 March 1953, the Department of the Interior reassumed full
control of the park. Plate 1 in the report plates section shows the general location of the
site.
1.3 PURPOSE
The Archives Search Report (ASR) compiles information obtained through historical research
at various archives and rec<;>rds holding facilities, interviews with persons associated with
Section 1 - Introduction
Page 1-1
mI ARCHIVES SEARCH REPORT - FINDINGS
IiiIiiIJ AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D.C.

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March 1997
AAA Site Fort Reno or its operations and a team inspection of the site. The search directs
efforts towards determining possible use or disposal of ordnance and explosives (OE) and
chemical warfare materials (CWM) on the site. .The research places particular emphasis on
establishing the types, quantities and area of disposal. This process obtains information for
use in developing recommendations for further action at the former AAA Site Fort Reno.
1.4 SCOPE
This investigation focuses on the potential that OE and/or CWM contamination could remain
on the former AAA Site Fort Reno. The DERP-FUDS project number is C03DC048401.
This report presents the following:
- A brief history of AAA Site Fort Reno

- Description and characteristics of the immediate surrounding area
- A review of related site investigations
- An aerial photography and map analysis of the site
- Real estate information, past and present
- Findings of the site inspection
- Description of theOE and/or CWM identified with the site
These factors represent the basis for the evaluation of potential OE and CWM contamination
and associated risks at AAA Site Fort Reno. .
Section 1 - Introduction
Page 1-2
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2.0 PREVIOUS SITE INVESTIGATIONS
2.1 CORPS OF ENGINEERS DOCUMENTS
The Baltimore District of the Corps of Engineers prepared the following investigation of
AAA Site Fort Reno in support of the DERP for FUDS (see Appendix D-l):
Inventory Project Report (INPR) for project no. C03DC048400, AAA Site Fort
Reno, Washington, D.C., dated 6 September 1994.
The INPR identified only OE as a potential hazard at the former AAA Site Fort Reno and
assigned a Risk Assessment Code (RAC) of 2 for the OElCWM portion of this site.
2.2 OTHER REPORTS
The archive search did not locate any additional environmental investigations or reports
concerning AAA Site Fort Reno.
Section 2 - Previous 'Site Investigations

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Ordnsnce snd Explosives / Chemicsl Wsrfsre Msterisls
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IiiIiiII AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D.C.

Msrch 1997
3.0 SITE DESCRlYfION
3.1 LAND USE
3.1.1 Location
The Fort Reno Battery Reno and AAA Site Fort Reno FUDS covers approximately 61.31
acres in Washington, D.C. (see Plate #1). This site lies in the northwestern portion of the
District of Columbia, Tenleytown, near the Montgomery County, Maryland boundary.
3.1.2 Prior Site Use
Prior to the War Department's operation of Fort Reno and Battery Reno, predominate use of
the land was as agricultural or private undeveloped land. By the time of the War
Department's operation of AAA Site Fort Reno predominate use of the land was as a
National Park, water reservoirs for the District of Columbia, a junior high school and private
residences.
3.1.3 Present Site Use
Currently land use of the former Fort Reno site entails a National Park, two water reservoirs
for the District of Columbia, the Arthur Deal Junior High School, athletic fields and private
residences.
3.2 CUMATIC DATA
The climate of metropolitan Washington, D.C. includes warm, humid summers and cold
winters. The District of Columbia receives a variety of weather, influenced by the Blue
Ridge mountains about 50 miles west and Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean, located
about 40 miles east. The site is impacted by the prevailing west to east air flow throughout
the year, by its location along the storm tracks of low pressure systems which move through
the area, and by the nearby Atlantic Ocean. Summertime temperatures can be warm, as
evidenced by record high temperatures of 101-194Op, which have been recorded in June
through September. However, more typical summertime high temperatures are usually about
90Op. Temperatures below freezing are common, with the record low for the area being -5Op
in January 1982. However, the nearest source of long-term climatological records is
maintained at the National Weather Service site at Washington National Airport, located near
sea level adjacent to the Potomac River, and about 7 miles south-southeast of Fort Reno.
The airport is in the center of the metropolitan "heat island" and is warmer than the balance
of the Washington, D.C. area, especially in winter. Temperatures 10-15 degrees lower have
been measured in other parts of the metropolitan D.C. area. Minimum temperatures at Fort
Reno would likely be lower due to this phenomena.
Winds vary from about 8-11 miles per hour throughout the year. Velocities are 10-11 mph
Section 3 - Site Description

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March 1997
from the northwest for the colder months and then generally blow from the south for spring,
summer and fall with slightly lower velocities. Wind gusts up to 100 miles per hour have
been experienced in the general area during severe tropical storms and hurricanes.
Precipitation is fairly uniform throughout the year, ranging from a low of 2.76 inches in
Ianuary to a high of 4.11 inches in August. Severe rainfall has been experienced during
tropical storms and hurricanes that move through the area. Over seven inches of rainfall in
24 hours has been observed. Similarly, severe snowfalls have been experienced with several
occasions of 25 inches or more recorded. Average annual snowfall is about 16.71 inches,
with Ianuary and February receiving the most snowfall (5.25 inches average).
Climatological data for the area are summarized in TABLE 3.2.
TABLE 3.2
CLIMATOWGICAL DATA FOR FORT RENO, WASHINGTON, D.C.
Temperature r'F)
Precipitation Wind
Average Average Velocity Wind
Month Daily Monthly Direction
Min Max Mean Average
(Inches) (mph)
January 27.5 42.9 35.2 2.76 10.0 NW
February 29.0 45.9 37.5 2.62 10.4 S
March 36.6 55.0 45.8 3.51 10.9 NW
April 46.2 67.1 56.7 2.83 10.5 S
May 56.1 75.9 66.0 3.70 9.3 S
June 65.0 84.0 74.5 3.19 8.9 S
July 69.9 87.9 78.9 3.85 8.2 S

August 68.7 86.4 77.6 4.11 8.1 S
September 62.0 80.1 71.1 3.29 8.3 S
October 49.7 68.9 59.3 2.92 8.7 SSW

November 39.9 57.4 48.7 3.00 9.3 S
December 31.2 46.6 38.9 3.14 9.6 NW
Annual 48.5 66.5 57.5 38.85 9.4 S

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3.3 GEOLOGY AND SOILS
3.3.1 Geology and Physiology
Fort Reno is located in the Piedmont Upland section of the Piedmont physiographic province.
The Fall Line, located about 2 miles to the southeast of the site, is a northeast trending line
that approximates the meeting of the Coastal Plain Province with the Piedmont Province.
Coastal Plain sediments thicken from a feather edge at the Fall Line zone to more than 1000
feet along the southeastern border of the District of Columbia.
The Piedmont part of the District of Columbia is underlain by old, metamorphosed, igneous
and sedimentary rocks. Most of the interstream uplands of the area are formed on saprolite,
which is a weathered mantle of reddish-brown, earthy material that retains the structure of
the original metamorphic rock but that can be readily dug by shovel. Saprolite is
predominantly a sticky, sandy, silty, clayey, and micaceous material that grades downward
into unweathered rock at a depth that averages 50 feet but may locally exceed 160 feet.
Metamorphic rocks of the Wissahickon Formation of the Glenarm Series are the predominant
rocks that crop out in the Piedmont. They include quartzose boulder gneiss, mica, schist,
and impure quartzite. Most types of crystalline rocks have been locally quarried for building
stone, rip rap and fill.
The post Miocene upland gravel and sand overlie the Piedmont crystalline rocks of Fort
Reno. This unit caps remnants of a formerly extensive plateau. The upland gravel and sand
were deposited by an ancestral Potomac River. The upland gravel deposits are commonly
deeply weathered (Smith 1976).
3.3.2 Soils
The soils of Fort Reno are on steep surface slopes, dominantly convex. The topography is a
heavily dissected upland.
Most areas of soil on the site have been altered by grading for housing development and
other building purposes. In a representative profile the soil has a surface layer of very dark
gray silty sandy clay about 2 inches thick and a subsurface layer of pale brown silty sandy
clay about 10 inches thick. The subsoil, about 16 inches thick, is brown heavy silty sandy
clay in the upper part and yellowish red silty clayey sand in the lower part. The substratum,
to a depth of 60 inches, is strong brown very gravelly sandy silty clay. A typical profile is
given in Table 3.3.2.
In large areas within the site, the surface soil has been covered by as much as 20 inches of
fill material. In other areas, the soil has been cut away. Both scenarios result in
unrecognizable soil profiles.

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IIiIiiI AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D.C.

Proiect Number - C03DC048401
March 1997
Table 3.3.2 - Soil Profile
DEPTH SOIL PERCENTAGE LIQUID PLAS-

(in) DESCRIPTION PASSING LIMIT TICITY
SIEVE NUMBER INDEX
#4 #40 #200
0-12 Silty sandy clay 100 85- 60-90 20-30 2-10

100
12-28 Silty sandy clay 100 90- 70-95 26-44 6-20

100
28-60 Very gravelly, 45- 20-50 10-30 --- NP

sandy clayey silt 90
Table modified from Smith, 1976.
Permeability is moderate in areas of the complex where the soils are relatively undisturbed,
and it is variable in areas dominated by cuts, fills and Urban land. External drainage is
rapid, and the hazard of soil erosion is severe. Available water capacity is moderate in the
relatively undisturbed areas of this complex, and it is low to very low in areas dominated by
cuts, fills and Urban land. Most unlimed areas are very strongly acidic. The soil has a
moderate to low risk of corrosion for uncoated steel and a high risk of corrosion to concrete.
There are other areas in the site in which the soil is composed of earthy fill material.
Because of the nonuniformity of the fill material the permeability and the runoff of these
areas is highly variable. Some other areas are urbanized land. These areas have concrete or
asphalt covering the surface. Both of these soil types have poor potential for building sites
or any other use.
The potential for frost development in the site soils extends to a depth of 30 to 36 inches in
the Fort Reno area. I
3.4 HYDROLOGY
3.4.1 Surface Water
Fort Reno covers a small area of metropolitan Washington, D. C., about 4-5 miles northwest
of the White House. The site is located on high ground, with a maximum ground elevation
of about 400 feet NGVD. The area is fully urbanized and there are no detectible surface
streams within the site boundaries. All runoff would be by sheet flow on the surface to
gutters and then into the storm sewer system. Drainage is to the east, north and south, with

Page 3-4
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rTojectNumber-C03DC048401
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runoff eventually reaching the Potomac River. There are no hydrologic records maintained
for any of the watersheds in the immediate area.
3.4.2 Ground Water
Ground water in the Washington, D.C. area is obtained from both consolidated crystalline
rocks and unconsolidated sedimentary rocks. The exposures of these rock types are almost
equally divided by the Fall Line running diagonally from the northeast to the southwest
comers of the mapped area.
In the Piedmont province, ground water occurs almost exclusively in the crystalline rocks or
in the residual materials deyeloped upon them. Only a few wells obtain water from shallow
alluvium and colluvium aqllifers. Crystalline rocks are very compact, therefore water
movement is controlled largely by the joints and fractures in the rock. Rocks of this area
have been considerably disturbed by the earth's movements and have left many large
fractures for the ground water to move through.
Ground water in the crystalline Piedmont rocks is unconfined, meaning it is controlled by

water-table conditions. Although, there are a few drilled wells which produce water from an
artesian condition. Wells yield any where from 10 to 150 gpm and average near 50 gpm in
the Piedmont rocks.
Water quality of the wells drilled in the Piedmont indicate that the water is generally good
for all uses. Water in the Piedmont is most commonly the calcium bicarbonate type.
Dissolved solids average 87 ppm. Iron content is high.
Water in the shallow aquifer originates as rainfall in both the Piedmont and the Coastal
Plain. Also, most of the ~ater from artesian wells originates in the outcrop area of the
aquifer involved, probably not more than a few miles distance (Johnston 1964).
3.5 ECOLOGY
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has indicated that no federally-listed species occur in the
vicinity of the AAA Site Fort Reno.
No additional information on the occurrence of rare or endangered species or natural

communities is known at this time. This does not mean that other state or federally-listed
species may not be present within the areas of interest. An on site inspection by appropriate
state and federal personnel may be necessary to verify the presence, absence or location of
listed species, or natural communities if remedial action is recommended as part of the final
ASR.

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ARCHNES SEARCH REPORT - FINDINGS
AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D. C.
Merch 1997
3.6 DEMOGRAPHICS
3.6.1 Centers of activity
Fort Reno is located in theinorthwestem portion of Washington, D.C., about a half mile
southeast of the Maryland border and about a hcilf mile west of Rock Creek Park.
3.6.2 Business and Industry Profile
Based on the total of 19,318 establishments in Washington, D.C., the breakdown of industry
is as follows:
-Manufacturing 2.4%
-Insurance 11.9%
-Services 56.6%
-Trade 21.8%
-Other 7.3%
Of the people in the county employed by businesses about 67.9 percent are employed by
service businesses. Also prominent are wholesale and retail trade businesses at about 13.4
percent as well as insurance and real estate businesses at about 9.1 percent. Construction
businesses are at about 1.4 percent. Foregoing percentages are at mid-March 1993.
3.6.3 Population density
Location Population Area (Square Miles) Population Density

(Square Miles)
Washington, D.C. 61.4 606,900 9,884.4
3.6.4 Types of Housing
Housing in Washington, D.C. is composed of both single family and multi-family dwellings.
The median value of 278,489 specified owner occupied housing units in Washington, D.C. is
$123,900.
3.6.5 New Development in the Area
Washington, D.C. is not growing in either the commercial or residential areas.

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Merch 1997
3.6.6 Typical Cross Sections of the Population
Washington, D.C. Percentages

- White 29.6
- Black 65.8
- American Indian, Eskimo or Aleut 0.2
- Asian or Pacific Islander 1.8
- Other 2.6
Persons of Hispanic origin comprise 5.4 percent of the total population in the Washington,
D.C. area. Persons under the age of 18 encompass 19.3 percent and the population segment
over the age of 65 constitutes 12.8 percent. .

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March 1997
4.0 SITE HISTORY
4.1 HISTORICAL SITE SUMMARY
4.1.1 General Site History
The War Department established Fort Reno and Battery Reno as part of the Fort Circle
system of fortifications designed to protect the District of Columbia during the U.S. Civil
War l • It occupied the highest ground in the city, on a position between the Potomac River
and Rock Creek at the crossroads in Tenleytown. The fortifications consisted of temporary
earthworks with g~n platforms for 38 cannons; 28 at the fort and 10 at the battery. A
covered walkway, approximately 150 yards long, connected the two fortifications. Fort
Reno participated in repelling General Early's Confederate forces during the skirmishes of
11-12 July 1864 in front of nearby Fort Stevens (Barnard 1871).
The 7th Pennsylvania Reserves began construction of the fortifications as Fort Pennsylvania
in 1861. They renamed the site Fort Reno foll~wing the death of Major General Jesse L.
Reno. The fort served as a major campground during the war. Improvements existing
outside the fortifications to the south included a barracks, mess hall, kitchens, stables, a
hospital and several other buildings. Following the Civil War, the property reverted to the
original owner, Giles Dyer (Cooling TIl 1988).
In the years that followed, the land became subdivided with freed slaves building houses on
much of the former fortifications. However, traces of the earthworks remained evident until
the tum of the century. Tlie U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, in conjunction with the District
of Columbia Water Department, eliminated the remaining earthworks for a 4.5 million gallon
underground reservoir and elevated water tank. They added a second 5.5 million gallon
reservoir later. The Capper-Cramton Act of 29 May 1930 allowed the Department of the
Interior to acquire the area surrounding the reservoirs and the Alice Deal Junior High
School. By the late 1930s the majority of the former homes had been razed (Helms 1981;
Ways 1992).
As the highest point within the District of Columbia, the Army once again used Fort Reno
Park during World War II. Reportedly they installed communication equipment there,
though War Department documents could not be located to confirm this (Helm 1981). The
Army used other locations within the Metropoli~ area for antiaircraft gun emplacements.
I The Fort Circle system of fortifications for the defense of Washington, D.C. consisted of 68 inclosed
"field work" forts and batteries. They had an aggregate perimeter of 13 miles connected by 20 miles of rifle
trenches; which with 4 miles across the Potomac River composed a 37 mile circumference around the nation's
Capitol. The system had emplacements for 1,120 guns; of which 807 guns and 98 mortars were actually
mounted (Barnard 1871).
Section 4 - Site History

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Project Number· C03DC04840 1
March 1997
In 1950, the Army Antiairdraft Command (ARAACOM) began planning for the deployment
of antiaircraft (AA) units at strategic locations throughout the U.S. including Washington,
D.C. The plan called for 6 battalions to be placed at Washington, D.C. By spring of 1951,
ARAACOM had 90 mm and 120 mm gun battalions moved to or reactivated under the 35th
Brigade at Fort Meade, MD. ARAACOM had minimal funds for permanent emplacements,
so the 35th Brigade developed a program for units to arrive at their tactical position within
six hours from Fort Meade. At that time antiaircraft battalions began tactical field exercises
by setting up temporary emplacements within metropolitan Washington, D.C. It was at this
point, that the 35th Brigade acquired 4.3 acres of the site for AAA Site Fort Reno by use
permit on 11 June 1951 from the Department of the Interior (Barnard c.1996; DOl 1951).
The archive search did not locate the records of the specific units or times of these temporary
emplacements but Battery B of the 36th AAA Battalion (90 mm) and Battery A of the 70th
(120mm) AAA Battalion had semi-permanent emplacements in the area by 1952. By
September of that year, both of these Battalions made their headquarters at Fort Reno
(Barnard c.1996; 36th AAA BN c.1954). The Department of the Interior terminated the use
permit for the property effective on 31 March 1953 (COE 1960)2.
I
4.1.2 Summary of OE Activities
In addition to the small arms carried by the soldiers, the Army placed heavy artillery pieces
at Fort Reno and Battery Reno. The number of guns varied throughout the war.
According to an armament table prepared after t.he war, Fort Reno contained six vacant
platforms for field guns and the following armor:
2 8 inch siege howitzers

9 24 pound S.C. (Sea Coast) guns
1 24 pound field howitzer
1 100 pound Parrott gun
4 30 pound Parrott guns
2 10 inch siege mortars
2 24 pound Cqehorn mortars
i
Battery Reno mounted seven 20 pound Parrott guns and three vacant platforms for field guns.
Two artillery magazines existed inside Fort Reno. One artillery magazine existed inside
Battery Reno (Barnard 1871).
2 Also during the mid-1950s, a communication facility was established underground at Fort Reno with a
brick tower constructed on the surface. Since no indication exists for an ordnance or explosive hazard from this
use, the Archive Search team did not complete comprehensive research on this feature.

Page 4-2
Ordnanc9 and Expiosiv9S / Ch9mical Warfar9 Mat9rials
""
IiiIiiI
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March 1997
The archive search did not locate records specific to Fort Reno concerning the ordnance on
hand during the Civil War. Typically, the magazine held artillery rounds for the howitzers,
mortars, grape shot and steel balls for the field cannon, in addition to rounds for small arms
and pistols. The garrison would keep a small supply near each gun in case of attack, but
stored the majority of ordnance in the earth covered magazine. The authorization for the fort
was 100 ordnance rounds and 150 friction primers per gun, in addition to one 3 pound and
one 5 pound Ketchum hand grenade for each yard of perimeter (Fort Reno had a 917 yard
perimeter). Five fire balls and 20 light balls concluded the authorized ordnance stock
(Barnard 1871).
Guidance provided to the officers serving in the defenses of Washington, D.C. included
instructions to "Bury percussion shells or hand grenades, to act as torpedoes, in the bottom
of the ditch and outside the abattis." The archive search team found no records to indicate if
the Union troops did this or if done, whether the items were removed (Barnard 1871).
In addition to the artillery support Fort Reno lent Fort Stevens during General Early's
advance of July 1864, general orders for defenses of the area established practice firing of
the artillery guns twice a week in 1863. Troops would set up a practice target outside the
fort using logs or an old tent. The garrison sent records of firing to the Chief of Artillery of
the Defenses. However, the archive search team did not find any records verifying the
actual number of rounds fired. Customarily, the troops practiced with small arms during an
infantry drill held each day. The archive search team found no maps or records that
designated the local practice firing areas (War Department, 1863; Barnard 1871).
Though not specifically documented, the 35th AAA Brigade probably placed 90 mm and/or
120 mm antiaircraft battalions at AAA Site Fort Reno between 1951 and 1953 as a tactical
position. However, even if the 35th AAA Brigade placed antiaircraft guns at the site, the
firing of these weapons in this residential area is highly doubtful. Concerns about noise and
shooting into civilian or friendly air space would have prevented the use of the guns except
during hostile attack. Even then, the Air Force's Air Defense Command placed severe rules
of engagement on ARAACOM which probably would have prevented the firing of any
weapons. The Army conducted exercises with live firing of the weapons at Bethany Beach,
Delaware at regular intervals (Barnard c.1996; 36 AAA BN c.1954).
4.1.3 Summary of CWM Activities
The archive search uncovered no documentation relating to CWM at AAA Site Fort Reno.
The archive search team found no indication that the Army conducted CWM training,
storage, or disposal at AAA Site Fort Reno.
4.1.4 Certificates of Clearance
The archive search did not ,reveal any certificates of ordnance clearance, decontamination or
dedudding associated with AAA Site Fort Reno.

Page 4-3
Ordnanca and Explosivas / Chamical Warfara Malarials
mil ARCHIVES SEARCH REPORT· FINDINGS
IiiIiiI AAA Site Fort Reno • Washington, D. C. .
ArojectNumbar-C03DC048401
March 1997
4.2 REVIEW OF HISTORICAL RECORDS
Appendix A contains full references of all in-text citations along with the location of the
copied document. Concentration in three areas directed the research methodology for this
report:
- locating documentation concerning the military use of the site

- compiling the types, quantities and probable locations of OE and/or CWM used by
the military
- collecting real estate information
Researchers searched at the following locations for records relating to OE and CWM
activities at AAA Site Fort Reno. At these repositories the research team used finding aids
and records managers to assist in locating documents relevant to the research topic. The
ASR team accumulated complimentary documents reviewed on AAA Site Fort Reno, but not
specifically used, with the original ASR documents. Unless otherwise noted, the reviewed
material contained no pertinent information on AAA Site Fort Reno. Appendix H contains a
list of additional repositories and personnel contacted which reported no pertinent
information. i
4.2.1 Washington National Records Center

4205 Suitland Road
Suitland, MD 20409
POC: Velecia Chance
(301) 457-7010
Record Group 77 (Records of the Office of the Chief of Engineers)

Accession A52-0259
Box 7
Box 80 One folder on Fort Reno - Reduction and Reconversion of Station
Hospital to Permanent Barracks.
Accession A53-0325
Box 9
Box 57 Rapid - Rhoads.
I
4.2.2 National Archives -i Archives I

Eighth and Pennsylvania
Washington, D.C. 20408
POC: Mitch Yockelson (Military Reference)
(202) 501-5395
POC: Mary Frances Morrow (Civil Reference)
(202) ·501-5395
Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. War of the Rebellion, 129 volumes.

Page 4-4
l'IIr.I ARCHIVES SEARCH REPORT - FINDINGS
IiiIiiI AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D. C.
March 1997
Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. War of the Rebellion, Place Names
Volume.

Entry 104 Records of the Engineer School, Gen. Correspondence, 1907-1917
Box 3 Engineer School - Washington Barracks
Entry 219 Letters, Reports and Other Records, 1810-1869
Box 1 Letters of the Defenses of Washington
Entry 220 Forts and Defenses, 1898-1920
Box 1 Baltimore, MD-Delaware Bay, DE
Box 2 Eastern New York State-Long Island, NY
Entry 1007 Harbor Defense Files of the Potomac, 1918-1945
Box 114 Harbor Defenses of the Potomac
Entry 1008 Harbor Defense Files 1918-45
Box 113 Pensacola, FL
Box 114 Pensacola, FL
Box 123 Portsmouth, NH-Potomac
Box 124 Potomac-Puerto Rico
Record Group 94 (Records of the Adjutant General's Office)

Entry Adjutant General, General Orders
Volume Defenses of Washington General Orders, 1863 -
General Order 14 and 27 copied.
Record Group 165 (Records of the War Department General and Special Staffs)
Entry 257 Formerly Classified Correspondence and Maps, Harbor Defenses,
1914-1946
Box 40 Decimal 060 - 062
Boxes 62 - 72 Decimal 470 - 473
Boxes 75 - 79 Decimal 600 - 602
Record Group 177 (Records of the Chief of Arms, Chief of Field Artillery)
Entry Subject Index to Series 34 and Other Records
Box 162 Stations Ft. Bragg - Ft. Sill
Record Group 328 (Records of the National Capital Planning Commission)

Land Acquisition Records
Box 2 Deanwood Playground to Fort Reno Park Office Files
Box 269 Fort Dupont thru Fort Reno Park. Real estate items 1937.
Box 270 Various real estate items.
Box 271 1 folder on Fort Reno Recreation Center.

Page 4-5
I':'r.I ARCHIVES SEARCH REPORT - FINDINGS

March 1997
Record Group 393 (Records of the U.S. Army Continental Commands, 1821-1920)
Entry Post Records, Part 5
Box 1 and Volumes 1 - 24, Forts Foote, Hager and Washington
4.2.3 National Archives - Archives II

8601 Adelphi Road
College Park, MD 20740
POC: Ken Schlessinger
(301) 713-7250
Record Group 77 (Records of the Chief of Engineers)

Entry Security Classified Subject Files 1944 - 1945
Box 282 no information on the Fort Circle System
Box 756 information for Reno NV only
Record Group 92 (Records of the Quartermaster General)

Entry 1892 Geographic File, 1946-1948
Box 136 Utah - West Point
Box 174 Virgin Island - Winchester National Cemetery
Box 614 Ft. Francis Warren - Washington, D.C.
Box 615 Washington, D.C. - West Indies
Record Group 337 (Records of Headquarters Army Ground Forces)

Entry 38 Decimal Correspondence Files, 1942-1950
Boxes 1 - 11 Development and Testing - Army Advisory Panel
Entry 46 Coastal Artillery Branch Decimal File 1942-1945
Box 66 Decimal 061.04 - 141
Box 69 Decimal 353.41
Box 83 - 85 Decimal 472 - 473.3
Entry 575 Coastal Artillery 1940-1942
Box 432 Eastern Artillery Theater
Record Group 338 (Records of the U.S. Army Commands 1942 - )

Entry Anti Aircraft Artillery Commands
Boxes 1 - 9 ~4th AACMD
Entry Unit Records (A) - Anti-Aircraft Artillery Brigade.
Box 4 34th AAA Brigade Historical Reports - 35th AAA Brigade General
Orders.
Box 5 35th AAA Brigade Unit History thm 40th AAA Brigade Unit History
File 35th Artillery Brigade Unit History (2)
Box 12 13th AAA GP - General Orders thm 22nd AAA GP - General Orders
File 19th AAA GP General Orders 1949-1951
Box 30 32nd AAA (AW) BN-Command Reports thm 37th AAA (Gun) BN-
unit History.

Page 4-6
Ordnancs and Explosivss / Chsmical Warfars Matsrials
IIiIiiIJ AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D.C.

March 1997
File 36th AAA (Gun) BN General Orders - 1950 correspondence.

File 36th AAA (MSL) BN Unity History - copied unit history "36th
AAA Bn." circa 1954.
File 36th AAA (AW) BN Command Report 1949-1951.
Box 60 68th AAA (Gun) Bn-Command Reports thru 72nd AAA (AW) Bn-
Journal
File 70th AAA (Gun) BN Journal 1951 - selected pages of journal
copied
File 70th AAA (Gun) BN Unit History - selected histories copied.
File 71st AAA (Gun) BN General Orders.
Box 61 72nd AAA (AW) Bn Journal thru 75th AAA (Gun) Bn-General
Orders
File 75th AAA (Gun) BN General Orders 1949-1951.
Box 95 250th AAA (Gun) Bn General Orders thru 260th AAA (Gun) Bn-
Command Reports. .
File 260th AAA (Gun) BN General Orders 1952.
File 260th AAA (Gun) BN Unit History 1951.
File 260th AAA (Gun) BN Unit History 1952 (1).
File 260th AAA (Gun) BN Command Report Sep-Oct '52.
Box 96 260th AAA (Gun) Bn-Command Reports thru 443 AAA (AW) Bn
Journal.
File 260th AAA (Gun) BN Command Report Nov-Dec '52.
File 260th AAA (Gun) BN Command Report 1953.
Record Group 407 (Records of the U.s. Army Adjutant General)

Entry WW II Operations Reports, 1940-48
Boxes 17493-17497 35th Coastal Artillery Brigade, 1940-1948.
Box 17571 35th Coastal Artillery Detachment, 1942-1946
Boxes 17639~17641 35th Coastal Artillery Group, 1941-1946.
Entry 359A Unclassified Project Decimal Files, 1946-48.
Box 1712 Sandia Base to Panama Canal Dept, 1 Folder on
Battery Henry J. Harrison.
Entry 359 Decimal File, 1946-1948
Box 1713 St. Louis AG Depot, MO-Rapid City Gunnery Range
Entry 359 Cross Reference Sheets 1949-1950
Boxes 155 - 156
Boxes 264 - 265
Boxes 279 - 281
Entry 359 Unclassified Project Decimal Files, 1951-1952
Box 1018 Depots
Entry 359 Decimal File, 1953-1954
Box 376 Benecia - Texas

Page 4-7
OrdnBnce Bnd Explosives / ChemicBI WBrfBre MBteriBls
I'JIIIII ARCHIVES SEARCH REPORT - FINDINGS
IiiIiIIJ AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D. C.

fTojectNumber-C03DC048401
MBrch 1997
Entry 362 Central Decimal File Cross It:ldex Sheets, 1940-1945

Box 104 Microfilm Cross Indexes
Entry 362 Central Decimal File Cross Index Sheets, Projects, 1954
Boxes 123 and 124 Military District of Washington
Entry 362 Central Decimal File Cross Index Sheets, 1955-1956
Box 641
Entry 363A Project Decimal Files, 1940-1945.
Box 4429 Military Posts and Reservations, Douglas-l Folder on
Military District of Washington. .
4.2.4 National Archives - Archives II Cartographic & Architectural Research Room

8601 Adelphi Road
College Park, MD 20740
POC: Jennifer Nelson
(301) 713-7040

Drawer 170
Sheet 8 Fort Reno - site plan of Fon Reno copied
Sheet 12 Fort Reno - site plan of Battery Reno copied
Sheet 14 Fort Reno - site plan ojBattery Reno copied
Sheet 18 Fort Reno - "Environs of Washington" copied showing Fon Reno in
relation to offonijications in area.
4.2.5 National Personnel Records Center

Military Personnel Records
9700 Page Avenue
St. Louis, MO 63132-5100
POC: Wilson Sullivan
(314) 538-4085
Record Group 338 (Records of the U.S. Army Commands 1942- )

Accession 63H4082
Box 1 of 1 Various administrative and training correspondence of the 35th
Artillery Brigade at Fort George C Meade, MD 1959.
4.2.6 U.S. Anny Center for Military History

1099 14th Street NW
POC: Dr. Robert K Wright
(202) 761-5416
The archive search team reviewed the following items:

Page 4-8
Ordnance I!nd Explosives / Chemical Warfare Materials
""
IiiIiiII
I
March 1997
,i
Historical Data Cards I
Camp, Post and Station Files
Historical Summaries - summary on Fon Reno copied.
4.2.7 U.S. Army Military History Institute

Carlisle Barracks, PA 17013
POC: Richard Summers
(717) 245-3601
Records reviewed include the following:
Archives:
The War Of The Rebellion, A Compilation Of The Official Records Of The
Union And Confederate Armies, by Daniel S. Lamont, 1894, pages 1039 and
1041 copied. .
The Grand Army ofthe Republic, Reno Post Number 4, Hagerstown, MD, by
the Battle of Gettys~urg Commission, 1899, finding aid only reviewed.
,
Photo Archives: pictures of Battery Reno copied.
Library:
Installation Files.
UG Series Histories.
~ewspaper file index.
Available Library Books:

E501 M33.1938, Guide Leafletsfor the Tour of Historic Civil War Defenses,
Washington, D.C., by the U.S. Department of the Interior, Parks Service
UA26 A6 083 1904, Military Posts and Reservations, the War Department,
Quartermaster General's Office, 1904.
UG412 W3 B37,1871 C.3, A Report of the Defenses of Washington, by Brevet
Major General J. G. Barnard, 1871
UG412 W3 C66.1988, Mr. Liru:oln's Forts, by Franklin Cooling 111,1988
UG412.W3 M54.C.'3, The Defenses of Washington During the Civil War, by
David V. Miller, 1976.
E470.2 L68 1913, In the Defenses of Washington, by Thomas R. Lounsbury,
1913.
E476.66 C88, The Defenses of Washington: General Early's Advance on the
Capital, by William Van Zandt Cox, 1907.
E527 B32, History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861 - 1865, by Samuel P.
Bates, 1871.
E528.5 9th .S64, History of the Ninth and Tenth Regiments, Rhode Island
Volunteers, the Tenth Rhode Island Battery in the Union Army in 1862, by
William Arnold Spicer, 1892.

Page 4-9
I'iIn ARCHIVES SEARCH REPORT - FINDINGS
IiiIiII AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D.C.

March 1997
4.2.8 U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service

Rock Creek Nature Center Office
5200 Glover Road, NW
POC: Steve Strach, Ranger
(202) 245-3601
The team reviewed the office Historical Files. They copied and received the following:
Fort Circle Parks, Civil War Defenses of Washington, D.C., by the U.S.
Department of the Interior, National Parks Service, Washington, D.C., 1993.
Tenleytown, D. c., Country Village into City Neighborhood, by Judith Beck
Helm, 1981.
4.2.9 Historical Society of Washington, D.C.

1307 New Hampshire Ave., NW
Washington, D.C.
POC: Gail R. Redmann
(202) 785-2068
Pamphlet Collection.
Index to the Records of the Columbia Historical Society
.John Proctor Files (Newspaper articles from The Sunday Star)
The Battle of Fort Reno (September 14, 1862) from September 1939.
Centennial Map of Civil ~ar Washington, D.C.
4.2.10 U.S. Anny Corpsiof Engineers, Baltimore District

10 S. Howard Street
Baltimore, MD 19720
POC: Amir A. Kouhestani, Project Manager
(410) 962-2659
The team copied various Inventory Project RePQrt backup documents at this facility.
4.2.11 U.S. Anny Corps of Engineers, Baltimore District

Plant Operations Branch
5900 MacArthur Blvd. NW
Washington, D.C. 20315-0220
POC: Tawanda Irbe
(202) 764-2701
Book: The Washington Aqueduct 1852-1992. Harry C. Ways

Page 4-10

March 1997
4.2.12 Historical Society .of Washington, D.C. Library

1307 New Hampshire Ave NW
POC: Reference Librarian
(202) 782-2068
The team reviewed this repository and copied a wall poster of the Defenses of Washington,
D.C. during the Civil War.
4.2.13 Martin Luther.King Jr. Memorial Library

7th Street NE
POC: Reference Librarian
(202) 727-1365
The team visited this repository and reviewed the finding aids.
4.2.14 Cooperative Administrative Support Unit Library

1222 Spruce Street
St. Louis, MO 63103
POC: Phyllis Thomas
(314) 539-6112
A Report on the Defenses of Washington to the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Anny, No. 20. By
Brevet Major General J G Barnard. Written 1871.
4.3 SUMMARY OF INTERVIEWS
The archive search team conducted telephone and personal interviews to assist in the
collection of information for this report. Appendix H lists interviewees and copies of
pertinent individual conversation records. The team attempted to locate veterans of AAA
Site Fort Reno and persons with first hand knowledge without success. The interviews
corroborated much of the information uncovered from historical records but did not add any
pertinent details.
Contact with local law enforcement "hazardous device" squads and military Explosive
Ordnance Disposal (EOD) units resulted in negative incident reports of OE or CWM in this
area. All interviewees recalled no past incidents involving OE or CWM.
4.4 AIR PHOTO INTERPRETATION AND MAP ANALYSIS
4.4.1 General Area Map Analysis

Page 4-11
I:7ir.I ARCHIVES SEARCH REPORT - FINDINGS

ArojectNumber-C03DC048401
March 1997
AAA Site Fort Reno covers portions of Tenleytown in a densely populated area in the
northwestern portion of Washington, D.C. The site is about a mile west of Rock Creek Park
and a half mile southeast of the Maryland border, and occupies the highest point of land in
Washington, D.C. Nebraska Avenue, a major thoroughfare in the city, borders the site on
the southeast. The geographic coordinates of the original flag-staff of Fort Reno were at:
38° 57' 07.22" N Latitude, and 77° 04' 23.22"·W Longitude, 429 feet above mean tide and
5.746 miles to the Capitol Dome (Barnard 1871).
4.4.2 Site Specific Map and Drawing Analysis
This archive search located four site specific layout plans for the Civil War era Fort Reno
and Battery Reno. Research did not uncover any site plans concerning the AAA Site Fort
Reno of the early 1950s. In summary, the analysis of these maps located gun emplacements
and ordnance magazines as OE related structures on site. The paragraphs below discuss the
relevant information retrieved from the reviewed maps, included in Appendix K (the maps
are discussed in order of creation or final revision)3:
Chief of Engineers Defenses of Washington

1866 Fort Reno. Record Group 77, Drawer 170, Sheet 8 Fort Reno, National
Archives, College Park, Maryland.
Appendix K-l
This maps depicts the earthworks and gun emplacements of Fort Reno both plan and cross
section. There are 24 gun emplacements shown on the edge of the fort but the mortar
emplacements are not delineated. The plan also- presents what appears to be two earth
covered magazines in the fort. A table lists the guns or lack there of at each emplacement.
The guns listed include:
i
9 24 pounders Ion Barbette carriages

1 flank defense howitzer
4 30 pound Parrott guns
1 100 pound Parrott siege guns
2 10 inch siege mortars
2 24 pound Coehorn mortars

1866 Battery Reno. Record Group 77, Drawer 170, Sheet 12 Fort Reno, National
Appendix K-2
3 All historical maps and site plans contained in Appendix are printed on 11" x 17"
paper for reproduction. Full size copies remain· in the ASR backup files.

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I'iIi':I ARCHIVES SEARCH REPORT - FINDINGS

March 1997
This maps depicts the earthworks and gun emplacements of Battery Reno in both plan and
cross section. There are 10 gun emplacements shown but no table lists them as it did for the
fort. The plan also presents what appears to be an earth covered magazine in the middle of
the fortifications.
Barnard, I. G., Brevet Major General

1871 Extract ofMilitary Map of N.E. Virginia - Index Map for Sheets, contained in
A Repon on the Defenses of Washington to the Chief of Engineers, 1871, Book
UG 412 W3 B37, 1871 c.3, U.S. Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks,
PA.
Appendix K-3
This map shows the general location of the Fort Circle System of forts and batteries
surrounding Washington, D.C. during the U.S. Civil War. Fort Reno is located at the "11
o'clock" position relative to the other fortifications encircling the city.
Barnard, I. G., Brevet Major General

1871 Defenses of Washington Plate 21 - Fon Reno and Battery Reno, contained in A
Repon on the Defenses of Washington to the Chief of Engineers, 1871, Book
PA.
Appendix K-4
Similar to the earlier site layouts, this maps depicts the earthworks and gun emplacements of
the fortifications in both plan and cross section. It succeeds the early drawings showing both
the fort and the battery. The plan labels the 24 gun and two mortar emplacements as well as
the two magazines for the fort. It also shows the 10 gun emplacements and one magazine in
the battery. A table lists the guns for the fort and is essentially similar to the early list
except there is no mention of the mortars. Two rifle pits outside the earthworks flank the
southern end of the fort.
4.4.3 Air Photo Interpretation
Government and contractor personnel conducted an aerial photography database search. The
aerial photography retrieved covered AAA Site Fort Reno during the time period prior to,
during and following military use. The imagery acquired is in photographic print format.
The analyst performed the interpretation using the following source materials:
Photo. Date Approx. Scale Source Frame In #5

09 Apr 55 1:25,000 DIA VV 23-25
17 Dec 55 1:25,000 DIA GS 22-24
16 Mar 64 1:24,000 EROS GS 13-15,50-52, 87
08 Iun 83 1:16,000 EROS 6547-6550
05 Apr 88 1:40,000 ASCS NAPP 133, 134

Page 4-13
IiiIiiI AAA SffB Fort Reno - Washington, D.C.

March 1997
The photo analyst delineated imagery containing important areas on hard copy plots and
digitized them using Computer-Aided Drafting and Design (CADD) software. The digitized
features overlay scanned aerial photography, resulting in the final plots (see Plate 2). The
analyst used stereo viewing of the imagery which allows more accurate identification of
features than monoscopic viewing. Resolution and scale of the imagery limited the
identification of features discussed in this study. The analyst used the wording "probable"
when discussing features for which identification was believed to be reasonably accurate.
The analyst used the term "possible" when identification was not positive but the object or
area matched known featuresllocations on other sources. The bolded numbers in parentheses
referenced in the sub-paragraphs below refer to the feature descriptions on the annotated
aerial photographic plates. The sub-paragraphs below describe the relevant features
identified on the imagery. The bolded numbers in parentheses referenced in the sub-
paragraphs below refer to the feature descriptions on the annotated aerial photographic plates.
Note: Feature description flumbers are transferable between imagery plates of different
years. The sub-paragraphs: below describe the relevant features identified on the imagery.
4.4.3.1 1955 Imagery (Plate 2) - The 1955 photos cover the Fort Reno park area two years
after the Army released the property back to the" Department of Interior. Densely populated
neighborhoods surround the park on three sides while a high school and a commercial
building are situated on the southern side of Chesapeake Avenue. The two underground
reservoirs (each approximately 375 feet by 200 feet) occupy the highest elevation of the site,
which was also the location of the Civil War era Fort Reno earthworks (1). Two towers and
a few small buildings appear between the reservoirs (2). The junior high school (3) occupies
the eastern portion of the site which seems to be the only other structure on the site. There
does not appear to be any houses on the north side of Chesapeake Avenue as implied by the
the use permit (see section 5.1), nor are there ground scars at that location to indicate
structures there within the previous few years. Generally the park grounds are grass
covered, with scattered trees throughout the site. The are four ground scars north of the
junior high school, which appear to be stressed grass (4). There are no signs of permanent,
concrete gun emPlacements; evident anywhere on site.
4.4.3.2 1964 Imagery - In'the 1964 photos, the northern reservoir appears to have been
enlarged by approximately 450 feet by 300 feet section, immediately adjacent to north side of
the reservoir and south of Fessenden Street. Another tower has been erected just southwest
of the new reservoir. Some ground scars and possible piles of dirt in an area just west of the
towers indicate a probable construction site. An athletic field is now located in the
southwestern portion of the site.
4.4.3.3 1983 Imagery - The site appears the same as in the previous photos with the addition
of two small buildings between the underground reservoirs. The construction site in the
earlier photos appears to be a parking area in these photos.

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I'I'Ir.I ARCHIVES SEARCH REPORT - FINDINGS
IiiIiiI AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D. C.

Project Number· C03DC048401
March 1997
4.4.3.4 1988 Imagery - The site appears basically the same as in the previous photos. An
additional small building has been built next to the western tower and tennis courts are now
in the extreme southwestern comer of the site.

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I'Pi'I ARCHNES SEARCH REPORT· FINDINGS

March 1997
5.0 REAL ESTATE
5.1 CONFIRMED DOD OWNERSHIP
Former Fort Reno and Battery Reno covered approximately 61.31 acres of real estate. The
War Department seized the property from Giles Dyer, a local farmer, but details beyond that
were not found. The property reverted back to him in the summer of 1865.
The 35th AAA Brigade acquired 4.3 acres of the former Civil War site by use permit on 11
June 1951 from the Department of the Interior for AAA Site Fort Reno. The property
included five houses at 3843, 3847, 3851, 3855; 3859 on Chesapeake Street though aerial
imagery didn't identify these structures remaining in 1955. On 31 March 1953, the
Department of the Interior terminated the use permit and reassumed control of the property
(DOl 1951; COE 1960).
These real estate figures agree with the acreage numbers stated in the INPR (Appendix D-l).
5.2 POTENTIAL DOD OWNERSHIP
For the defenses of Washington, D.C. during the U.S. Civil War, Union forces typically
would clear the standing timber in front of the fortifications for two miles. Any practice
firing of the artillery would have been on this land. Additionally, the Fort Circle system
connected the forts and batteries by rifle trenches (Barnard 1871). The archive search did
not calculate the associated acreage from this potential military use.
The archive search did not identify any other potential or undocumented military ownership
or land use associated with Fort Reno.
5.3 SIGNIFICANT PAST OWNERSHIP OTHER THAN DOD
This investigation did not reveal any significant past ownership of AAA Site Fort Reno with
relationship to OE or CWM.
5.4 PRESENT OWNERSHIP
Records reviewed indicate the current property owners include the following: Department of
Interior National Parks Service, Washington, D.C. school district, the District of Columbia
Water Department and private residences.
Section 5 - Real Estate

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6.0 SITE INSPECTION
6.1 GENERAL PROCEDURES AND SCOPE
The ASR site inspection characterized OE and CWM potential based on a visual examination
at AAA Site Fort Reno. Land owners granted verbal permission for right-of-entry on
privately owned property prior to the inspection. This inspection included only visual and
non-intrusive methods of inspection. The team followed a site safety and health plan (SSHP)
prohibiting digging or handling of potential OFlCWM. The SSHP defined standard
operating procedures to ensure safety and prevent accidents. Appendix L-I contains a copy
of the SSHP. The inspection team consisted of the following St. Louis District Corps of
Engineers personnel: James G. Luebbert, Gregg E. Kocher and Randal S. Curtis. They
performed a site survey of the former AAA Site Fort Reno on 8 January 1997. Subsection
6.2 contains a synopsis of the site inspection and Appendix L-2 contains a detailed account.
Appendix I includes current site photographs.
6.2 SITE INSPECTION SYNOPSIS
The inspection team arrived at Fort Reno on at 0800. They met with Steve Strach, the Rock
Creek Park Cultural Resource Manger of the National Park Service (NPS). He serves as the
NPS site manger for Fort Reno. Following a quick safety briefing, the team walked the
grounds of the former civil war fortifications and Korean War era Anti-Aircraft facilities.
Fort Reno covers roughly 9 square city blocks in the Tenleytown area of Washington, D.C.,
a heavily urbanized area. The site is currently occupied by: two water reservoirs, with
associated water towers and terraced berms; Arthur Deal Junior High School; athletic fields
(Le. soccer field and tenni~ courts) and private residences located north of Fessenden St.
covering the Civil War era,Battery Reno. The ground has been greatly reworked with no
visible remnants of the past military use. The inspection team talked to the pump house
operator who has worked on the premises since 1971, though he offered no pertinent
information. Mr. Strach provided the inspection team with possible additional information
sources. The archive search inspection team did not find any evidence of an OE or CWM
hazard present at Fort Reno.
Section 6 - Site Inspection

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7.0 EVALUATION OF ORDNANCE POTENTIAL
7.1 CONVENTIONAL OJ,IDNANCE CONTAMINATION
The archive search uncovered evidence that the War Department both stored and utilized
conventional ordnance at the Civil War era Fort Reno and Battery Reno. The types of
ordnance and explosives associated with the site included various types of Civil War era
artillery items (i.e. solid shot, shell shot, case shot, canister shot and grape shot) as well as
Ketchum hand grenades and small arms. Besides the skirmishes of July 1864, the Union
forces at the fort had orders to practice firing the guns twice a week in 1863.
Between 1951 and 1953, the 35th AAA Brigade located the headquarters for two battalions
on the Fort Reno FUDS on an interim basis. They also probably used portions of the site as
a tactical position for the deployment of 90mm and/or 120mm antiaircraft battalions, though
no documentation showed this specifically. As only a defensive position against possible air
attack, the real estate contained no range area for test firing weapons on site.
The ASR team did not find an overt indication of a current ordnance and explosive hazard
from the War Department'~ use of AAA Site Fort Reno. Research discovered no historical
records indicating ordnance disposal on site. Interviews did not disclose any incidents of
ordnance or explosive hazards found in the past. Additionally, the site inspection did not
uncover evidence of ordnance or explosives h~ds.
7.2 CHEMICAL WARFARE MATERIAL CONTAMINATION
Based on this investigation, no evidence surfaced of chemical warfare materials storage,

usage, or disposal at AAA Site Fort Reno. Furthermore, the mission of AAA Site Fort Reno
does not imply the presence of CWM. Research discovered no historical records associating
CWM with the site. Interviews did not disclose any correlation of CWM with the site.
Additionally, the site inspection did not uncover any evidence of CWM hazards.
Section 7 - Evaluation of Ordnance Potential

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8.0 TECHNICAL DATA OF ORDNANCE AND EXPWSIVES
8.1 ORDNANCE AND CHEMICAL RELATED MISSIONS
During the Civil War, the Army placed a variety of cannons and field pieces at Fort Reno
for defense of the Capito1. These encompassed the 8-inch siege howitzer, lO-inch siege
mortar, 24-pounder field howitzer, 24-pounder seacoast gun, 30-pounder Parrott rifles and
the 24-pounder Coehom mortar. The fort's authorization included one 3-pound and one 5-
pound Ketchum hand grenade for each yard of perimeter. In addition to firing artillery
during General Early's advance on Fort Stevens, standard practice was to fire the artillery
weapons on a weekly basis for drill. Documents indicate the possibility that Union forces
buried percussion shells or hand grenades to act as land mines around the fortifications.
Between 1951 and 1953, the 35th AAA Brigade probably used Fort Reno as a tactical
position for the deployment of 90mm and/or 120mm antiaircraft battalions for the defense of
Washington, D.C. on an interim basis, though no documentation showed this specifically. If
placed, the archives search team strongly doubts these weapons were ever fired on site.
The archives search did not uncover any evidence of the use of chemical warfare material at
Fort Reno. The War Department's activities at this site did not include the storage, disposal
or use of CWM.
8.2 DESCRIPTION OF CONVENTIONAL ORDNANCE
The archive search did not encounter any evidence of OE on the surface during the site visit,
or find any incident reports. Appendices C-l and C-2 depicts examples of ordnance for most
of the above listed weapons. The appendix includes an overview of the basic types of
projectiles employed (e.g. solid shot, common shell, canister shot and grape shot) as well as
typical examples of various fuzes used in Civil War projectiles. It also includes some
examples of the type of cannon used to fire the munitions. Appendix C-3 contains data on
the Ketchum hand grenade. Appendix C-4 contains data on the 90mm and 120mm
projectiles.
In the event Civil War ordnance is ever located at the site, extreme caution should be
exercised in approaching unexploded ordnance. The black powder filler in some projectiles
is sensitive to heat, shock and friction and fuzes may still be active. The following warning
is extracted from Heavy Anillery Projectiles of the Civil War:
"The great majority of recovered Parrott projectiles will have a badly decayed fuse or
fuse plug, at the surface point, and consist of crystalline zinc oxide. This condition is
caused by the combination of zinc, iron and water, creating in effect a small battery.
The zinc is slowly decomposed and tumed into oxide by an electrolytic effect. A
word of caution is i~terposed at this point. Although it would not seem likely that
any fuse in such condition could still be active, quite often the opposite is the case.
Section 8 - Technical Data of Ordnance and Explosives

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The writers have seen quite a few Parrott projectiles with badly decayed percussion
fuses that were still "live" and knows of one instance when such a projectile, a 30-
pounder, was placed in a fire and very shortly thereafter exploded "high order".
Fortunately no one ~as injured. DO NOT PROBE OR DRILL INTO THESE OR
ANY OTHER PERCUSSION FUSE." (Kerksis and Dickey 1972)
When most people think of Civil War ordnance, the solid "cannon ball" comes to mind.
While there was such solid shot used, much of the ordnance contained explosive charges.
There was even a type called "blind shell", which had no external fuze well, but relied upon
the friction generated by penetrating armor to ignite the bursting charge. Therefore, all Civil
War ordnance must be treated with caution.
Section 8 - Technical Data of Ordnance and Explosives

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9.0 EVALUATION OF OTHER SITE INFORMATION
The archive search did not reveal any additional areas of potential environmental concern
associated with the military use of AAA Site Fort Reno.
Section 9 - Evaluation of Other Site Information

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March 1997
APPENDIX A
REFERENCES
Appendix A - References
nn
IiiIiiI
Ordnanca and Explosives / Chamical Warfare Materials
Msrch 1997
Section 2.0 PREVIOUS SITE INVESTIGATIONS
Corps of Engineers - Baltimore District

1994 Inventory Project Report - project no. C03DC048400, AAA Site Fort Reno,
Washington, D.C. dated 6 September 1994.
Appendix D-1
Section 3.2 CLIMATIC DATA
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

1991 Local Climatological Data (temperature and wind) of Washington, D. C.
National Airpon
National Weather Service

1995 Precipitation Data for Boston Washington National WSCMO AP, VA
Sections 3.3 & & 3.4.2 GEOLOGY. SOILS AND GROUND WATER HYDROLOGY
Johnston, Paul M.
1964 Geology and Ground-Water Resources of Washington, D.C., and Vicinity.
U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1776.
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Smith, Horace
1976 Soil Survey ofDistrict of Columbia. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil
Conservation Service, in cooperation with U.S. Department of the Interior,
National Park Service, National Capital Parks.
Section 3.4.1 SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY
U.S. Geological Survey

1983 Washington West, D.C.-MD-VA, 7.5 Minute Series (topographic), dated 1965,
photo revised 1983
Section 3.5 ECOLOGY
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service

1996 Official correspondence dated 17 October 1996
Section 3.6 DEMOGRAPHICS
U.S Department of Commerce - Bureau of the Census

1990 Census of Population and Housing - Washington, D. C., Summary Tape File
lA, from CD Rom
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I'r.I ARCHIVES SEARCH REPORT - FINDINGS
~ AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D.C.

Projact Numbar - C03DC048401
March 1997
1992 County and City Data Book, Land Area and Population - Washington, D. C. ,
Summary Tape File lA, from CD Rom
1993 County Business Patterns - Washington, D. C., Summary Tape File lA, from
CD Rom
Section 4.1 HISTORICAL SITE SUMMARY
36th AAA Battalion

c.1954 History of the 36th AAA Battalion, not dated c.1954. Record Group 338, Unit
Records - Anti Aircraft Artillery Brigade, Box 20, National Archives, College
Park, Maryland.
Appendix E-l
Barnard, Brevet Major General J.G.

1871 Professional Papers of the Corps of Engineers U.S. Anny No. 20. A Report
on the Defenses of Washington to the Chief ofEngineers, U.S. Anny.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Appendix E-2
Barnard, Lt. Col. Roy S.

c.1996 The History of ARADCOM, vol 1, The Gun Era 1950-55, not dated c.1996.
Fort MacArthur Military Press, San Pedro, California.
Appendix E-3
Cooling III, Benjamin Franklin and Owen II, Walton H.

1988 Mr. Lincoln's Forts. A Guide to the Civil War Defenses of Washington. White
Mane Publishing Company.
Appendix E-4

1994 Inventory Project Report - project no. C03DC048400, AAA Site Fort Reno,
Washington, D.C. dated 6 September 1994.
Appendix D-l
Helm, Judith Beck

1981 Tenleytown, D. C. Country Village into City Neighborhood. Tennally Press,
Washington, D.C.
Appendix E-5
War Department
1863 General Orders Defenses of Washington, dated 1863, Record Group 94, Entry
Adjutant General, General Orders, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
Appendix E-6
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ARCHIVES SEARCH REPORT· FINDINGS

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Ways, Harry C.
1992 The Washington Aqueduct 1852-1992. U.s. Army Corps of Engineers,
Washington, D.C.
Appendix E-7
Section 4.4 AIR PHOTO INTERPRETATION AND MAP ANALYSIS

1866 Fon Reno. Record Group 77, Drawer 170, Sheet 8 Fort Reno, National
Appendix K-1
1866 Battery Reno. Record Group 77, Drawer 170, Sheet 12 Fort Reno, National
Appendix K-2
Engineer Department
n.d. Environs of Washington. Record Group 77, Drawer 170, Sheet 14 Fort
Reno, National Archives, College Park, Maryland.
Barnard, J. G., Brevet Major General

1871 Extract of Military Map of N.E. Virginia - Index Map for Sheets, contained in
A Repon on the Defenses of Washington to the Chief of Engineers, 1871, U.S.
Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks, PA.
Appendix K-3
Barnard, J. G., Brevet Major General

1871 Defenses of Washington Plate 21 - Fon Reno and Battery Reno, contained in A
Repon on the Defenses of Washington to the Chief of Engineers, 1871, Book
PA.
Appendix K-4
U.S. Geological Survey

1983 Washington West, D. C.-MD- VA, 7.5 Minute Series (topographic), dated 1965,
photo revised 1983
Section 5.0 REAL ESTATE

1960 ENG Form 1602 - Reality Control File Summary - AAA Site - Fon Reno, dated
4 March 1960. Real Estate Division, U.S. Army Engineer District,
Baltimore.
Appendix F-2
Page A-3
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Ordnance and Explosives / Chemical Warfare Msterisls
""
IIiIiII
March 1997
Department of Interior-National Park Service

1951 Letter to the Corps of Engineers, Assistant District Engineer for
Administration, dated 11 June 1951. Real Estate Division, U.S. Army
Engineer District, Baltimore.
Appendix F-l
Section 8.0 TECHNICAL DATA OF ORDNANCE AND EXPLOSIVES
Kerksis, Sydney C. and Thomas Dickey

1972 Heavy Anillery Projectiles of the Civil War. Phoenix Press, Kennesaw, GA
Thomas, Dean S.
1985 Cannons: An Introduction to Civil War Anillery. Thomas Publications,
Gettysburg, PA
Appendix C-l
U.S. Naval School, Explosive Ordnance Disposal

1960 A Repon on Civil War Explosive Ordnance, dated 10 November 1960, U.S.
Naval Propellent Plant, Indian Head, MA
Appendix C-3
1972 A Field Guide For Civil War Explosive Ordnance, dated 16 June 1972, by
John D. Bartleson, Jr., U.S. Naval Propellent Plant, Indian Head, MA
Appendix C-2
Department of the Army

1944 TM 9-1904 - Ammunition Inspection Guide, dated September 1944.
Appendix C-4
1945 Complete Round Chan No. 5981, dated March 1945.

Appendix C-4
1950 TM 9-1901 - Anillery General, dated September 1950, pp.180-183.

Appendix C-4
1967 TM 9-1300-203 - Anillery Ammunition, dated 6 Apri11967, pp. 2-53 & 2-74.
Appendix C-4
1994 TM 43-0001-43 - Army Ammunition Data Sheets, Anillery Ammunition Guns,

Howitzers, Monars, Recoilless Rifles, Grenades Launchers and Anillery
Fuzes, dated 28 April 1994, pp. 2-59.
Appendix C-4
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APPENDIX B
ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS,
AND BREVITY CODES
Appendix B - Abbreviations, Acronyms and Brevity Codes

..
IIiIiIIJ
March 1997
ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS AND BREVITY CODES
AAF* Army Air Field

AA Anti-Aircraft
AEC Army Environmental Center
AFB Air Force Base
AP Armor Piercing
APDS Armor Piercing Discarding Sabot
APERS Anti-personnel
AP-T Armor Piercing-Tracer
ASR Archive Search Report
aux auxiliary
BD Base Detonating
BD/DR Building Demolition/Debris Removal
BLM Bureau of Land Management
BRAC Base Realignment and Closure
CADD Computer-Aided Drafting and Design
cal Caliber
CBDA Chemical and Biological Defense Agency
CBDCOM Chemical and Biological Defense Command
CE Corps of Engineers
CEHNC Corps of Engineers, Huntsville Engineering Support Center
CELMS Corps of Engineers, Lower Mississippi-St. Louis District
CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act
CERFA Community Environmental Response Facilitation Act
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
COE Chief of Engineers
ctg Cartridge
CWM Chemical Warfare Material
CWS* Chemical Warfare Service
DA Department of the Army
DARCOM Development and Readiness Command
DERA Defense Environmental Restoration Account
DERP Defense Environmental Restoration Program
DoD Department of Defense
DOE Department of Energy
DOl Department of Interior
EE/CA Engineering Evaluation/Cost Analysis
EIS Environmental Impact Statement
EOD Explosives Ordnance Disposal
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ERDA Environmental Restoration Defense Account
FDE Findings and Determination of Eligibility
FS Feasibility Study

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""

Project Number - C03DC04840f
March 1997
FUDS Formerly Used Defense Sites

GIS Geographic Information System
GPS Global Positioning Satellite
GSA General Services Administration
HE High Explosive
HEAT High Explosive Anti-Tank
HEI High Explosive Incendiary
HEP Plastic
HTRW Hazardous Toxic and Radioactive Waste
HTW Hazardous and Toxic Waste
lAS Initial Assessment Study
INPR Inventory Project Report
IRP Installation Restoration Program
MCX Mandatory Center of Expertise
MT Mechanical Time
MTSQ Mechanical Time Super Quick
NARA National Archives and Records Administration
NAS* Naval Air Station
NCP National Contingency Plan
NEW Net Explosive Weight
NG National Guard
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NOFA No Further Action
NPRC National Personnel Records Center
NRC National Records Center
NWS National Weather Service
OE Ordnance and Explosives
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Act
PA Preliminary Assessment
PD Point Detonating
PIBD Point Initiating, Base Detonating
PL Public Law
QASAS Quality Assurance Specialist Ammunition Surveillance
RA Removal Action
RAC Risk Assessment Code
RD Remedial Design
RG Record Group
RI Remedial Investigation
RI/FS Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study
SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
SSHO Site Safety and Health Officer
SSHP Site Safety and Health Plan
SWMU Solid Waste Management Units
TECOM Test Evaluation Command

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TEU United States Army Technical Escort Unit

TNT Trinitrotoluene
TP Target Practice
U.S. United States (of America)
USA United States Army
USACE U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
USADACS U.S. Army Defense Ammunition Center and School
USAESCH U.S. Army Engineering Support Center, Huntsville, AL
USAFHRA U.S. Air Force Historical Research Agency
USATHMA U.S. Army Toxic and Hazardous Materials Agency
USC United States Code
USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture
USGS U. S. Geological Survey
UXO Unexploded Ordnance
WAA* War Assets Administration
WD* War Department
WNRC Washington National Records Center
* designates a historic acronym

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March 1997
APPENDIX C
TEXT I MANUALS
Appendix C - Text I Manuals

I'JIIr.I ARCHIVES SEARCH REPORT - FINDINGS
IiiIiII AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D. C.

March 1997
TEXT I MANUALS
C-1 Thomas, Dean S.

Cannons: An Introduction to Civil War AnWery. dated 1985, Thomas
Publications, Gettysburg, PA
C-2 U.S. Naval School, Explosive Ordnance Disposal

A Field Guide For Civil War Explosive Ordnance, dated 16 June 1972, by
John D. Bartleson, Jr., U.S. Naval Propellent Plant, Indian Head, MA
C-3 U.S. Naval School, Explosive Ordnance Disposal

A Repon on Civil War Explosive Ordnance, dated 10 November 1960, U.S.
Naval Propellent Plant, Indian Head, MA
C-4 Ordnance Technical Data Sheets

Prepared by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers St. Louis District, Ordnance and
Technical Services Branch-Engineering Division
Appendix C - Text / Manuals

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March 1997
APPENDIX C-1
Thomas, Dean S.
Cannons: An Introduction to Civil War Artillery.
dated 1985, Thomas Publications, Gettysburg,
PA

I ;] ~l J J tjOl J Yl J)r~::e 11 gtJ;) J] ~ q) (C 3J \)'~ IJ ~~W ;rJ ~p ~.~ 71" U] ] B~.- Y
~D~' @])U~dn~)
tl
§o rlrDJ~!D~~llaS
,,'{ .
TYPES OF PROJECTILES
Four types of regulation projectiles were employed by

Civil War field artillery: solid shot, common shell, case
shot, and canister. Specimens of 12-pounder "grape shot"
exist, but this type of projectile was more often used by Spherical shot strapped to sabot
siege and heavier weapons in addition to some other less
common rounds.
SOLID SHOT - Round (spherical) projectiles of solid
iron for smoothbore guns are commonly called "cannon-
balls" or just plain "shot." When elongated for rifled
weapons, the projectile is known as a "bolt." The weight
of the solid projectile fired from smoothbore cannons (and
some rifled pieces) determined the "pounder" designa-
tion. The smashing effect of spherical shot was used
against both material objects (opposing batteries,
wagons, buildings, etc.) and animate targets. Skilled gun-
ners could ricochet the cannonball across open ground
against advancing infantry and cavalry. The conical bolt Solid bolt
was not used a great deal by field artillery and was virtual-
ly useless for ricochet fire because it tended to bury itself
where it first struck the ground (the point of impact).
Bolts were anti-materiel, used particularly against
masonry fortifications.
COM~ION SHELL- The shell, whether spherical or
conical, was a hollow iron projectile filled with a black
powder bursting charge. It was designed to break into
many ragged fragments, although this did not always
occur, and was both anti-personnel and anti-materiel.
Spherical shells were exploded by time fuses set in
wooden or metallic fuse plugs, and were ignited by the
flame of the cannon's propelling discharge. Conical shells
were detonated by time fuses and impact, or "percussion" Spherical shell
fuses. Numerous percussion fuses were invented during
the Civil War, generally, all were similar in that they
contained a moveable piece called a "slider" and a station-
ary "anviL" A pistol or musket nipple was attached to the
slider and on this was mounted a standard percussion cap.
When fired, the slider was held back by inertia, although
some fuses did have safety devices. Upon impact, the
slider was thrown violently forward. snapping any safety
connection, and the percussion cap was crushed anel ex-
ploded against the anvil. The flame from the percussion
cap ingited a small powder train, which in turn communi-
cated with the bursting charge. Percussion fuses had
several defects, not the least of which were the slider
becoming cocked in some models, or the shell not striking
with sufficient force to explode the percussion cap - as in Rifled she]]
a glancing blow.
16
CASE SHOT - Case shot or "shrapnel" was the inven-
tion of Henry Shrapnel, an English artillery officer. It was
produced for both smoothbore and rifled weapons. The
projectile had a thinner side wall than common shell and
was filled with small lead or iron balls in a matrix of
sulphur or asphalt. A very small bursting charge was used
to merely break open the casing and scatter the contents
into the air. In effect, case shot was long-range canister.
When the projectile burst and the small balls dispersed,
all the parts continued moving forward at a high velocity
capable of disabling men and horses. Normally, all case
shot was time fused to break open a certain time and
distance from the cannon, since the small bursting charge
would have had little effect once it struck the ground.
A notable cJifference between Union and Confederate Spherical case shot Rifled case shot
case shot was the manner in which the chamber was
formed for the bursting charge. In the North, the interior
of the projectile was entirel:' filled with lead balls and a
sulphur matrix to the bottom of the fuse hole. After the
matrix had set up, the chamber was drilled out. Due to a
scarcity of lead, Confederate case shot balls were general-
ly of iran which were much more difficult to drill. South-
ern case shot is usually found with a side filler hole in the
casing. A stick or "mandrel" was inserted into the fuse
hole and the balls and matrix poured through the side
hole into the projectile. When the matrix had hardened,
the mandrel was withdrawn, ancl thus the chamber was
formed. The side hole was normally plugged with lead,
although specimens are obser,ed with brass and iron • •
screw plugs.
CANISTER- The effect of this round when fired from
a cannon was like that of a huge shotgun blast. Canister
consisted of a number of large balls, usually of iron, Canister
packed with sawdust in a tinned iron cylinder. As an
example, the 12-pounder Napoleon canister had twent)'-
seven ll/z-inch-diameter iron balls. The cylinder was
nailed to a large wooden plug or "culot" on one end and
crimped over a heavy iron plate on the other. Upon "Fixed" round of canister ammunition
discharge, the cylinder disintegrated and the balls fanned
out. Canister was extremely effective against attacking
infantry and cavalry up to a range of 200 yards, and
probably had a maximum range of 400 yards. At very close
range, numerous contemporary accounts mentioned the
loading of cannons with two and even three rounds of
canister, but this was not a safe practice for the gunners.
GRAPE SHOT - Grape shot was similar to canister in
effect and range, but differed greatly in the manner of
manufacture. A common "stand" of grape consisted of
heavy iron top and bottom plates, nine iron balls in three
tiers, two iron rings, all held together by a nut and bolt,
with a rope carrying handle. An earlier variation was
known as "quilted" grape. It had an iron pin or pipe
sticking up from the center of the bottom plate and dis-
pensed with the top plate. The balls were piled around
the pin and then wrapped in canvas. Heavy twine laced
between the balls to keep them rigid gave the appearance Stand of grapeshot
of quilting.
17
24-POUNDER COEHORN MORTAR
This weapon was named for the Dutchman, Baron \'an

f',[enno Coehoorn, who in\'ented it in the late 1600s, The
tube of the U, S, \loclel of 18:38 was cast of bronze and
was mounted on a wooden bed with four handles,
Although two men could maneuver its almost 300 totul
pounds, it was ideally sen'ed by a four-man crew,
The Confederates used captured Coehorns anc! also
produced some of their o\\'n in both 2-t-pounder and
12-pounder sizes, The tubes for these weapons were of
cast iron, \Vhile the North used standard 2-t-pounder
shells in their Coehorns, the South de\'eloped special
projectiles with "ears" cast into the shell body near the
fuse hole. These \\'(.'re loaded by shell hooks like the
larger mortar balls and ensured that the fuse pointed
away from the powder charge to prevent premature ex-
plosions,
Eight Coehorns accompanied the Union Army of the
Potomac when it began its southward march in May 186-1,
They were well suited to lobhing shells short distances in
the trench warf:1rc that de\elopeel anel saw extensi\'e use
during the siege of Petcrshurg
"General Grant's campaign - shelling the enemy from the Coehorns," Sketched by A. R. Waud, this drawing originally
appeared in the July 30, lS6-1. issue of Harper's Weekly
47
24-pouncler Cochorn mortar shell, U.S. 24-poul1der Cochorn mortar shell, C.S.; "ears" are seen
Weight - 17 lbs. at 3 and 9 o'clock
Diameter - 5.68" Weight - 17 lbs.
Diameter - 5.68"
.-
Ordnance captured aftcr the fall of Richmond, Va., April 1865. Of special note are the two 24-pounder, Confederate, iron
Caeham mortars - one is in thc foreground and the other is at the extreme right. The beds are merely large blocks of
solid wood with handles attached. Three standard Federal bronze Coehorns are in the center of the photograph in fron t of
the long row of cannons. The large mortar is an 8-inch siege & garrison, Moclel1841. The weapon on the broken carriage
is a 32-pounder smoothbore, Moclel 1846. Cannons in the background are Parrott field rilles and three 8-inch siege
howitzers.
48
8-inch mortar shell lO-il1ch mortar shell
Weight - 44 Ibs. Weight - 88 Ihs.
Diameter - 7.88" Diameter - 9.87"
2-1-I}() //1/ der /i-illch W-illch lO-illch 13-illch

Coehol"ll Siege Siege Seacoast Scacoast
Bore Diameter. ......... .s.H2" S()" 10.0" 10.0" 13.0"
Tube ~latcrial .......... 13rollze JrOil Irol1 I rOll Iron
.J) .,J
__ -" :28"
Length of Tube . 16.:32" -16" 5.3"
Weight of Tube 16-1 Ibs. ~):30 Ihs. I,H,5:? Ibs. 5,77.51bs. 17,120 Ibs.
Powder Charge '" 5 lh. :3.7.5Ibs, -1.0Ibs. 10.0 Ibs. 20.0Ibs.
0
Range at 4.5 1:;:1e\'ati0I1 1,200 yck 1,200 "cis. 2,100 yds. 4,2.50 ycls. 4,325 ycls.
Natiunal Archives
t-.1ounting lO-inch seacoast mortars near Butler's Crow's Nest, Va., 1864.
-19
30-POUNDER PARROTT RIFLE
The 30-pounclcr or ·t:2-inch Parrott rine was the next

progression in the Purrott line after then 10- and 20- _..::~,w..,.. ,
""l~~~","
pounder field piecE'S aile! \I'as emplo~'ecl in several
theatres with good Sllccess, Tcchnicallly a siege und garri- ~~.~.~~
son weapon, it was lISualh" mounted on a wooden siege
carriage for usc \I'hl're opl'rations slowed ,\nd it could be
brought to bear from SOl1lc\\'hat prep'lre(] positions,
however, the :30-polillcler P,u-rott c\ptured by the Con-
federates at the First 13attlc of Bun Hun was mounted on a
field carriage, Percussion shclls \Vere typically fired frol11
these wcapons, but c,\se shot ,\nd holts were also av.\iI-
able,
Bore Dial1leter , . -1,2"

. '. _.... ~
Tube \Iaterial . I ron

.~ ~- .
Length ol'Tuhe 1:3.3"
Weight of Tube -1,200Ihs,
Powder Charge .. 3.75 lbs, 30-pounder Parrott rine in Battery Hays
Range at 5° E: Ic\'ation 2,200 yards
against Fort \Vagner, \Iorris Island, S.c.
j"-
: ~
.-.
... :.:-.
--
. ... "
, " .,-'.
Three 30-pounder Parrott rifles of Burton's Co. "I," 1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery, Petersburg, \'a., June 1864.
-IS
:,·4 I I,
\.~ I . .
.~ ;:y f~7i
I
.--.-:--J\ . . :: :.,
~
ri. _
'.
FIELD HOWITZERS
:~~;:.
As mentioned earlier. the howitzer was a short-

barreled cannon designed to throw large projectiles \\'ith
a relatively small powder charge concentrated in a cham-
ber in its breech. It fired the same projectiles as a gun of
similar caliber, but did so at ~l higher trajectory.
The 12-pounder f\'apoleon \'irtuall)' replaced all 12- .- ~_:_~~
pounder howitzers in the Federal sen'ice; however, due
12-pounder field howitzer, Confederate manufacture
to a serviceable \I'eapon need on the Confederate side, it
'>vas slower to disappear there. Lee klUlecl26 12-pouncler
field howitzers to Gctt\sburg.
12-]Jdr. 2-J-]Jdr.
Bore Diameter -1.62" ....... 5.82"
Tube Material . .. Bronze . . .. Bronze
Length of Tube 5.3" .......... 65"
Weight of Tube ,1'8 lbs. ..... 1,,318Ibs.
Powder Charge. . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 lb. . . . . . . .. 2lbs.
Hange at 5° Ele\'ation 1,072 yards 1,322 yards
24-pounder field howitzer, Austrian manufacture, im-

ported by the South.
24-pounder shot 24-pounder shell, Bormann fuse

Weight - 24 Ibs. Weight - 17 Ibs.
Diameter - 5.68" Diamelr:r - 5.68"
31
m't ARCHIVES SEARCH REPORT - FINDINGS
IIi&iIIJ AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington D. C.

March 1997
APPENDIX C-2
u.s. Naval School, Explosive Ordnance DisposalA

Field Guide For Civil War Explosive Ordnance,
dated 16 June 1972, by John D. Bartleson, Jr.,
U .5. Naval Propellent Plant, Indian Head, MA

.'
~1~
-
.-
.-
.-
.-
.- 1ft
.-
.-
-
-
.-
'-
.-
.,
-
-..;.
-
-- M I
.-
.-
-
.-
-- N
.-
.-
.-
II
1
-
--
- -
.- I-----
.-
-.
-
I' .
•J I.
: I-
I - •
I,
1 :
'I:
1, ;
~: .,
• !'
FIGURE 19
GUN: 2-4 pounder Coehorn mortar
PROVENANCE: U.S.
PATTERN: Spherical TYPE: common shell
Vv'EIGHT: about 17 pounds LENGTH: -
DIMvIETER: about 5.6B inches SYSTHl: -

'I FUSING: wood fuse plug,
SABOT: -
paper time fuse
REMARKS
This calibre projectile with this type of fusing was used primarily in the 24 pounder Coehorn mortar. The
Federal projectile normally did not have "ears", as did their Confederate counterparts. See Figure 20.
40
( PART V
FUZES
A. TI M E FUZES
~ 1t
':':'
.. ,'"
.:'.:.::':
:::
<i :. . .
":: ::
::.':
~J"'/
r·~"""""'-~·
u~ _;t,~_-','
'j'r.I 1",'
).. .. ~.• ~ 5; . I II ~ . ~
II' '\111\1 \\\~\\ \\\\\\\\\\1\\\\'
.......... 17,
I '."
2 .. '
l '... J. ,/ d Ii' I l', 6. I I',
9 10 III
Figure 129, Assorted Paper Time Fuzes,
Fuzes are the means used to ignite the bursting charge of a hollow projectile at any desired
moment of its flight. They may be classed according to their mode of operation, as time fuzes,
percussion, combination, and concussion. The fuzes shown in Figure 129 are composed of a case
of paper enclosing a column of burning composition, which is set on fire by the discharge flame
of the gun, and which, aftcr burning a certain time, communicates with the bursting charge of
the projectile. Its successful operation depends on the certainty of ignition, the uniformity of
burning, and the facility with which its flame communicates with the bursring charge.
The ingredients of all timc fuze compositions are the same as for gunpowder, but the pro-
portions are varied to suit the required rate of burning. Pure mea\ed powder gives the quickest
composition, and the others are derived from it by the addition of nitre and sulphur in certain
quantities.
135
5. Bormann-Time Fuze
Figure 146. Bormann-Time Fuze.
The Bormann-Time fuze is identified by its lead alloy body with numbered time gradua-
tions from 1 to 5 seconds encircling the face of the fuze. This fuze is normally used with
smoothbore projectiles although some have been noted in rifled shells, see Figure 86. It is
1 5/8 inches in diameter and 7/16-inch thick. Prior to use, the top of fuze case (over powder
ring) is cut or pierced at desired time setting. Upon firing, propellant gases enter this cut and
start black powder burning around time ring; after preset time, powder burns into central hole
which in turn transmits the flame to the main charge.
It was one of the most popular smoothbore projectile fuzes in use during the Civil War.
The fuze was used both by the Union and Confederates. Later in the war the Confederates re-
placed the Bormann with the paper time fuze fitted into their copper fuze adapter. Directly
beneath all Bormann fuzes will be found a brass or steel plug with a small central hole to pass
the flame. This plug is threaded into a reduced diameter hole and serves to support the center
of the fuze from the forces of setback.
146
6. Schenkl Percussion Fuze
Figure 154. Schenkl Percussion Fuze.
Identified by a large brass body, the Schenkl fuze is normally stamped with the patent date.
The fuze head is slotted completely across including the anvil. The center of the anvil has a
countersunk recess which serves as a "turn around" feature for safety in handling. This rece'ss is
presented to the plunger, should the fuze be dropped prior to fuing. Prior to fIring, th~ anvil is
unscrewed and reversed so that a flat surface is presented to the plunger. Upon firing; the force
of setback drives the plunger (B) to the rear breaking the shear screw (C). Upon. impact with the
target, the force of impact drives the plunger forward, c:rushing the percussion cap (A) against the
fuze anvil, fIring the cap, which flashes through plunger and bottom of the fuze body. This
fuze is usually found in the Schenkl shell, although some are noted in case shot rounds. The
fuze has been noted in two sizes. Figures 155 and 156 are the original patent model that was
presented for patent rights in 1861.
153
.. -n~;'~.1"''''' ~~- _ ~ --T~~--"~"'-""',,;'''''''''''''-;--
-~
D. COMBINATION FUZES
1. Sawyer Combination Fuze
B -----;~-----lUf I
Figure 162. Sawyer Combination Fuze.
G
The Sawyer Combination fuze consisted of a metal fuze
adapter (E) that screwed into the lead jacket of the Sawyer pro-
H---.! jectile that was extended beyond the nose of the shell for this very
purpose. Should the fuze fail to detonate on time or if the shell
impacted berore the time clement functioned, the entire fuze as-
sembly would be driven down upon the steel nose of the projec-
tile and crush the second fulminate ring (F) to detonate the main
filler. Prior to loading, the gunner would pierce the selected hole
(H) with a gimlet to gain desired time. Upon discharge from the
gun, a lead and brass setback weight (A) fitted with a fulminate
ring (B) would move to the rear crushing the fulminate ring (B)
on the anvil (C) and ignite the time composition clement (G)
which is fitted into the fuze body (D). When the time element burned down to the selected hole
that had been previously pierced, the flame would be transmitted into the main filler of the shell.
The brass body (0) was kept separated from the shell until needed, and the forward part of
the fuze was normally closed with a cork to keep out moisture. The brass body has four rows
of time apertures, the line drawing shows only two rows. The Union Sawyer projectile was un-
available for presentation in this manual.
160
IIiIIIIJ AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington D. C.

March 1997
APPENDIX C-3
u.s.Naval School, Explosive Ordnance Disposal

A Report on Civil War Explosive Ordnance, dated
10 November 1960, U.S. Naval Propellent Plant,
Indian Head, MA

U. S. NAVAL SCHOOL, EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL
A REPORT ON
CIVIL WAR EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE
by
F. W. HACKLEY
1st Lt, U. S. Army
u. S. N A V ALP R 0 PEL L 'A NT P LAN T

Indian Head, Maryland
TYPE: U. S. KETCHUM GRENADE
,.' .
,:......-: .1. .... ,... ........ ...,.-c.:,:....•~
IDENTIFICATION: Dart shape with iron body and wood and card-
board tail assembly.
FUZE: Percussion
FILLER: Black powder bursting charge.
SIZES: 1 Pdr (body diameter 1-5/8 inches), 3 Pdr (body diameter
2-7/16 inches), and the 5 Pdr (body diameter 2-15/16 inches).
REMARKS: Probably the most common Civil War hand grenade which
was actually used in combat. The patent date, August 20, 1861, is
usually found marked on one of the cardboard fins. Another
U.S. Grenade was the Adam's, which was constructed from a modi-
fied smooth bore projectile (usually a 6 Pdr), and fitted with a pulL
friction ignited fuze actuated upon throwing.
-36-
I?if.'I ARCHIVES SEARCH REPORT - FINDINGS
IIi&iIIJ AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D.C.

March 1997
APPENDIX C-4
Ordnance Technical Data Sheets

Prepared by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers St.
louis District, Ordnance and Technical Services
Branch-Engineering Division

CARTRIDGE, 90-MM, HE, M71 &
HE-T, M71Al
1------------37.45 MAX - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
n-o
UJ
AR199839
Projectile. The hollow steel forged projectile has a boat-tailed base and a streamlined ogive. The fuze
continues the streamline of the projectile. Fuze cavity may be normal or deep cavity type.
Components. The filler for this round is 2.15 pounds (1.86 pounds, deep cavity) of Composition B or
TNT. A tracer is threaded into the projectile base (M71Al). A point-detonating fuze is assembled to
the projectile. Loaded projectile weights fall into one of three weight zones. The loaded and fuzed
projectile is assembled to an M19 or M19B1 Cartridge Case containing Ml, M6, or M15 propellant.
Difference Between Models. M7Al has a tracer; M7 does not. M7Al has M1 propellant resulting in
lower velocity; M71 has M6 or M15 propellant
Length 37.45 inches

Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3.62 inches
Weight M7, 141.19 - 41.93 pound
M7Al, 38.80 - 39.54 pound
Filler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. TNT or Composition B
Weight of filler
Normal Fuze well 2.15 pound
Deep Cavity fuze well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1.68 pound)
Fuze PD M48, M48Al, M51A5, M557;
MTM43A3;
MTSQ M520 series, M564
Propelling Charge Ml, 5.33 pound
M6 & M15, 7.31 pound
Color. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Olive Drab with yellow markings
Reference: TM 9-1300-203, Artillery Ammunition, April 1977

SHOT, FIXED, AP, 90-MM, M77
>----------------32.75MAX--------------_1
11....
~ 3'--------"'---1·[ )
AR199833
PROPELLING CHARGE
TRACER
PRIMER
ROTATING BAND
General. AB the 90-mm gun Ml can be used either against aircraft or tanks, the ammunition is
adapted to both targets. The Shot M77 is provided for antitank use.
Projectile. The projectile consists of a heat-treated solid steel shot with a tracer; no provision made for
booster or fuze.
Components. The complete round consists of a Shot, armor-piercing, M77, firmly attached to an M19
Cartridge Case containing NH smokeless powder and an M28A1 or A2 Primer.
Length of projectile 10 inch

Length of complete round 32.75 inch
Diameter 3.537 inch
Color Black with white marking
Weight of complete round 42.04 pound
Filler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. None
Weight of propellant 7.31 pound
Fuze None
Reference: TM 9-1904, Ammunition Inspection Guide, March 1944

TM 9-1901, Artillery Ammunition, September 1950
Complete Round Chart No. 5981, March 1945
SHELL, FIXED, PRACTICE, 90·MM, M58
\ 0 0 - - - - - FUZE, ... 43A'
~--------800~TEA,M20
General. This complete round was originally

developed as the High-explosive Round M58.
~-------8OURRELET
Due to the thin body walls, prematures
resulted. AB a result, the filler was washed out N"----- 90 ...... SHELL, M58
and a substitute filler of sand and a black "!-----EXPLOSIVE FILLER (TNT)
powder spotting charge was substituted. The !l'a..'I--..,....--- ROTATIN<O SAND
round, thus, has been designated a practice :rr\.'t--~--CRIMP
round.
'-11-----8~ COVER
Projectile. The projectile is of steel
construction. It is streamlined, with a boat-tail
base. The fuze continues the exterior
streamline of the projectile. The shell has a ,
.()
base plate plate welded to its base. o '...
o°':>-?o
(Jot::> 0 q.~
Components. A complete round ofM58 o-;'(JQ~>(/
<?o~ 0 <?~.,
Practice Ammunition consists of the following: o~ 17 0 <, Q " J - - - -
<?~ • /;.~, CARTRIO<OE CASE, M'9
An M58 Projectile with 2.11 pounds ofinerl o ,
':.~().~J-?
filler and 0.56 pound black powder spotting ,~'('~ • v'"" ,
o
charge in pellet form; an M20 Booster and an (),t/ • ,
"'J ' /
M43A2 Fuze; and an M19 cartridge Case with ,,>.,.

...:/.
,~
'/':"~----PRIMER.
~.;.,
"'28AI
a propellent charge of NH smokeless powder.
':;<:
/;<,.C-',
>oe,',-+-----PROP£LLING CHARGE
'. :.~" : ~.~.:'~.

. ...
'/.t>
,
(~.1'
.
-:) 'J
Length of complete round 37.45 inch

Diameter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3.62 inch
Filler
Sand 2.11 pound
Black Powder Spotting Charge . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 0.56 pound
Weight of propellant 7.31 pound
Fuze M43A2
Color. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Blue, or Black with white markings
Reference: TM 9-1904, Ammunition Inspection Guide, March 1944

Department of Ordnance, Complete Round Chart No. 5981, March 1945
Projectile, 120mm Gun, HE, M73
.-. .' ~ :: .
... ........
~'.'
.'
-' . ,. ",
,,,"
'.'"
..::, ..
: " ~\
,_, " 'r-

o. I .~
.. ~.
Use: Fired in Ml-series 120mm Gun Cannons of the late World War II to Korean War
period as an anti-aircraft munition.
Description: This projectile consists of a forged steel body filled with TNT. The fuze
cavity accepts point detonating (PD) and mechanical time (MT) fuzes.
Length (projectile) . 24.06"

Over-all length wI cartridge case approx. 52"
Diameter . 120mm (4.7")
Weight of projectile 50lbs.
Filler 5.26 lbs. TNT
Fuzes PD or MT
Reference . TM 9-1300-203, April 1967


March 1997
APPENDIX D
REPORTS I STUDIES
Appendix D - Reports I Studies

lLI:.iII AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D. C.

March 1997
REPORTS / STUDIES
D-l Inventory Project Report for Project No. C03DC048400, AAA Site Fort Reno,
Washington, D.C., dated 6 September 1994
Appendix D - Reports / Studies

Page D-1
~ AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D. C.

March 1997
APPENDIX D-1
Inventory Project Report for Project No.

C03DC048400, AAA Site Fort Reno,
Washington, D.C., dated 6 September 1994
Appendix D - Reports / Studies

AUG 05 '96 04:21PM CENAB-EN-HM P.5 .
.,....
1 •

BALTIMORE DISTRICT, U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEiERS
P.O. BOX 1715
E1ALnMOAE. MD 21203·1715
AUL.YTQ
ATT£NTIOH OF
CENAB-EN-HN (200-1c) SEP 2 S 1994

MEMORANDUM FOR Commander, North Atlantic Division,
ATTN: CENAD-PL-F
SUBJECT: Defense Environmental Restoration Program for Formerly
Used Defenae Sites (DERP-FUDS), Inventory Project Report (IN~R)
for Site No. C03DC0484, AAA Site, Fort Reno, Washington, D.C.
1. This INPR reports on the DERP-FUDS preliminary asseSSment of
the former AAA Site, Fort Reno. Site visits were conducted on
28 June 1994 and 15 August 1994. The Site Survey 8umm~r.y She~t
and Site Maps are at Encl 1.
2. We determined that the site was formerly ue~d by the DOD. A

recommended Findings and Determination of Eligibility is at
Enol 2.
3. We also determined that there may be a potential safety
hazard at the site eligible for cleanup under DERP-FUDS. Th~
category of hazard at the site is potential Ordnance and
Explosive Waste (OEW). The project Summary Sheet and the Risk
Assessment Code (RAC2) for the proposed OEW project are at
Enol 3.
4. I recommend that you:
a. Sign ~he Findings and Determination of Eligibility; and
b. Forward a oopy of the INPR to CEHND for thQ INPR file and
for their determination of further action on the'potential nEW
project.
5. The Baltimore District Office of Counsel has reviewed the
subject INPR and concurs with the site eligibility and the
proposed project.
6. The Baltimore District point of contact on this matter i6
Mr. Amir A. Kouhestani, CENAB-EN-HN, (410) 962-2659.
3 Encls ALL R.
Colonel, C
Commanding
~ INO E
.---
s of Engineers
AUG 05 '96 04:22PM CENAB-EN-HM P.6
SITE SURVEY SUMMARY SHEET.

FOR
DBRP-FUDS SITE NO. C03DC0484
6 SEPTEMBER 1994
SITE NAME: AAA Site, Fort Reno
LOCATION: Washington, D.C., See Location Map, Attachment A.
SITE mSTORY; Fort and Battery Reno were constructed by the U.S, Government as part
of a ring of forts designed to protect the District of Columbia during the American Civil Wax
(1861-1865). The site consists of appro~tely 61.31 acres as calculated from historical
maps. The exact date of construction of the fort is not known, however accounts of progress
based on a letter from an infantryman, dated 30 August 1861, indicate that r.onstrllction was
well under way at the time the letter was written. The fort consisted of ax. earthr.l~ parapet,
or wall and was surrounded by a trench and abatis of tre~ tops lined up with their branches
radiating outward. Brigadier: General John G, Barnard, who commanded the team of U.S.
Army Engineers which constructed. the temporary forts around. Washington, D. C., did not
express much confidence in the security of Fort Reno and therefore ordered the ,;onstruction
of Battery Reno. Battery Reno was located approximately 300 yards north of Fort Reno and
was connected to Fort Reno by a covered, or protected walkway, for interconmT.ucatioIl.
Improvements installed by the U. S. Government in addition to the fort and battery included
barracks, a mess house, kitchens, stables, a hospital, and several other buildings. Fort Reno
housed two artillery magazines, in addition to the one Battery Reno contained within it:;
confines. The fort's a.nnament contained 27 guns and mortB.rs with 22 additiorm) vacant
platforms for field guns. The armament associated with Fort Reno included two 8-in siege
howitzers, nine 24-lb howitzers, one 100-lb Parrott gun, four 30-1b Parrott guns, two 10-in
Coehom mortars, and two 24-lb Coehom mortars, The support provided by Battery Reno
consisted of seven 20-1b Parrott guns. Fort Reno was not the site of any Civil War battles.
Remnants of the fort and battery or associated buildings are not currently visible at the site.
However, an interpretive marker is present in the approximate location of the furt.
In January of 1866, the property was returned to Giles Dyer, the original owner. Mr.
Dyer's heirs sold the property to two men, Newall Onion and Alexander Butts. The land
was subdivided and sold. The establishment of a residential community on the former Fan
Reno grounds resulted in the destruction of much of the fort. Washington, D.C. acquired a
portion of the fooner Fort Reno for tbe construction of an underground reservoir. The
reservoir was constructed. by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers on behalf of the
Washington, D.C. Government in 1900 and enlarged in 1928. A second underground
reservoir was installed in 1957.
The Department of the Interior acquired much of the Fort Reno property as it did many of
the Civil War sites, through the Capper Cramton Act of 29 May 1930 (46 Stat. 482), as
amended, which authorized'appropriations for land acquisitions for park programs in
Maryland. Virginia and the park, parkway. and playground system of the District of
Columbia. Civil WaI fortifications and connecting lands were acquired in the early 1930's
AUG 05 '96 04:23PM CENAB-EN-HM P.?
."
AAA SITE, FORT RENO "

WASHINGTON, D.C.
SITE NO. C03DC0484
and 1940's under this authority, as part of the Fort Circle system. Any remnants of Fort and
Battr:ry Reno were dismantled as Fort Reno Park was established.
The Department of Defense (DOD) reacquired 4.83 acres of Fort Reno Park from the
Department of the Interior via an Use Permit Dated l11une 1951. The property acquired
contained five houses, along Chesapeake Street, which were used by the U.S. Army, 35th
Anti-Aircraft Artillery Brigade in the planning for the defenses of Washington, D.C. during
the Korean War. lnfonnation to support the presence or absence of anti-aircraft missiles
during this period of DOD use of thf:l property has t1~t been found. The aforementioned
houses have subsequently been removed by the D~;artment of the Irtt;,~rior. During th':s
period of DOD use, the U.S. Government inBtalled an underground defense communications
system. In addition, radar and other sound sensitive antennas, dishes and homs were
installed on top of a tower constructed for that purpose. National Guard. reserve troops also
camped on the fields of Fort Reno for two-week and week-end periods of duty. The Anny
retransferred the property back to the Department of the Interior· on "31 March 1953.
The portion of the site owned by the Washington D.C. Govenunent is currenUy used for the
reservoir and its supporting facilities. In addition,a junior high school is located on tht=
city's property. The portion of the site currently owned by the Departtnent of the Interior is
a national park known as Port Reno and is open to the public. The NatiOrt£ t Park Service
(NPS) also uses the site, including a radio tower, for radio communications. Available
infonnation was not sufficient to determine whether the communication equipment and tower
used by the NPS was installed by the DOD; however, the equipment/s~ructures are being
beneficially used. 'The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) uses a. portipn of the park
property as a remote transmitter facility. FAA persollIlel have indicated that a tower, Butler
building and a 10,000 gal underground storage tank (UST), located on the PAA-used portion
of the site were installed by the DOD. The portion of the site that was previously occupied
by Battery Reno is now privately owned land in a residential neighborhood.
SITE VISIT: Mr. David Mercadante and Mr. Keith Caplan of EA Engineering, Science.
and Technology, Inc., under contract to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore
District, conducted a site visit of the former AAA Site, Fort Reno on 28 June 1994. Mr.
Bob Ford, Resource Manager of the Rock Creek Park Branch of the National Park Service,
gave EA permission to conduct the site visit at EA's convenience; however, no current
owners were present during the site visit.
Mr. William Piccirilli, CENAB-EN-HN, conducted a subsequent site visit on 15 August

1994 of the portion of the site used by the FAA. Mr. Jack Mills and Mr. Tom Schneider of
FAA Headquarters accompanied Mr. Piccirilli during the August 1994 site visit.
CATEGORY OF HAZARD: OEW.

',.' P.B
..· AUG .05 ' 96 04: 25PM CENAB-EN-HM
AAA SITE, FORT RENO

WASHINGTON, D.C.
SITE NO. C03DC0484
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
a. BD/DR. No further action. Based on the site visit, interviews with principal site owners
and available historical information, there is no evidence of DOD"related BD/DR hazards at
the site. TIle Civil War fort and battery were dismanUed by subsequent owners. The five
houses located along Chesapeake Street used in the early 1950's were demolished by
subsequent owners. A DOD"iostalled tow~r and Butler building are located on the ponion of
the site CUITently used by the FAA. These structures do not represent structural/safety
hazards and have been beneficially used subsequent to DOD use of the ~ite; therefore, these
stru.ctures are ineligible for removal under ccrrent DERP-FUDS .policy. Availabl~
information was not sufficient to detennine whether the communication equipment and tower
used by the NPS was installed by the DOD; however, the equipment/structures are being
beneficially used and l:It:e also ineligible. Remaining structures onsite are belieVed to have
been constructed by owners subsequent to DOD use of the site.
b. CON/HTRW. No further acUon. According to Mr. Mills of the r:i\A He~d.cfJr.:tt:rs, a

10.000 gal DOD-installed underground storage tank (UST) which has not been beneficially
used by subseq\lent owners. is located on the portion of the site used by the FAA. However,
Mr. Mills indicated that the FAA intends to remove and replace the UST untier their own
contracting system. An abandoned UST is located on the NPS propeJq. It is not known if
this UST was installed by DOD; however, the UST has been beneficially used SUbsequent to
DOD use of the site and is therefore ineligible under current DERP-FUDS policy. Based on
the site visit, interviews with the current principal site owners an", available historical
infonnation, there-is no evidence of DOD-related CON/HTRW hazards at the site which are
eligible for removal under current DERP-FUDS policy.
CO HTRW. No further action. Based on the site visit, interviews with the principal site
owners and review of available hllItorical information, there is no evidence of DOD-related
HTRW hazards at the site.
d. DEW. The site was used during the Civil War (1861 to 18(6) as a fort and battery.
Various weapons were used and stored at the site The site was used again from 1951 to
0
1953 by a AAA brigade. The potential presence of DEW material at the site may constitute
a safety hazard.
AVAILABLE STUDIES AND REPORTS: (available in CENAB-EN-HN rues)
Various documents and maps copied by EA at the National Archives and provided to EA by
National Park Service personnel.
PA POC~ Amir A. Koubestani, CENAB-EN-HN, (410) 962-2659.

P.9
,. AUG 05 '96 04:26PM CENAB-EN-HM
ATTACHMENT A
LOCAnON MAP
AAA SITE, FORT RENO
SITE NO. C03DC0484
NOlE: see Site Map, AttachlMnt B

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AAA SITE. FORT RE.110
SITE NO. C03DCf148400 •• ~
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.... , - - - - SUe Bcundary
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I - - - - - Fanner AAA Si1e
SoccerA8f1f • - • - _. -. Fonner Fort and 8stIe1Y

: f _ AM St'e
TerllQ J I Unah8ded Areas • US Owned
--- Coorll
- - _ ...........
Chesapeag SlIDel
I ~ IIIIii iiiI-- ......
_ Shaded AJ8.ll9 - DC Ownsd -u
.....
lSI
DIRECTIONS: T_ 95 8 'rom 9aIlimonl, MD. At 1tIe JPmt bIka 495 W» EJrit 33. NOTE: DmM1g notto scare..
FaUow R~ 185 (Cclnn~ulAw.) South to h inlelll8Clion our~ Avenue.
Tum light onlo Nel:ll1ulca Ave.. Falow NabmskaAlie. lor epprolimlll4lly 314 trifle
and IUm right onlD Chesapeeka 51. The rim ~11s Fad Drive, which enblrs the
,...... ..-,. n.·"'.......... .,i.. .,,......"-
.' " ..• " ",p.11 ,
I' A~~ 05 '96 04:29PM CENAB-EN-HM
'DEFENSE ENVIRONMENTAL ~TORAnON PROGRAM

FOR FORMERLY USED DEFENSE SITES
FINDINGS AND DETERMINATION OF ELIGffiILITY
AAA SITE) FORT RENO
WASHINGTON, D.C.
SITE NO. C03DC0484
FINDINGS OF FAQI
1. Fort Reno and Battery Reno were part of a. ring of forts, batteries, and rifle trenches
constructed around t.he perimeter of the District of Columbia during the American
Civil War (1861 to 1865). The fortifications were built on approximately 61.31 acres
of land owned by Giles Dyer, whose house was torn down to make way for the
works. This acreage ';,".u calculated base...', on a review of a map entitled "Environs of
Washington, II fJ.led at th/'o National Archives Cartographic Branch. The exact dates
and methods of the property acquisition were unavailable) however, construction of
the fort was well uncierway in August 1861. The fort was originally called Fort
Pennsylvania, and was later renamed Fort Reno. Fort and Battery Reno were located
east of Brookvill" Road (present day Wisconsin Avenue) upon the highest point of the
defense line: After a period of non-DOD use, ::<?Ortion of the property (Tract A)
containing 4.83 acres was'reacquired from the Uepartment of the Interior by Use
Permit dated 11 June 1951. The Permit was renewable automatically, annually for
three years. The site was acquired for the 35th AAA Brigade, Second Army, and
was called AAA Site - Fort Reno. The area a:.quired consisted of five houses at
3842,3847,3851,3855,3859 Chesapeake Street, N.W., Washington, D.C., located
on a National Capital Parks area known as Fort Reno Park.
2. Fort Reno commanded three major roads converging at ,the hamlet of Tenleytown
before leading into the city via Georgetown. The fon served as a major campground
during the war, and Fort Reno's elevation provided an appropriate place for a major
signal station. During construction of the fort and battery, the troops lived in tents.
Eventually, pennanent wooden barracks were constructed behind the fort along with
mess houses, kitchens, stables, a hospital, and several other buildings. Fort Reno
housed two artillery magazines and Battery Reno housed one. Fort and Battery Reno
were not the site of any Civil War battles. The fort's armament contained 27 guns
and mortars with 22 additional vacant platforms for field guns. The armament
associated with Fort Reno included two 8-in siege howitzers, nine 24-lb howitzers,
one lOO-lb Parrott gun, four 30-1b Parrott guns, two lO-in Coehom mortars, and two
24-1b Coehorn mortars. Battery Reno mounted seven 20-1b Parrotts. Battery Reno
was connected to Fort Reno by either a rovered or protected way fot'
intercommunication. Effective 1 July 1951, the U.S. Anny used and occupied the
five houses at AM Sire • Fort Reno in association with planning the defense of
Washington, D.C;,during the Korean War. During this period of Department of
Defense (DOD) use, a series of underground communications equipment was
installed. In conjunction with the underground equipment, a tower containing radar
P.12.
. , AUG 05 '96 04:30PM CENAB-EN-HM
AAA SITE, FORT RENO

WASIDNGTON, D.C.
SITE NO. C03DC0484
and other various sound sensitive horns, dishes and antennae was constructed.
National Guard reserve troops also camped on the property during periods of dUty.
During the two periods of DOD use. the site was not under other than DOD control.
3, In May 1865, many of the Civil War forts and batteries began dismantling. In
January of 1866, the Fort and Battery Reno properties were returned to Giles Dyer,
the original owner. The property was later sold to Newall Onion and Alexander
Butts, by Mr. Dyer's heirs. The Fort Reno property ~/as subdivided and sold as
individual lots. On 27 February 1953, the 35th AAA Brigade reported that AAA Site
- Fort Reno was no 1(1~lger required and that the l?r:openy should be returnee to the
National Capital ParKJ,. ThtArmy relinquisbeG control and transferred the propeny
back to the Departmet~t of the Interior in satisfactory condition effective 31 March
1953.
DETERMINAUQ.~
Based on the foregoing Findings of Fact, the site has been tletermllled to have been formerly
-. used by DOD. it is therefore eligible for the Defense Environmental Restoration Program -
Formerly Used Defense Sites established lUlder 10 USC 27u1 et seq.
REVIEWED BY:
~R~-
Colonel, Corps of Engineers
Commanding
~9+~
DATE
~=::::=====~-:
Brigadier General, USA
Commanding
P.13
AUG, 05 ' 96 04: 30PM CENAB-EN-HM
PROJECT $UMMARY SHEET

FOR
DERP-FUDS OEW PROJECT NO. C03DC048401
AAA SITE, FORT RENO, WASHINGTON, D.C.
SITE NO. C03DC0484
6 SEPTEMBER 1994
PROJECT DESCRIPTION: The site known as AAA Site, Fort Reno was established by the
U. S. Government and used as part of a ring of forts during the American. Civil War period
(1861 - 1865) for the defense of Washington D.C. The fort was reinforced with the
construction of 2· hattery to the north, known as .Battery Reno. Two artillery magazines were
contained within the fort itself, and an additional artillery magazine was located within
Battery Reno. The ~ort's armament containecl 27 guns and mortars with 22 ad~itional vacant
platforms for field ~uns. The armami;'lJt at Fort Reno included two 8-in Siege howit'r:ers, lJine
24-lb howitzers, one 100-lb Parrott gun, four 30-lb Parrott guns, tvvo lO-in Coehorn mor~rs,
and two 24-1b Coehom rnortars. Battery Reno was armed with seven 30-lb Parrott guns.
Fort Reno was not the site of any Civil War battles. Following the Civil War, the property
was returned to the original owner, Giles Dyer. Mr. Dyer's heirs sold the property to two
men who subdivided the property. Development of the land resulted in the destruction ot'
Fort Reno. A portion of the property (4.8::'. l'l.cres) \las al;j::.in used by the Departra.eL't. of
Defense (nOD) via a Use Permit spanning the period fmm 11 June 1951 through 31 Mar:h
1953 in association with plan.1i.ng the defense of Washington, D.C. during the Korean War.
During this period the property was occupied by ~e 35th Anti·Aircraft Artillery Brigade,
Second Anny. In addition, National Guard leserve troops camped on the propertY during
periods of duty. Infonnation to support the presence or absence of anti-aircraft missiles
during this 'period of DOD use was not available. No OEW hazards were observed during
the site visits .conducted by both EA E.1l8meering, Science and Technology and the U. S.
Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore District. Principal current owners were not aware of
existing or reported OEW hazards at the site.
PROJECT EUGIBIUTY: The site has been detennined to have been formerly used by the
DOD. The site was the location of a temporary fort during the American Civil War. The
DOD also occupied the site while administering the functioning of the 35th AAA Brigade,
Second Anny. The potential Presence of OW material at the site may constitute a safety
hazard. The site is no longer used by the DOD.
POUCY CONSIDERATIONS: There are no policy considerations that prohibit the proposal
of an OEW project.
PROPQSED ACTIVITY: The INPR should be referred to CEHND for determination of
further action.
Me: Attached.
DISTRICT POC~ Amir A, Kouhestani, CENAB-EN-HN, (410) 962-2659.

P.14
RUG 05 '96 04:31PM CENRB-EN-HM
. RISK ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES FOR

~. ORDNANCE AND EXPLOSIVE WAS~E (OE~) SITES
sit@ Name bAA SiteJ fgrt Reno Rater's N~@ Keith 5, Caplan
site Location Wa§hin~on. D.C. Phone No. {1101 7il-4950
DERP Proj@ct 'CC:RC046401 OrCJaniza~ionJ::A Eng, ( sci! I and Tech.
Date Complete~ ~~~~~$~~/~9~~ _ RAe Sc;:ore ~2'-- _
DEW RISK ASS!SS~NT;
This risk assessment procedure was developed in accordanc~ with M!L~STD 8S2C
and ~ 385-10. The RAC score will bs used by CEHND to prioriti%e the remedial
action at formerly used defense sites. The OEW tisk asse~5ment shou~d be b.s@d
upon best a.vailable information rl!!5ultinq from records sea.;-ches, report s of
E~ploeive Ordnance DiBposal (~OD) detachment actions, and field observations,
interviews. ",nd mellsurements. This inforTllation i!;l ueed to assess the risk
involved h.:etaed upon the potential (l£i'< hazardCl ~dentified at the site. The risJ(
asse~8m@nt is cOmposed of two factore, hazard severity and hazard p~obability.
Personnel iuvolved in visits to pot.entl~!. OEW sites shoulli view the CE1!ND
Videotape n.tltled nA Life ~hrea7.~ni.n9 Enc::ounter~ OEW."
Part I. H~~.rd s@ver,i~. H&~ard severi.ty ~ategories are defined to ~~ovicte ~
qualitlltiv\,' 'measure of the worst cI:edible mishap resulting f~om per60nnel
exposux@ to var30us typGS and quantities of un@~ploded ordnance items.
TYPE OF ORDNANCE
(Circl~ ~lJ v!1uee that apnly)
A. Conventional Ordnance and ~.\i ..,unit.\ )~ .
VALUE
}O{@diumjLa.rge calibe,t (20

Bombs, Exploaive
rn:'~ and larg@r)
G10
Grenades. Har'\d a.nd Riof;'~, Explo5i ve 10
lO
Detonators, Blasting capa, FuseB. Boosters. B~rste4s .

0 6
Bombs, Practice (w/spotting charqes) 6
Grenades, Prac~lCB (w/spott1ng charges) 4
Landmines, ~ractic@ (w/spotting charges) 4
Small Arms (.22 cal - .50 cal) Q

COr'\ventional Ordr'\ance and Ammunition J.2-
(Sel~ct the la~geBt single value)
What evid@nc€ do you have regarding conventional OEW? The site was uied as
f9;t and battery during th@American civil War. The information reviewed
, ..
indicat@s that the armament includeg a-in siege howitzers, 24-1b
howitzers. 100-1b parrott guo, 30-1b Parrott OUns, 10-in Coehorn mcrtar~,
P.15
AUG 05 '96 04:32PM CENAB-EN-HM
I, .
AAA SITE, FORT RENO

WASHINGTON, D.C.
OEW ?ROJECT NO. C03DC048401
and 24-1b coehorn mortars. Durin~ tD@ Korean War, the site was use~ as an
aAA-site, Available informatign does not indicate whether or not §oti-

aircraft missiles wmre stored on-site.
s. Pyrot@chnics (For munitiQns not described above.)
VALUE
Munition (Container) containing 10
14·, i. t.e Phosphorus or other
Pyrophoric Material (i.e.,
Spontaneously Flammable)
Mun.i.:r.ion Containir:t: a Flr,.,I£ 6
or 'f.l-ciO:ndiary Hate..:i.al ( .... 8 . ,
Nap.· 1m, orr ie'i:~,ylalWtlinum Metal
Inc@r.o. ~ ..:: iea)
Flares, Signals, Simulato~s, Screening Smoke8 4
(othe:z:o t.han WP)
.-2- __
What evidence do you. have l:'e9ar~~~1'; pyrotechnic!n Based Ol.\.~ ·.riew of
available information, no evidence of pyrotechnics has been £ound.
C. Bulk High Explosives ph"\:. an integral part at conventional ordnanae;
uncontainerized.}
VALUE
Prima.ry or Ini~ia.ti.,,] Explosives 10

(Lead Styphnate, Lead Azide,
Nitroglycerin, Mercury 1I.:iae,
M@:rcury rulminat@, Tetr~cen@, eto.)
Demolition Charges 10
Secondary Explosives
(PETN, Compositions A, B, c,
Tet:ryl, rNT, ReX, HMX, HBX,
Black Powder, etc.)
Military Oynamite 6
Lese Sensitive ~XF1Qsiv@s 3
(~oniuro Nitrate, Explosive 0, etc.)'
High ~xplosives Value (Selec~ the larg~st single value) ~
What evidence do you have regaraing bulx explosives? Based on a review of

available information, there is evidence that black pOWder was stor~d
Qnsite for us@ in' cannons during the civil War.
RAe Worksheet - ~age 2

fl. 15
", AUG 05 '95 04: 32PM ' CEr'lAB-EN-HM
~ SIrE t FORT ~NO

W~$HINGTON, C.C.
OEW PROJECT NO. C03CC04840t
o. B~lk Propellante (Not an integral ~art of rockets, guided missiles,

or other conventional ordnance; unccntainerized)
VALUE
Solid Or Liquid Propellants 6
propellants a
What evidence do you have regarding bulk propellants? Eased on a review of
A~ajlabl~ information, no evidenge at bulk propallants haS been found.
Toxic Chemical Agents 25

[Choking, Nerve, Blood, Blister)
War Gas Xdentification Sets 20

~adiolcgic~l
-, Riot Control ~gents

(Vomiting, Tear)
5
Ch@mical and RadiQlogical (S21ect the 'lsrg@st sinole value)

~hdt evidence do you have of ch@micaliradiolo9ica1 OEW? Saeed on a review
of available information, no evide~ce of chemical/radiolggical OEW has

baan foupd.
Total Hazard severity Vai~e ~

(Sum pf ka~ge5t Values for A th~ou9h E -- kaximum of 61).
~pply tn~~ value to Table 1 ~o dQt~rmtn@ HQz~rd Severity cate90ry.
P.i7
AUG 05 'gb 04:33PM CENAB-EN-HM
: \, ~.'
AAA SITE, PORT RENO

WASHINGTON, D.C.
OEW PR~CT NO. C03DC048401
TABLE 1
---------------~----------------------------------~------------------------~--
Deecription Ca.tegoJ:'y Hazard Severity ValUE!
--------~--------------_
CATASTROPHIC
.. _-----------------~---------------~------~-----------
I 21 and greater
CRITICAL @ 10 to 20
Ml')I:\GINAL III 5 to 9
NEGLIGIBLE IV 1 to 4
NONl::i"'''' 0
* h~ply ~aZa~d Severity Category to Table 3.
~* If Hazard Seye~ity Valll~ is Or you 00 not need to ~omplet~ ~~rt II.

Proceed to Part III a.nd loiS!!! 'a RAe score of 5 to cl.etermine your ~ppropdate
action.
RAe Worksheet - Page 4

p.18
RUG 05 '% 04:34PM CENRB-EN-HM
AM SITE, FORT RENO

WASH!NG'I'ON, D.C.
OEW PRQWECT NO. C03DC04B40l
Part II. Hgxard Probability. The probability that a hazard has been or will
be created due to the presence and other rated tactors of unexploded o~dnance
or explosive mat~rials on a formerly used DOD site.
AREA, EXTENT, ACCESSIBILITY OF OEW HAZARD
(Circle all values that a~~~l
A. Locations of omw Hazards
On the surface 5
Within Tanks, Pipes, Vessels 4

or: Other c:onfin~d lO(.;~l.tions.
rnsid~ "~:'tlls. ceiling$. or other
Dar~s of Buildings or Structures.
Subsurface
Location (Select the dncrle,largest value)
What evidence dO yC·\1, have n~9;..:.:.~i'Qg loca.tion of OE\,'; Gas~d on ~ review of
- available information. anA

have not besn any reR~~~of
in:;~rviews
grdnance
the lecation of potcIitial OEW hazards at the site is
with orincioal l,;\.1rr\;#nt
f~und a~ AhA sit~.
u~known,
oymarg,,-t~
Fort Reno,
a minimal
Since
vRlue has b~en §ele~~
B. Distance to nearest inhabited looations or ~tructures likely to be at risk

from OEW hazard (roads, parks, playgrounds, and puildings) .
~,250 feet to 0.5 mile

O.S mile to ~.O mile 3
1.0 mil~ to 2.0 mil~s
Over 2.0 miles 1
Dis:ance (Select the single largest value) _5_
Wh~t are the nearest inhabited structures? The site is located within a
park which contains several playing fielgs. and ie ueed for va;ious
fungtions and op@n to visitors k underground reservoirs, residences and a
junior high school are also lpcated on site. The park is surround~d py a

P.19
.'.
,- AAA SITE, FO~T ~NO

~AS!1INGTON,
OEWPROJE~
D.C.
No. c03DC04B401
C. Nurnb~rs of Bui1dinge within a 2 mile radius measured from the OEW ha=ard
area, not the installation boundary.
VALUE
26 and over
16 to 25 4
II to 15 3
6 t.o 10 :.!
1 t.o 5
o o
Number of BUildings (§elext the single largest. value) _5_
Narrative The sit.e ie, locat@d within ~ well-deyelgp~;i area of Washington,

P.~. anO various edycat{onal, residentiil, and commercial proc,rties are
locateg wi1;hil; a two-mile radiu.,g.
D. Types of auildings (within a 2 mile radius)
VALUE
Educational, Child Care, Residential, HospitA15, ~

Hotels, commercial, Shopping Cen~erg ~
Industrial, Warehouse, etc. 4
Agricultur~l, foreGtry, etc. 3
Detent ion, C' n:l;ect ional 2
No BUildings 0
Types of BUildings (Seleo~ the largest singbe value) -a-

Describe typ~g of buildings in the area. Two reservotrs with
DumE/~ampltp9 stations. a m1dd19 achoo1. and residences are located within
BAA Site, Fort Reno. Several raeidengas And cOmmercia~ prgp@rties are
located outsig~ of the sit@ and within a 2 mile radius.
P.20.
1. AAA SITE, FORT RiNO

W1I.SHINGTON, D.C.
O~W ~ROJECT NO. CO~DC0484Ql
E. Accessibility to site ~efer8 to accesS by humart8 to ordnance and @xplosive

wastes. Use the following guidance!
Barrier Value
No barr~er o~ secur1ty system
, Barrier is inGomplete (e.g., in disrepair or does not
completely su~·round the site). Barrier is intend@d to
G 4
deny esress from the eite, as for a barbed wire fence
for gra2ing.
A barrier, (any kind of fence in good repair) but no 3
separate meanA to cont~ol entry. Barrier is intended
to deny access to the site.
Security guard, bUt not barri~r 2
Isolated site 1
A 24-hour sUTVeillance system (e.g.,

television moL~toring or surveillanoe
by guards or facil~ty personnel) which
continuously r··onito.(s U~l.d controls entry
G
onto the facility; or
- An artificial or natura1 barrier (e.g.}

a fence combined with a cliff), which
completely surrO".I'l'\ds the facilit~'; and
a. means to c: .·ntro.L e:ntry I at all times I
through the s~te~ Q~ othe~ entrances to
the facility (e.g., an attendant, television
monitors, locked entrances, or controlled
roadway ~ccesS to the fQcility).
Acoessibility (gelect the single largest value)
~escribe th~ sit@ a.cC~gSibili~y. The subject eite is locateg in a national
park and 16 open to the public. portions of the site, auch'as the FAA
faciliey, are fanged in to prevent unauthorized ingre8§.
F. Site Dynamics - Thi~ deals with $ite oonditions that are subjaot to change
in the future, but may be stable at the present. Examples would be excessive
soil erosion by beaches or streams, increasing land development that oould
reduce distances from the site to inhabited areas or otherwise increa$e
accessibility.
Expecced 5
None Anticipated
Site Dynami~s (Select largest vil~l
G _0_
Describe the site dynamic~. There are no known site dynamics that are
....
expected to increase accessibility to potential OEW hazards at the site.

P.21
..
'
>.
AAA SI~, FOR~ RENO
WASHINGTON, D.C.
OEW PROJECT NO. C03DC046401
TOTAL HAZARD PROBABILITY VALUE

(Sum of Larg e 5t Valu@§ for A th;gugh F--Haximum of 3Q) -2l-
Apply this value to HA!Ard Probability ~able 2 to determine
Hazar~ Probability Level.
TABLE: 2
HAZARD PROBABILIT~~
-----.--------------------~--~--~-----------------.----~----------------------
Description Level' Value
--------------------------.----------.-------.-.------
-------._--------~------
FRXQUEN'l' A 2? or r-,:eater
P!l.08ABI·1L G) 21 to 26
\";;CABIONAL C 15 to 20
REMOTE 0 S to 1.4
IMPROBABLE E less then a

------------.--------------- ... --------_ .. ----- .. _- ..... ---- .... --,-------------- ... ---- .... - ... _-
., '
Apply Ha~ '1rd Pr~.~;J,".i.U.ty Level to Tabl@ ~
--~---------" ~--------~~--~
~-----------~------------~--.,._._----
_. ----
RAe Worksheet - Page B

P.22
,_ II
AAA SIT~, FORT RENO

WUH!N,~TON, 1;). C.
OEW PROJECT. NO. C03DC04S401
Part III. Riek Asseas~. The risk aseesament value for this site ie
determined using the following Table J. Enter with the results of the ha2ard
probabi~ity and hazard severity values.
TABLE 3
------------------------------~----------~---.-----~-- .. -.--------.--._-------
Probability FR2QOENT PROBABLE OCCASION~ REMOTE IMP~OBABLE
Level A SeD E
--------------.--~_.----~--------------------------~-- -.--------._----.--.----
severity
Category;
CATASTROPHIC I 1 ~ 2 J 4
CRIT!:';AL
MARGINAL
II
III
1
2
G 3
3
4
'1
4
!
NEGLIGIliLF. IV 3 4 4 5 5
-----------~---------~----------~------- .. ------------ --------------"-------_.
RISK ASSESSMENT CODE (RAC)
RAe l Expedite INPR, reoommending furt~er action by c~m - Immedi~tely
- RAC 2
call CEFNO-EO-SY-- commerCial ~C~-9~;-496a or OSN 645-4968.
Ri~h priority on completion of
by l.:EHND.
!N~R - R~commend fu~ther action
RAe 3 Complete INPR - RecoMm@nd further action by CEHND,

Complete INPR - Recommend further action by CEaND,
RAC 5 Usually indioates that no further ac~ion (NOFA) is necessary.
submit NOFA and RAe to CEHNO.
Part IV.Nar$atiy@. Summarize the documented evidence that eupports thi$

risk assessment. If no documented evidence was
available, expl~in all the assumptions that you made.
RAe 2 - Recommend further agtion gy CEHNP. The site i§ a'historic fort where.
although th~ site was never the location of a civil War battle, tA@re is
docum@ntBd stgrage and use of ammunition gnsite. Historic maDs/drawings 01-
the fort and battery, as well as hi§torical.information, indicate that the
fQr~ ana battery boused three artillery magazines. In addition. an Anti-
Aircraft Artillery Brigade was located pn§ite from 11 June 1951 to 31 March
1953. However. available information does not indiqate whether Or not anti-
airc$aft missiles were atQred on~9ite< No 9EW hazards w~re gbserved during th@
site viaits and principal eurr@nt owners were not awar~ Qf O~W inciden~5
oacur£ing at the site.

Iriiir.I ARCHIVES SEARCH REPORT - FINDINGS
lIII.IIIIJ AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington. D. C.

March 1997
APPENDIX E
LETTERS I MEMORANDUMS
I MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS
Appendix E - Letters / Memorandums / Miscellaneous Items

lIiiIi!IJ AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D. C.

Project Number - C03DC04840T
March 1997
LETTERS I MEMORANDUMS INUSCELLANEOUS ITEMS
E-1 36th AAA Battalion

History of the 36th AAA Baualion, not dated c.1954. Record Group 338, Unit
Records - Anti Aircraft Artillery Brigade, Box 20, National Archives, College
Park, Maryland.
E-2 Barnard, Brevet Major General J.G.

Professional Papers of the Corps of Engineers U. S. Anny No. 20. A Report
on the Defenses of Washington to the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Anny.
E-3 Barnard, Lt. Col. Roy S.

The History of ARADCOM, vol 1, The Gun Era 1950-55, not dated c.1996.
Fort MacArthur Military Press, San Pedro, California.
E-4 Cooling III, Benjamin Franklin and Owen II, Walton H.

Mr. Lincoln's Forts. A Guide to the Civil War Defenses of Washington. White
Mane Publishing Company.
E-5 Helm, Judith Beck

Tenleytown, D. C. Country Village into City Neighborhood. Tennally Press,
Washington, D.C.
E-6 War Department

General Orders Defenses of Washington, dated 1863, Record Group 94, Entry
Adjutant General, General Orders, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
E-7 Ways, Harry C.

The Washington Aqueduct 1852-1992. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Washington, D.C.

Page E-1
lIiiIiID AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington. D. C.

March 1997
APPENDIX E-1
36th AAA Battalion

History of the 36th AAA Battalion, not dated
c.1954. Record Group 338, Unit Records - Anti
Aircraft Artillery Brigade, Box 20, National

REPRODUCED AT THE NATIOtlAl ARCHIVES
HISTORY OF THE .1Qlli AAA BATT ALlaN
The 94th Coast Artillery Regiment (U) (SM) was con3titut.ed

on 16 December 1940, and was provisionally activated on 10 March
1941 at Camp Davis, North Carolina. The battalion then moved
to a new station at Newport News, Virginia., where it received
orders to depart for overseu. On 18 February 1942, the
battalion departed for the POE in New York and arrived at
their destination overseas of Brisbane, Aurtralill on th~
twenty eight of March 1942. The 1st Battalion, 94th
CA Regiment was then redesignated as the 743rd COa.5t Artillery
Battalion (Antiaircraft) on 3 April 1943. It Was then a.9signed
to the Sixth Army and remained there until early in 1944 when
it WaB reorganized and redesignated as the 743rd AAA Gun Battalion.
The battalion W8..9 then assigned to the 14th AAA Command on
6 February 1945.
The 743rd AAA Gun Battalion is entitled to battle credits
for participation in the East Indies Campaign on 2 July 1944.
They are also entitled to battle honors for participation
in the New Guinea Campaign on 1 February 1946. Throughout their
time in the Pacific Theater the ba.ttalion mned to the following
location3: Milne Bay, New Guinea; Kiriwina 13land; Goodenaugh
Island; Finschafen; New Guinea and Aitape, New Guinea. On
the 14th of July 1945 the entire battalion received its orders
rea.s3igning them to the Post at San Fernando, Luzon, P.I.
The ba.ttalion was then assigned to the USAF in June 1946
and in September of that year the battalion (less Batteries B
& C) Wa.9 de~ignated as having participated in the amphibious
and airborne assult landing in Saidor, New Guinea. Along
about the middle of 1947 the battalion was inactivated
"hile it "as in Luzon, P.1.
The 743rd AM Gun Battalion ceased to exist on 13 October
1945 "hen the battalion was once again reorganized and redesignated
as the 36th AAA Gun Battalion.
At this time the battalion was assigned to the Fourth Arnry
at Fort Bliss, Texas as a general reserve unit. Tqe battalion
"as to be activated a.ccording to need, at the command of the
Commanding General, Fourth Army. The unit "as activated a.s the
36th AAA Gun Battalion (120MM) on 15 November 1949 at Fort Bliss,
Texas •
The battalion remained at Fort Bliss, Texas conducting all
of its basic training while stationed there. Most of the time
was spent in routine training in the boon docks of Logan
Heights and out on the sand dunes of the firing ranges in NeW'
Mexico. During this period the battalion participated in many
field exercises and in their annual service p1B.ctlces.
Durin:..; Ule lulll!J.l. ;nL·ll~L.: ....,f 1951 the battalion was again
in the field on a field exercise conducted by the Fourth Army.
Here again, the battalion was in Logan Heights and in the wilds
of the Oro Grande range in New Mexico. While located at the
Oro Grande range in New Mexico, the battalion completed its
Second Annual Service practice.
In March, the lOlst Signal Radar Maintenance Unit, commanded
by CWO George F. Huseman was attached to the battalion as
a support unit for the higher echeloned maintenance of the
radars and fire control equipment which were organic to the
battalion.
During the initial days of April 1951 preparations were
completed to send the advance party to our new station, Fort
~orge G. Meade, Maryland. These personnel arrived at Fort
Meade, Maryland on 26th April 1951 with the entire battalion
arriving at their new station within the next few days.
The Battalion was 8..'3signed to the Second Army at this time
and the norm became training once again with their weapon!
and associated equipment located in gun parks here on Fort
Meade, Maryland.
In the latter part of May 1951, all units of the battalion
moved to the field positions on the Post and participated in
a radar exercise. As usual, the confusion of lIIOTU1g back to the
Post had just subsided when the battalion was inspected by
Major General Paul Rutledge, Commanding General EAAC. Late
in the month of July 1951, the Commanding General of Army
Antiaircraft Command, Major General W. Irvine, visited the
battalion for a command inspection.
The remainder of the month was spent in training in
the gun parks and also in taking part in several field e:x:ercise8
conducted by the 35th AAA Brigade under "hose command "6
"ere.
The exercise had hardly terminated "hen again we were in
the middle of a command inspection, this time by the Commanding· .
General of the Brigade, Brigadier General Homer Case.
Early in August 1951,Major Laurent D. Pavy usurned command
of the battalion relieving Lt. Col Daniel Raney. Maj or Pavy
retained command of the battalion until early in September
when Lt. Col &:lwin Orrick reported to the batta,lion and assumed
colIIlllB.l1d. Normal training and field exercises "ere the rule of
the day until October when the battalion \018.3 again inspected
by the Commanding General, 35th AAA Brigade.
Things again reverted to the norm until Battery B decided
to collect the insurance on their communications and machine
gun rooms by having a fire. HO'o1ever, there WIls no serious
damage done to either the building nor the equipment.
The remainder of the year passed qu1.t17 and on 21 December
1951, Major L.D. Pavy again assumed command of the battalion.
Early in 1952, the battalion "8..'3 assigned to the defense of
Wa.shington,D.C., having been assigned as a member of the Third
AM. Group "hich had its Headquarters at Fort George G. Meade,
Maryland
2
PEPPC8U'.:ED A T TilE rlATIGllAl ARCHIVES
The battalion, at this time, \-Hill assigned temporary sHes

in the northwestern portion or the metropolitan section of
Washington, D.C. One of these sites was winterized and all
batteries rotated through this site, remaining there for a
period of two weeY~ and then returning to their positions in
the region of Fort Meade. At this site all of the batteries
had an opportunity to train and live under actual field
conditions.
This routine was broken in January when the battalion
moved to Bethany Beach, Delaware, for its annual service
practice. In addition to firing our major weapons at this
service practive, the battalion was able to complete its
record firing with the multiple fiftys, utilizing the RCAl
detachment assigned to Fort Miles, Delaware.
The end of January brought another new commanding officer
to the battalion, Lt. Colonel George W. Best Jr. Also, at the
same time the battalion was alerted for its annual air defense
exercise " Operation Greenhorn". Under the conditions of this
exercise all of the batteries moved into their tactical field
sites about Washington, D.C., and simulated the defense of the
city. This ADX terminated about the 4th of Feburary and all
units returned to Fort Meade , ill.
Early in the month of March, the battalion moved its quarters
to the hospital area, in the northern portion of the post and
was assigned to the 3rd AAA Group. Toward the end of April,
the battalion was alerted for movement to tactical field sites.
Initially this was to be a temporary move but it soon became
evident that this was not the Case and maximum effort was made
to improve the positions and train the new personnel recently
assigned to the battalion.
In May, Btry C Wad inspected by Lt. Col. Smith the OCAFF
with favorable results. •
Battery D furnished personnel and equipment in order to
augment the parade in Glen Burnie, on Memorial Day.
Batteries B and C were directed to find new sites that
could be procured on a long term basis in anticipation of per-
manent assignment of these field positions. Early in the fall
all units were definitely established in their tent cities about
Washingtion. Funds were made available for the construction of
prefabs, mess halls, latrines and stabilized roads and gun circles.
During the period from July through September, Post Ord-
nance completed the conversion of the battalion from the SCR
584/MlO comvination to the Fore Control System ~33.
In September the Hq and Hq Battery moved to their new position
at Fort Reno, Washington, D.C. The AAOC was operated jointly
with the 70th AM Battalion which also had its Headquarters there.
Also in September the battalion moved to sites at
Fort Meade and took part in an Army Field Forces Test. During
this test the unit was "attacked" by aggressor forces. The entire
battalion was given a rating of excellent and much valuaiDle experience
and training was gained by all concernoo.
4
nErnoDUCED AT TilE tJATIOt'Al AnCHIVES
In October, Batteries B and D moved their equipment and

personnel to Bethany Beach, Dela~are for the second annual
service practice. Battery B, during this service practice set
a new' record by not migging one firing course during their
practive. When these t~o batteries completed their firing
and returned to their sites in Washington, D.C., the remaining
two batteries moved to the Beach and fired their practico using
the equipment of the first two batteries. The entire baLtalion
completed its firing in less than one week. Considering the
state of training of the personnel with the new fire control
equipment the battalion d~d remarkably ~ell. The entire
practice saW only one mishap and that occured ~hen Battery D
turned over a gun on the trip to the beach, disproving the
long established fact that the 120 MM gun could not be tw'ned
over in normal operations.
The winter ~as spent in erecting the prefabs ~hich had begun
to arrive at the sites by this time. The first of these
bill its arrived early in December and ~ere given to A and D
Batteries. Soon after these buildings arrived, Brigadier General
F. L. Hayden, Commanding General, EAAC arrived and conducted
a command inspection of Battery D with very favorable results.
Battery B'a new position was finally located~and the
3urvey was begun by the MOW Engineers. The clearing and ~he
hardstands were finally started.
On 23 December 1952 the personnel of Battery D moved into
the first completed prefabs. During succeeding months the
construction of these sites progressed rapidly and by ero'ly
spring all batteries had moved into their buildings. Th~se
s ites ~ere complete ~i th their own Post Exchanges, mot iOll
picture facilities, and commercial po~er.
Also over the period, August 1952 until March 1953
the personnel problem became very acute. The average prosent
for duty strength of the batteries fell to about thirty eight
or fourty men, necessitating dropping to a two gun manning
level. Much credit is due those personnel ~signed to the
battalion at that time for a job ~ell done.
In March 1953, large numbers of b~ics fromQamp Breckenridge
and Fort Knox joined the battalion. These people were put
through an advanced individual training cycle u order to
qualifY these personnel for AA.A duty. The cycle WIS completed
in the latter portion of July.
During all of this period and continuing OR into August
construction and beautification of the areas ~ere the primary
consideration ~ith the ultimate goal of making these sites
appear in the nature of a small city park. All of the permanent
sites were completed and occupied and the emphllSi. ~as once again
beginning to be placed on training.
5
REPRODUCED A' THE rlATlorJAL ARCHIVES
Lt. Col. ~est spen~ the early part of the year scouting
out his assignment to the Northeast 60mmand and left the battalion
early in May. From May until September the battalion has several
commanding officers, with Major William Brown in command
from early July until September. On 8 September 1953, Major
Godfrey V. Gaborsky assumed command of the battalion.
By this time much of the rumor concerning the conversion
of this battalion to guided missiles had begun to 8.'1sume the
the appearance of fact. The personnel of the battalion were
anxiously looking forward to being converted in as much
as this would be the first tactical guided missile unit in the
history of the army. The information became definite shortly
thereafter and Flans were made to move the battalion back to
Fort Meade on temporary gun sites prior to the conversion.
It was the plan that the battalion remain in the tactical
defense of Washington, D.C., until such time as the conversion
actually took place and we became operational with the guided
missile equipment.
The initial battery to move, Battery A, arrived at Fort
Meade, Maryland on 28 September 1953, with the remaining units
moving in at one week intervals. The battalion was 3et up here on
this Post and operated as a separate battalion defense.
Primary concern was then shifted to the construction of the
temporary guided missile sites here at Fort George G. Meade,
Maryland. Many of these sites were located in heavily wooded
areas which necessitated a great deal of enginner type work
prior to the actual preparation of the site. During most of
this period the battalion was required to remain in an operational
status as a gun battalion. Many of the personnel assigned to the
u!1it during this period wondered at times if the battalion vas
an AAA unit or an engineer unit.
Late in October 1953, technical representatives of Douglas
Aircraft and Western Electric Companies arrived at Post Ordnance
to assist this battalion in their conversion problems and help
in the layout of the sites and the location of the equipment.
The plans for the temporary sites, during this construction
period, were in a continuous state of flux. The physical
limitations of the sites prevented the batteries from complying
with the school solution for the organization of the two areas
within the battery, resulting in batteries of one, two, and three
launching sections. Toward the end of November, Lt. General
John T. Lewis, Commanding General, ARAACOM, visited the sites
to inspect the progress and discuss various problems incident
to the conversion. One of the typical problems encountered
was due to the high water table in this area which caused the
existing plans for the section revetments to be appropriately
modified.
On 1 December 1953, Lt. Col Earl R. Gooding assumed
corrunand of the battalion and Major Gaborsky left for Command
and General Staff SchooL
11
REPRODUCED I\T THE rll\TIOI~I\l ARCHIVES
The Seventh of December 1953 saw this battalion with the green
light for turning in all of their guns and associateo fire control
equipment. The "Nike" systems, sets numbers 5,8,9, and 12 had
arrived at Post Ordnance by this time and the joint inventories
were begun.
The package personnel also began arriving about this time. This
package was composed of officers from this battalion and other
members of the 19th AAA Group who attended the Guided Missile
Unit Commanders Course. At the completion of this course these
personnel joined the First Guided Missile Group and integrated
'olith the other personnel of our package. While the package was with
the First Guided Missile Group it underwent additional on the job
training at Red Canyon and White Sands, Ne'ol Mexico, including the
firing phase of· the training. The results of this firing were
very favorable and the equipment was packaged for shipment to
Fort Meade, Maryland which was destined to be its home.
The basic unit phase of the conversion program 'olas begun early
in January;the battalion personnel being given a short orientation
course in order to familiarize them with the ne\./' equipment.
The general order converting the unit to the 36th AAA Guided
Missile Battalion became effective on 25 January 1954. The
occasion was celebrated with a reorganization dinner held in
the mess hall of Headquarters and Headquarters Battery with
Brigadier General Tom V. Stayton, being present as the principle
speaker.
Inclement weather continued to hamper the site construction
and finally, on 9 February 1954 the last set, number 9, was
drawn and emplaced by Battery D.
Training during this period was in accordance with the
applicable training program prescribed by army field fources.
This was completed in May 1954.
During the period from January until June 1954, many of the
top three graders within the battalion applied for and received
their appointments as WOJG's in MOS's 1184 and 1185. Of the
seventy eight applications forwarded,sixty five had been approved
at the time of this writing.
May 1954, saw one of those freak accidents which can only
happen to someone else. The set belonging to Battery B, located
on "Lightening Hill" was struck by lightening and destroyed in
the ensuing fire.
The annual Air Defense Exercise for 1954 was conducted
from 9-11 July 1954. This year's exercise, "Check Point", proved
much more satisfactory in its results than "Exercise Tailwind"
'olhich was conducted .in 1953. The battalion adequately proved. that
it 'olas capable of picking up and engaging hostile aircraft and 'ola.9
fully prepared to carry out its miBsion, the air defense of
Washington, D. C.
The plans and construction have been begun on the permanent sites
for this ba.ttalion and all personnel are awaiting the move to
these sites.
17
~
REPRODUCED AT THE tJ!\TIONi\L ARCHIVES
i'
. r
BATTERY STATISTICS
BATIERY A BATTERY B
Planes in WW II Planes in WW II 1
AFF Test (52) AFF Test (52) 93
Service Practice 62 Service Practive (50) 57
75 (50) 74
79 (51) 76
72 (51) 66
72 (52) 70
Mis s 11 es Fir eel Missiles Fired 3
(1953) (1953)
BATTERY C BATTERY D
Planes in WW II a Planes in WW II a
AFF Test (52) 93.5 AFF Test (S2) SS.5
Service Practice (so) 6S Service Praetice (50) 67
(so) 7S (50) 74
(Sl) 71 (51) 69
(Sl) 76 (51) 69
(S2) 76 (52) 71
Missiles Fired 5 Missiles Fired 6
(1953) HQ BATTERY (1953)·
AFF Test (Sl) 91

AFF Test (52) 91
23
IIiIii.IJ AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D.C.

March 1997
APPENDIX E-2
Barnard, Brevet Major General J.G.

Professional Papers of the Corps of Engineers
U. S. Army No. 20. A Report on the Defenses of
Washington to the Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army.

PROFESSIONAL PAPERS OF THE CORPS OF Ei\'GINEERS U. S. ARMY.
NO. 20.
A REPORT
0:> nle
DE FEN SE S 0 F ,V ,A S1-1 INC+ TON',

TO TJlE
CIIIE1~ 017 l~KGINEEnS, u. s. AH~rY,
e}
tl
~
BREVET JL\.JOR GENERAL J:' G." l3ARNARD,

COLO:>Ef., COlli''; 01' E:>GI:>EEJ:S, t:. ,~, .\I:.\I\',
WASHINGTON:
G 0 V ERN 1II E N T P n I N TIN G 0 F FIe E.
1871.
--
i I 24 DEFEKSES OF WASHINGTOX.
!
its front £.'111, and enabling us to maintain a tete-de-pont at the aqueduct,

untenable after the loss of Fort Corcoran.
"3d. The construction of batteries for field gu os along the intervals 0 f
the works or in the lines of riRe-trenches, wherever favorable locations offer
themselves.
"4th. The construction of sufficient bomb-proofs to shelter the garri:solls
of the works named, Fort Corcoran included.
"5th. The strengthening of the tete-de-pont at the aqueduct.
"The commission also recommend the construction of two worl,s ill
achance of the line at points which bave been examined and indicated-one
opposite the interval between Forts Craig and Tillinghast, the other opposite
the interyal be ween Forts ,Vooc1bnry and Cass, and 700 or 800 yards in front;
these worl,s to have stockaded gorges.
"rrhe b"o works at the Chain Bridge, viz, Forts :Marcy and Ethan Allen,
furm no part of the defenses of Washington, strictly speaking, but are of the
utmost importance as a tete-de-pont to the Chain Bridge, over which it is
indispensable to secure a debouche. The position is strong and well occupied.
The llnes of riRe-trenches, which connect the works with each other and with
the banks of the ri\"(~r, aflorc1, with the auxiliary batteries, full view and defense
of the numerous ravines, and give all the artificial strength which the position
neells. The heights from which the works can be commanrled, and the ap-
proaches to them, are under the fire of the heavy guns of Batteries Camero11,
Parrott, Kemble, Vermont, and of Forts Alexander and Franklin.
"The commission suggest that some defensive arrangements are necessary
immediately about the head of the bridge; probably two or three small works
or perhaps block-houses would suffice.
"FORTS ALEXA~DER, FIU:\KLIX, AXD RIPLEY.*-This gronp of small

works occupies a commanding but ael vancec1 position. Its occupation is in-
dispensable to the security of the Chain Bridge and protection of the Receiying
Resen"oir. The fires from these \\"orks add, at the same time, greatly to the
strength of the lines in admnce of the Chain Bridge. Their salient position
• TlJesc ,Yorb, lluitcll illto aile, [Hill ch~l~gcc1 ill nrtll1C to "TIcllouhls" DaYis, Kiruy, n11(l CrOSB, ,Yer~
~l1lJsrClllently
co.lll'c\ "Fort SUlllllCr."
ORIGIN AND PROCESS OF CO~STRUCTIOX. 25
thro\vs them in great degree upon their own unaided strength, while there
are heights to the northward, chngerously nc~r, affording convenient emplace-
ments for the enemy's artillery. The fire from the riAed lOa-pounder at
Fort Reno reaches the heights in question; so, too, partially, that of the riRecl
guns of Fort Mansfield and aoj"cent lmtteries. The fire from the works
themsehes upon these heights is quite inadcclllate; the guns (32-pounrlers)
crowcled and wholly cxposcc1.
"The commission recommend-
" 1st. The union of the three works into one by connecting parapets.
"2d. The removal of three 24-pollllllers, no\\' useless, from Fort Ripley, 1
and placing them in battery bellinrl the connecting exterior parapets. \
"3d. The building of merlons to protect all the barbette guns bearing I
to\y"nl the heights mentioned. I
I,'
"4th. The construction of traverses on the south\\'cst fnces of Fort Alex-
ancler.
"5th. The providing of platforms behind the externttl pilmpets for at
',IIi
Jettst a dozen ficIcI-guns to Lettr upon the heights.
"6th. The intro(luction of another lOO-polinder into Fort Alexander or
Frallklin.
"FORT l\IA~SFIJ::LD.-The name is appliecl to hyo considerable redoubts

and all exterior battery connected by a sLlbstrtntial rifle-trench. The ,"orks
are well located as connectillg links between Forts Sumner awl Reno; nre
well built, and deemed adequate for their purposes.
"Still another recloubt (Fort Dayal'll) is in construction on this line near
the Grettt Falls turnpike. I I
"FORT RE:\o.-This "'ork occupies n commanding position at rt point

where the dividing ridge between the Potomac and Rock Creek nrtrrows so
as to expose the slopes in both direction. It comlllttuds the three roads
which unite at Tenallytown. The worl.;, as originalJy built, was deficient in
size, its exposecl parapets too thin, and it llQd not n· good view of the ap-
proaches [ron: the l1orthward. A battery for eight guns has been constmcted
on an flchancecl point of the ridge, (say 300 yarcls northwunl,) with Jnrtgazine
and inclosed gorge. This is connected with the \\-ork by a double line of
4,
2G DEFENSES OP W ASHI.l"GTON.
rifle-trenches, with [t Ranking battery, making of the ensemble [t very strong

position.
* * * * * * *
"Between Forts Reno and Kearney is a battery, (' Rossel,') yery sub-
sta.ntially constructed for eight field guns with magazine, but with open gorge.
It has good views of the cross vaHey running from near Fort Pennsylvanin.
(Heno) to Broad Branch, (a tributary of Rock Creek,) anel sees well the ridge
of high ground in front of Forts Pennsylmnin, Kearney, and DeRussy, The
com.mission recommend that its gorge be closed by a stockade, and extend this
recommendation to the different batteries of similar construction between
Forts Ri p1ey and l\Iassach llsetts, (Stevens.)
"FORT KEAR~EY, (recently built,) occupying an excellent position, is [t
necessary connectiJlg link between Forts Pennsylvania and DeRllssy. It sees
well the upper valley of Broad Branch, and crosses its fires with those of
Forts Pennsylvania and DeRussy and intermediate batteries, upon the danger-
ous heights in front.
* * * * * * *
"FORT DERussy occupies a very commanding point overlooking the deep
valley of Roel;: Creek, and throwing a cross fire upon the approaches to Fort
Mass8.cl1usetts, (Ste\'ens,) and (together with Fort Kearny) controlling the
conntry roads 1Jctween Rockville Turnpike nnd Rock Creek.
* * * * * * *
"FORT GAINES is a work in seco!1(l line. Should the enemy succeed in
forcing the inten'al between Forts Ripley (Sumner) and Pennsylvania, he could
not establish himself Oll the seconclnry ridge on which Fort Mansfield is
situated, under the fire of this work, by the riRed guns of which the magazine
of Fort Mll.TIsficld mny be exploded.
"13ATTEmEs CA~IERO~, PARROTT, A~D KEi\IDLE.-The first of two riRed
James 42-pounclers, the other two of one rifled lOO-pounder each, are designed,
"1st. To enfilade the front of the Arlington lines from Fort DeKalb to
Tillinghast.
"2d. 'ro operate on the heights between Forts DeKalb ll.nd Ethan Allen,
on which the ellemy could plant artillery to bear upon those works, anclupon
ORIGIN Ai'lD PHOCESS OF COXSl'RUCTIO~. 33
The operations of 1864 (during the latter half of the year) under charge
of Licutenant Colonel D. S. Alexander, whose aid during I'heir whole progress
had beeu of great value to the chief engineer, were confinell mainly to the re-
pairing, strengthening, and perfecting existing ,\'orks, An exception to the
above statement is to be found in the commencemcnt of a large fort, styled
"Fort McPherson," (never completed,) behind Fort Craig, to fill the gap in
the second line, between Forts 'Whipple anc1Albany, an(1 of three small works
over tbe Anacostia, between Forts Mahan and Meigs.
Thus, from a few isolated works covering bridges or commanding a few
e:,pecially important points, was developed a connected system of fortification
oy which every prominent point, at intervals of 800 to 1,000 yards, was OCCll-
piell by an inclosed field-fort, every important approach or depression of ground,
unseen from the forts, swept by a battery for fielel-guns, and the whole con-
nected by rifle-trenches which were in fhct lines of infantry parapet, [llroishing
emplacement for two ranks of men and affording coverec1 communication along
the line, wIlile roads were opened wherever necessary, so that troops and artil-
lery coula be moyed rapidly from one point of the immense periphery to an-
other, or under coyer, from point to point along the line.
The woods which preyailed along many parts of the line were cleared for
a mile or two in front of the '\'orks, the counterscrtrps of which were surruunded
by abattis..;~· Domb-proofs were proyided in nearly all tbe forts; all guns not solely
inten(led for distant fire, placed in embrasure and well traYersea; secure and
801lrel', to be ilU\llClliatc1~' applicd to [L pi,rtial constrnction of ~lIeh olJstructions, and ill order to arrive
Hpecllily at somo practic[[l COuclllsions as to what they shall be!'
Coogrcss, ill compliaucc \,illl tbe applic[[tion mado uJ" thc Sccrcbry of iVaI', nppropriateLl at tbe
cnsuill~ 8cs~ioll thrce bnndrcl1 tho\lsallLl dollars" for pro\'iLling Obst1"L1CtiollS to uc moored ;'1 the Potomac,
to rcmler thc shorc uattcries marc emciout for thc protcctioll of 'Vashiugton agaillst lllaritilue attack,"
(appro,"cd .July 2, 18G~.) Defore attcmpting au applicatioll of this fund to actnal eOllstruetioD, a new
ulld through stlllly of tbc subject was nuuertakcIl. Thc slIggl'stious of formcr Doanls of Eliglueers aml
thc 1'1:tlIs of tho Kew York COIUUli,sioll, all,l many othcrs (p:nlicIlJarly n. ,"crr meritorious auu origin"l
OllO of 1I1r. \\". P. Trowurillge, formcrly of tllc Corps of Eugillccr,;) \I'erc conSlIltcll, nllll the :;1l1)ject was
finally cOll1mittCll to Licut(\ll(lllt Colonel D. S. Alcxnllllcr, of thc Ellgilleers. Thc l'l'oult of his stlldic8
1'rololl;;el1 th1"01I;;1> Dearly t\\·o years, was the llc\"eloplllcut of a phil \I'hieh \\'a, rcCOllll\lClltlcll by a Boanl
of Eugiucr.rs for cxpcrimcutal trial, aud a scctioll bas ncconlingly bcen cOllstwctcLlllllLlcr tue ,1iJectious
of the Chid of Ellgiueer", to be submit ell to trial ill thc Potolllac Ri,'cr. Iu thi~ plall, 'wuich hn, mnny
pcculiar featurc~, [I vcry minimum of tilubcl' neecssary for D()tation i'i clliployetl, wbieh, ns abo tlJe irOll-
\\'ork, C:111 UC prcscn"eLl anl1 storcll really for o\t\(;rgollcy.
• Ncwly-fellc!l fOl"L'sts form ill thrlU,chcs a most impen'ioll' o1J~tade to ti,e nttar.k of lines III rcar of
thcw, uut Dot [t ,"cry dural)ll1 OIlC. TlJo falleu tillllJCr h ton valuaule to ue allowcll to remaill loug on tho
grOllllll where, i1111ced, it \Yoult1ue spoollily blll'nt up.
S
50 DEFE~SES OF WASHI1\GTO:N.
\\"ork with all its details. Its (relatiyely) powerful battery \yas intended to
sweep the approach by the" ri yer road," and to Rank the contiguous line of
defense.
Forn RExo, (originally called Fort Penn:;ylmnia, Pl. 21.)-The village
of Tenallyto\\'11 occupies one of the most commanding points between the
Potomac and Rock Creek, tow[ml the bells of which, 011 either side, the level
of the cOllntry falls. The narrow ridge on \yhich the place is situated con-
tinues northerly about half a mile and terminates in a spur, from whence the
valley in front and on both l1anb is overlooked. Three imporbnt roads into
\Yashington unite at the vill,ige, the principal of which-the "ri\'er road"-
ascends mpidly from the Yaltey of Pomler Mill Run, which forms, where the
road passes, a broad undulating plain. Fort Reno was properly located at the
nearest point to the extremity of the spur at which proper area could be found.
Its Grc S\\'cpt the ,,'idc open plain lying Oil either side of the "river road." In
a wcsterly and northwesterly direction the two principal faces at the \\'ork
O\'erlool,e(1 thr. country perfectly. In northerly and northeasterly directions,
howcvcr, the surfnce \ras lcss perfectly seen, and it was necessary, therefore,
to occnpy more rtlhrmced groLlnd at the extreme end of the spur, from whi.ch
the \\'hole country within range of artillery \\'as thoroughly commanded. At
this terminating point of the narrow riclge a strong battery was built, ba\'lng
emplacements for ten guns; the gorge of the hrlttery WrlS c10secl by a stockade,
and the \\'ork was connected \\·itll the fort by a double line bf raised parapets,
which were pierced at intet'Yals \\'ith embrasmcs for field guns. The long
lines of the covered way were rlnnl,erl by short return faces. The interior of
the auxiliary \\'ork and batter)' \\'as exposed to the fire of the fort. A Parrott
lOO-pounder riRe ,,'ns mounted in the fort for the purpose of commanding the
marc distant hills, in ael ranee of the line beb\'ecn Forts Sumner and DeRuss)',
By the arrangement described rl position of great strength \\'as formed,
from which a po\\'crful fbnl\ing fi re was afforded to the defensiye lines on
either side.
The country hetween Forts Reno [wd DeRussy "'as rugged and gen-
erall.y woocied. A tributary of Ruck Creel" (" Broad Bmnch,") haying a deep
antI wiele valley, bisecls the intcrml. Fort Kearny, a brge lunette with
stocknelcli gorge, occupies a position hom which this valley is well seen. The
·1
I:
TilE NORTllERX LIKES. 51

auxiliary batteries, "Rossel" and "Terrill," an(l a third on a spur overlooking
the stream, add their fire to that of the fort, sweep the slopes of minor de-
pressions, and command portions of thc valley otherwise unseen. These works
are supported hy riRe-trenches almost continuous from Fort Reno to Fort
Kearny, and thencc, interrupted by the valley of Broad Branch, to Fort De-
Russy.
FOlen DERussy occupics a salient and exposed point of the line. Origin-
ally a small, inclosed, nnflanked worI" and entirely isolated, it would have
exerted little influcnce in repelling an attack on the city, and bad indeed little
powcr of resisting assault upon itself. The position is yery commanding,
especially over the Yalley of Rock Creek and the ground between it and Fort
Stevens. As subserluently modified and connected by parapets with the
auxiliary batteries, Smeade and Kingsbury, (the first of which was inclosed
by a stockade gorge,) it became a strong position. The line of trenches con-
tinued thence to Fort Stevens, including in them onc or two small batteries
near the creek, by which better to control the bed and the valley of a tribu-
tary lying between it and Fort Stevcns.
FORT STEVE~S, (PI. 22.)-rrhe very insignificant work originally thrown
llP as Fort l\Iassachusetts, occupying one of the most important positions
along the line, was greatly enlarged allll furni:;hec1 with a powerful armament,
mostly of siege guns, well protected by embrasures and traverses. The ex- I
tension of the work had a stockac1cll gorge) Ranked by a block-bouse. It con- .\
I
tained an extensive bomb-proof; besides which a hollow in rear of the site
is capa.ble of sheltering large bodies of men from cl1t'ved artillery fire,
FORT SLOCUM, (PI. 23.)-The exposcd position of this fort, and the want i f
,I .:
of any natuml strength in the position, demanded a work of large magnitude and ! ,
heayyarmament. Originally thrown up to obtain somc show of fortification in !

the bricfest possi ble time, it was qllite inac1eq till te for the posi tion. As enlarged,
it furnishes a proper type of the construction applied to worh:s north of the I
'1
Potomac. The small inclosecl work, represented on the plan at the center I ~
of the main front of the enlarged fort, is the one first built in 1861. rfhe ,:1
;
position was commanded by hills a mile in ac!rance, and hence the necessity -~
!
for the extension of faces to the right and left in order to obbin a powerful
battery front to fire on these heights ancl prerent, witll the cooperation of the
.
'.
"
DETAILS OF COSSTRTJCTIO:X. 85
Haying referred to the difficulty of obtaining such details of troops as
the works required, and to their general inefficiency as working parties, it may
be proper to state that this was in a greilt measure owing to the constantly
recurring changes in the garrison, flnd perh,lps to a lack of interest on the
part of ~ubordinate officers in the completion an\1 repairs of forI":, to which
they considered themseLyes only temporarily assigned. Much hetter results
were obtained from such commands as "'ere for any considerable length of
time assigned to work on the Defenses.
OCCUATION OF L\.NDs.-The sites of the seyeral works being lleterminec1
upon, possession was at once taken, with little or no reference to the rights of
the owners or the occupants of the l:llHls-the stern law of "military neces-
sity" and the magnitude of the public intercsts in\'o!\'e(l in the s('(:urity of the
nation's capital heing paramount to cycry other cou:=-i(lemtion. In one (;,\:':8 a
church, and in seyeral instances d\\'cllings :lnd other buildings \I'ere \lcmol-
ished, that the sites might be occupierl by forts. Long lines of riHc-trenches
and military roads were located and constructed \\'hC!"e the principles 01
defense or the cOl1Yenicnce of commllniention refjuire(l them, without reg,ml
to the cultimted fields or orch::nc1s throllgh which they might pass. In acldi-
tion to the ground immedintely occupie(l by the \1cfensi\"e wurks, the lands in
front for a distance of two miles were clenre\l at' standing timber. At this
work alone there were emploYCll in the nutul1ln of 1862 details of troops
numbering from 2,000 to 3,000 men for a period of seyer:tl weeks. The tim-
ber so cut dO\\"l1 was used, so far as it \\'asloullll to be suitalJle, in the ClJllstruc-
tion of the forts, or for abnttis.
The injuries thus inAicted upon the citizens living :llong the lines, in the
destruction and usc of private property, \\-ere in the aggregate very eon~i\lcr
able, and there were probably indi\·iJlIal C:lSCS of extreme hardship; but,
however llluch these evils might be deplored, they could not be avoided. No
compensation for such (lamages or occupation of lanl1s \Vas made or promised,
nor was it e\-en practicable to make an estimate of their pecuniary amount.
In some instances a. statement of the number of acre" r1cnudeeI of timber, and
a general description of its kineI and quality, amI in other" of the number and
kind of trees cutdowll, \\':lS given to the owner", upon request being made
therefor, as a supposed basis for future indemnit.l' by the Government; but no
general system of estimating damages was attempted.
1
GENERAL REMARKS.
At the termination of the war in April, 1865, the "defenses of'''~ashing

ton" consisted of 68 inclosed forts and batteries, lw.\'ing an aggregate perimeter
of' 22,800 yards, (13 miles,) and emplacements for ],120 guns, 807 of which
and 88 mortars were actually mounted; of 93 unarmed batteries for field-guns,
lwvillg 401 emplacements; and of 35,711 yards (20 miles) of riAe-trenches, and
3 block-houses. rrhirty-two miles of military roads, besides the existing roads
of the District and the avenues of ,Vashington, served as the means of com-
mUllication fl'om the interior to the defensive lines, and from point to point
thereof. The entire circuit, including the distance across the Potomac from
Fort Greble to Fort Lyon, (four miles,) was, as has already been stated, thirty-
seven miles,
The a1)o\'e statement, while it must convey some idea of the magnitude
of the work, does not yet give an adequate notion of the labor actually be-
stowed anll necessary to the final perfection of the system. It must be
remembered that the forts constructed in the summer and autumn of 18f:il
\\"ere of a temporary" field-work " type. These were subsequently rebuilt,
even the trace of many being altered by enlargement or by the addition of
Detter arrangements for nanking purposes, In this process of renewal an
cniire1y different manner of construction was adopted, founded upon experi-
ence already gained, but prompted by the necessity of giving a n10re durable
and pel'llUWel,t ciw.I'<l.cter to the work. The Qecount of this construction, else-
where given, furnishes evidence of the increased amount of matet'ials and work-
manship it illYohed, It differed, too, from that applied to temporary field-
works in Ole much greater development gi\-en to the interior st,ructures, in
order to seCl1l'e greater efficiency to the armament or better protection to the
gQrrison, Thus, besides the cQpaciolis and cQrefully-built magazines provided
in all the forts and batteries, most of them were furnished with capacious bomb-
140 DEfENSES Of 'VASHI}{G'rO~.
Sec tloJat an ample sllPllly of wads is kept on hand outside of the maga~
zincs, and that the ordllallce sergeant makes careful report of the ammunition
expcnrled, and tlwt it is promptly replaced .
. Fill at once any holes made in the magazine coyer. Lng;,:, filscines, or
en.:n sticks, laid against its exposed sille, greatly reduce the pcnetration of shot,
particularly of elongated projectiles, Ly llef1ecting them.
6. Build merIons hetween barbeUe guns, and partially fill wide embra-
sures, as soon as the positions of the enemy's oatteries and the proper direc-
tion of fire of each gun are ascertained. Cut away the foot of scarps to render
escalade more difficll1t, takillg care not to endanger the stability of the parapet..
Use the earth so obtained for making a glacis and traverses across the abattis,
if it be threatened by an enfilading fire. A few piles of earth across the
abattis, particularly if the earth he wet, is a great security against such fire.
Commanding officers of the forts cannot oe too strongly impressed with
the fact t1Hlt the aoattls is one of tIle main sources 0[' strcngth to a field-work
It should bc carefully protectcd from injury amI depredation, firc, &c.
7. Bury percussion shells or hand grenmles, to act as torpedoes, in the
bottom of the ditch and outsirle of the abattis.
8. Put up traverses on all faces liable to be enfiladed, to protcct tlle guns,
even if to obtain room for them some of them l1aye to Le removed j repair all
damages to the parapet on the following night, if not practicable to do it
before.
Earth may be obtained for the aboye uses by excavating ill the terro-
plein for bomb-proof shelterii, and by digging pits or holes, about three feet
wide and deep, where ricochet shells are most likely to fall, and where tIle
excayations will not seriously interfere with the defense j remoye all sheds
and wooelen build ings lest they take fi reo
8. Construct tem porary banquettes on all bomb-proofs and magazines, to
afford an infantry fire 011 the probable front or points of attack. These may
be made with plank resting on trestles or posts, or by cutting away the earth
so as to afford standing room for infantry, with a parapet in front.
10. 'Vhen, or before, the enemy's approaches have ]Jeen advanced to the
vicinity of thc work, a surprise, or sudden assault upon one or more of the
148 DEFE:NSES OF 'YASllINGTO:N.
Table givillg afpraxililaldy Ih~ latitllde's (/lid lOllgilllde's of the principal forts, baffai,'s, t~c,-Continueu,
Point. Latitude. Longitude. Remarks.
o I
Baltery Kemble, (station),."""", ". 3 B 55 46 ,3 2 77 05 '38.08 5·H7 *3 87·9 '" Par~flet at north gun.
nattcry Martin Scott, (station) ,. 38 55 46 .35 77 06 22.go 6.100) *13~' I * Platform of gun.
Datlery Vcr:mont l (Aag-staJff . 33 56 00).86 77 06 15,64 6.2q7 237. 8
Fort Surn,ner-
Redoubt Kerby, (Ft. Franklin-flag-stalT). 38 57 ,g.02 77 07 08.00 337. 6
Rcdouht Cross, (Ft. Ripley-flag-stalT)." 3B 57 '3'73 770703.86 322 .5
Redoubt D,,'is,(FLAlexanucr-fiag-stalT) 38 57 Ij. '3 77 07 II ·50 .. 33 6 . 8
Camp, (flag-st. IT) ,................. 38 57 ll.q8 77 07 10·33
Haltery Ucnsol! ' .. , ' , , .. ' .
llaltery ilailey , , , ' .
Fort M:ln~fi~ld, (flag-st:1ff) 38.5706.08 77.°548'55 3°5·3
Fort Simmon~. (O"g-st:lff).... 385703.'27 77 0S 33.57 3°5·9
Fort Gaines, (Rag-staff),.................. 38 56 IB.2J 77 0i 56.22 4°3. 0
Fort Oayard 1 (smJoIl Bag--staff)............. 38 57 15·64 77 OJ 10.68 .3-14. I ,.. Top of magal.inc,
Fort Reno, (old flag-staff)" •...•... "" .. , 38 57 07,22 77 04 2j... *5.146 t4.q, j * N. 33~~ E. I 2)6' from fi:Jg-~tOLrr,
Fort Reno l (new flag-staff).... ••••.•. 38 57 07.2'J 77 04 23.13
1tTop of bomb-proof.
Battery Rossell . 5.49 8
Fort Kearny, (flag-staff).................. 3857 12 46 77°325.42 5,280 30 4. 8
D:\ttcry Terrill " , .. ,. .. . . .. . . ....•..... , .. 5.4 0 7
Buttery Smeade , .. . . . . . . .. , , . 5.007
Fort DcRussy, (station on parapet) , 385145.63 77 0245.36 5·57· 354 ·4
Battery Kingsbury............... . ' ' . 5·37
ilattery Sill , , , , '., , .. 5··p6
Fort Ste,'ens, (flag-stafT) ,.......... 38 57 47.16 77 01 23,57 *5. 1 75 321 .3 '* Center of eastern n13.gazinc.
Fort Slocum, (flag-staff) ............••.... 38 57 33.7f 77 00 20.12 27 6 .5
Fnrt Totten, (fla>:-staff), 38 56 4S.81 765959.]2 37 [,
Milit..1.ry Asylum. (tow~r) . 38 56 :26.41) 77 00 2I.88 3·511 *3:.:3 . * Ground south side of tower.
Fort Slemmer, (U.p:-stafT)... 385618.77 765942.91 *25.' . * Parapct n.:ar llag·stafT.
Lunatic Asylum, (tower), ., .... " . , . .. . . . . 38 5 t 13.82 76 59 4'2.38 *17 2 . * Ground north front of tower.
Fort Bunker Hill, (fbg-st~ff).......... 385603.66 7659 OO"F *'248 . 2 >I< Top of magazine.
Fort Saratoga, (flag-staff)................. 38 55 43.18 76 58 25.50 186.q
fort Thayer, (flag-staff) ....... , .... ,..... 38 55 38,6, 76 57 5g.qB 151·4
Fort Lincoln, (new flag-staff)............. 3855 27.51 76 57 14.95 3.7 1 5 ~H8.
Fort Mahan, (flag--slaff) ,.......... 38 53 3q·52 76 56 22.78 17°·7
porti'Icigs, (fla~~stafT)., 385223.10 765532.16 3°4· I
Fort Dupont, (flag-staff).................. 38 52 19 76 56°7.48 3°3. 0
Fort Da\'is, (nag-staff).................... 3851 56.54 76 5647.9f 3°3·
Fort Oaker, (flag-stafT) ..... ,............. 38 5r 37.76 ;6 57 33.96 293. 6
rort "'agner, (n;tg-~ta(f) ....•.•••..•. ,... 38513:::.45 765752.15 28<)'3
Fort Ricketts, (fins-staff) "." ••.. ,... 38 51 21.40 j653 14.01 2q4·q
ForlStanton, (flag-slafT) 38 5r 26.44 165836.12 ·7q·7
Fort Snyder, (flag--slaff) , ,....... 38 5°39.05 76 5q 02.61 179·9
Fort Carroll, (Ra,<:-staff) ,.... 3850 '3.35 770005.94 173 ·3
Fort Greble, (flag-staff), .. , " .. , _ 38 49 29.78 77 00 37,0·1 '1 8 '3
;~lrlt70~~~~~~s ...'.. '...... , ~

' ,... ::.' : : ::: ::::::::::::: l :::::: ::::::: ott J ones's Point.
East shore of Potomac Ri\·cr.
.TABLE OF ARMAMENT OF WORKS NORTH OF TH E POTO MAC
.llaitrrv'ab. :. ·lrl~'m!J':':f:"lU~~=jI-t+t-l++H+-j-t-<2'H1-t+-HH-+-HH-+H+-j-H+-HH-'.:,j':h'+:,jH-+"""H-I-+M
Ow;;r.Bridae,.
.;r
.'· .Ba-rb,""
Tota/.
2 ., :'i
'2
t·
ffalle.;r':' oJ
I
L/aI1oy .Emhrasure
/;('rlllolll L/pu;on BamP/1.e
Mla.1.-
_. ,.~ .. ' lJ,nDra.rIUP
7btnL s
//{f/'e/,'f~ .1- - _. .£.ulbruAI"/lEtI
6
JG'IlLbl8
,.'.~lJ.e 2 .ffuUf{'r
TOtaL 2 "'.'. .lJai/f)"
6
.r.
~, .......
Ii
.fbrl
JI.earl!Y'
9
lItLl1o"" oJ
.fill&uLe
.forb
.J)ellzw.J,r
rbrt
.flDYellJ'
FOrt
JloClU1l/
1'O!'to/'
J/nrbale
Ci'I'CllIoJ' .funlt Total
II
1'01'1
1
CJJU~lLil/ Iniaf I II
.1'01'1,011/
J/arbdbJ
..Aeluz.e<{r:r Jlllt
flirt 2.i 2 6' D /I to 7_,: .P lJinlll'lLl'UlY' oJ
.LJ,UlL("·{r l(~'tO' ~~oIJ~e{~'ie~.'-" ..·-II--f'<-~-l-1-
.BtuolJ't1e I
Ale('1J ' Totu/. 2 J 2 I 2 Ii S(J() nallo. JUmjliJ..e Ittlff J
rod
iJ1uQrtl..f'U,'(; J 2 .gallel"" to lei! of J',}lIbl'o,rul'tJ. 6'
Barbette oJ 2 L' . .,. . I J]arb~,~t"'~'_i-l_--l---+_-l-
J)/lPOllt Tota/. J oJ I 2 20(/ .1Vl't hULC/JIJI' r--'Yot<lt 6'
-f" ro/'I-
~illb,.aJTu't! oJ of 2
~~y J)avir
BorbelLe oJ
.....-
;:> J J .f I z 220
" ~_/
J I
liJJ'I- J],uVrll,· 7 2
gtlMr oJ 7 2 of I I J "-Q2
J .r,'mhI'O,I'Ure
.lJu.lkl'v'
Haroe/le
I z60
~lfflh;llb Total
oJ
l'bl'l .CJ"bra.rllrt! I oJ /;)Il1Jrn.rllfr~·
~;~. '7."" ~_'I._J_'

,.-=-~ II-_A_'I_l_k_' I -.!f,_O_/~_'!.T()/n/.
!tle?L:!. !;...I-H-l-:..J-+++-H-fQ+++-+-HH_++++t-;t-H-t-f-+++-H-t-+++t-t-t-::+-;;HH
/ .1
Ifcj,,,,'ku='b<c;el~'te,-. c--II-f-=-J--!-I-
IlJIHI Ii 7
,~ ~ rilrt- Iil/bmsure 2 J / I S 2
1. 1 rI'I ,J~aIJlIIIl llarb,.t1e : Ii J / I S 2
.'"
• "l
.- Z
~·If- ~~~n~,['~/J!;..
l.inbra.rure
+++¥vh~Ii:t-+-MY-;;i-+++-+-HH-t+++T-t-H-t++++-H-+-t+++-r--r-rhH
6'
322
:\ J ,, ..i-.... ~ lbrl lltlJ'hl'<le Z

To lals.
.1 ~ ,iil<,vde, ' ~
:..t: ~ ,.~'-') 00 11--_....:.:...- ~h·...,..'~·o:!;'a~:L~, ~~+_l-4Z.2+_1_t_+++-~G~+-H-++++-H-+++;-H-++++-H++r-H++++:t-H 2IO
;...' ~ .b'aUpr)" liJlbraswtJ IJ-
l I ,~. IJWYI(!Oe-
j~--.. ~ 1I-C._,a_I_71_'O_" -1--:-:-.,.!!.7Q::.la~.L~iL-j-l-+++-H-+++.,.,H_+++HH_++++_:_H_+++HH -++t-H-++-h-f-bpIJ-=t-H
~ Fill,t. Aillbl'osure I I Ii I .f
Cr' "IYJ/I /larltetL~ lr I IJ- .J
O. n ~.:.:'u::..:...·:.:... h-,""":"J;)~o~tld~~1'r-!-I-f!(ttt-+:I-~~f-+~{):+_H++HH++H.:.,'+_H++H-t+t1-t++-r/+-fJ~,f;rt_H
rJ'J II--.rurt Ch!ble d: Etllbl'rMlU'l' ' 6 ' /
~ l/al~lJ8 2 C I oJ J;illmrISltre 1/3 99 1l 1«1 isI [.iii
r.tl ~.&:f.:::U::'1.e.::,,~,y:...::c,::..:.r>b.:"':.:f!:..._-,l..,,-~7i~'/~,,::L_I._+_l__t:2+-t'6~, H....j.-+~G+-+-I--l-+-l-..jj..+++_H~/+-+-+-H-+-l--l-+_+_H4:../l-I,;.I+-~.J+-'+-~y I !"rr/fJd/t" I¥T 25 In 2/1/637
-_ .. _-- -
o r--
OF ·WOR·KS NORTH OF
~
I
"TAB LEO FAR M AM E N T
Co) Yaca'nt
..... s~o 0 th b or~ .GUl;l.S Ri.fled Guns" ~rortar.& Platfor:m.s
CO
~:~ ~:~ ;f;
l
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'6
Detail highlighting Battery Reno and Fort Reno of Plate 30 - Table

of Armament of Works North of the Potomac from A Report on
the Defenses of Washington to the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army,
by Brevet Major General J. G. Barnard, 1871

March 1997
APPENDIX E-3
Barnard, Lt. Col. Roy S.

The History of ARADCOM, vol 1, The Gun Era
1950-55, not dated c.1996. Fort MacArthur
Military Press, San Pedro, California.

The History of ARADCOM
Vol. 1
The Gun Era
1950-1955
Headquarters ARADCOM
Historical Project# ARAD SM-I
Prepared by Lt. Col. Roy S. Barnard
I
_ ...
Fort MacArthur Museum Association
-
Post Office Box 26B, San Pedro, California 90731

PLANNED DEPLOYMENT 1950
TABLE 1
Army USAF ARAACOM Joint

Estimate Decision
( 1) (2) (3) (4)
Defense 4 Aug 50 20 Sep 50 Dec 50 28 Dec 50
New York City
(Brooklyn) 7 5 13 7 (3)*
Boston 2 2 4 2 (1 )
Niagara 2 2 5 2 (1)
Washington,
D.C. 6 4 8 6
Philadelphia 2 2 4 2 ( 1)
Ft. Bliss
(School & Tng) 4 4 1 ( 1)
- Sand ia-Kirt land
_ Los Alamos
Carswell AFB
2
1
1
2
1
1
3
2
3
t 2
1
( 1)
Chicago (Gary) 5 4 11 5
Detroit 2 2 6 3 (1 )
Rapid City AFB 1 1 2 1
Sault Ste Marie 1 1 3 1
~ Hanford 4 4 5 4
San Francisco 2 2 4 2 ( 1)
Seattle 1 1 4 (3)
Fairchild AFB 1 1 2 1
Spokane AFB 1 1 2
March AFB 1 1 1 1
Limestone AFB 0 1 3 1
-Oak Ridge, Tenn 0 3
Castle AFB 0 1 2 (1)
Norfolk 4 1 (2)
Baltimore 4 ( 3)
Pittsburgh 4 (3)
Davis AFB
Travis AFB 1 1
TOTAL 4t> """"41) TOT 44 (22)
*Units not yet in federal service.
68
DEPLOYMENT OF 66 BATTALIONS ORIGINALLY
ALLOCATED TO ARAACOM
~
'0
......
1 LIMESTONE AFB
-../ .
. "',
... -- .. _. ~'
I-RAPID CITY AFB --,

L
l~ 3 BALHMORE
6 WASMI NGTON
-..J 1 TRAVIS AFB
o 3 SAN I'RANCISCO 3 NORfOLK
1 CASTLE AFB
.......... LAND
............. .._~ ,
2 BNS NOT INCLUDED IN ABOVE

SCHOOL TROOPS STA AT FT BLISS
AND USED IN EMERGENCY ONLY
t'J
Pittsburgh and Davis AFB, to determine the number of
AA battalions each defense would require. The two
studies submitted (Column 3, Table 1) revealed a re-
quirement for 101 AA battalions to protect the areas
as compared with the estimated 46. 10
The Army and Air Force's variation revealed that
differences still existed in the definition of the term
"critical area."* The meaning finally adopted included
J vital defense industries, atomic energy installations
and Air Force Bases. The decision reflected not only
areas, but AA units available (Column 4, Table 1).11
As decided and concurred in by both Department of
the Army and Air Defense Command, ARAACOM made plans
for sixty-six AA battalions, deployed in twenty-three
locations (see Map 1).**12 These units were to be made
up of forty-four active Army battalions and twenty-:-two
inducted battalions. ARAACOM estimated that the fol-
lowing headquarters units would be required to support

1 this deployment: (see Appendix 0)
1 7-Brigade Headquarters
20-Group Headquarters
__________________
1 _7_-0peration Detachments
*This difference initially came up in 1949. Then the

dispute was over the term "vital area."
**The difference between the twenty-three locations,
1 sixty-four units shown on Map 1 and the twenty-four
locations, sixty-six units shown in Table 1 are the
two battalions located at Fort Bliss, Texas.
71
plan, Additionally it moved units and rearranged de-
fenses to alleviate the situation which had existed on
10 April 1951 (see Map 2),
The six-hour program specified that, where pos-
sible, units would be located at stations within six
hours travel time of their tactical positions. A majori-
ty of units were so stationed; though compliance was not
possible in all cases. Hq ARAACOM tested units to de-
termine their ability to meet the six-hour criteria.
While the six-hour program concentrated on travel
time, the on-site rotational plan stipulated that 25%

,
I of AA units would occupy tactical sites. The 35th
Brigade and the Washington, D.C., Defense developed
this plan. It required that units be relieved by one
of the other firing batteries of their battalions in
such a manner as to keep one firing battery per bat-
talion always operationally on site. l3
I Although it employed interim measures, ARAACOM
continued to urge permanently placing units on tactical
sites. In March 1952 it received support for the cam-
paign from an unexpected source. After his inspection
of Hq ARAACOM, the DA IG, Major General Louis A. Craig
strongly recommended in a memorandum to the DA DCSOPS,
Lieutenant General Maxwell Taylor, that ARAACOM have
87
In addition to supervisory headquarters, on 10
1I.
April 1951 ARAACO~ had six automatic weapons battal-
ions, nine 90mm battalions and eight l20mm battalions.
By September 1952 the command had grown to five auto-
matic weapons battalions, thirty-six 90mm battalions
and fourteen 120mm battalions. Of the original units:
one automatic weapons battalion, four 90mm battalions
J and eight l20mm battalions remained on active duty on
30 September 1952 32 (see Map 3):

J 10 April 1951 30 September 1952 33
Battalion Defense Defense
8 CAW) Sault Ste Marie Sault Ste Marie
J 41 (90mm) New York New York
69 (90mm) New York New York
70 (90mm) Washington Washington
J 504 (90mm) Chicago Detroit*
36 (120mm) Chicago Washington*
79 (120mm) Chicago Chicago
501 (120mm) Hanford Hanford
526 (120mm) New York New York
DA activated or mobilized four automatic weapons
battalions, thirty-two 90mm battalions, and six 120mm
battalions for incorporation into the 30 September
1952 defense:
Activation or
Battalion Mobilization Date 34 Defense
10 CAW) 20 Dec 1951 Fairchild AFB
459 " 11 Sept 1950 Travis AFB
464 " 23 Jan 1951 Castle APB
---------
*Changed location
95
.-'---
\....
6f
"0
t 08110
0136
I
+' 01.110 °A1260
08/36
°C/36
tlt 00110
oA/36
08115
00111
flJlf:UDC
\D
o ells
'-D ocm
0812&0
0/14
°ell4 0
eno
00/15
00/260
0.8/71
oC/260 WASHINGTON DEFENSE
--1952--
08/14
Cl
oA1l11 ~ o AIlS
Yellow Alert: when an attack lias? cons1dered like-
ly. The notice of alert !IncludedY-inYormation as to
the approximate number of-aircrafT, position, altitude
and direction.
Red Alert: when an attack /Was? imminent. The

same information !Was? transmitted as for Yellow Alert,
together with probabTe intent.
White Alert: all clear. 66
Although ADC prescribed alert statuses, the Anti-
aircraft Artillery Commander determined the condition
of readiness of AA units. "Battle Stations," "Standby"
and "All Clear" applied to AA units. In "Battle Sta-
tions" attack was imminent, under "Standby" attack was
probable, while "All Clear" was the minimum readiness
condition. 67
Thus early rules of engagement were very restric-
tive on AA. Colonel Ellis, G3 ARAACOM during this era

C I
indicated:
After the Army AA Command entered the picture and

more universal rules were needed, the Air Force became
more restrictive. The guns would not be permitted to
engage so long as the possibility of interception by
aircraft existed. Because it was likely that action
could not be initiated in time, the freedom to engage
aircraft observed to be committing hostile acts wa~ of
little significance. The provisions to permit Army
initiative in the event of a communication failure were
provided to preclude the possibility of taking no ac-
tion in a disaster.
In retrospect, the presence of AA guns was more

of a psychological deterrent than a material augmenta-
tion of air defense effectiveness. I doubt that anyone
believed otherwise. The use of guns was considered an
interim device to prepare for the introduction of mis-
siles~ However, except in the case of waterfront sites
110 (
"
J
j.
\
this was impracticable.
abandoned.
Most gun sites had to be
As I have implied, I seriously doubt that AA guns

J would ever have fired a round in an initial hostile
strike. The Air Force was far too concerned with the
safety of their own planes and civilian aircraft to
J grant initiative to the Army for use of the guns--
or, subsequently, for use of missiles. 68
\
J Restrictions on engagement were a source of frus-
J tration, not only to ARAACOM, but to Air Defense Com-
mand (Air Force). In Eastern Air Defense Force,* in-
J structions were in effect in January, 1952 which speci-
fied that under no conditions would "hold fire" be

J given on either friendly or hostile aircraft. An ADC
J study, written in March 1952, stated that the current
rules impaired the effectiveness of the Air Defense

>
effort. 69
-- '};
As a result of this general dissatisfaction,
ADC formulated new rules of engagement.

J
The new rules of engagement changed several ex-
I
.oJ
isting procedures. They replaced the old term "re-
j lease fire" with two new conditions, "guns tight"
and "guns free." In a status of "guns tight," AA
J could fire at aircraft identified as hostile, or ob-
served committing a hostile act. In "guns free" AA

J would fire at all aircraft, except those identified
as friendly. ADC used the old term "hold fire" for

J
*ADC's eastern geographical command.
J
111
J
jl
lLIi&iII AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D. C.

March 1997
APPENDIX E-4
Cooling III, Benjamin Franklin and Owen II, Walton

H.
Mr. Lincoln's Forts. A Guide to the Civil War
Defenses of Washington. White Mane Publishing
Company.

II ) Armv "..ilihrv HI$lorv tnstitutt
,MR. LINCOLN'S FORTS

v-
A Guide to the Civil War Defenses of Washington
By
Benjamin Franklin ~ooling III
and
Walton H. Owen II
Foreword by
Edwin C. Bearss
Sponsored by
The Friends of Fort Ward
-.1' .' .• '-. I •

Ie'> ,:
WHITE MANE PUBLISHING COMPANY

1988
PROPERTY Of US ARMY
TOURING THE FORTS NORTH OF THE POTOMAC
Fort Bayard - Lost Guardian of the River Road
rifle-pits to Fort Simmons (775 yards to the west), and

Location: Retrace route to Westmoreland Circle, right Fort Reno (1,250 yards eastward).
on Western A venue, NW, to park site at intersection (traf-
fic light) of Western A venue and River Road. - The work was constructed on the Philip Buckey pro-
perty by details of the Pennsylvania Reserves. Among
units posted here were Company B, 1st New Hampshire
Visible Remains: Heavy Artillery; and detachments of the 163d and 170th
Despite maintenance of the site as a park by the Na- Ohio National Guard.
tional Park Service, no remains or interpretive marker are
present. - While stationed at nearby "Camp Mud," details
from the I 17th New York were sent to construct \vhat they
styled "Fort Eliptic" or "Soapstone Fort" (due to a par-
Description: ticular type of rock native to the area). The unit historian
The fort was named for Brigadier General George D. noted that the regiment received its "beautiful silk ban-
Bayard, 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry, who was mortally ner made by the Ladies of Utica" while employed in dig-
wounded at Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862. ging fortifications in this area.
- The work was an eliptical earthen fort, with a - One inspection report by ~Iajor Charles Burgess in
perimeter of 123 yards. It mounted four 20-pdr. Parrotts March 1864 noted the absence of drinking water within
and two l2-pdr. field howitzers, all firing en embrasure. the fort, but otherwise declared the position ready for bat-
tle with 1,477 rounds of artillery ammunition, 100 pounds
of musket powder, 100 hand grenades, 133 Springfield
Anecdotes: muskets cal. 69, and 20,850 rounds of small arms
Fort Bayard commanded the key River Road (a ammunition.
former colonial artery which carried a portion of Brad-
dock's ill-fated expedition to its appointment with disaster - Local residents Joseph and Isaac Shoemaker con-
in the French and Indian Wars), leading in and out of the tracted with the army in 1861 to supply abatis, timber,
District of Columbia at Tennallytown. It was linked by and lumber in support of fort construction in the area.
Fort Reno and Battery Reno - Defending Tennallytown
Location: Follow River Road to Wisconsin A venue,

NW; right (then immediately move to left lane) one block,
left at traffic light onto Albemarle Street; one block, then
left onto 40th Street; go past Woodrow Wilson High
School on right to Chesapeake Street; turn right, and park
as reservoir park on left is the approximate site of Fort
Reno. Connecting Battery Reno extended north ward from
the modern reservoir to the vicinity of39th and Garrison
Streets.
Visible Remains:
None, the fort was destroyed for construction of
Camp Frieze, Tennallytown, D.C. - Camp of the 9th and
the reservoir, and the battery site is now residential. Na-
10th Rhode Island Volunteers, June 1862
tional Park Service maintenance; interpretive marker at
Spicer, "History of the Ninth and Tenth Hhode Is/and and Tenth Rhode
site. Is/and Bal/ery. "
142
TOURI:-:G THE FORTS l\ORTH OF THE POTOMAC
Description:
First styled Fort Pennsylvania by the constructing
troops from that state, the U.S. government renamed the
complex in honor of Major General Jesse L. Reno, killed
at South Mountain, Maryland, September 14, 1862.
Plan of Fort Pennsylvania

Spicer, "History of the Ninth and Tenth Rhode Island
and Tenth Rhode Island Battery."
- Fort and Battery Reno rested upon the highest point

on the defense line (429 feet above sea level). The posi-
tion had a perimeter of 517 yards. Together, the main fort
and battery (connected by a covered or protected way for "Corps Badge" for Fatigue Derails from 9th and 10th
Rhode Island regiments while helping to construct north-
intercommunication) mounted 27 guns and mortars. There
ern forts in Defenses of Washington - fashioned from
were 22 additional vacant platforms for field guns. Among melted lead bullets.
the ordnance at Fort Reno were two 8-inch siege howitzers Spicer, "History of the Ninth and Tenth Rhode Island and
(en embrasure); nine 24-pdr. howitzers (en embrasure); Tenlh Rhode Island Battery."
one 100-pdf. Parrott (en barbette), four 30-pdr. Parrotts
(en embrasure); and two lO-inch and two 24-pdr. Coehorn fields Vie ha ve destroyed too houses I hat wer in our way
mortars. An additional seven 20-pdr. Parrotts fired en em- to build the battery."
brasure from Battery Reno.
- Just a week before, Leo W. Fuller of Carlisle, Penn-
sylvania, had similarly noted the new fort's progress from
- These fortifications commanded three major roads his position with the 7th Pennsyhania Reserves. Fuller
converging at the hamlet of Tennallytown before leading cited six hundred men at work and suggested, "we can
into the city via Georgetown. The area served as a major throw shell over to Arlington Heights from here." That,
campground during the war, and Fort Reno's elevation he added, should keep the Rebels outside the range "of
provided an appropriate place for a major signal station. our Bull Dogs or they might bite them."
- The fortifications were built by Pennsylvania - Other units soon followed the Pennsylvanians into
Reserve contingents on the land of Giles Dyer, whose the camps at Tennallytown. The 59th New York, 9th and
house was torn down to make way for the works. 10th Rhode Island, and 10th Rhode Island Battery en-
camped at places they named "Camp Frieze." Happily
ensconced in garrison, they joined comrades in periodic
- Writing on August 3D, 1861, from Camp Tennally,
jaunts to bathe in the Potomac and to see the sights of
A. S. Bray told his brother at home in syntax typical of
Washington City. Rhode Island regimental historian
soldier letters of the time: "We ar buzy in building a bat- William A. Spicer recounted the story of one officer
tery it is mate werry strong & goot to protect our soldiers returning for a visit with the men building Fort Penn-
it holts about too thousand mens it is mounted with three sylvania. "They appeared glad to see me back again," he
canons one of them wights 48 hundred pounds we expect noted, "they say that between healy artillery drill, gar-
more canons yet we cut down orchards with fine apple risoning old forts, and building new ones, their time is
and peach trees with fine peaches and also some large corn pretty well used up."
143
TOURJ:\G THE fORTS Ir-;ORTH Of THE POTOMAC
National Archi'·es
-~
..
.
. _'~-'.
'~
Fort Prnnsyh'ania
August 1 8 6 2 ' Regimenlal Headquarters, Tenth H.I10 d e Island Volunteers and T .
Spicer, "Hiswry 01 tile ,".'inth and Tenlil Rhodo II enlh LIght Batlery, July and
0
l' S un(1 ul/cI Tel/Iii 1<110(/" Island Baller)' . ..
144
TOLRI:\G THE FORTS 1\ORTH OF HIE POTOMAC
.~
-<
,4 ,1" -;::
~
.-
~ ~
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, - j ..
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,~
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145
TOURI:\G THE FORTS NORTH OF THE POTOMAC
~
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ifj
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146
TOURI~G THE FORTS r-;ORTH OF THE POTOMAC
. ;
Fort Pennsylvania, Headquarters of the 113th New York (7th New York Heavy Artillery) Authors' Collections
- The latest joke making the rounds of the camps, sanitary conditions in the barracks were worse than in the
said Spicer's visiting officer, was "why are the boys of tents, he cited. "Typhoid, pneumonia, and ensypihelas"
the Tenth in such good company now at the forts?" The appeared because "these barracks are altogether too small,
answer - "because they are closely associated with so they are badly built; improperly ventilated, imperfectly
many big guns." warmed, and apt to leak," claimed Dr. J. E. Pomfret.
The records contain no evidence of a solution.
- Humor aside, this officer suggested that unexciting,
hot summer duty had sapped the patriotism of the young - Later, on July II, 1864, Fort Reno served as a focal
soldiers. Some of them, he noted, had derisively fashion- point for one column of Jubal Early's army during the
ed a regimental badge from melted lead bullets. The device famous "raid" on the city. At that time, Colonel John
represented a pickaxe, spade, and broom, in combination, C. Marble's command in this area comprised Companies
reflecting their construction duties. C and G of his own ISlst Ohio National Guard; Com-
pany A, 1st New Hampshire Heavy Artillery; Company
L, 9th New York Heavy Artillery; Dayton's regiment of
- Eventually the garrisons moved from tent camp in-
Giles' brigade, Veterans Reserve Corps; and Thompson's
to permanent wooden barracks located behind the fort.
provisional regiment of the XIX Corps.
Yet, this brought another set of problems as the senior
brigade surgeon told his superiors in March 1864. The
147
-
TOCRI~G THE FORTS l'ORTH OF THE POTOMAC
".... w.
-..... .......
J
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Sector M ap - Fort Reno t 0 Battery Smeadc SUlionul A (chin's
148
IIiIiiI AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D. C.

March 1997
APPENDIX E-5
Helm, Judith Beck

Tenleytown, D. C. Country Village into City
Neighborhood. Tennally Press, Washington, D.C.

TetVeytowll" D.C.
(9uIl,tryVil1age iIl,to
aty~igltborhood
-W
The Growing Village: 1865-1899
~~ (1)
(lJri o (1) Ul
>'\0 -W~<1l'd
o .jJ~.-i
0.. ~U) 0
Ul -W 0'\ In 1873, eight years after the civil War had
(lJ Ul (1) \0 (\)
riri (\).><:co-W ended, George A. Townsend described the gen-
-rl
t?
~m.-iO
(1) Z eral iJppearance at
the old forts of the Dis-
o QJo.. trict of Columbia:
(\)Z .c m •
-lJ -WUlri •
111 ~ (lJ 0 QJ "All the forts around the city are dis-
.-i'd ~.co~
~ o u.c ::l mantled, the guns taken out of them, the
(1) (lJ u-w
0'\ ..e.c 'd'dUlUl land resigned to its owners. Needy Negro
\0 .wo.. Cll':: Cll
squatters living around the forts have
co (1) o nj'O 0..
.-i 4-4.c ce; ~ built themselves shanties of the officers'
ll
~~ oU)
~.jJ
~ 111 Ul
nj quarters, pulled out the abatis [wooden
z ~g@~~~,,-
~i=,:=:,!~lji- --l-".m..:::--...
(lJ • .jJ Ul ~
o .w :> .-inj'..-iQJ defenses] for firewood .... the woods, cut
C\l 0 (\) (lJ 0 Ul down to give the guns sweep, are overgrown
;~~l~:~~ ,(¥;~}1r-:-
H
tJ) -I-Jt? III :>::l
H Ul ~ (lJ ~ with shrubs and bushes. Nature is
:>
H
ki~ ~fL-. ;:}3 -t ii:I ~
.-i
.c(lJ~
(\)-WUJO unrestingly making war with War.
~-=~ q~;!JiIl:TII'="' -:.:.:.;:.1;~!l,
. '-.::~ ,.. ~ -r :,:,d:-t:. ,-
Cl (1)l1'l .-i QJ 4-4
..eM
III
::> .:c1=~~~li~~;~ I,~ - ---
E-<t?
.-iC~
-..-i 0 Ul "The strolls out to the old forts are seed-
tJ) :> 'O-w ily picturesque. Freedmen, who exist by
~I~\ii t1~-:~??~I~ ~lfff~f~~
~cr. (lJ'dQJO
o .::o
.><: 111 ri s:: selling old horse-shoes and iron spikes,
Z
riI ~-'-llcJ""",'rj~!'-B--Hl-±:l~I-:~t"]11 (lJ til
~ o
o
0 ~
ce; C\l >. live with their squatter families where,
:'li~~~~JWl,'i~)
ce; 0:: QJ ~ ri C
:> 1Il'd 0..111 of old, the Army sutler kept the canteen:
E-< 4-4 ·rl ~ E but the grass is growing its l~~rallels
ce; O..e E 111 ~
o U o ~ 0 0.. nearer and nearer the magazines."
r.t.. C ~ ~O4-4::l
-~-'----, ~H:" ~.:[-,- :~~m ~~ ~t~,

0«: 4-4::r::
Cl ·rl UJ-lJ The first houses at Fort Reno were, as Town-
'0
~c>1'1~w~~,~~*1,ijJ~~C'~1
Ejffu~ ·iJE :~~~~~ l~~~!~i='§ [1
riI Ul.-i ~QJ.c
Z ...-i <1l (\).cUO'> send wrote, shanties built by the freed slaves
:> s::
Z
:E ·rl 0
'd-lJI1l::l
of leftover wood. But as they were able to
~
~~o..op-,
'd •..-i QJOUJ.Q11l work steadily, the blacks learned skills in
[c~!J\'0 !~~[1~(~11j~',
E
-§~ -lJ ~
p"
x ~ ~ construction work, in which most of them found
r.t.. UlZ (\) QJ QJ OJ .::
employment. And their houses reflected these
o .c 0..-lJ 0
~-lJO~ skills.
o OJ
~
UJ
-rl ~ (\) 0'> QJ
UJ 0 -lJ
-rl 0 nj nj
E s:: Remains of the Civil War defenses were still
E-< :>-lJZIIl~ visible at Fort Reno until construction began
«: ·rl OJ
'dQJ N-lJ on the reservoir about 1900.
...:I
CI. .Q ~ • -lJ (1)
::J JJ .c -..-i (l)
UJtJ)-lJ~~
::J~-lJ
Dlacl<s who grew up i1t Fort Reno recall that
o:: c:,.oj 0 <Jl their parents and grandparents came to Tennal-
- -- -.,
~ .-
rfi '..J
lytown as freed slaves from nearby Montgomery
-
::::':~::
"- -
- .--
- County, Maryland, or from Virginia -- Louisa
_ a:- County, Madison County, Loudoun County. Many
:...Jtt ~~
o CJ s::.r: s::
t:..r.t..OJJ<1l
169 170
i
I
II FORT RENO /lOUSES
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. If •.~
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r\:' ,\ ~: ./~
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"
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(1936 photos c/o National Park Service)
rrJ
3957 Emery Place, owned by Robert H.. Thomas
:<.:
171
172
. i t .L.• , -""': .........~:; :. " ._._~....[.::.. ,•. }E~ ",,:_,! :;;..54.%.-

EXISTING ~ND PL~NNED STREETS, 1924
ChiHI9CS: J914-1939
landmark has b~en known ever since as Ward Cir-

Cle, adjQcel1t to the ~merican University cam-
pus.
Nebr<'lskCl i\v~lIl1P WilS -'11 so extended .in a sOllth-

westerly c1irectLon Cl.long the line of the olel
Loughborough HOild, but with R new direct con-
nection to Conduit Road (Mncl\rthur Boule-
vard) . Before this new construction, Lough-
borough Roao had linked Tenleytown to the
Potomac Ri vcr by th r.ee routes -- Ringe ROC'ld
(Foxhall), Chain Bridge Road, and Little Falls
Road (see 1924 map).
Four New Plans [or Fort Reno
The early roads had come into being one by

one, to fill a need to get from one plRce to
another. Water and sewer facilities were like-
wise orig inally constructed as needed, without
planning for future growth. Park areas were
completely unknown in this nrea as long as its
character was mainly rural. But, in the 20th
century, increasingly decisions on the build-
ing of new streets and water and sewer facil-
ities were made by city bureau heads after
long sessions with planning committees, engi-
neers, and citizens' groups.
Four inter-related decisions were made by city

departments in the late 1920s that resulted in
a complete change in the character of Fort
Reno and much of Tenleytown east of Wisconsin
Avenue: 1) the Wa ter Department decided to
build a np.w, 1arqcr rescrvoi l~ "nc1 Wi) ter tnw('r;
(1924 Foster & Hcynolds map, revised) 2) the BOilr.d or "duc"tion r>1.i)I111cd i1 jllnior
high school olld <\ hiqh school; 3) Congress
The tracing of Loughborough Road (Nebraska passed a bill to allo~ the National Capital
Avenue) shows the three routes from Tenleytown Parks to acquire the entire Fort Reno area and
to the Potomac -- Ridge (Foxhall) Road, Chain to develop a landscaped pUbl ic park; and 4)
Bridge Road, and Little Falls Road (Loughbor- the National Capi tal Park and Planning Commis-
ough extended) . sion designed a scenic Fort Drive to connect
the city's Civil War forts.
469 470
:_-,~~~, ...::fl.~~~(C. (' .;Z~"-.'; @I.S ""'" .< t40..,.;."..... ,....

'* t[W'f~'\.~·'··-~*MA~
VJlE'M-ti'~.~.:a#'{,.J~~..'Z" J-\..' It, ," __ . '
Changes: 1914-1939
JUNIOR AND SENIOR HIGH SCHOOLS
In 1930 land along Chesapeake and south nearly

to Albemarle -- still called "French's Woods"
by Tenleytowners who recalled when the French
sisters owner] it -- was acquired for the con-
struction of the new high school. This lanel
was re ferr.ed t.o in the newspapers CIS the Reno
section, anc1 it was proposed that it be called
the Reno High School.
But the presi.dential nome Woodrow Wilson High

School Wi1S chosen when the all-white school
opened in 1935. A ball field at 39th and
Donaldson was readied by 1939 -- formerly
Bangerter's pasture and the site of a number
of substantial houses on the north side of
Chesapeake. Before Wilson High School opened,
(Photo c/o Natl Park Service)
students had to travel into the city to attend
The brand-new Alice Deal Junior High School, with Western, McKinley Tech, Central, 'or Business
Fort Drive under construction, about 1931. Many II igh School s .
houses had been removed for construction of the
school and Fort Drive. By 1945 the last of the Reno blacks' houses
were removed, across the street from Alice
Deal Junior High. And al though there were
black children who continued to live on 41st
Street near Ellicott, and scattered blacks
lived elsewhere west of Rock Creek Park, the
Jesse Lee Reno Elementary 3~tr0olhad only 16
children enrolled in 1947, and so it was
finally closed in the early 1950s, and the
children had to go east of Rock Creek Park to
black schools. Integration did not come to
D.C. schools until 1954.
A. Park at Reno
The federal government had decided in the late

'20s to reclaim every Civil War fort around
(Photo c/o Harvey Davison) Washington that could be reclaimed, to turn
each fort site into parkland, to commemorate
woodrow Wilson High School was built to serve the
Tenley area in 1935. In the foreground, high
school cadets drilling on the playing field south
of the Reno reservoir. Note houses still stand-
ing on Chesapeake Street, later demolished.
474
473
_ _ _ _,. ~. ..-_ 4; .P tJ 5 j.' j ;::<W!X.C iCC " '....... 4< .... *

~~ k..,.zg,. .
Changes: 1914-1939
.w
4-1 \
0' QJ
(jJ
riC>
~ -rl o'C eitch as i'l ni1tional historic landmark. And ulti-
>. \mately to link the chi'lin of forts around the
(j) Ulnl+J
U 4Jri ::l city by a [o'ort Drive.
-rl >.< Q. U
:> ::l .r\
>.< O.c+J
(j) UO'U Cuno I-J. Rudol.ph. president of the Board of
(j) ·rl (j) D.C. Commissioners. hi'ld written to a Congress-
Ul:r:: i=:
.Y. -...-I t:: man in 1926 urging the passage of a bill to
>.< h >.< 0 provide for the purchase or condemnation of
nl h 0 U
p., (j)·rl property in tlle Reno subdi'vision: "This irreg-
.wi=:'O
rl ::lC ular. ill-devised subdivision constitutes a
l\l Ul t-) l\l blight upon this part of D.C." He urged the
t:: :3
a a ri ' condemnation of the entire area of 5? acres.
·rl
.w
.cUlQ)l\l~
l\l '0 ~
noting thiJt the "territory surrounding is
l\l Claro being d~v~flloped by high ClASS
z 0 (l:: p.,
C QJ residences."
o (j) U 0 ~
........ >:G',-4 h Q)
U ri(j)Q) Senator Roscoe Patterson of Missouri had intro-
.w<C(l::>'<
o >.< U duced a bill "to establish a niJtsipnal military
+JOQ)'
a ~.c.w~ pork at Fort Reno, D.C." Senator
.c .wQ)U Putterson's original idea was to include land
Po<.w OJ 0
11l Q) >.< (l:: all the way ea st to 36th Stree t (there was no
>.<.w
>.< Q) til Ul Nebraska Avenue or Reno Road there then). 1\
(j) .c -,-4
modified bill ci1ll.cd tllC Crullll.on Bill was
:3 :3 C
o QJ '0 passed in 1930. City officials acted promptly
4) Ul 'U C
QJ t:: 0 when the bi 11 Wi:\S passed and moved to
>.<UlQ)>' establish i:\ new park in Tenleytown.
Q)::lUlQ)
.wO tllt1l
l\l Q) .c Fort Bayard property between River Road, West-
:;: 11<
'0 . ern Avenue, Fessenden Street, and 46th Street
Q) s:: Q)
C l\l • U was also acquired by the National Park Service
o Q) t::
+J '.Q l\l at this time.
til>.< .w
_...-I ~ Ul
Q) 0 Q)-rl These proceeding s prompted much publ ic debate
.c>+J'O
.w >4 ro over the government' s right to "condemn" pri-
<u ri Q) vate lands for pul\lic use. Resiclents of Fort
EUl .c
O(j)'O.w Reno protes tC(]; ".hey t,l I. ked to lawyers; they
>-1 >.< ri
held meetings -- but they did not obtain the
'..... (j) ::l C
0',-4
3.c 3
support of any body of influential people, and
Q)+! Q) their protests were ultimCltely in vain. Gov-
•...-1 Ul ~
>aJ'Ulll ernment purchases of lClncl in the Reno area
>ri
aJ 0 Q) Q)
.c .Q.rl ?
E-<nl"-<~
476
1\75
.....w,)_.""1"'~'='"_'t.
. .. .
.,~ " ~ ... '.": ;-. "i~
•••.;;.~,:..(I')-
'~':"lW-:
~
DECl\YING HOUSES l\T FORT RENO, 1930s

t-l0RE FORT RENO HOUSES:
STURDY IlOMES ON DIRT STREETS
1\S TilEY LOOKED IN TIlE 1930s
" ... '-..,A. :~

----
(Photo c/o Donna

Fort Reno street scene, 1937.
Three houses on the north side of Ellicott St. ,
uphill from Belt Road.
~rt-
.
- ..,-~-
(Photo c/o National Park Service)

Address unknown. Taken by Park Service photog~ (Photos c/o National Park Service)
rapher prior to demolition. The Brooks house on Davenport Street, on the
east side of Fort Reno.
477 tl78
:>'~----_. --~. ".I-oj"i"

1914-1939 DAVENPORT STREET, FORT RENO
Changes:
obliger) to seel~ housing clse'Nllerc, on t.heir

+
own.
in
TI f0\oJ, fnr)"tly Wllil:cs, [(JIlf\rl r)I-.her hOI11('s
Tcnleytovll1; but. oLhc~s, most.ly bl.<lcks, t
mOVe'rl t.o 'l~cas of the ci.ty where rE'ntuLs vlere
not so expcl1si.ve as r.1H? n<:?w '['f'l11 cY'·OWll houses
I-n Ilrnor.. 1.'111'-1, tn G('r)rqe~_nWll. tn t·lnlllll- p1.cas-
;.\I\! I"n 1~('f)J) i llq, to Sf)11! ll("·I~il
11"r.o1.r1 E. Doyle. of Thom<lS ,I. FisllC'r & Co.

reol estut.e, wrote in July 1938 to the c1irec-
tor of planning. National capital Pi1rk and
Planning commission:
"I and a number of my friends miJny years

ago took over between 200 and 300 lots in
the section for the purpose of preventing
further building for colored occupancy ... · The 3900 block of Davenport Street, going
uphill toward the reservoir. It was for-
"t'-ly interest [is] in eliminoting the sub- merly known as Prospect Street, and was
division of 25 foot lots on 30-foot informally called "M<lgr\lder now," having
streets .... The colore,l fol1-':s woulrl, I am been built by Q Milgruder.
sur.e, scutter. TltrC'c or four who have
\-lOrkeel for me hi1ve Clone N. E. to ;lhout 45th
<In(l Benning Road. whcre ther" is quite i1
lilTy€' settlemcnt.
wOlll,l seC'''' to be no gooel ~,-,ilson to

"'1'l1r'r0.
~C'L1in this compilrfllivc1.y smull "rea for
the use of col()r~(l. especi,,1.l y all such nar-
row streets an~ occupied by "m~l 1. poor
[ri'llne hf~\;<;es, some of wllieh <lrE:' ... tumbling
(1 (v.,.tn . II J
.... ~,l
~ r By 1939 most of the Reno resirlcnts h <.I ,1 gone;

the i.r houses had b8eTl ril z(!cl. some of the are<l
W,lS land seaped, and a ball-pl<1ying <:In<.l drill
field for I.Elson High School appeared north of
Chesapeake Street. the 4000 block of Davenport.
The three Negro churches at Reno were also dis- (1930s photos c/o Natl Park Service)
placed by this plan. st. George's Episcopal
<182
481
~,..-- ~"'" p)'~\4. • ... ,f 't _,J U :S~ftJ. .J_ ...".r't 'J' --
-fiWO F.OjlJIbi'CMS;e./. ~'Jt •
..;_JaJ)J.¥M.C:.J_.{q:;;·."#4!QS(I #.5 '..... a, Sl*&JL 9~e a zu » 5 4 2J52 ~'
4~~;
Modern Times: 1940-1981
I I
.j.J 'Oc.
Ul UlUlQJ.r::C.'On:1
Ul QJroUOHf\lN
OJ :?O'cd'JO.r::N something everyone could no, and local school
H rl.j.J <1J children devoted much effort to these drives.
0' '04-J 0..'0 H::;:
C. C. 0 OJ H Ul Q)
o cd l-< <1J cd.j.J Members of churches,
U 0' ~~c: clubs, il n<1 schoo 1 s became
C.CUJO QJlJl active in first "id ilnci hallie sewing courses,
'1-1 -.-1 -.-1 cd ::r: .j.J U -
o Ul C:J; -.-1 c: sales of war sti'llllr S nnd victory hands, blood
e:e: aJ 0'0 banks, ond bnndnge rolling. Gas rotioning
>-, 0 -.-1 '0 .r:: e: e: lJl
l-< U 0' e: E-< OJ -M c: came to D.C. in June 1942.
cd UlOJro .r::o...c:
H -.-1.0 :J; 0.. 0
.03: C O'J Local citizens volunteered for special duties
-.-1.j.J:J;OJ-.r::
H 4-Jn:10l-<r--tJJ'd during the \vorld Ivar I I years. Volunteer air-
o 'OOr-- H
o C .j.J"'QJ<1J roid wardens pi"! trolled eClch neighborhood dur-
" l-< 0''0 Ul rl til ~ ing city-wide blackouts and air-raid drills.
U aJ -.-1 aJ ro 0 r-
e: til e: o..rl.r::::r:r- Teams of citizens watched night and day for
o H H 0 -M U '"
enemy aircraft from high to\o'ers such as the
.j.J o >-,::J l-<.j.J 'drl
o Url.o.r::C>,C; one at Alice Deal Junior-High School.
.r:: QJ .j.J::J > -rl c:
0.. .j.J E .j.J 0 Q) .c: -rl
ro -M 4-J H '0 .r:: QJ
til .j.JaJ OJU.QQJ Victory gardens were very successfu 1 in this
r::
-.-1
c.
0 Ul
rl '" r::
-.-1 Q) lJl-rl
-W neighborhood of big backyards. Some public
rl -M >-'.j.J '0 III .r:: <1J Ul space was illso set aside for growing vege-
rl .j.Jl1lroHEE-<~
o rdrl 11lQ) Ul tables. The 40-yeilr-old gardens still remain
U .j.J 0.. C :J; l-< ..-l-rl actively tilled on Fort Reno land off Belt
Ul til -M '0 • n:1.c::
Q) -M I O.j.J C C; -W Road near Chesilpeilke. Until 1977, a very
-rl OJ '0 QJ 0 Q) O-rl
H U > 3: OJ -.-1 E c: large gnrden areR WRS il1so maintil.ined next to
o -M ~ -M H .j.J H 0 the Wnshington lIorne on Upton Street.
-n > OJ H OJ .j.J U QJ
H HC'OtIlUl::l-W'O
III OJ -M III H Q) Al though Fort Reno hod been confiscated for
:: tJJrlUl.r::QJ.j.JUl-W
.j.JQ,
OJU.r::Ul::lU
.j.JC.Q::J
use as a park, the government estnblished a
'UQ,>-, 0 H military station and installed communications
N -.-1 0 > Ul U QJ .w
equipment at this highest point in the city
"" l-< .r:: QJ Ul .c: Ul
",.j.J Ul.r:: 0 >-,+J C when World War I I broke out.
rlUl Ul-<<O 0
-M.j.J U ~ -IJ lJ
aJOOaJro,J:l::l
e: ::r: .r:: ::l .0 Ul The water reservoi r nt Fort Reno Wi'lS again
::l QJ .j.J .j.J Ul nl
'J.r::aJ C -~
very precious to the comll1unity, and defense
.j.J.r:: >-, III O-IJ of ficia 1 s deemed it necessa ry to enc lose the
-~E-<.o l-< H..-lrl
Q) ::J .j.J -rl rl entire reservoi.r wi.t.h i1 hi.g" felIce, to keer
0' til H ro QJ ::l nl out saboteurs i1nci nosy n0iqhbnrs i11 i_ke. Thus
III OJ ·OJ-l--':8.Q~
.j.J ::J 0'.j.J UJ endeu the tim0 wilen re[;idents l'ould drive past
HCr::rdOJHCaJ
o Q) -.-1 rl P; 0 QJ-rl the woter towers and reservoirs, <lnd climb up
.r::>C 4-JQJH into the towers for il long v iew of the city .
tIl~OUltll .QaJ
-.-1 l-< - C rl This also curtailed the availability of the
UlC.j.JI1lC:J;-IJrl
rdHrdQJOOOnl cement tennis courts that had been on top of
tel QJ l-< >-,Ul'O c:t' the reservoir since i t was covered over during
World War I.
525 526
;~-.
'~.' .~ "'-fi>"t-·_:.."i .~~ ......~......-:- "f";'":,"'<' ~"';:_rl\:~:-. .....~'" i:'~"O-;:_c
Modern Times: 1940-1981 Mo(]ern Times: 1940-1981
Brandywine; this therefore moved t.he focus of Civil Defense ilt RellO
his newspaper to the areil west of Rock Creek
Park. The 1950s br.ought t.he Uniteri Stntes' entrnnce
into the Korenn confLict and a resumption of
As a neighborhood newspaper -- "delivered bi- anxiety about protecting the target area of
weekly to homes in northwest Washington and Washington, D. C., and its residents in case of
Chevy Chase" -- Britt's paper was filled with bombing attack.
news of civic, fraternal, social, religious,
literary, and patriotic organizations. It In 1954 an undergr.ound defense communications
reported the awards received by children and establishment was begun nt Fort Reno, nlways
adults, announced the musical 'lnd dramatic the focus of attentioll during wartime. Radar
offerings to which the public was invited, pub- and other sound-sensitive nntennns, dishes,
lished photos of brides, and rlevotecl a large and horns were installed atop a new brick
Clmount of spClce to ads from loca 1 businesses tower at Reno -- the one that does not hold
Clnd support for them. water. The underground communications center
reportedly links the White House with other
The Uptown Citizen still includes most of larger centers in the Middle Atlant.ic states.
these on its pages, and has long been known
especially for its back pages of classified Army anti-aircraft units occupied the five
ads -- selling or seeking goods Clnd services frame houses remaining on Chesapeake Street
for the residents of Washington west of Rock during the Korean War. Civil Defense employ-
Creek. ees took over 3gBe old Reno School building on
Howard Street.
J. Diwid Britt died in 1972, and his wife Mar-
jorie t.ook over as editor. This was about the The rolling fields of Fort Reno, now empty of
time that the project was undertaken t.o extend houses, became again an armed camp when uni-
the Metro subway from downtown, out Connecti- formed National Guard reserve troops set up
cut Avenue and then west under and into the tents and cnmped for two-week or week-end per-
Tenley area. The Uetown Citizen quic~ly iods of duty.
became a more useful lnstrument In keeplng
citizens informed on government, political, Citizens were asked to volunteer to help the
and local agency plans and activities that authorities protect vital spots from attack --
would affect them. incl uding the Reno reservoir, the Western
Union transmitter on 41st Street, iind even-
As the residents themselves have hecome more tually the three television SI>ltLons w110se off-
<1W;lre, mor.c in [()r.rncd , mor.c politi.ci.zC'(], ilnd ices ilm] <llltenn,l" were 1110V(-',] LIIl:O tIJ LS 11 igh-
more octive, Tile Uptown Citizen 11<15 also elevotion neighborhood.
become all of these things. t~i:n jor.ie Britt
has ill so led the communi ty in the re-use of School children ill1d arlults i'lgilin porticipated
the n,lme Tenley rather tlVIIl Friemlship. The in civil defense driUs, ond homeowners fixed
':LPtown Citizen, like the old TOE Notch news- up bomb shelters ill their b<1semell1:.s -- stockerl
I?aper, usually promotes development and change with enough food, wat.er, nnd first aid. mater-
In the Tenley area, in the name of progress. ials to keep their families alive for a few
533 534
Tn.' loop-,
~lodern Times: 1940-1981 BHOllDCl\STJNG STUDIOS l\ND l\N'I'ENNl\S
d<lys or weeks. The local newspnpers published
suggested auto routes (or eVClcun tion of city
residents and workers to th·e coun I:. r y in case
of an aerial att<lck. .;.1\ •
\
l\lthough these l1cti.v.iti.es <1iminisll0'<1 somewhat t\

".fter the Kor':'ln W,1r ended in 1953, "nd the
Civil Defense employees left tlH' II0I';'1r<1 Street
bul1.cling in tIlE' 19605, the rlp[ellsr communicil-
Li.ons E"~lIipmellt lS still. ml1int.l1i.nec1; 21 civil
rl",fense vlarn.i.ng sir0n i.s sti.ll hlown from Heno
011 vJednes<1ay IlIor.n.i.n'l~; .11: 11 n.lI!.
In the E'ilrly 1950s till' hOllS0" on the north

sir1c of Cl10Silflcilr.:e Strf"f'1: w"r.c rill111.1y pulled
(101-111. But lilck of funds, on Lhe one hClnd, and
eventual lack of unified community support, on
the other, postponed indefinitely the construc-
tion of a planned swimming pool at Fort Reno.
Forty years after it was first proposed, the (Photo by Bob Gerber)
pool was finally built as a south annex to Wil-
son High School. Broadcast House, CBS I S television station (I'1DVM)
in Washington, was built in 1953 on Brandywine
Street at 40th.
l\nother large uncle rground Iva LeI' reservoir (20 ._------- --_.
Illi llion gil.llons) at forI:. Reno v'.15 completeo in
1957 to i.ncrC:,1se tl10 wnl:.0r s'Ipply to northwest
1-I'1s11.ing ton, where resident. int population
growth was slowing down but cnmmerciill growth
was zooming.
Broadcasting Stations
In October 1953 television station WTOP (CBS)

moved its offices (rom the ~varner Building
downtown to a small building on Brandywine
Street one block east of: Wisconsin. This site
w;, s clln,,~11 for. i. t s 11 i ~11l ,,1. I' i t lid" .1 nd t.ile r.e fore
better br0i1cJc,1"t. ing "l)i.l..i.ty. F~w 10011l1J'~r5 o(
the WTOP staff knew thi1t the Riley sl.i'lughter- (.1979 photo by Judit.h Helm)
house had once been on that site. NBC Studios in Washington (WRC radio and TV)
have been since 1958 at 4001 Nebraska Avenue,
The large building that houses the modern stu- on the former site of "Grassland," the Loughbor-
dios of WTOP-TV, called Broadcast House, took ough-Whitney estate.
a year and a half to build. In January 1954 a
535 536
"j;:-
~ ?:,,;.,A.:::~.; ti: .•.• 0;"-"" •. ,~
.'o~"~~.~'
'--:':"'::"~:~!~~-:~~::\":'~J,'/'
IIiIiIIJ AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D. C.

March 1997
APPENDIX E-6
War Department
General Orders Defenses of Washington, dated
1863, Record Group 94, Entry Adjutant General,
General Orders, National Archives, Washington,
D.C.

, ..
".
In:\IJQt',\l:n·:n=". 1>1:["" (,F \\',\ >ill 1'<' , 1'(.':".

CE~ER~\L ORDERS, ~
J -Ii
10.1-1. 5
1. The Artillery Troops ill gnaison in the fipld·works (,"IiS(ill1(ill~
tie Defences of \Ya,hingtcn, "'iII Ill' ('xcrci~cd at "\rtiller:' Target
Pmctiee us prescribed in Article, :-;:T, ..\rnl} 1:"g'IIIf1tion" (E,lili":J of
12Gl.)
2, The pr<lctice \rill tHk(' place (HI NI<,h TlIcs<.1ay find ~;\tllnby morll-
iog, (wenther pC'l'mitting-,) between t1:(' homs of 1'3 1\1"J J:!, dmit1;; the
month of April, nntil the £wthorizetl nnmber of shot.~ I,u"c b~(,n tirLd.
3. The consumption of ammunition at each J.·ort ",ill1,e li:Jlited to
25 solid shot., shell or casc shot. for cneh of tile Companies of ,\rtillcry
composing its garrison.
4. The Jiredions in Article XI (If tlle Army n('gu1atioll~ will be
mrefully ob~elTed, and detaileu reports of tbe Artillery l'ractice
will be forwarded, tLrollg-h Briga<.le or District Commnnucrs, (lirect to
llrig. Gcr:cral Barry, Inspector of Artillery, F. S. A., to whom applil"~
lions will [It once Le made for tIle printed Idank,; fur thi;; pl.lrpo'C.
5. The Quartermaster Depnrtmcllt will fmnish material fur suitable
Targets, on reqtii:;ilions n,lHle :mu fipprOYet1 in the usual manner; but
all mnterial, such as conJeumed tarpaulins, or split 10!;5 of felled tim-
ber, willLe mt\de available Ly the Comm:tndillg Officers of Fort",
6. As far as practica.Lle, the authorized Humber of sLots to be c~
pend cd will be di"ideu ll.lllong tbe uifTereut gUllS, howitzers. ()~. mortnrs
at eacll Post, [tnd 'Yill not be confined to the same g'uns or calibre:;. .
7. Commnnding Officers of Artillery are remillJed that tbo T:Lrget
Practice J\Crein ordered is of tbe first importance to tIJeir instruction
and eflicieur.y; and tbat, to be valu;lble, it must be conducted \\'~th tue"
greatest care antI deliberation, and with the strictest observance un <1
llccumte record of results. All officers anu men "fur duty" must bb
present on eaeb occasion of Targot Practice.
By cmnrA):D OF MAJOr. GE!\F.IUL H£I':-;TZEUI.~~:
CARROLL H. POTTER,
Asst. Adj, Gurl.
.-. ':;:?fF~:~~~;
~-·~~.~·X
1') . " -, ,,' , -,.~ ~;' j,' ••• : ~.
~ •.<.~,..(.....'L~ "'( .~.' •
~~.:~;~ ..
'J .J
"
YIIT .. ,FN tn1"l;('\ prncti<'~, 11,~ IImllilluition Ilsed willllhi'a)'s betbat·.
~
"'hich hilS l)('.'n longc" ill tl,c 1II11g'a7.il1es of the fort of wbich the gar,
risoo j", practieillg, The ammuuition cxpcudccl willbc replaced by
J
,,'
(;£:SEl:Al,Orm m :;:. }llr:.-\]lCJI:A llTEJ.:';:' ril:1"T OF WA'iIl1l\GTO:-i
lie\\' llffimnnitioo, for ",l';l'1I rccl'li,ition will be made immediately after
No. l!i. Nay 21, l~. the rTncticc i~ complete.d. rnuer no cirl'lllTlstnnces \l'iU the aJnlnuni, . i
1..' 'The artillery troop~ in garrison in the ne1d'\I"or1;s cODstitutiI:g the

lion 'in the U1agn7.intl 0:' t>:\l,h fort hI' permitted 11) gel below tue omount
.prescribed for (,lIell gllll 1,." ('xi~til'g onlE\r5.
Defences of 'WashiogtC'n will be c:-:ercised in n.rtillerJ target practice,
during the month of ,T\1oe, ns prescrib0Cl in Article :XI, Army RcguJl'..... lX .. Con1ll1l1l1diug' officer; of ariillery arc again rcminded that the
tion>, (edition of 1861.) target }'rRctice here·in oruerecl i, of the first importl\nce to fueir
. II .. The practice \I'ill b].;e ploce on ~:lch TlIp..<drlY nnd Frit!rlY mom:
instruction an<1.ofikicuey, ll-ucl that, to be uscful, it must be conducted
w.ith thcg-relltl'st care .n-nd delil.cm.tiou, a·n.d wi th the stJictest ob~crvance
ing, (weather permitting.) hct\lC'cn the hours of ;i Mil 12, dmi.all' tbc
auJ lIccllmte record of rr.<nlts.. ~o officers .or eulist,cll men, oot other, .
month ef JaDe, until the Il.\\thorized Dumber of sbots have been £reiL
wise ·'1lcccssa.rily el11pln)'ed, will l'e r:-:ellsed ·from target practice.
There \rill be' no target firing <)J: other dn.)'s or tit other hours tban
those herein prescribed. B\' CO~nIA:-ill OF ~L\JUR G r::\r.n.u Hr.r:-iTZf:UU:\:
Hr..Tlttl conwmption of tln'lllul,ition at er.el. fort \\'ill be limited to"
CARROLL 11. POTTER,
25 Eolid shot, shell, or (·:1,.-e shot, fL'T e::.cb of. the companies of !\rtillery .
. Assistant .Adjutaut Gelleral.
coo'posiug ih garrison. If on account of Lad wenther, fatigtle ·dut)',. .:\ ,j,;,
or other l'ea~'JIl;;,
tho \'.hole number of El1li t5 to wbich a~y c.o.~~anY ;·~;;r\
"
was entitled ilnring thc month of A.pril \\'iI' not . expender] at that . . time, .' ....'~'~\::;."'~<'·
..... ..,.;.
the 1l11e:tpeur)e<1 balance InR\'• bc fircd durin c .... the .
olo:ltb
' ',; ..-:.'
"of . June'-
. :.,:; .,",c, ;;,)":.\-i·:';:~
·fi....·;!':?·_~·;·:··
IV. Tho dircct:ons in Article ;\.1 of the, Army Rcgnldtio~S~\'X(,l.·:b~~i:~:~~:~;
strictly obsen'cel, and detaileu reports of tbel\rtil1el:.l' praet,icc::\'iill-••be·:'. ·'Jr,.·~:
forwanlcd, through brig-Hdc or uistrict commanders, direct to ;""':'-\:; Bl:iga:il.~er"
Geu<:l'[\l Barry, Inspector of Artillery, U. S. A., to 'W11001 .applications .'::...;! e;'~
will be made for the priuteu blanks
. for this
. :- :; .... ' '.;'. purp~se.·
/.';::\.:
;;::;.,''/'#--' r:·;:')li
... -.~-~:.:';. . .;.
Y .. The Qu"rteTDmstr.r's IX:partrncnt will fnrnisb. rnat~riars§~l&~~i-'.+~.:.
\::i!
. . . . , ..(:.::'-:,,<.\.,~'
ner
'~
for targets, on l'equisitions madcand
. . npprov.ed
. . .in
. . tbe'
.. ..u.sual.roan
.... i' ~ r •.•.
but en material, 6uch as condeo1Jledhirpaiilias' sp1itlogs of-~~l1ed . . .; ".~.:;"': 0:
timber, will be made n-v~ilable,
t<; fa.r asposs.ible •.bjthe '; :.X:" ~6mUlAlldiiig.
officers of the forts. " . •.... . . : , .::, . , . " , . : ',::,::'-,:;/ ~~}:{:::~ I
'VI. .A.s f(n' as praeiintble, tl:e authorized nun,oor orsbots ',wBl'J:>(,

divided muoug the different gnus,ho\\'itzcrs, 'or morls;rs :it.cncli fo~·t, '.~ ~
Rnd \;,ill not be confined to tbe same guns orc.aJibres. .. .

I'll .. Wheue\,cr a. furi is sositlt:ited tbit it is impracticable t~ PI-ac- .
tice its gIlDS without risk to' .personS .or property, the ~oJl\uia-nding'
officer of the briga.·de or dis tri et ,,,ill aut.hori.c its gmTison !.o practice
at so:ne ot·her fort. . .
i
.
~ .~
...
. ..::::;
(~ ;1 I
rP'f.I ARCHIVES SEARCH REPORT - FINDINGS
IIi&IiI AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D. C.

March 1997
APPENDIX E-7
Ways, Harry C.
The Washington Aqueduct 1852-1992. U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C.

e .
sliington
Aqueduct
1852-1992
at least the rank of captain. A later The status of the system at that
modification required that this per- time was described in the Corps'
son have at least 15 years service in Annual Report for 1899:
the Corps of Engineers. Three Assis- In addition to the three reser-
tant Engineer Commissioners, lower voirs (Dalecarlia, Distributing
in rank than the commissioner, were and Georgetown High Service)
also to be detailed from the Corps. already mentioned, which form a
An Act of 1 July 1882 reorganized part of the Aqueduct system,
the District of Columbia govern- there is another reservoir, built
ment, created the Water Depart- and con trolled by the Commis-
sioners of the District of Colum-
ment, and directed that this depart-
bia, called Fort Reno Reservoir
ment be under the jurisdiction of
with a capacity of 4.5 MG, the ref-
the Engineer Commissioner. (It was
erence of its water surface when
the only D.C. department designa- full being about 420 feet. This
ted to be under a specific commis- reservoir is supplied with water
sioner.) This department then taken from the supply mains by
became primarily responsible for the U Street pump.
the construction and operation of The Dalecarlia and the Distrib-
the distribution system, although uting Reservoir's supply that part
the Washington Aqueduct contin- of the District which lies below
ued to design and construct many 100 feet above datum. The areas
large transmission mains and reser- lying between the levels of 100
voirs throughout the first half of the and 210 feet above datum are
20th century.3 supplied by pumping from the U
When the increasing population Street Pumping Station directly
in the higher areas created de- into the distributing mains, the
mands beyond the capacity of the Georgetown high service reser-
hydraulic ram at the Pennsylvania voir being held as a reserve sup-
Avenue Bridge, the ram was reply. The areas above a greater ele-
placed by a steam-operated pump- vation than 210 feet above datum
ing station on Volta Place, and a are supplied from the Fort Reno
new High Service area was supplied Reservoir. 5
from a stand pipe at 16th Street and In 1889, a plan establishing five
Florida Avenue. As the demands service areas-Low, First High,
increased ever more, the Volta Place Second High, Third High, and
station was replaced by a new larger Fourth High-was implemented.
station constructed on U Street, These five service areas still exist
which pumped to both the old today, although with somewhat dif-
Georgetown High Service Reservoir feren t boundaries. The Second
and to a new 4.5 MG reservoir built High Service was supplied from a
on the highest ground in the city at new 30 MG reservoir at 16th Street
Fort Reno. The Georgetown High north of Colorado Avenue, Third
Service Reservoir was taken out of High from Fort Reno, and Fourth
service 17 November 1897, at the High from water pumped to an ele-
request of the District Commis- vated tank at Fort Reno. The first
sioners, when the Fort Reno pumping station to supply the area
Reservoir and the pumping station east of the Anacostia River was also
rendered its further use inadvisable built at this time, taking water from
except in case of emergency. This the Low Service system. 6
1.5 acre tract became part of the The completion of the new Wash-
D.C. park system through an Act of ington Aqueduct Distributing Reser-
1 July 1916, and a major Public voir near Howard University altered
Library was later constructed on the the patterns and, to meet the grow-
site: ing demands, another new pump-
142
Fourth High Service '1\:, .. ban Sanitary Commission, estab-
Storage Tank at Fort I
lished to serve the adjacent Mary-
Reno
land counties of Montgomery and
Prince George's. The rates charged
were to be based on the actual pro-
duction and distribution costs, The
interconnections between these sys-
tems at various points along the
D.C. boundary are still in place
today, but only for emergency lIse. s
The major construction program
to expand the system completed by
the Corps of Engineers in 1928 had
a dramatic effect on the system. The
new electrically driven pumping sta-
tion at Dalecarlia took over all
pumping to the First, Second, and
Third High systems and also to the
newest outside customer: Arlington
County, Virginia. Low Service was
served by gravity from the McMillan
plant, and the Bryant Street station
was placed on standby service. It was
ing station was built. During partially converted to electrical ser-
September 1904, a new steam- vice in 1931, when several of the
driven station was placed in service pumps were replaced. 9
on Bryant Street, just below the The Corps buil t new under-
dam that created the new reservoir. ground reservoirs at that time: 20
The Low Service was fed by gra\ity, MG on First High at Foxhall Road
but all pumping to the First, and 20 MG on Second High at 44th
Second, and Third High areas was and Warren streets. Another 5.5 MG
from that station until the Dale- reservoir was added at Fort Reno to
carlia Pumping Station was com- meet the increased needs caused by
pleted in 1928, W11en the McMillan placing Arlington on Third High
Slow Sand Filtration Plant went into Service. Long mains of 48-, 36-, and
senice a year later, the mains to the 24-inch diameter connected the
city from the Georgetown Reservoir pumps to these reservoirs. Exten-
were capped and all water was sions of the mains from the reser-
diverted to the new treatment facili- voirs to distant connecting points in
ties. It was recognized that the the distribution system were also
mains had become an integral part built by the Aqueduct, but were
of the city distribution system, and transferred to the District in the
by mutual agreement they were 1930s. vVhen the new Second High
now operated by the City Water Reservoir was completed, the
Department.' Brightwood Reservoir at 16th and
In 1913, a new pumping station Kennedy streets was abandoned and
and three elevated tanks were removed. Another First High
added to provide increased service Reservoir was built by the District
to the Anacostia area. The first sup- on the grounds of the U.S. Soldiers'
ply of ,,'ater to an area outside the Home just north of the McMillan
District occurred in 1917, when plants in 1939. 10
Congress authorized the sale of Additional facilities called for in
water to the new V\"ashington Subur- the 1946 480 Report resulted in
143
'1IiIiIIJ AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington D. C.

March 1997
APPENDIX F
REAL ESTATE DOCUMENTS
Appendix F - Real Estate Documents

IIi&iiI AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D.C.

March 1997
REAL ESTATE DOCUMENTS
F-1 Department of Interior-National Park Service

Letter to the Corps of Engineers, Assistant District Engineer for
Administration, dated 11 June 1951. Real Estate Division, U.S. Army
F-2 Corps of Engineers - Baltimore District

ENG Form 1602 - Reality Control File Summary - AAA Site - Fon Reno, dated
4 March 1960. Real Estate Division, U.S. Army Engineer District,
Baltimore.

Page F-1
IIi&iIIJ AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington D.C.

March 1997
APPENDIX F-1
Department of Interior-National Park Service

Letter to the Corps of Engineers, Assistant
District Engineer for Administration, dated 11
June 1951. Real Estate Division, U.S. Army

.
SENT BY:CORPS/ENGR BALTa DIS Real Estate Div~ 6626:# 3
,. .
UN ITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
Kajar H. B. nu. JUN 11195'

Oorpa of &ast neere
: ' AlB1at.8Dt Dtetriet Eac1m.r
i
i tor "" n 18trat1oa
nnt IDd DougLa. Street. ~ I. w.
Wu~1l 25, D. o•
..... _ r Kajor Kl.lb I

1'Ma 1d.U aalmcn4t14ge 'tOW l8tt.. ot _ 12 req1leatiqr the
&88:i&naent to the 3S"b UA Iriaad'j Seed !rIJT. of hou••• doe1pated
;I u 38Sl, "55 . . 38'9 Ch.llpllk. Btonet, M. W., loe&ttd. OIl a 1&t1oul
Ctp1i&l Park. arM lmcnID. .. Pon Jlea)o Palk.. U. s. :ae.ernt101l 110••70,
for un iJl COlll1ect1aa ntb :ttl defuaa. aot1T1tie••
,boY,
!nII7.
&1"8 hlr'b7 ••s1pId. tor the
~ ..e &1"
UI of the
tle moN boa.. 1a tb1I &rM s1ch are at pr. . .
"til
Ia -.cc:.ordaDce 1d.tb J01U' reqUll't, til. t&rM AOU" .-t.1oucl
W Br1&*4', S8COl¥!
pdT.t.ll' occupied, !llMq 38113 8Dd ''''' Ob••,... a,reet, N. ID4 W.,
1Ib1oh tae
35th ~ Bdpcle, 8eooDd ~, hal 1Ddicated ft1'ballJ' \bat
1ibq 1d.ll 1d.IIl to OQOwpJ'. Jlatio.-l Capital Parka u tHing .tepa t.o
Mft thQ. lmUd:tnp ftC&tecl ud ... at th eo""
t,., . . . . beOOM
neat it ..,. be c-.:1dRe4 ~ tbeT too are 1pK to~ ue ...,. tba
SeCODd baT lIIl4w Athoriu.t1oll at th1a J,Rt .
Pem1H1QR to oCC1lp7 the.e bn llcl Sa,.1 1a 1dth tile _erltllld~,,&
, . . . . .~ . . . .i"n1 nn 1. nf' _ ndl'Il"Ihl. nlt.l1~ tin nrmtl•

. for po..1ble cban&acl coDdit1o. or Y1olat1cme or _er~WI ••
2. The pv10d of oocnlpll1C7 eA&ll 'be tJ'Q1l J~ 1. 1951, to
.1111I8 30', 1952, NIIewlal.. at-.t1oaJ 17• •D.,'T, tor .. total of '\!IN.
J'Mt'a.
3. bre 1ha11 be DO tnn.ter at the peaiuiOil coata1Ded
111 tbu le\~er of alltborisat1on, lILtAO'lt. wri.tt. 0It1lNllt.
4. l1poa t.~iOll of this p~ T.Q, aru wYJ.. be reatoZ'8CI
to t.b.. aatS.afactioa 0: tAe Superl.nteDdent of Hat1o-.l ca.p1t&1 ParJat.
Tb:U peJS1t Bhe.U t.ake effect Upo!l ',our 11p.1Jt8 OM HpJ'
.....t:I.Iljj - .....u.~ lIIlII Ntora1Irs t1a. 0111I*I . - to tII1a ott1.e•• B;'1
-t< e~O
t7J::.
.1. I. Deaua,
f1. ((
Director
..... _- "'-"---"-'- . -'--,- .. ._-_._".

,
SENT BY:CORPS/ENGR BALTO DIS 3-25-97 Real Estate Div~
I 8828;# 4
I II
,',
J,
,-; .)'-
.4,.
"
,~ i
'\
I
I
I
I
I'
~N
.• 1'
....: ,....
'J
. ,,' "'0'
,
',; ,1
'" I
~ ',', .';,/,''!./',:: /' ....f,.:',

f ' " ' '" :::...';':'/:":";;.::.,'
.... ~,/:...·1.......;..,.;..;,\.,.;;.:....;;.....~......'rr-<;,-'!'-.i'
~~-r-'-'-;;:----' -. -I'~":;\ .',:1 / .•,:."4- ,-~ H".'- -:1.,.
,:... :-~-::-.-:-"....~i.~~1l~~ . :'~'f:' .~. ..,' .
.'
i ..._....4.'
. ~ ~ .._. ~ ....:... i
..
~~ ~~-- ~~.- ..~,~
. .. , ",' '.
,-
'.":.
: ~ I
, ~'
. ,,;.: ... . ~.
~
, ,-
;~ .
-: ,'fjl; ", .
• ~. _.. ,... (,'0.
01'

March 1997
APPENDIX F-2

ENG Form 1602 - Reality Control File Summary -
AAA Site - Fort Reno, dated 4 March 1960. Real
Estate Division, U.S. Army Engineer District,
Baltimore.

SENT BY:CORPS/ENGR BALlO DIS Real Estate Div~ 6828;# 2
( ',~" .... ~ .....:a;;.. ;:;,~-;- .. L:'~<r .•~ ~.
;, l. ~.. . .. I .. • ~.
..... •• '.. I. :. J • ••
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'UDIT Nq.,
t 3199
".'."UTIO.. NAMI L.OCATION
.&AA SITE .. FORT UNO !I>ISTUcr OF COLUMBIA. 1.0 the Cit:y of

~ah1n8ton
a"'lllCf
BALTIMORE
4 MAR 1880 PIVlaJOH
iNoRTH ATLANTIC
T\,• • , B ••
c:J •• 'Me« c:J AU
M ........
.."."AJJ.....SUa
e "......c,\',..
JUII'U'.1"'" ,.......hhibit "ll1 II ....l; .. TIO...
0 0 , , "• •
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Exhibit lie" -
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4.83 acr65, Use Permit * 913-5
4.83 Acres, Use Pe~t** 913-B

i:
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* 4.83 aCr$•• U•• '.~t from Department of Inter1o~ dat.d 11 JuDe 1951 effe~tlve
1 JUl,. 1951.
'It'll 4.83 acra., 0 .. hl'll1 t l'et~n.fe"ed to Department of lDterior 2 April 19.53

aff.ctlve 31 Karch 1953.
IMCI PO'" 1603 ......"c. . INa ~Dlt... -UOI. I pil ~. flHlClH " a,'OLITa.

March 1997
APPENDIX G
NEWSPAPER I JOURNALS
Not Used
Appendix G - Newspaper / Journals

IIi&iII AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D.C.

March 1997
APPENDIX H
INTERVIEWS
Appendix H - Interviews
IIi&iiIJ AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D. C.

March 1997
INTERVIEWS
The archive search team also contacted the following individuals in preparation of this ASR
on AAA Site Fort Reno. Conversation with these people yielded information of three
general sorts:
- background data contained in written documents

- negative information (i.e. no pertinent knowledge of the site)
- coordination of efforts for various interested parties
While valuable, conversations with these individuals did not yield information cited in this
report and hence Telephone Conversation Records have not been included. (See additional
Points of Contact under section 4.2 Records Review):
Individual Position/
Contacted Telephone Number Organization
Roy Ashley 301-344-3944 National Park Service, Greenbelt Park

Mark Berhow 309-681-6347 Fort MacArthur Military Museum
Association
Benjamin F. Cooling III 202-685-4192 Author of Mr. Lincoln's Forts. A Guide to
the Civil War Defense of Washington
Sam Cook 202-433-5175 District of Columbia National Guard
Dale Floyd 703-569-9566 National Park Service contract historian
Tawanda Irbe 202-764-2701 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Washington, D.C.
Nancy Kassner 202-727-7360 City of Washington, D.C. Preservation
Office
LTCOL Konguchuk(?) 703-681-0717 Historical Office at National Guard
Bureau, Arlington, VA
Steve Strach 202-426-6829 National Park Service, Rock Creek Park
(Fort Reno) Cultural Resource Manager
Tom Thomas 310-543-2631 Fort MacArthur Military Museum
Association
Dr. Martin Gordon 703-428-6558 Historian-U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Appendix H - Interviews
Page H-l
rPr.I ARCHIVES SEARCH REPORT - FINDINGS
lIIiIIIIJ AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D. C.

March 1997
APPENDIX·I
PRESENT SITE PHOTOGRAPHS
Appendix I - Present Site Photographs

AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington D. C.
March 1997
PRESENT SITE PHOTOGRAPHS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Photo. Page
No. Photograph Location No.
1 Looking southwest at Fourth High Service Water Storage Tank 1-2
2 Looking east, southeast at Fourth High Service Water Storage Tank 1-2
3 Looking southwest across cover for southern ("Third Night") reservoir 1-3
4 Looking north across the western berm of the northern water ("Reno") 1-3

1-1
ffiiir.1) ARCHIVES SEARCH REPORT - FINDINGS
IIi&iiIJ AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D.C.

Merch 1997
t Photo #1
AAA Site Fort Reno - 8 January 1997
Looking southwest at Fourth High Service Water Storage Tank (Le.
stone tower) and brick tower.
~ Photo #2
Looking east, southeast at Fourth High Service Water Storage Tank (Le.
stone tower).

1-2
March 1997
t Photo #3
Looking southwest across cover for southern ("Third Night") reservoir;
communication towers off the FUDS parcel in the background.
~ Photo #4
Looking north across the western berm of the northern water ("Reno")
reservoir is to the right.

1-3
.....
""
March 1997
APPENDIX J
HISTORICAL PHOTOGRAPHS
Not Used
Appendix J - Historical Photographs

I'nI ARCHIVES SEARCH REPORT - FINDINGS
IIiIiIIJ AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D.C.

March 1997
APPENDIX K
HISTORICAL MAPS I DRAWINGS
Appendix K - Historical Maps / Drawings

""

March 1997
HISTORICAL MAPS I DRAWINGS
Page No. Historical Maps I Drawings
K-1 Chief of Engineers Defenses of Washington

Fort Reno. Record Group 77, Drawer 170, Sheet 8 Fort Reno, National Archives,
College Park, Maryland.
K-la Detail of Armament
K-2 Chief of Engineers Defenses of Washington

Battery Reno. Record Group 77, Drawer 170, Sheet 12 Fort Reno, National
K-3 Barnard, J. G., Brevet Major General

Extract of Military Map of N.E. Virginia - Index Map for Sheets, contained in A
Report on the Defenses of Washington to the Chief of Engineers, 1871, Book UG 412
W3 B37, 1871 c.3, U.S. Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks, PA.
K-4 Barnard, J. G., Brevet Major General

Defenses of Washington Plate 21 - Fort Reno and Battery Reno, contained in A Report
on the Defenses of Washington to the Chief of Engineers, 1871, Book UG 412 W3
B37, 1871 c.3, U.S. Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks, PA.
Appendix K - Historical Maps / Drawings

Page K-l
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""

March 1997
APPENDIX L
SITE SPECIFIC SAFETY AND HEALTH PLAN I

SITE INSPECTION REPORT
Appendix L - Site Specific Safety and Health Plan / Site Inspection Repon
""

March 1997
SITE SPECIFIC SAFETY AND HEALTH PLAN I SITE INSPECTION REPORT
L-l Site Specific Safety and Health Plan (SSHP) - AAA Site Fort Reno
L-2 Site Inspection Report - AAA Site Fort Reno
Page L-l
I'Ir.I ARCHIVES SEARCH REPORT - FINDINGS

March 1997
APPENDIX L-1
Site Specific Safety and Health Plan (SSHP) -

AAA Site Fort Reno
SITE-SPECIFIC SAFETY AND HEALTH PLAN (SSHP)
for
AAA Site Fort Reno
Washington, DC
C03DC04801
The purpose of this site visit is to reconnoiter, document, and photograph areas suspected to
be contaminated with unexploded ordnance and/or toxic chemical munitions.
SSHP PREPARED BY: Gregg E. Kocher

OFFICE USACE. CELMS-PM-M
ADDRESS 1222 Spruce St. St. Louis. MO
PHONE (314) 331-8790
DATE PREPARED 12-27-96
SSHP REVIEWED/APPROVED BY: George Sloan

~ 'I
, ,~-"I..,; ,
NOTE: This SSHP is to be used only for non-intrusive site visits and must be approved by
safety prior to the start of the field visit. All team members must read, and comply with the
SSHP, and attend the safety briefings. The Site Safety and Health Officer (SSHO) shall
ensure the Safety Briefing Checklist and the SSHP acceptance form (Appendix C) is filled
out prior to the start of the site visit.
A. SITE DESCRIPTION AND PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS
1. Site Description
a. Size: Approximately 61.3 acres within Wash., D.C.
b. Present Usage
(check all that apply)
[ ] Military [ X] Recreational [ ] Other (specify)
[ ] Residential [ ] Commercial
[ ] Natural Area [ ] Industrial [ ]
[ ] Agricultural [] Landfill []
[ ] Secured [ ] Active [ ] Unknown

[X] Unsecured [ ] Inactive
2. Past Uses: Military use began in 1861 with the construction of earthen barricades
for the defense of the District of Columbia during the Civil War. The armament used at
Fort Reno and Battery Reno just to the north included 8" siege howitzers, 32-pounder siege
guns, 10" siege mortar, 12 and 24-pounder howitzers, 24-pounder field guns, 10 and 30-
pounder Parrott guns, 24-pounder Coehorn mortar as well as a number of artillery
ammunition magazines. The fort saw no hostile action and the property was returned to the
owner in 1866. The Department of Interior acquired much of Fort Reno in the 1930's for
inclusion in the national Park system. Between 1951 and 1953, the War Department
installed the 35th Anti-aircraft Brigade on 4.83 acres of the national park. This unit had
mobile AA guns (most likey 40mm and 90mm Guns, plus .50 caliber machine guns).
3. Surrounding Population (check all that apply)
[ ] Rural [ X] Residential [ ] Other (specify)

[X] Urban [ ] Industrial
[ X] Commercial
4. Previous Sampling/Investigation Results
a. Ordnance/Explosives (OE) Encountered: No ordnance-related items have

been reported from the fort.
b. Samples (Air, Water, Soil, Vegetation)
[ X] No samples are available.

[ ] Samples available (in other reports)
Chemical Concentration Media Location
1
B. DESCRIPTION OF ON-SITE ACTIVITIES
(check all that apply)
[Xl Walk-through [X] Drive-through [ ] Other (specify)

[] On-Road [] Off road [ ] ---------
[l On Path [l Off path [ l _
C. SITE PERSONNEL AND RESPONSIBILITIES
1. Responsibilities
a. Project Manager: The Corps of Engineers Project Manager (PM) is overall

responsible for the site visit. He will assign a Team Leader, (most situation will be the PM).
The PM will ensure that the SSHP is completed. Coordinates and executes the site visit.
b. Site Safety and Health Officer: Individual designated to conduct safety,

enforce the SSHP, conduct safety briefings, and ensure that the team leader can safely fulfill
his objectives. The SSHO will maintain the safety gear, and monitor on-site operations. The
SSHO is responsible for identifying, marking, and reporting any unexploded ordnance and
explosives.
2. Team Members
Name Position Address Phone

Randy Curtis PM/Team Leader USACE, St. Louis, Mo (314) 331-8786
Gregg Kocher SSHO, UXO Spec USACE. St. Louis, Mo (314) 331-8790
Jim Luebbert Historian USACE, St. Louis, MO (314) 331-8840
D. OVERALL HAZARD EVALUATION:
[ 1 High [ 1 Moderate [Xl Low [ 1 Unknown
This assessment was developed using the Site Investigation Hazard Analysis and Risk
Assessment Code Matrix.
E. GENERAL PRECAUTIONS: Prior to the on-site visit, all team members are
required to read this SSHP and sign the form acknowledging that they have read and will
comply with it. In addition, the SSHO shall hold a brief tailgate meeting in which site
specific topics regarding the days activities will be discussed. If unanticipated hazardous
conditions arise, team members are to stop work, leave the immediate area and notify the
SSHO. The buddy system will be enforced at all times.
F. STANDARD OPERATION SAFETY PROCEDURES, ENGINEERING
2
CONTROLS AND WORK PRACTICES
1. Site Rules/Prohibitions: At any sign of unanticipated hazardous conditions, stop

tasks, leave the immediate area and notify the SSHO. Smoking, eating and drinking allowed
in designated areas only.
2. Material Handling Procedures: Do not handle.
3. Drom Handling Procedures: Do not handle.
4. Conf'med Space Entry: A area identified as a Permit Required Confined space

will not be entered. All confined spaces shall be considered permit required confined spaces
until the pre-entry procedures demonstrate otherwise. Confined spaces may be entered
without a written permit or attendant provided the space is determined not to be a permit
required confined space as specified in 29 CFR 1910.146.
5. Electrical Protection: Overhead power lines, downed electrical wires and buried
cables pose a danger of shock and electrocution. In addition, buildings may contain exposed
wiring that may hold a potential load. Workers should avoid contact with any and all
exposed wire and cables
6. Spill Containment: N/A
7. Excavation Safety: Do not enter trenches/excavations.
8. mllmination: Site visits will be conducted during daylight hours only.
9. Sanitation: Use existing sanitary facilities.
10. Buddy System: Individuals will maintain constant contact with other personnel at
all times. No one will work alone at any time during the site visit.
11. Engineering Controls: N/A
12. Insects: Wearing light colored clothing and tucking in the pant legs can reduce
contact. In severely infested area it may be necessary to tape all openings. Apply repellents
to both clothing and bare skin. Diethyltoluamide (DEET) is an active ingredient in many
repellents, which are effective against ticks and other insects. Repellents containing DEET
can be applied on exposed areas of skin and clothing. However, repellents containing
permethrin should be used on only clothing. For more information on insect bites, refer to
Appendix B.
13. Poisonous Vegetation: Recognition and avoidance is the best protection. Cover
3
all exposed skin. If it is known or suspected that an individual has been exposed, wash the
effected area with soapy water.
14. Inclement Weather: When there are warnings or indications of impending severe
weather (heavy rains, strong winds, lightning, tornados, etc.), weather conditions shall be
monitored and appropriate precautions taken to protect personnel and property from the
effects of the severe weather.
15. Hot Weather: In hot environments, cool drinking water shall be made available
and workers shall be encouraged to frequently drink small amounts, e.g., one cup every 15 -
20 minutes: the water shall be kept reasonably cool. In those situations where heat stress
may impact worker safety and health, work regimens shall be established. Environmental
monitoring of the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature Index shall be conducted and work loads and
work regimens categorized as specified in the American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienist (ACGIH) publication "Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure
Indices". For more information on Heat Stress refer to Appendix A of this SSHP.
16. Cold Weather: Cold injury (frost bite and hypothermia) and impaired ability to
work are dangers at low temperatures and when the wind-chill factor is low. To guard
against them: wear appropriate clothing; have warm shelter readily available; carefully
schedule work and rest periods, and monitor workers' physical conditions.
17. Off-Road Driving: Ensure all emergency equipment is available with the vehicle
Le. tire changing equipment. Drivers shall familiarize themselves with the procedures for
engaging four-wheel drive systems before the need for added traction arises. Vehicles will
not be driven into an environment that is unknown, such as deep water, or an unstable
surface. Vehicles will not be driven into a suspected ordnance impact area.
18. Ordnance:
a. General Infonnation
(1) The cardinal principle to be observed involving explosives,

ammunition, severe fire hazards or toxic materials is to limit the exposure to a minimum
number of personnel, for the minimum amount of time, to a minimum amount of hazardous
material consistent with a safe and efficient operation.
(2) The age or condition of an ordnance item does not decrease the
effectiveness. Ordnance that has been exposed to the elements for extended periods of time
become more sensitive to shock, movement, and friction, because the stability agent in the
explosives may be degraded.
(3) When chemical agents may be present, further precautions are

necessary. If the munitions item has green markings leave the area immediately, since it
4
may contain a chemical filler.
(4) Consider ordnance that has been exposed to fire as extremely

hazardous. Chemical and physical changes may have occurred to the contents which render
it more sensitive than it was in its original state.
b. On-Site Instructions
(1) DO NOT TOUCH or MOVE any ordnance items regardless of the

markings or apparent condition.
(2) DO NOT conduct a site visit during an electrical storm or an approaching

electrical storm. If a storm approaches during the site visit leave the site immediately and
seek shelter.
(3) DO NOT use a radio or cellular phone in the vicinity of a suspect

ordnance item.
(4) DO NOT walk across an area where the ground cannot be seen.
(5) DO NOT drive a vehicle into a suspected OE area; use clearly marked
lanes.
(6) DO NOT carry matches, cigarettes, lighters or other flame producing

devices into a OE site.
(7) DO NOT rely on color code for positive identification of ordnance items
or their contents.
(8) Approach ordnance items from the side; avoid approaching from the
front or rear.
(9) Always assume ordnance items contain a live charge until it can be
determined otherwise.
(10) Dead vegetation and animals may indicate potential chemical

contamination. If a suspect area is encountered, personnel should leave the immediate area
and evaluate the situation before continuing the site visit.
c. Specific Action Upon Locating Ordnance
(1) DO NOT touch, move or jar any ordnance item, regardless of its
apparent condition.
5
(2) DO NOT be misled by markings on the ordnance item stating "practice",
"dummy", or "inert". Practice munitions may contain an explosive charge used for spotting
the point of impact. The item may also be mismarked.
(3) DO NOT roll the item over or scrape the item to read the markings.
(4) The location of any ordnance items found during site investigations
should be clearly marked so it can be easily located and avoided.
(5) Reporting will be conducted in accordance with CELMS-PM-M,

Standard Operating procedure for Reporting Ordnance and Unexploded Ordnance (UXO),
dated 19 January 1995.
19. Other: (specify) _
G. SITE CONTROL AND COMMUNICATIONS
1. Site Map: Refer to Appendix A
2. Site Work Zones: N/A
3. Buddy System: Individuals will maintain constant contact with other personnel at
all times. No one will work alone at any time during the site visit.
4. Communications
a. On-Site: Verbal communications will be used among team members.
b. Off-Site: Communications shall be established on every site.

Communications may be established by using an cellular phone or by public or private phone
which may be readily accessible. (specify below)
[X] Cellular phone
[ ] Public/private phone (location _
[ ] Other
c. Emergency Signals: In the case of small groups, a verbal signal for

emergencies will suffice. An emergency signal for large groups (i.e. air horn, whistle)
should be incorporated at the discretion of the SSHO.
[ ] Verbal
6
[ X] Nonverbal (specify) Whistle
7
H. EMERGENCY RESPONSE: Team members are to be alert to the dangers
associated with the site at all times. If an unanticipated hazardous condition arises, stop
work, evacuate the immediate area and notify the SSHO. A First Aid Kit and emergency
eye wash (if applicable) will be located in the SSHO's field vehicle. If qualified persons
(Le. fire department, medical facility or physician) are not accessible within five minutes of
the site at least two team members shall be qualified to administer first aid and CPR.
1. Emergency/Important Telephone Numbers
Hospital 911
Washington, D.C. Police 911
542nd EODCT (609) 562-5940
67th EOD, Fort McNair (202) 475-1983
Huntsville Safety Office: (205) 895-1582/1579
Huntsville's 24 hour number: (800) 627-3532, PIN 777-2534
On-site cellular phone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
St Louis Corps of Engineers . . . . . . . . . . .. (314) 331-8036
2. Hospital/Medical Facility Information
Name: Sibley Hospital

Address: Little Falls Rd, NW
Distance to hospital: approx. 4 miles
Route to Hospital: refer to the site map
8
I. MONITORING EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES
1. Exposure Monitoring: For non-intrusive on-site activities such as site visits, air
monitoring is typically not required. However, if the site situation dictates the need for
monitoring, complete the following information on a separate page and attach the page to the
SSHP.
a. Monitoring Equipment To Be Utilized: NI A
b. Equipment Calibration Results: NI A
c. Action Levels: NI A
2. Heatl Cold Stress Monitoring
a. Heat Stress monitoring criteria published in Chapter 8 of the

NIOSH/OSHA/USCG/EPA "Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for
Hazardous Waste Site Activities"shall be followed.
b. Cold Stress monitoring shall be conducted in accordance with the most

current published American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) cold
stress standard.
J. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT: Typically, for non-intrusive site visits,

Level D is required. If a higher level of protection is to be used initially or as
contingency, a brief discussion will be attached. At a minimum personnel shall wear
clothing suitable for the weather and work condition. The minimum for field work shall be
short sleeve shirt, long trousers, and leather or other protective work shoes or boots. If a
higher level of protection is to be used initially or as contingency, a brief discussion will be
attached.
1. Footwear: Footwear providing protection against puncture shall meet the

applicable requirements as stated in EM 385-1-1, paragraph 05.A.O? All activities which
personnel are potentially exposed to foot hazards will be identified and documented in a
hazard analysis.
2. Hand Protection: Persons involved in activities which subject the hands to injury
(e.g., cuts, abrasions, punctures, bums) shall use leather gloves.
3. Head Protection: Hard hats shall be worn when personnel are subject to
potential head injury. The identification and analysis of head hazards will be documented in
a hazard analysis.
9
4. Eye Protection: Personnel will wear eye protection when activities present
potential injuries to the eyes. All eye protection equipment shall meet the requirements as
stated in EM 385-1-1, paragraph 05.B.
K. DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES: Decontamination procedures are not

anticipated for this site investigation. Team members are cautioned not to walk, kneel or sit
on any surface with potential leaks, spills or contamination.
L. TRAINING: All site personnel shall have completed the training required by EM
385-1-1 and 29 CFR 1910.120 (e). The U.S. Army Corps of Engineer (USACE) Project
Manager shall ensure, and the SSHO shall verify, that all on-site personnel have completed
appropriate training. Additionally, the SSHO shall inform personnel before entering, of any
potential site-specific hazards and procedures.
M. MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM: The USACE Project Manager shall

ensure, and the SSHO shall verify, that all on-site personnel are on the Medical Surveillance
Program meeting the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.120, and ANZI Z-88.2, as appropriate,
depending on the PPE and site specific tasks.
Provide the following information on Training and Medical
NAME HAZWOPER PROVIDER MEDICAL

DATE DATE
Randy Curtis 12-96 Corps of Engineers 05-96
Gregg Kocher 01-96 Corps of Engineers 07-96
Jim Luebbert 12-96 Corps of Engineers 05-96
N. LOGS, REPORTS AND RECORD KEEPING: Site logs are maintained by the
Project Manager and SSHO. This is to include historical data, personnel authorized to visit
the site, all records, standard operating procedures, air monitoring logs and the SSHP.
O. GENERAL: The number of personnel visiting the site shall be a limited to a

minimum of two, maximum of eight. The more personnel on-site, the greater potential for
an accident. The SSHO may modify this SSHP if site conditions warrant it and without
risking the safety and health of the team members. This modification will be coordinated
with the team members. The SSHO shall notify Corps of Engineers Safety Office in
Huntsville, AL. of the change as the situation allows.
10
--------_.-.-_._-- -----_ .. _------------

APPENDIX A
HEAT- RELATED INJURIES
Once the signals of a heat-related illness begin to appear, the victim's condition can
quickly get worse. A heat related illness can result in death. If you see any of the signals of
sudden illness, and the victim has been exposed to extremes of heat, suspect a heat-related
illness.
People at risk for heat-related illness include those who work or exercise outdoors,
elderly people, young children, and people with health problems. Also at risk are those who
have had a heat-related illness in the past, those with medical conditions that cause poor
blood circulation, and those who take medications to get rid of water from the body
(diuretics).
People usually try to get out of extreme heat before they begin to feel ill. However,
some people do not or can not. Those that work outdoors often keep working even after
they begin to feel ill. Many times, they might not even recognize that they are in danger of
becoming ill.
Heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke are conditions caused by overexposure
to heat. You can help prevent heat-stress emergencies by recognizing and properly treating
symptoms. Below is a quick reference guide to heat-related emergencies:
HEAT CRAMPS: Heat cramps are the least severe, and often are the first signals that the
body is having trouble with the heat. Symptoms include: Muscle twitching; painful spasms
in the legs, arms or abdomen. -
WHAT TO DO:
- Have the individual rest in a cool place.
- Give cool water or a commercial sports drink.
- lightly stretch the muscle and gently massage the area.
HEAT EXHAUSTION: Heat exhaustion is a more severe condition than heat cramps.
Symptoms include: cool, moist, pale, or flushed skin, headache, nausea, dizziness, weakness,
and exhaustion.
HEAT STROKE: Heat stroke is the least common but most severe heat emergency. It
most often occurs when people ignore the signals of heat exhaustion. Heat stroke develops
when the body systems are overwhelmed by heat and begin to stop functioning. Heat stroke
is a serious medical emergency. Symptoms include: red, hot, dry skin; changes in
consciousness; rapid, weak pulse; and rapid, shallow breathing.
A-I
WHAT TO DO: When you recognize a heat-related illness in its early stages, you can
usually reverse it.
- Get the victim out of the heat.
- Loosen any tight clothing and apply cool, wet cloths, such as towels or sheets.
- If the victim is conscious, give cool water to drink. Do not let the conscious victim drink
too quickly. Give about 1 glass (4 ounces) of water every 15 minutes.
- Let the victim rest in a comfortable position, and watch carefully for changes in his or her
condition. The victim should not resume normal activities the same day.
- Refusing water, vomiting, and changes in consciousness mean that the victim's
condition is getting worse. Call for an ambulance immediately if you have not already
done so.
- If the victim vomits, stop giving fluids and position them on their side.
- Watch for signals of breathing problems.
- Keep the victim lying down and continue to cool the body any way you can. If you have
ice packs or cold packs, place them on each of the victim's wrists and ankles, on the groin,
in each armpit, and on the neck to cool the large blood vessels.
A-2
APPENDIX B
BITES AND STINGS
Scorpions, Bees and Spiders
Bee stings are painful, but rarely fatal. Some people, however have a severe allergic
reaction to an insect sting. This allergic reaction may result in a breathing emergency. If
someone is stung by an insect, remove the stinger. Scrape it away with from the skin with
your fingernail or plastic car, such as a credit card, or use tweezers. If you use the
tweezers, grasp the stinger, not the venom sac. Wash the site with soap and water. Cover it
to keep it clean. Apply a cold pack to the area to reduce the pain and swelling. Watch the
victim for signals of an allergic reaction.
Scorpions live in dry regions of the southwestern United States and Mexico. They
live under rocks, logs, and the bark of certain trees and are most active at night. Only a few
species of scorpions have a sting that can cause death.
Spiders; there are also only two spiders in the-United States whose bite can make you
seriously sick or be fatal. These are the black widow spider and the brown recluse. The
black widow is black with a reddish hourglass shape on the underside of its body. The
brown recluse is light brown with a darker brown, violin-shaped marking on the top of its
body. Both spiders prefer dark, out of the way places. Often, the victim will not know that
he or she has been bitten until he or she starts to feel ill or notices a bite mark or swelling.
Symptoms include nausea and vomiting, difficulty breathing or swallowing, sweating

and salivating much more than normal, severe pain in the sting or bite area, a mark
indicating a possible bite or sting, and swelling of the area.
First Aid: If someone has been stung by a scorpion or bitten by a spider he or she
thinks is a black widow or brown recluse, wash the wound, apply a cold pack to the site, and
get medical help immediately.
Lyme Disease
Lyme Disease is an illness that people get from the bite of an infected tick. Lyme
disease is affecting a growing number of people in the United States. Everyone should take
precautions against it. Not all ticks carry lyme disease. Lyme disease is spread mainly by a
type of tick that commonly attaches itself to field mice and deer. It is sometimes called a
deer tick. This tick is found around beaches and in wooded and grassy areas. like all ticks,
it attaches itself to any warm-blooded animal that brushes by. Deer ticks are very tiny and
difficult to see. They are much smaller than the common dog tick or wood tick. They can
be as small as a poppy seed or the head of a pin. Adult deer ticks are only as large as a
B-1
grape seed.
Symptoms: The first signal of infection may appear a few days or a few weeks after a
tick bite. Typically, a rash starts as a small red area at the site of the bite. It may spread up
to 7 inches across. In fair-skinned people the center is lighter in color and the outer edges
are red and raised. This sometimes gives the rash a bull's-eye appearance. In dark skinned
people the area may look black and blue, like a bruise.
Other symptoms include fever, headache, weakness, and joint and muscle pain similar
to the pain of "flu". These symptoms might develop slowly and might not occur at the same
time as a rash. In fact you can have lyme disease without developing a rash.
First Aid: If you find a tick, remove it by pulling steadily and firmly. Grasp the tick
with fine-tipped tweezers, as close to the skin as possible, and pull slowly. If you do not
have tweezers, use glove, plastic wrap, or a piece of paper to protect you finger. If you use
your bare fingers, wash your hands immediately. Do not try to bum a tick or use other
home remedies, like coating the tick with Vaseline or nail polish or picking it with a pin.
Once the tick is removed, wash the area with soap and water. If available, apply antiseptic
or antibiotic ointment. If you can not remove the tick or parts of the tick stay in your skin,
obtain medical care. If a rash or flu like symptoms develop, seek medical attention.
B-2
APPENDIX C
SSHP ACCEPTANCE FORM

ABBREVIATED SITE SAFETY AND HEALTH PLAN
FOR
AAA Site Fort Reno
Washington, D.C.
I have read and agree to abide by the contents of the Site Safety and Health Plan.
OFFICE DATE
CELMS-ED-P " ::S-~V\. I 'fe; 7
Gre Kocher CELMS-ED-P b ~:w 17
Jim Luebbert CELMS-ED-P

SITE SURVEY SAFETY BRIEFING
(Check subjects discussed)
Date 6 7/~'l-. 71
;
GENERAL INFORMATION
Purpose of Visit
Identify Key Site Personnel
SITE SPECIFIC INFORMATION
Site Description/Past Use

Results of Previous studies
Potential Site Hazards
OE Safety Procedures
Site SOP
Site Control and Communications
Emergency Response
) Location of First aid Kit
) Emergency Phone Numbers
) Map to Facility
PPE
Weather Precautions
Cold/Heat
Severe Weather
Safety Briefing Attendance

All team members and any accompanying personnel will be briefed and sign this form:
NAME (Print) ORGANIZATION . SIGNATURE
Randy Curtis USACE-STL Project Manager
Gregg Kocher USACE-STL Safety Specialist
USACE-STL Militar Historian

LEGEND Scale 1:31,250 (at center)
Population Center _ _ Hwy Ramps Mag 14.00
I 2000 Feet I
o State Route = Major Street/Road
1000 Meters
Fri Dec 2709:41:20 1996
o Geo Feature = State Route

() Town, Small City c:::::::::::> Interstate Highway
<? Hospital -1--1-+- Railroad

I). Park ~ River
---- County Boundary I···:·:·····:·:·:·:·:·:·,
...'ox:.....-.. ',.
Open Water
_ _ Street. Road
LEGEND Scale 1:15,625 (at center)
"::::' Population Center = Major Street/Rood Mag 15.00
I 1000 Feet I
Fri Dec 27 09:43:46 1996
o Geo Feature = State Route
<> Town, Small City c:==::::> Interstate Highway 500 Meters
~ Hospital -+--+-+ Railroad
[j. Pork M~hW., River
____ County Boundary 1:)::/:1 Open Water
_ _ Street. Road
_ _ Hwy Ramps
I'n ARCHIVES SEARCH REPORT - FINDINGS
IIiIiIIJ AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D. C.

March 1997
APPENDIX L-2
Site Inspection Report -

AAA Site Fort Reno
Appendix L - Site Specific Safety and Health Plan / Site Inspection Report

March 1997
CELMS-ED-P 8 January 1997
MEMORANDUM FOR RECORD
SUBJECT: ASR Site Inspection: AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D.C.
1. Personnel from the St. Louis District Corps of Engineers travelled to Washington, D.C.
to perform a site survey of the former AAA Site Fort Reno. The Ordnance and Explosive
(OE) and Chemical Warfare Materials (CWM) Archive Search Report (ASR) program
requires a site inspection. The ASR program supports the Defense Environmental
Restoration Program (DERP) at Formerly Used Defense Sites (FUDS).
2. The ASR site inspection characterized OE and CWM potential based on a visual
examination at AAA Site Fort Reno. The site inspection included only visual and non-
intrusive methods of inspection. The team followed a site safety and health plan (SSHP)
prohibiting digging or handling of potential OE/CWM. The inspection team consisted of the
following personnel: Jim Luebbert, Gregg Kocher and Randy Curtis.
3. The inspection team arrived at Fort Reno on 8 January 1997 at 0800. They met with
Steve Strach, the Rock Creek Park Cultural Resource Manger of the National Park Service
(NPS). He serves as the NPS site manger for Fort Reno. Following a quick safety briefing,
the team walked the grounds of the former civil war fortifications and Korean War era Anti-
Aircraft facilities. Fort Reno covers roughly 9 square city blocks in the Tenleytown area of
Washington, D.C., a heavily urbanized area. The site is currently occupied by: two water
reservoirs, with associated water towers and terraced berms; Arthur Deal Junior High
School; athletic fields (i.e. soccer field and tennis courts) and private residences located north
of Fessenden St. covering the Civil War era Battery Reno. The ground has been greatly
reworked with no visible remnants of the past military use. The inspection team talked to
the pump house operator who has worked on the premises since 1971, though he offered no
pertinent information. Mr. Strach provided the inspection team with possible additional
information sources.
4. The archive search inspection team did not find any evidence of an OE or CWM hazard
present at Fort Reno.
!J ;)(;\ l ~
tJ\~Y~
RANDAL S. CURTIS, P.E.
>taUf' !l)rfJ Ltf~~.
~~ES G. LUEBBERT r
/? d:-..
'GG E. KOCHER
Project Manager/Civil Engineer Historian afety and Occupational
Health Specialist
1 of 4 - ASR Site Inspection
March 1997
APPENDIX M
FINALIZATION DOCUMENTS
Appendix M – Finalization Documents

P,O, BOX 1600
CEHNC-OE-CX 20 September 2006
MEMORANDUM FOR Commander, US Army Engineering District, Baltimore

(CENAB-PP-E/Jack Butler), PO Box 1715 Baltimore, MD 21203-1715
SUBJECT: Defense Environmental Restoration Program, Formerly Used Defense Sites,

Ordnance and Explosives, Chemical Warfare Materials, Archives Search Report (ASR), Fort
Reno, Washington, D.C., Project No. C03DC048401.
1. Enclosed is the final ASR Technical Advisory Group (TAG) package for the above subject
site. In accordance with the TAG review, a RAC 5 has been assigned.
2. Remove the existing "draft" cover from ASR. Replace with enclosed cover and package.
3. A RAC 5 will be entered into FUDSMIS by CEHNC.
4. The District needs to ensure ASR is entered into P1RS.
5. 1fyou disagree or have any questions concerning the action, please call me at 256-895-1797
or DSN 760-1767.
FOR THE DIRECTOR:
~--..,,'~~~
Encl DANNYR RDIS
CF:
Commander, US Army Engineer District, St Louis (CEMVS-EC-PlMichael Dace),
1212 Spruce Street, St Louis, MO 63103-2822 (w/encls)
P.O. BOX 1600
REPLY TO
ATTENTION OF
CEHNC-OE-CX (200-1 c) 11 August 2006
MEMORANDUM FOR US Army Engineer District, St. Louis

(CEMVS-PM-M/Mike Dace), 1222 Spruce Street, St. Louis, MO 63103-2833
SUBJECT: Result of the Technical Advisory Group (TAG) Review of Archives Search Reports
(ASR) and Fact Sheets for Defense Environmental Restoration Program Formerly Used Defense
Sites (DERP-FUDS)
1. The following enclosed ASRs and Fact Sheets are finalized.
Project Number Site Name
C02NJ003200 Fort Hancock

C02NYOOlOOO Fort Terry (Plum Island)
C021\TY06l401 Fort Ontario
C02NY066 101 North Hill Fire Control Station
C02NY096501 Cartwright Island Bombing Target
C03DClO1600 John Hopkins University Laboratory
C03MD048401 Fort Reno
C03MDI03301 Baltimore Army Air Field Logan Cantonment
Area
C03PA099101 Naval Air Station New Cumberland
C03PAlOI502 Connellsville Airport
C03PAI02601 Croyland Plant
COWA002200 Fort Pickett Army Airfield
COWA004700 New River Ordnance Plant
COWA006900 Camp Hill
DO ICT096602 Pine Island Battery Site
DOIMA045901 Chatham Naval Air Station
DO 1MA05350 I Medford 90mm Anti-Aircraft Battery
DOIMEOOl502 Quoddy Village
DOIMEOIIOOI Casco Bay Torpedo Boat Defense Site
DOIMEOl2602 Jewel's Island Military Reservation
DOIME013702 Merriam Point Fire Control Station
DO1ME04830 I Deblois Air Force Range
DOIME049202 Fort Knox
DO 1ME049602 Fort Gorges
DOIME049902 Fort Lyon
DOlME051601 Bar Harbor Naval Auxiliary Air Facility
CEHNC-OE-CX (200-lc)
SUBJECT: Result of the Technical Advisory Group (TAG) Review of Archives Search Reports
(ASR) and Fact Sheets for Defense Environmental Restoration Program Formerly Used Defense
Sites (DERP-FUDS)
Project Number Site Name
DOlNH030403 Fort Constitution

DO 1RIO04l 04 Sachuest Point
DOIRI032401 Brenton Point Fire Control Station
DO 1RI049101 Oaks Inn Battery
DOlRI04980l Portsmouth Anti-Aircraft Gun Emplacement
E05IL002500 Black Hawk Village
E05IL328500 Granite City Army Depot
J09AZ057601 Sahuarita Air Force Range
2. Recommended strategy for future actions to be taken by the Project Manager is included in
the enclosed fact sheets. Supporting data for TAG decisions are also included with the fact
sheets.
3. Fact sheets, supporting data and corrected pages, due to prior reviews, are to be distributed
with the subject ASRs.
4. Subject ASRs are reeommended to be final when enclosed fact sheets, supporting data and
corrected pages are included as a part of the project package.
5. The POC is Mr. Danny Mardis, commercial 256-895-1797, DSN 760-1767, and
fax 256-895-1798.
FOR THE DIRECTOR:
A /l~~
Encl DA~~DIS
For Ordnance and Explosives Team
RESTORATION INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
FORMERLY USED DEFENSE SITES (FUDS)
PROJECT FACT SHEET
MARCH 1997
TAG Review Date, 25 April 2006
1. SITE NAME, Fort Reno
SITE NUMBER, C03DC048400
LOCATION, City: Washington, DoC.

County:
State: Washington, D.C.
Pc.
PROJECT NUMBER, C03~048401
CATEGORY, MMRP
INPR RAC: 2
ASR RAC, 5
TAG RAC, 5
2. POC' S,
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRICT: GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION:

Name: Jack Butler Name: Allen Koppel
Office: CENAB-PP-E Office: CENAD-MT-HS
Phone: 410-962-4937 Phone: 718-765-7109
HEADQUARTERS: ASR/INPR TEAM,

Name: James Huang Name: Bradford McCowan
Office: CEMP-NAD Office: CEHNC-OE-CX
Phone: 202-761-8632 Phone: 256-895-1174
ASR SUPPORT DISTRICT, ASR TECHNICAL REVIEWER,

Name: Randal Curtis Name: Ron Thornhill
Office: CEMVS-EC-P Office: SJMAC-ESM
Phone: 314-331-8786 Phone: 918-420-8395
3. SITE DESCRIPTION,
a. The Fort Reno property consisted 61.31 acres,

located in northwestern portion of Washington D.C. near the
Montgomery County, Maryland boundary
b. The property was used as a defense fort for
Washington D.C., which included 8-inch and 24-pound
howitzers, 20, 30 and 100-pound Parrott guns, 10-inch and
24-pound mortars and three artillery magazines. In later
years the site was used as an Anti-Aircraft site, which
included 90mm and 120mm anti-aircraft guns.
c. The site visit team did not find MEC, CWM or MPPEH
Debris.
4. SITE HISTORY,
a. The united States acquired the property by 11 July

1861. The property for the anti-aircraft guns was acquired
on 11 June 1951.
b. There is evidence of MEC use associated with the

property (maps and reports) There is no evidence of MEC
remaining on the property.
c. A Certificate of Clearance was not found for this

property.
d. There is no evidence of chemical warfare training,

storage or disposal activities associated with the FUDS
property.
e. The United States disposed of all the property by

31 March 1953.
5. PROJECT DESCRIPTION,
Size: 61.31 acres

Former Use: Defense Fort/Anti aircraft battery
Present Use: National Park/Residential
Possible End Use: Same
MEC Presence:
Confirmed: None
Potential: Same
ASR Recommends: RAC 5
HNC Safety: RAC 5
6. CURRENT STATUS,
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District,

completed the Archives Search Report for Fort Reno in March
1997.
7. STRATEGY:
NDAI
8. ISSUES AND CONCERNS: The Huntsville Center Technical

Advisory Group met and evaluated this ASR on 25 April 2006.
The consensus was a score of RAC 5.
9. SCHEDULE SUMMARY:
Phase Orig. Sch. Actual Orig. Sch. Actual

Start Start Start Camp. Camp. Camp.
10. FUNDING/BUDGET SUMMARY:
EXEC IN House Contract Funds

Year Phase FOA Required Required Obligated
ER 200-3-1
10 May 04
RISK ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES FOR
MILITARY MUNITIONS RESPONSE PROJECTS
Property Name: -=-F:=0::crt,-,R~e~n,::o::.- Rater's Name: Ron Thornhill

Property Location: -cWc-a~s~h~in~gt=o.'.'n-"D::.:.:.CC,,-. Phone Number: (918)420-8395
FUDS PropertyJProject #: ---"C-"-03"'D"'C"'-"-04-'.08:..c4"'0-'-1 District: DAC
Property Type: Defense FortiAnti-Aircraft Office Symbol: SJMAC-ESM
Battery
Score: -=:.5 Date Completed: 10 April 2006
RISK ASSESSMENT:
This risk assessment (RAC) procedure was developed to address explosives safety hazards
related to munitions. This procedure does not address environmental hazards associated with munitions
constituents. The U.S. Army Engineering and Support Center, Huntsville (USAESCH), Ordnance and
Explosives Directorate (CEHNC-OE) developed this procedure in accordance with MIL-STD 882C and
AR 385-10. The Risk Assessment Code (RAC) score will be used by the U.s. Army Corps of Engineers
to prioritize the response action(s) at Formerly Used Defense Sites (FUDS). The risk assessment should
be based on the best available information resulting from record searches, reports of Explosive Ordnance
Disposal (EOD) actions, field observations (site visits), and interviews. This information is used to assess
the risk involved based on the potential MMRP hazards identified for the project The risk assessment
evaluates two factors, hazard severity and hazard probability.
Part I - Hazard Severity. Hazard severity categories are defined to provide a qualitative measure of the
worst credible event resulting from personnel exposure to various types and quantities of unexploded
ordnance.
TYPE OF ORDNANCE: (Check all that apply)

A. Conventional ordnance and ammnnition: VALUE
Projectiles, explosive (20 millimeter and larger) 100
Bombs, explosive 100
Grenades, hand or rifle, explosive 100
Landmine, explosive 100
Rockets, guided missile, explosive 100
Other Explosive item not previously stated 100
Bomb, practice (w/spotting charge) 60
Detonators, blasting caps, fuses, boosters, bursters 60
Practice ordnance (wI spotting charges, other than bombs) 40
Small arms, complete round (.50 calor less) 10
Small anns, expended (.50 calor less) 00
Practice ordnance (w/o spotting charges) 00
Conventional ordnance and ammnnition (enter largest single value checked) Q
What evidence do you have regarding conventional unexploded ordnance? During the site visit, the team
did not find MEC or MPPEH Debris.
Property Name"
Project Number
Property Type
B. Pyrotechnics (for munitions not described above):
VALUE
Munitions containing White Phosphorus (WP) or other pyrophoric material (i.e., 100
spontaneously flammable)
Munitions containing a flame or incendiary material (Le., Napalm, Triethylaluminum
metal incendiaries)
Containers containing WP or other pyrophoric material or flame or incendiary material
Flares, signals, simulators, screeninglbuming smokes (other than WP)
Pyrotechnics (enter the single largest value checked)
What evidence do you have regarding pyrotechnics? None.
C. Bnlk Explosives (HE) (not an integral part of conventional ordnance: un-containerized):

VALUE
Primary or initiating explosives (Lead Styphnate, Lead Azide, Nitroglycerin, Mercury 100
Azide, Mercury Fulminate, Tetracene, etc.)
Secondary explosives (Demolition charges, PETN, Compositions A, B, C, Tetryl, TNT, sO
RDX, HMX, HBX, Black Powder, etc.)
Insensitive explosive substances (explosive contaminated soils, ammonium nitrate) 3D
Bulk Explosives (HE) (enter the single largest value checked) Q
What evidence do you have regarding bulk explosives? None.
Property Name:
Project Number
Property Type:
D. Bulk propellants (not an integral part of rockets, gnided missiles, or other conventional
ordnance; uncontainerized )
VALUE
Solid or liquid propellants 60
Bulk Propellauts (select 6 or 0) Q
What evidence do you have regarding bulk propellants? None
E. Recovered Chemical Warfare Materiel (RCWM), Weaponized Iudustrial Chemicals and

Radiological Materiel:
VALUE
Toxic chemical agents (H-Mustard, G-Nerve, V-Nerve and L-Lewisite) 250
Chemical Agent Identification Sets 200
Radiological Materiel (If rad waste is identified please call the HTRW-eX at 402-697- 150
2555)
Weaponized Industrial Chemicals (Hydrogen Cyanide AC; Cyanogen Chloride, CK; IOO
Phosgene, CG)
Riot Control Agents (vomiting, tear) 50
Chemical and Radiological (enter the single largest value checked) Q
What evidence do you have regarding chemical or radiological? None.
TOTAL HAZARD SEVERITY VALUE (Sum of value A through E, maximum of61) Q

Apply this value to Table 1 to determine Hazard Severity Category
Property Name
Project Number:
Property Type:
TABLE I
HAZARD SEVERITY'
DESCRlPTION CATEGORY HAZARD SEVERITY VALUE
CATASTROPHIC 10 21 and/or greater

CRITICAL nO 10 to 20
MARGINAL ill 0 5 to 9
NEGLIGIBLE NO I to 4
• 'NONE vkSI o
• Apply Hazard Severity Category to Table 3 and complete Part n of this form.
'*Ifhazard severity value is 0, complete Part n of this form. Then proceed to Part ill and use a RAC
score of 5 to determine your appropriate action.
PART II - Hazard Probability. The probability that a hazard has been, or will be, created due to the
presence and other rated factors of unexploded ordnance, explosives, incendiary, pyrotechnic,
radiological, or RCWM materials on a formerly used Department of Defense (DOD) site.
AREA, EXTENT, ACCESSIBILITY OF MMRP HAZARD (Check all that apply)
A. Locations ofMMRP bazards:

VALUE
On the surface 50
Within tanks, pipes, vessels, or other confined areas 40
Inside walls, ceilings, or other building/structure 3D
Subsurface 20
Location (enter the single largest valne checked) Q
What evidence do you have regarding the location of MMRP? None.
Property Name:
Project Number·
Property Type:
B. Distance to nearest inhabited location/strncture likely to be at risk from MMRP hazard
(road, park, playground, building, etc.).
VALUE
Less than 1,250 feet 50
1,250 feet to 0.5 mile 40
0.5 mile to 1.0 mile 3D
1.0 mile to 2.0 Miles 20
Over 2 miles 10
Distance (enter the single largest value cbecked) 2
What are the nearest inhabited structureslbuildings? This property is a residential area within
Washington D.C.
C. Number(s) of building(s) within a 2-mile radius measured from the MMRP hazard area,
not tbe installation boundary.
VALUE
26 and over 50
16 to 25 40
II to 16 3D
6 to 10 20
I to 5 10
o 00
Number of buildings (enter the single largest value checked) 2
Narrative: This property is a residential area within Washington D.C.
Property Name:
Project Number:
Property Type:
D. Types of Buildings (within 2-mile radius)
VALUE
Educational, childcare, residential, hospitals, hotels, commercial, shopping centers sk8J
Industrial, warehouse, etc, 40
Agricultural, forestry, etc, 30
Detention, correctional 20
No buildings 00
Types of buildings (enter the single largest value checked) 5-
Describe the types of buildings: This property is a residential area within Washington D,c'
E. Accessibility to site refers to access by humans to military munitions. Use the following
gnidance:
VALUE
No barrier nor security system sk8J
Barrier is incomplete (e,g" in disrepair or does not completely surround the site), Barrier is 40
intended to deny egress from the site, as for a barbed wire fence for grazing
A barrier (any kind offence in good repair) but no separate means to control entry, Barrier 30
is intended to deny access to the site,
Security Guard, but no barrier 20
A 24-hour surveillance system (e,g" television monitoring or surveillance by guards or 00
facility personnel continuously monitors and controls entry; or, an artificial or natural
barrier (e,g" fence combined with a cliff) which completely surrounds the area; and, a
means to control entry at all times through the gates or other entrances (e,g" an attendant,
television monitors, locked entrances, or controlled roadway access to the area),
Accessibility (enter the single largest value checked) 5-
Describe the site accessibility: No barriers to the public,
Property Name'
Project Number"
Property Type:
F. Site Dynamics. This deals with site conditions that are subject to change in the future, but
may he stable at the present. Examples would be excessive soil erosion on beaches or streams,
increasing land development that conld reduce distances from the site to inhabited areas or
otherwise increase accessibility.
VALUE
Expected 50
Not anticipated okS!
Site Dynamics (enter the single largest value checked) Q
Describe the site dynamics: Site dynamics not expected to change.
TOTAL HAZARD PROBABILITY VALUE 20

(Sum of largest values for A through F (maximum of 30). Apply this value to Hazard Probability Table 2
to determine the Hazard Probability LeveL
TABLE 2
HAZARD PROBABILITY*
DESCRIPTION VALUE LEVEL HAZARD PROBABILITY
FREQUENT 27 or greater
PROBABLE 21 to 26
OCCASIONAL 15 to 20
REMOTE 8 to 14
IMPROBABLE less than 8
*Apply Hazard Probability Level to Table 3.
Property Name:
Project Number:
Property Type:
Part III - Risk Assessment. The risk assessment value for this site is determined using the following
Table. Enter the results of the Hazard Probability and Hazard Severity values.
TABLE 3
PROBABILITY FREQUENT PROBABLE OCCASIONAL REMOIE IMPROBABLE

LEVEL A B C D E
SEVERITY
CATEGORY:
CATASTROPHIC I
CRITICAL II
MARGINAL ill
NEGLIGIBLE IV
None (V) = RAC 5 [;8:J
RAC 1-4 Recommend and approve further action as appropriate. Refer to EP 1110-1-18
for discussion of MMRP projects and the process to be followed for execution
ofproject response actions.
RAC5 Usually indicates that No DOD Action Indicated (NDAI) is necessary. Recommend
and approve NDAI and follow instructions for project closeout in accordance with
current program guidance.
PART IV - Narrative. Summarize the documented evidence that supports this risk assessment. If no
documented evidence was available, explain all the assumptions that you made.
During the site visit, the team did not find MEC or MPPEH Debris. There is no evidence CWM training,
storage or disposal on this property. Recommend a RAC score of 5.
Property Name:
Project Number:
Property Type
U. S. ARMY ENGINEERING AND SUPPORT CENTER, HUNTSVILLE CORPS OF ENGINEERS
DESIGN REVIEW COMMENTS PROJECT DERP FUDS Fort Reno
C03DC04840l
ASR/INPR TEAM REVIEW PA TAG MMRP
DATE ~~£ril 2006
NAME Ron Thornhill (918)420-8395
!---.=c::-l--:::::-:-:==-,------------==c:=:=-----::..:c=::=--==:.-:;.;.:..;;.;::..:::'O'::':"T-:.:..::..:'-'-:'='::-:'':''-'-''-----------!
ITEM DRAWING COMMENT ACTION
NO. OR
REFERENCE
1. General Draft PA for Fort Reno, Washington D.C. was reviewed
for accuracy and completeness. Based on this review 1. Comment noted.
the following comments are provided:
General The reviewer agrees with the PA and HNC Safety RAC 2. Comment noted.
score of 5. An updated RAC Form is included.
The Huntsville Center Technical Advisory Group met and Comment noted.
evaluated this ASR on 25 April 2006. The consensus
was a score of RAC 5.
Randal Curtis
CEMVS-EC-P
314-331-8786
Page 1 of 1
RISK ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES FOR
ORDNANCE AND EXPLOSIVE (OE) SITES
Site Name Fort Reno Rater's Name Bill McPherson

Site Location Washington D.C. Phone No. 205) 895-1595
DERP Project # C03DC048401 Organization CEHNC-OE-S-AI
Date Completed 5 June 1997 RAC Score -,,5_ _
OE RISK ASSESSMENT
This risk assessment procedure was developed In accordance with MIL-STD 882C and AR 385-10.
The RAC score will be used by CEHNC to prioritize the remedial action at Formerly Used Defense Sites.
The UXO risk assessment should be based upon best available Information resulting from records
searches, reports of Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) detachment actions, and field observations,
Interviews, and measurements. This information is used to assess the risk involved based upon the
potential OE hazards Identified at the site. The risk assessment Is composed of two factors, hazard
severity and hazard probability. Personnel involved In visits to potential OE sites should view the
CEHNC videotape entitled "A Life Threatening Encounter: OE."
Part I. Hazard Severity. Hazard severity categories are defined to provide a qualitative measure of the
worst credible mishap resulting from personnel exposure to various types and quantities of unexploded
ordnance Items.
TYPE OF ORDNANCE
(Circle all values that apply)
A. Conventional Ordnance and Ammunition VALUE

Medium/Large Caliber (20 mm and larger) 10
Bombs, Explosive 10
Grenades, Hand and Rifle, Explosive 10
Landmlnes, Explosive 10
Rockets, Guided Missiles, Explosive 10
Detonators, Blasting Caps, Fuzes, Boosters, Bursters 6
Bombs, Practice (w/spolllng charges) 6
Rockets, Practice 6
Grenades, Practice (w/spotting charges) 4
Landmines, Practice (w/spolllng charges) 4
Small Arms (.22 cal - .50 cal)
Small Arms, Expended 0
Conventional Ordnance and Ammunition (Select the largest single value) 0

What evidence do you have regarding conventional UXO?..!.N",O"""N=E~ _
B" Pyrotechnics (For munitions not described above")
VALUE
Munition (Container) Containing 10

White Phosphorus or other
Pyrophoric Material (Le",
Spontaneously Flammable)
Munition Containing A Flame 6

or Incendiary Material (Le",
Napalm, Triethlaluminum Metal
Incendiaries)
Flares,Signals, Simulators 4
Pyrotechnics (Select the largest single value) o

What evidence do you have regarding pyrotechnics? _-1lNll.OLlN~E~ _
C" Bulk High Explosives (Not an integral part of conventional ordnance; uncontainerized")
VALUE
Primary or Initiating Explosives 10

(Lead Styphnate, Lead Azide,
Nitroglycerin, Mercury Azide,
Mercury Fulminate, Tetracene, etc")
Demolition Charges 10
Secondary Explosives 8
(PETN, Compositions A, B, C,
Tetryl, TNT, RDX, HMX, HBX,
Black Powder, etc)
Military Dynamite 6
Less Sensitive Explosives 3
(Ammonium Nitrate, Explosive D, etc")
High Explosives (Select the largest single value) _0_
What evidence do you have regarding bulk explosives? _.rNi\O.!!N~E~ _
D" Bulk Propellants (Not an integral part of rockets, guided missiles, or other conventional ordnance;
uncontainerized)
VALUE
Solid or Liquid Propellants 6
Propellants ~O'--_
What evidence do you have regarding bulk propellants?"_-elN.\"O![N!!!E~ _

E. Chemical Warfare Material and Radiological Weapons
VALUE
Toxic Chemical Agents 25

(Choking, Nerve, Blood, Blister)
War Gas Identification Sets 20
Rad iolog leal 15
Riot Control Agents 5

(Vomiting, Tear)
Chemical and Radiological (Select the largest single value) _0_
What evidence do you have of chemical/radiological OE?_....!N"'O"'N"'",E _
================================================================================
TOTAL HAZARD SEVERITY VALUE _0_

(Sum of Largest Values for A through E--Maxlmum of 61)
Apply this value to Table 1 to determine Hazard Severity Category.
TABLE 1
HAZARD SEVERITY*
Description Category Hazard Severity Value
CATASTROPHIC 21 and greater
CRITICAL II 10 to 20
MARGINAL III 5 to 9
NEGLIGIBLE IV 1 to 4
**NONE o
- - - - - - - - - - - - _ . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -*.
Apply Hazard Severity Category to Table 3.
**If Hazard Severity Value is 0, you do not need to complete Part II. Proceed to Part III and use a RAC
Score of 5 to determine your appropriate action.

Part II. Hazard Probability. The probability that a hazard has been or will be created due to the presence
and other rated factors of unexploded ordnance or explosive materials on a formerly used DOD site.
AREA. EXTENT, ACCESSIBILITY OF OE HAZARD

(Circle all values that apply)
A. Locations of OE Hazards
VALUE
On the surface 5
Within Tanks, Pipes, Vessels 4

or Other confined locations.
Inside walls, ceilings, or other 3

parts of Buildings or Structures.
Subsurface 2
Location (Select the single largest value)
What evidence do you have regarding location of OE? _
B. Distance to nearest inhabited locations or structures likely to be at risk from OE hazard (roads, parks,
playgrounds, and buildings).
VALUE
Less than 1250 feet 5
1250 feet to 0.5 miles 4
05 miles to 1.0 mile 3
10 mile to 20 miles 2
Over 2 miles 1
Distance (Select the single largest value)
What are the nearest inhabited structures? _

C. Number of buildings within a 2 mile radius measured from the OE hazard area, not the installation
boundary.
VALUE
26 and over 5
16 to 25 4
11 to 15 3
6 to 10 2
1 to 5 1
o o
Number of Buildings (Select the single largest value)
Narrative _
D Types of BUildings (within a 2 mile radius)

VALUE
Educational, Child Care, Residential, Hospitals, 5

Hotels, Commercial, Shopping Centers
Industrial, Warehouse, etc. 4
Agricultural, Forestry, etc. 3
Detention, Correctional 2
No Buildings o
Types of Buildings (Select the largest single value)
Describe types of buildings in the area. _
RAe Worksheet ~ Page 5

E. Accessibility to site refers to access by humans to ordnance and explosive wastes. Use the following
guidance:
BARRIER VALUE
No barrier or security system 5
Barrier is incomplete (e.g., in disrepair or does not 4

completely surround the site). Barrier is intended to
deny egress from the site, as for a barbed wire fence
for grazing.
A barrier, (any kind of fence in good repair) but no 3

separate means to control entry. Barrier is intended
to deny access to the site.
Security guard, but no barrier 2
Isolated site 1
A 24-hour surveillance system (e.g., o

television monitoring or surveillance
by guards or facility personnel) which
continuously monitors and controls entry
onto the facility; or
An artificial or natural barrier (e.g.,
a fence combined with a cliff), which
completely surrounds the facility; and
a means to control entry, at all times,
through the gates or other entrances to
the facility (e.g., an attendant, television
monitors, locked entrances, or controlled
roadway access to the facility).
Accessibility (Select the single largest value)
Describe the site accessibility. _
F. Site Dynamics - This deals with site conditions that are subject to change in the future, but may be
stable at the present. Examples would be excessive soil erosion by beaches or streams, increasing land
development that could reduce distances from the site to inhabitated areas or otherwise increase
accessability.
VALUE
Expected 5
None Anticipated o
Site Dynamics (Select largest value)
Describe the site dynamics. _

TOTAL HAZARD PROBABILITY VALUE
(Sum of Largest Values for A through f--Maximum of 30)
Apply this value to Hazard Probability Table 2 to determine
Hazard Probability Level.
TABLE 2
HAZARD PROBABILITY
Description Level Hazard Probability Value
fREQUENT A 27 or greater
PROBABLE B 21 to 26
OCCASIONAL C 15 to 20
REMOTE D 8 to 14
IMPROBABLE E less than 8
• Apply Hazard Probability Level to Table 3.

Part III. Risk Assessment. The risk assessment value for this site is determined using the following
Table 3. Enter with the results of the hazard probability and hazard severity values.
TABLE 3
Probability FREQUENT PROBABLE OCCASIONAL REMOTE IMPROBABLE

Level ABC D E
Severity
Category:
CATASTROPHIC I 1 2 3 4
CRITICAL II 1 2 3 4 5
MARGINAL III 2 3 4 4 5
NEGLIGIBLE IV 3 4 4 5 5
RAC 1 Expedite INPR, recommending further action by CEHNC - Call CEHNC-OE-AI commercial
205-895-1595.
RAG 2 High priority on completion of INPR - Recommend further action by CEHNC
RAC 3 Complete INPR - Recommend further action by CEHNC.
RAC 4 Complete INPR - Recommend further action by CEHNC.
RAC 5 Usually indicates that no further action (NOFA) is necessary. Submit NOFA and RAC to
CEHNC.
================================================================================
Part IV. Narrative. Summarize the documented evidence that supports this risk assessment. If no
documented evidence was available, explain all the assumptions that you made.
THERE HAS BEEN MUCH CONSTRUCTION ON THIS SITE. NO RECORDS OF ANY OE

EVER BEING FOUND OR REPORTED.

U. S. ARMY ENGINEERING AND SUPPORT CENTER, HUNTSVillE C03DC048401 CORPS OF ENGINEERS
DESIGN REVIEW COMMENTS PROJECT Fort Reno Washinoton D.C.
o SITE DEV 0 MECHANICAL 0 SAFETY 0 SYSTEMS ENG
o ENVIR PROT&UTIL 0 MFG TECHNOLOGY 0 ADV TECH 0 VALUE ENG REVIEW ASR5A68-97 OE
o ARCHITECTURAL 0 ELECTRICAL 0 ESTIMATING Il!I DE-AI DATE 5 June 1997 TYPE
o STRUCTURAL 0 INST & CONTROLS 0 SPECIFICATIONS NAME 1:$111 McPherson (b-l b9b)
ITEM DRAWING NO. COMMENT ACTION
OR REFERENCE
1 C&R,3.1 Nonconcur with the recommended RAC 2 for this site. 1. Comment noted.
2. General There are no physical remains of the fort remaining. The fort was completely
destroyed for the construction of the water reservoir. The area where the 2. Comments noted.
associated battery was is now a residential area. There are no OE hazards
remaining at this site due to extensive construction.
There is no evidence that there were AAA guns on site with the two Battalion
Headquarters, only an assumption.
There are no reports of OE ever being located on this site. During Comment noted.
construction of the water reservoir and other buildings and homes, there is no
documented reports that OE was uncovered.
3. Concur.
3. General Recommend no further action in regards to OE be accomplished on this site.
4. General Attached is an updated RAC form A RAC score of 5 NOFA has been assigned 4. Comment noted.
to this site.
Randal Curtis
CEMVS-EC-P
314-331-8786
ACTION CODES: W· WITHDRAWN
A • ACCEPTED/CONCUR N - NON-CONCUR
D .. ACTION DEFERRED VE . VE POTENTIALIVEP ATTACHED
CEHNC FORM 7 (ReVised) 1 Jul 96 PAGE 1 OF 1
PREVIOUS EDITIONS OF THIS FORM ARE OBSOLETE
m
us Army Corps
of Engineers
HUNTSVILLE ENGINEERING
SUPPORT CENTER
Defense Environmental Restoration Program

for
Form'erly Used Defense Sites
Ordnance and Explosives
ARCHIVES SEARCH REPORT
AAA Site Fort Reno
Washington, D.C.
Prepared by
US ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
ST. LOUIS DISTRICT
March 1997
APPENDIX N
REPORT DISTRIBUTION LIST
Appendix N - Report Distribution List

II"I!I ARCHIVES SEARCH REPORT - FINDINGS

March 1997
REPORT DISTRIBUTION LIST
Addressee No. Copies
Commander, U.S. Army Engineering Support Center 2

Huntsville, ATTN: CEHNC-OE
P.O. Box 1600
Huntsville, Alabama 35807-4301
Commander, U.S. Army Engineer District, Baltimore 1

ATTN: CENAB-EN-HN
P. O. Box 1715
Baltimore, MD 21203-1715
Project Manager Chemical Demilitarization, Non-Stockpile 1

ATTN: SFAE-CD-NM
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5401
Commander, U.S. Army Chemical & Biological Defense Command 1

ATTN: AMSCB-CIH, Bldg. E5183
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5423
U.S. Army Technical Center for Explosives Safety 1

ATTN: SIOAC-ESL
Savanna,IL61074-9639
Appendix N
M - Report Distribution List
Page M-l
N
.....
"'"
March 1997
PLATES
N
PLATE
AAA SITE FORT RENO
WASHINGTON D.C.
DERP-FUDS ·C03DC048401
VICINITY MAP
NOT TO SCALE PROJ. DATEa DATE OF MAPa 1995
31-MAR-1997 13:40
FEATURE ~Tl RE
NO. ;Cf IPTION
I
1•' TwO UNDERCROUND RESERVOIRS. EACH
, APPROXIMATELY 375 FEET BY 200 FEET.
I
2.( TWO WATER TOWERS AND OTHER BUILDINGS

I
3.', ALICE DEAL JUNIOR HICH SCHOOL
4.! FOUR GROUND SCARS
LEGEND
c::b PROJECT BOUNDARY
I
c::o FEATURE LOCATION
c::o AAA SITE FORT RENO
PLATE 2
AAA SITE FORT RENO
WASHINGTON D.C.
DERP-FUDS ·C03DC048401
1955 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH
NOT TO SCALE PROJ. DATEI DATE OF PHOTOI 1955
3HAAR-1997 14;00

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Defense Environmental Restoration Program

ARCHIVES SEARCH REPORT

AAA Fort Reno

FINAL – 20 SEPTEMBER 2006

CEHNC-OE-CX 20 September 2006

MEMORANDUM FOR Commander, US Army Engineering District, Baltimore

SUBJECT: Defense Environmental Restoration Program, Formerly Used Defense Sites,

3. A RAC 5 will be entered into FUDSMIS by CEHNC.

4. The District needs to ensure ASR is entered into P1RS.

FOR THE DIRECTOR:

IiiIiiIJ AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D. C.

u.s. Anny Corps of Engineers

The following individuals comprised the archive search team:

Name Phone Number CELMS- Position

IiiIiiI AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D.C.

1.0 INTRODUCTION Page 1-1

2.0 PREVIOUS SITE INVESTIGATIONS Page 2-1

3.0 SITE DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 3-1

4.0 SITE HISTORY Page 4-1

5.0 REAL ESTATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 5-1

6.0 SITE INSPECTION Page 6-1

7.0 EVALUATION OF ORDNANCE POTENTIAL ................................................... Page 7-1

8.0 TECHNICAL DATA OF ORDNANCE AND EXPLOSIVES .............................. Page 8-1

9.0 EVALUATION OF OTHER SITE INFORMATION............................................ Page 9-1

B ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS AND BREVITY CODES

E LETTERS / MEMORANDUMS / MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS

F REAL ESTATE DOCUMENTS

G NEWSPAPER / JOURNALS..........................................................Not Used

I PRESENT SITE PHOTOGRAPHS

J HISTORICAL PHOTOGRAPHS.....................................................Not Used

K HISTORICAL MAPS / DRAWINGS

L SITE SPECIFIC SAFETY AND HEALTH PLAN / SITE INSPECTION REPORT

N REPORT DISTRIBUTION LIST

1 AAA Site Fort Reno - Vicinity Map

IIiIiiI AAA Site Fort Reno· Washington, D.C.

In 1986, Congress established the Defense Environmental Restoration Program (DERP) at 10

IiiIiiIJ AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D.C.

- A brief history of AAA Site Fort Reno

IIiIiiIJ AAA Site Fort Reno -. Washington, D. C.

2.0 PREVIOUS SITE INVESTIGATIONS

2.1 CORPS OF ENGINEERS DOCUMENTS

2.2 OTHER REPORTS

Section 2 - Previous 'Site Investigations

IiiIiiII AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D.C.

3.0 SITE DESCRlYfION

3.1 LAND USE

3.1.2 Prior Site Use

3.1.3 Present Site Use

3.2 CUMATIC DATA

Section 3 - Site Description

IIi&iiIJ AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington. D. C.

June 65.0 84.0 74.5 3.19 8.9 S

July 69.9 87.9 78.9 3.85 8.2 S

September 62.0 80.1 71.1 3.29 8.3 S

October 49.7 68.9 59.3 2.92 8.7 SSW

December 31.2 46.6 38.9 3.14 9.6 NW

Annual 48.5 66.5 57.5 38.85 9.4 S

Section 3 - Site Description

IiiIiiIJ AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D.C.

3.3 GEOLOGY AND SOILS

3.3.1 Geology and Physiology

Section 3 - Site Description

IIiIiiI AAA Site Fort Reno - Washington, D.C.