Report

WILDLIFE TRACKING AND MONITORING SYSTEM
` ABSTRACT
The international trade of endangered species - from tigers and rhinos to birds and
butterflies - is second only to drug trafficking as the biggest source of illicit money worldwide.
Wildlife crime syndicates operate all over Asia. As foreign as it may sound, animal theft,
especially with endangered species, is quite common
Our project aims at tracking animals and collecting precious data from the animal
by belting the animal. The collar will consist of a GPS receiver which will give us exact location
of the animal. Along with this it will also have the presence of three sensors that are temperature
sensor, ambient sensor and accelerometer. These details will be then transmitted wirelessly to
the base station via static node. The entire details will be presented in a front end of a remote pc
using VB.
Along with helping the researchers with the animal’s body parameters, our system
additionally has the presence of human sensor placed on the static node which would not be
made of any camera system and hence would be robust and low cost. This would thus reduce the
rising fatalities in a human animal conflict and also drastically reduce zoo thefts.
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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
2
When Rudyard Kipling wrote "The Jungle Book," between 40,000 and 50,000 tigers
roamed the countryside. Most estimates put the total of wild tigers remained in India closer to
only 1400 according to the recent count taken by the Governmental organization and some Non
Governmental organization. Tiger head, elephant tusk, rhino horns are the most traded
business. The present condition of these animals thus needs to be checked.
India has about half the world's wild tiger population. But seven of the country's 28
tiger reserves barely sustain a breeding population, and in one, the Sariska Tiger Reserve in
Rajasthan, a three-hour drive from Delhi, no one has seen a tiger since 2004. Wildlife experts
believe poachers killed the preserve's entire population. Along with tiger there are many such
species fighting for their survival. Depletion of habitat has resulted in animals coming closer to
human contact thus resulting to fatalities and loss of human life.
Neither are these animal safe in the enclosure facing constant threats of zoo thefts
which is increasing on a large scale. Prevention of zoo thefts and a regular need to check the
animal thus results in the need to develop our system, as regularly tranquilizing the animal for its
check is not feasible and can result in the death of the animal.
Our system has the presence of a tracking device helping to understand the exact
nature of animal’s locomotive habits and also measure its body parameters like temperature.
Ambient light and grazing habits to which the animal is subjected is also done by our system.
A study of these parameters will help the biologists save the mammal in a better and efficient
manner. The basic need in the transmission of this data is the range. The wildlife environment is
not present with infrastructure facilities. Thus it is necessary to have the presence of systems that
do not depend on these infrastructures like communication towers and hence other substitutes
like RF transmission are used instead for the same. We are using static nodes in between the
dynamic node and base station to increase the range.
Also the valuable aspect present is the human sensor on the static node which will
detect presence of human in an area of about 10 meters. This would help curbing the poaching
activity and zoo thefts responsible for a tremendous fall in the tiger count, also if the animal
ncroaches any human habitat our system would raise an alarm helping save human life as well
as life of an animal.
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Chapter 2
LITERATURE
SURVEY
4
The basic motivation for our project is the decreasing count of tiger and other wild
species. Previous chapter gave a brief introduction about the basic need of this project. In this
chapter we will study the existing system available and limitations of the primitive techniques.
Also we will see the components in our system and its advantages.
The primitive method of tracking started with human observers [13] using binoculars
and camera to keep a track of an animal, but these method are not only obsolete but also risk the
life of human being with no precise information and also disturbs the habitat of the animal [1]
[14].
FIG 2.1 Obsolete Techniques
Later some devices which give out radio signals were put on the animal and researchers
tracked it with an antenna (on foot or air), however it had certain major limitations like:
1. Infrequent Data Collection
2. Day light
3. Difficult for species which avoid human contact
The other advances in the field of animal tracking led to systems like Ear tags,
Branding, Visual tags, Bar codes, Radio frequency identification implants, RFID tags [1] [3].
Each of these technologies suffers shortcomings with respect to retention, alterability
and ease of use. Ear tags, RFID tags, visual tag are subjected to retention problem as animal can
snag and break the tags fences, trees or other obstruction. Moreover tags, brands and tattoos can
be altered [4] [5].
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Wildcense project [12] [14] [15] [16] [17] by DA-IICT is the only project in the Indian
Wildlife having the following features:
Temperature (DS 1620) and Relative humidity sensors (SHT75)
Ambient light sensors (Taos TSL2561)
Image sensor to capture the images of the surroundings (CMOS OV9655)
GPS receiver to pinpoint exact location
Transceivers (MaxStream Xbee Pro)
Micro-controller – ATMEL AVR series
Power requirements: battery, solar cells
These components however make the system costly which is one of the important factors
to be considered. We aim at producing the same by reducing the cost and also increasing the
range.
The basic building blocks in our monitoring system hardware design are [4] [7]
1) Sensing Unit
2) Processing Unit
3) Transceiver Unit and
4) Power Unit.
They may also have additional application-dependent components such as a location
finding system.
1) The different components taken to consideration are done using an account of various
components present.
2) The basic component selection factor being a trade off between cost and functionality
3) The basic aim also being to keep the system relatively low cost.
4) A project called ‘ZebraNet’ [17] [18] system was designed by Department of Electrical
Engg. at Princeton University to track the long term animal migrations. As the project name
suggests it was used to track the position of the zebra’s .The low power GPS chip is deployed as
the sensor to record the position data of the zebras.
5) Similarly the great duck island project and the WILDCENSE project [6] [10] [11] aims at
tracking the animal.
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6) The packaging constraint of the belt has to be specially taken care of while designing the
entire system.
2.1 Sensing Unit
The Sensor unit senses, or detects a signal or physical condition with incorporation of
sensors. The processing unit uses the sensors data sensed by the sensors. Processing unit stores
the data, process it if necessary and transmit it to the base station. Hence the Sensor unit
translates between the physical world and the abstract world of processing unit.
Sensor may be classified in two categories according to the data transferred by them to
processing unit
1) Analog Sensor and
2) Digital Sensor.
The sensor is a kind of transducer that converts one form of energy into other form of
energy. They use the energy transferred to them converting it into analog signal or digital signal.
Sensor may be classified according to the energy transferred to them:
1. Thermal energy
2. Mechanical sensors
3. Optical and radiation sensors
4. Acoustic sensors
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2.1.1 Human Detection

The Sensor used for human detection [25] can be done using different techniques.
Technology Feature Exter Cost Human Strengths Weakness
detecte nal distinct
d size ion
Linear CCD/CMOS Vision - - - price Low
camera EM 0.4-1.1um resolution
USB camera CCD/CMOS Vision + + ++ Cost/ Resolution
EM 0.4-1.1um Performanc
e
Stereo vision CCD/CMOS Vision/ ++ ++ ++ Vision+dist Expensive
EM 0.4-1.1um distance info
Infrared CCD/CMOS Heat ++ +++ +++ Human Price
camera EM 7-14um distinction
Pyroelectric CCD/CMOS Body - - ++ Price, Motion
EM 7-14um Heat Human detection
distinction
Thermopile CCD/CMOS Heat - - + Price Avg temp
EM 5.5-13um
Table2.1: Comparison of different human detection devices
The reason for utilizing pir is that it is efficient detector for human presence. It is a very
cheap and commonly used device in robotics, because the interface with the controller is very
easy. With a Fresnel lens it can detect a person several meters away and it is not dependent on
external light. The advantages of this device are its whole built-in electronic package, small size
and the ease of interface with its digital output. The other options present are also high end in
terms of costs with no distinct human identification.
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2.1.2 The Temperature Sensor

Some of the commercially available temperature sensors IC’s have been studied on the
basis of their key features like supply voltage, supply current, package, range of temperature they
can measure etc.
The temperature sensors can be classified broadly in two categories Contact Sensors and
non-contact Sensors. Contact temperature sensors are required to be in contact of the object to
measure its temperature and no contact temperature sensors measure the thermal radiant power
of the Infrared or Optical radiation that they receive from a known or calculated area on its
surface. In the present work there is requirement of contact type of temperature sensor to
measure the temperature of the mammal.
The table shown below presents the different temperature sensor ICs and their different
parametric comparisons helping to decide the selection of suitable temperature sensor [23] [24].
Characteristic AD7818 LM94022 NE1617A DS1620 LM 35D

ADC Bits 10 0 8 9 0
Temperature -55-125 -50-150 0-125 -55-125 0-100

Range (in deg)
Supply Current 2mA 5.4uA 70mA 1mA 10Ua
Supply Voltage 2.7-5.5v 1.5-5.5v 3-5.5v 2.7-5.5v 3-15v
Conversion 9ms 170ms 750ms 50us
Time
Table 2.2: Comparison of different temperature sensors

2.1.3 Accelerometer
Acceleration is a measure of how quickly speed changes. Just as a speedometer is a
meter that measures speed, an accelerometer is a meter that measures acceleration [27].
You can use an accelerometer's ability to sense acceleration to measure a variety of things
that are very useful to electronic and robotic projects and designs like acceleration, tilt and tilt
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angle, incline, rotation, vibration, collision, gravity. Accelerometers are already used in a wide
variety of machines, specialized equipment and personal electronics.
The MMA7260 is low cost, low power, complete 3-axis accelerometers, and faster response
than Electrolytic, Mercury or Thermal Tilt Sensors. With many methods of measuring physical
activity of a mammal the one described to measure the random activity of an animal is the
accelerometer. Improved Sleep-Wake and Behavior Discrimination Using MEMS
Accelerometers
Table2.3: Comparison of different accelerometers
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2.1.4 Ambient Light Sensor

The locomotory behavior of an animal makes it subjected to varied atmospheric
conditions. A study as well as the knowledge of these conditions is required by the biologists to
ensure that the animal stays in the correct atmospheric conditions. Light plays a very important
role in this case hence a study as well as data acquisition of this parameter is required. The light
dependent resistor is a low cost option as compared to other ambient light sensors such as
TSL2561 to measure the ambient light as it uses the internal ADC of processing unit for its data
retrieval. The LDR changes its resistance as per the changes in the value of the ambient light and
hence a pre-calibration of the count has to be done as per the requisite. An entire graphical
analysis of the data received by this sensor will help us conclude the kind of atmosphere the
animal requires.
2.1.5 Global Positioning System

GPS space system includes 24 satellites, 11,000 nautical miles above the Earth, which
take 12 hours each to go around the Earth once (one orbit). They are positioned so that we can
receive signals from six of them nearly 100 percent of the time at any point on Earth. This
precision timing is important because the receiver must determine exactly how long it takes for
signals to travel from each GPS satellite. The receiver uses this information to calculate its
position. The first GPS satellite was launched in 1978. The first 10 satellites were developmental
satellites, called Block I. From 1989 to 1993, 23 production satellites, called Block II, were
launched. The launch of the 24th satellite in 1994 completed the system [2] [9] [26].
FIG 2.2 GPS Satellite
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A network of satellites that continuously transmit coded information, which makes it possible to
precisely identify locations on earth by measuring distance from the satellite.
As stated in the definition above, GPS stands for Global Positioning System, and refers to a
group of U.S. Department of Defense satellites constantly circling the earth. The satellites
transmit very low power radio signals allowing anyone with a GPS receiver to determine their
location on Earth.
The frame format received from the GPS receiver would be [2] [9]:
$GPGGA,002153.000,3342.6618,N,11751.3858,W,1,10,1.2,27.0,M,-34.2,M,,0000*5E
The entire frame format here has different parameters present describing the time, speed, latitude
and longitude.
We need to extract the data of our concern from this chunk of data and hence the processing
system here works to get the value of latitude and longitude and this value is then plotted as per
the requirement on the front end of the remote PC
Table2.4: Frame format of GPS
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2.2 The Controller Section

A Microcontroller is a miniature computer. It is an Integrated Chip (IC) that has a
Central Processing Unit (CPU), Random Access Memory (RAM), Read Only Memory (ROM)
and other components that are also present in a computer. It has been used in the system as a
Processing unit.
Microchip’s PIC is used for educational purpose, but it is not applicable where energy
is crucial. 8051 is available from anyone anywhere, but has low performance. Other
microcontrollers like Motorola’s MC68HC908, Dallas’s DS80C310 and Texas Instrument’s
MSP430 are more popular for an industrial application subject to their sizes where an industrial
infrastructure is available. Besides, for such a proof-of-concept model flexibility to make design
changes is important [22].
Characteristic Atmega 32L DS80C310 MC68HC908 AT89C52

Bits 8 8 8 8
Flash 32K 16 K 32,256B 8K
RAM 1K 256 B 512 B 2K
ADC 8 bit 0 0 0
Timers 3 3 2 3
Operating
Voltage 2.7-5.5 V 4-5.5 V 3-5.5v 3-6.6 V
Table2.5: Comparison of different controllers
Atmel’s AVR series are popular for their low power consumption, which is a critical
factor when choosing a microcontroller for wildlife system. These IC’s are easily available and
can be found in DIP packages; hence Atmel’s AVR series ATmega32 and ATmega32L are the
best choice. ATmega32L has been selected in the present work as it is of low cost.
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2.3 Transceiver Unit

The DYNAMIC NODE has to communicate with each other as well to the base station
wirelessly. Wireless communication requires a transceiver, which transmit the data from slave
mote to master mote or vice versa and between the slave mote if requires. Basically this unit is
combination of transmitter and the receiver.
The selection of commercially available transceivers can be done on the basis of their key
features like type of modulation, carrier frequency, operating voltage, throughput, transmitted
power, current in receiving/transmitting mode etc. One more important factor
The FSK 434 MHz Transceiver module is used for wireless transmission for distance
over 100m [28]. Some of its features are,
1. High sensitivity.
2. Data rate: 9600kbps.
3. FSK modulation.
2.4 Comparison of Different Ic’s
Table2.6: Different ICs comparison
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Before implementing the hardware over the PCB there is need to select IC’s for each subsystem.
The criterion for the selection of an IC’s to design the system is based on
1. Size,
2. IC’s Features,
3. Resources,
4. Cost and
5. Availability.
IC’s can be differentiated on the basis of their Packaging. Advantage of using the DIP
packages is that the general-purpose printed circuit board can be used for designing the circuit
initially, to carryout testing
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Chapter3
BLOCK DIAGRAM
16
This chapter deals with the detailed block diagram of our system. It consists of a
dynamic node i.e. collar belt, static node and the receiver node. The collar belt is a stack of
different sensors attached on the animal collar. The dynamic node would thus be extracting the
different data from the animal, thus detailing a biologist with the health and behavioral details of
an animal. The entire belt is a built up of different blocks, each block assigned with a certain
task, the sensors present sense the physical data of an animal and convert it into a voltage value
and sends it to the CPU.
DYNAMIC NODE
(BELT)
STATIC NODE
STATIC NODE
STATIC NODE
VB
RECEIVER
NODE
FRONT END
FIG3.1: General Block Diagram
This is the general block diagram of our project in which the data is transmitted from the
dynamic node (ie the belt) to the static node wirelessly then the data will be routed to the base
station and displayed on a VB front end.
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`
ACCELEROMETER
TEMPERATURE SENSOR AMBIENT LIGHT SENSOR
LOCATION
CONTROLLER TRACKING UNIT
RF TRANSMITTER
FIG3.2: Proposed Block Diagram Of The Dynamic Node
The entire block diagram shows the BELT which is going to be placed on the animal. We are
calling it as the collar as it will be attached to the collar (Neck) of the animal.
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RF RECEIVER
CONTROLLER HUMAN
SENSOR
RF TRANSMITTER
FIG3.3: Proposed Block Diagram Of Static Node
This is the static node which is going to receive the data from the dynamic node and transmit it
to the base station. This node consists of a major part called as the HUMAN DETECTION part
which will detect the presence of the human and then transmit it to the base station .
RF RECEIVER
CONTROLLER
MAX232 TO PC
FIG3.4: Proposed Block Diagram of Receiver Node
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The figure shows the block diagram of the receiver node that will be the base station which
receives the signals from the static node and this data will be given to the PC.
3.1 Methodology
The entire block diagram shows the presence of two parts
1) The collar
2) The remote data retrieval end (PC)
3.1.1 Collar:
1. The collar consists of a compact system consisting of a controller and the peripherals
connected to it.
2. These peripherals are the data monitoring systems.
3. The different data under consideration are Temperature, Ambient light and Accelerometer.
4. This data is very useful as well as important to help know the animal’s habits and also
increase in animal care helping the biologists save the animal.
5. The presence of the GPS receiver on the belt helps in for the study of the locomotive
behavior of the animal.
6. The NMEA format of data retrieved from GPS engine is given for the controller to take
action and thus help in to get the LATITUDE and LONGITUDE.
7. The presence of temperature sensor results in to get the valuable data of temperature which
helps to know the animal’s well being and breeding information.
8. Knowing the surrounding favorable for the animal is very important and hence we have the
presence of ambient light sensor. Such a sensor helps us know the kind of atmosphere the animal
prefers hence we introduce the presence of ambient sensor.
9. The Grazing Habits are taken check by the presence of the Accelerometer. This will tell
us the amount of time the animal has his food thus an animals ill health would be recognized
10. There is also the presence of human sensor helping in to alarm the presence of human nearby
thus reducing the amount of zoo theft to a greater extent.
11. The values from these sensors are taken and given to the central system of controller
12. The controller takes this data and processes the same to send it wirelessly to a distant
computer
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3.1.2 The Remote Data Retrieval End (PC)

1. The data would move from the collar to the PC as and when requisite by the user
2. The distant computer would be equipped with a VB front end to help extract the data
received in a more efficient manner
3. This front end of the PC would be password protected to make sure only an authorized
person can have access for the same
4. Along with the tracking parameters a general details of the animal is also required for the
biologists, a provision for the same has been made by including these parameters on a separate
form in the front end.
5. Having a detailed front end with the necessary details of the animal will help the biologists
know all the parameters of the animal so that they can help ensure the safety of the animal and
thus conserve them.
6. The detailed data of the animal goes to the database wherein a biologist can refer to the data
anytime required and thus know the previous history of the animal.
7. Knowing the other general details of the animal can help know the vaccine and other medical
details of the animal thus helping us manage the entire sanctuary with minimum human
resources.
8. Thus a remote retrieval end would mean having in hand details of all the necessary
parameters of the animal. Thus helping us get the detail statistical analysis of the animal and
accordingly help us make any changes in its habitat if required.
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Chapter 4
DESIGN
AND
IMPLEMENTATION
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The design implementation of the entire system can be divided in two sections
1. Hardware Development
2. Software Development
Hardware implementation concerns with the integration of the devices on the PCB, which give a
physical realization for the sensor motes [29] [30].
While software implementation describes the firmware, which makes them to interact with each
other [19] [20] [21] [31].
4.1 The hardware development
The hardware end of the collar contains the following component:
1. Temperature sensor
2. Ambient light sensor
3. Accelerometer
4. GPS
5. Controller
6. Transceiver
7. Power Supply
4.1.1 The AVR interface to GPS
Use of the USART (The Universal Synchronous and Asynchronous serial Receiver and
Transmitter) interrupt for interface between AVR and GPS is done, the USART transmit and
receive serial data by TxD and RxD respective its used in Asynchronous mode transfer data with
baud rate is 4800bps and has frame format 1 start bit, 8bits data and 1 stop bit.
For the GPS, it operate in Full-time operation mode for transfer data 124bytes per second
and setup the periodical output data, there are Position data, Date/Time data, GPS satellite
information and Error index information
The GPS Receiver that we are using is MR-87.MR-87 is a compact, high performance, and
low power consumption GPS engine board. MR-87 can track up to 32 satellites at a time in low
signal environments. It is suitable for portable electronic devices such as automotive navigation
devices, handheld navigation devices, mobile phones, and other GPS applications.
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Fig4.1: Pin Description of GPS
Fig4.2: Schematic of GPS with ATmega32
The circuit diagram above shows the GPS engine connected to the AVR by a USART
connection. Thus the data coming serially gets processed here and hence we get the latitude and
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longitude values from the AVR. The data from GPS has different parameters varying from
latitude, longitude, and other dilution of precision and time. We utilize the required data by
processing the specific string in the data.
FIG 4.3: GPS Active Antenna

Features of GPS antenna:
• High Gain
• Low Noise
• Small Size
• Water resistant/ weatherproof
The Antenna helps to receive the data by the receiver and thus the data is finally used by the
controller to extract the required format.
GPS Active Antenna Specification (Recommended)
Frequency: 1575.42+2 MHz
Axial Ratio: 3 dB Typical
Output Impedance: 50
Polarization: RHCP
Amplifier Gain: 20~26dB Typical
Output VSWR: 2.0 Max.
Noise Figure: 2.0 dB Max.
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4.1.2 Human Detection
Fig4.4: Circuit Diagram for HUMAN SENSOR

The PIR sensor gives a value which needs to be amplified to give the signal to the AVR.
This is done using the amplification system shown above. This signal is then given to a dual shot
multivibrator and then finally to the controller.
An increase in the range is achieved using a fresnel lens attached mechanically in front of
the PIR [21].
Fig4.5: Human identification through thermal mapping
26
The diagram above shows the human detection done on the basis of thermal mapping with the
range enhancement done using Fresnel lens.
With the human being coming closer to the motion detector the sensor shows a change in the
output value. This change being not specific to human movements to make it so one needs to
keep the range restricted to 10-14um and this is to be done using a cutoff lens.
4.1.3 Temperature Sensing
Fig4.6: Temperature sensor interface
The temperature sensing circuit shows the presence of LM35D interfaced with atmega32
controller. The temperature sensor is directly interfaced to Atmega because controller contains
an inbuilt ADC. This is an advantage as compared to other lower controllers. Use of the inbuilt
ADC is done here to extract the data. The range of LM35D is sufficient enough to calculate the
temperature of the animal hence under use. The inbuilt ADC of the controller has a 10 bit of
precision which we are utilizing. The conversion of ADC is done well within 50us. The
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conversion is done for two or three times after which the converted data is stored in the
controller and later transmitted.
4.1.4 Ambient Light Sensing
Fig4.7: Ambient light sensor interface
The ambient light sensing circuit shows the presence of an low cost light dependent resistor
interfaced with atmega32 controller. The LDR sensor is directly interfaced to atmega because
controller contains an inbuilt ADC. This is an advantage as compared to other lower controllers.
Use of the inbuilt ADC is done here to extract the data from this analog sensor. The range LDR
is sufficient enough to calculate the ambient light in which the animal stays. The inbuilt ADC of
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the controller has a 10 bit of precision which we are utilizing. The conversion of ADC is done
well within 50us. The conversion is done for two or three times after which the converted data is
stored in the controller and later transmitted.
4.1.5 Accelerometer
Fig4.8: Accelerometer-ATmega interface
The use of MMA7260 is done here to measure three axis acceleration. Thus a
complete gist of the grazing or the hunting activity of the animal is known. This data gets logged
in the controller section only after a particular degree of leaning is done. The data from the
accelerometer moves to the controller and finally a decision is taken as to either send it to the RF
or refrain the data .this decision is to be taken by coding.
Knowing the grazing activity is essential as biologists need to know the adaptability
of the animal and the amount of nourishment the animal is to be subjected to.
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4.1.6 RF Data Transceiver:

RF transceiver is the core of the wireless transmission system. RF transceiver used is
“RF Model: 1174”. This module is manufactured by the “SUNROM Technologies”. RF
transmitter module is placed at the DYNAMIC NODE, while the RF receiver module is placed at
the RECEIVER NODE.
RF modem can be used for applications that need two way wireless data transmission.
It features high data rate (9600 bps fixed) and longer transmission distance (100mts). The
communication protocol is self controlled and completely transparent to user interface. The
module can be embedded to current design so that wireless communication can be set up easily.
Fig4.9: RF Transceiver
Features:
· Automatic switching between TX and RX mode.
· FSK technology, half duplex mode, robust to interference.
· 433 MHz band, no need to apply frequency usage license.
· Protocol translation is self controlled, easy to use.
· High sensitivity, long transmission range.
· Standard UART interfaces TTL (3-5V) logic level.
· Very reliable, small size, easier mounting.
· No tuning required, PLL based self tuned.
· Error checking (CRC) of data.
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Specifications:
Name Min. Typ. Max Unit
Working Voltage 4.5 5 9 V
Frequency of Operation 433.92 MHz
Output RF Power 0 dBm
Typical Operating Range 100 meters
UART Baud rate (9600, 8 bit data, no parity, 1 stop bit) 9600 bps
Table 4.1 Specifications of SUNROM transceiver

Operation:
• Module works in half-duplex mode. Means it can either transmit or receive but not both
at same time.
• Module has packet buffer of 128 bytes. When receiving 128 Bytes from the serial port, it
will send data out at once.
• If the data package received is below 128 Bytes, the module will wait for about 30 ms
and then send it. In order to send data immediately, 128 Bytes data per transmission is
necessary.
• After each transmission, module will be switched to receiver mode automatically. The
switch time is about 5ms.
• The LED for TX and RX indicates whether module is currently receiving or transmitting
data.
• The data sent is checked for CRC error if any, the transmitter sends out data up to 15
times till data is correctly received.
RFM 12 B:
RFM12B is a low costing ISM band transceiver module implemented with unique PLL.
It works signal ranges from 433/868/915MHZ bands, comply with FCC, ETSI regulation. The
SPI interface is used to communicate with microcontroller for parameter setting.
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Fig 4.10 RFM12-B

Features:
• Low costing, high performance and price ratio
• Tuning free during production
• High data rate (256 Kbps)
• Differential antenna input/output
• Automatic antenna tuning
• Programmable TX frequency deviation (from 15 to 240 KHz)
• Programmable receiver bandwidth (from 67 to 400 kHz)
• Analog and digital signal strength indicator (ARSSI/DRSSI)
• Automatic frequency control (AFC)
• Internal data filtering and clock recovery
• RX synchronous pattern recognition
• SPI compatible serial control interface
• Clock and reset signal output for external MCU use
• 16 bit RX Data FIFO
• Two 8 bit TX data registers
• Standard 10 MHz crystal reference
• Wakeup timer
• 2.2V – 3.8V power supply
• Low power consumption
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• Standby current less than 0.3uA

• Supports very short packets (down to 3 bytes)
4.1.7 Power Unit
The limitations of the system can be discussed in terms of the Power, which is to be
considered as the crucial factor in deployment of the collar as they should remain unattended in
some applications. So it must have sufficient power to maximize working a long time. Generally
the battery is source of power in the collar.
The batteries can be classified in two categories Chargeable and Rechargeable. They are
also classified according to electrochemical material used for electrode such as NiCd, NiZn,
AgZn, NiMh, and Lithium-Ion. Panasonic and Duracell’s Alkaline, Nickel cadmium, Lead Acid
batteries are commonly used in day-to-day life and easily available in the market.
Following a algorithm developed by K.A. Cook and A.M. Sastry, University of
Michigan, a suitable choice in the present application can be interpreted. The alkaline battery of
Duracell has been selected.
Fig4.11: The power supply system
Table below shows a comparison of Panasonic and Duracell’s batteries on the basis of voltage,
capacity, geometry and volumetric density etc.
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Table4.2: Comparison of batteries
4.2 The Software Development

The software part deals in programming the microcontroller so that it can control the
operation of the IC’s used in the implementation. In the present work we have used the
PROTEUS [21] design software for PCB layout design, the WinAVR [19] [20] [29] [30]
software development tool to write and compile the source code, which has been written in the C
language. The AVRDUDE [19] serial device programmer has been used to write this compile
code into the microcontroller. The project also shows the presence of a VB front end [31] having
all the details of the animal received from the belt, also there will be a provision for the general
details to be kept on the front end.
34
Fig 4.12: Screen shots of VB front end
35
Chapter 5
RESULTS AND
CONCLUSION
36
Result:
The advent of electronics in the field of life sciences has been a boon to the world. The
reliability of these devices and their high scale precision is of paramount importance.
Dealing with the life of an animal, accuracy in acquisition of results to the highest possible scale
and also its error free transmission to the remote end has to be taken care of seriously.
Our result below shows us achieving the daunting task of high scale precision and
accurate transmission with the screenshots below being a proof of the reliable working of the
system, the screen shots also show the remote end giving a dynamic data change as per the
change in the collar parameters.
Also to brief up the security aspect of the system we keep the remote end password
protected, thus ensuring that only authorized users can have a look at the valuable data. This
helps ward off illegal use of this data by any malicious users.
A modular as well as complete system testing shows that the results we obtained
matched to the theoretical values. The result consists of parameters like temperature, ambient
light, grazing habits and global positioning. The data from the dynamic node moves wirelessly to
the static node and then it is wirelessly routed to base station and is displayed on a GUI. The
string of the data coming on the Graphical User Interface is as shown below,
<3, 28, 2, 7, 2, 072313.000, 1840.6276, N, 07348.0202, E>
The entire string in enclosed by a delimiting character ‘<’, ‘>’. The first data represents
LDR data shown on a scale of 0 to 9. This data is also displayed graphically on the VB front end
on a bar graph. The second data represents the temperature data of the animal. The next three
data are of accelerometer of x, y and z axis. The next data represent the data from the GPS
receiver which will also be displayed graphically on the VB front end. Also we have tested the
human detection module.
This data is send by the transmitter situated on the animal and it is received at the base
station and different data is separated out and displayed on the VB front end which shows the
data in a graphical way.
37
For the means of testing we have made use of a simulation software tool that helps us
understand the correctness of the programming
Fig 5.1: PROTEUS simulation diagram

This is the PROTEUS simulation diagram of the dynamic node. The PROTEUS
simulation results present a theoretical working of the entire system thus showing the detailed
precision of the code in terms of its working.
Fig 5.2: Output of PROTEUS simulation diagram
38
These are the theoretical values obtained from the simulation. The virtual terminal
helps us see the data appearing at the hyper terminal and it also shows the values changing with
high precision and resolution with the change in the input data.
The theoretically checked values have been practically assured in terms of its
precision. The Practical verification of the system shows its working and also the dynamic
change of data to the changing input condition. The different varying conditions have been
shown in terms of cases as below,
Case 1: Ambient Light Detection
With the change in atmospheric conditions one needs to know to what amount of light
the animal is, and also these values should dynamically change with change in atmosphere. The
scale of change is from 0 to 9 where in 0 represents complete darkness and 9 represents complete
brightness. Internal calibration of these values has to be done.
Fig 5.3: screen shot of VB with ldr data 0

Figure shows a scale of 0 in LDR textbox showing the belt is subjected to a dark condition
39
Fig 5.4: screen shot of VB with ldr data 9
Figure shows a scale of 9 in LDR textbox showing the belt is subjected to a complete
bright condition. The results obtained were in conformance with the theoretical obtained values.
The precision for the data from this low cost sensor is taken care in the software end.
40
Case 2: Temperature Detection

Any small changes in the animal health will be first reflected in the temperature of the
animal. The temperature is obtained from the 10 bit precision of the inbuilt ADC of the
controller.
Fig 5.5: screen shot of VB with temperature data 26
The data obtained on the second textbox shows the temperature of the animal. The front
end shows the temperature value being 26.
41
Fig 5.6: screen shot of VB with temperature data 32
The screen shows the temperature value being 26. The screen shot shows a different value
of temperature window thus showing that the temperature changes take place dynamically. Also
the smallest change in the temperature is shown every time the data is logged.
42
Case 3: Accelerometer changes

Any physical movement in the collar is being captured and the detailed data is being sent
to the computer this is done using a accelerometer using this will help us know when the animal
is grazing or feeding thus getting us a detailed idea of the grazing terrain present around and also
the health details of the animal.
Fig 5.7: screen shot of VB with x-axis accelerometer data
Figure shows the animal is in a state of rest or is not feeding with textbox showing a value of 2
43
Fig 5.8: screen shot of VB with x-axis accelerometer data
Figure shows the textbox with value of 9 showing the animal is grazing. These are some of
the results which have been obtained. Also there are graphical analyses of the data which are
shown on the front end.
The accelerometer data is very important as it not only helps the biologists to understand the
grazing habits of the animal but also preserve them in an artificial environment. As this is an
important parameter recorded of an animal we are showing it on a graphical scale of 0 to 9,
where 0 will represent no grazing and 9 will represent grazing. The advantage of this
accelerometer is that it can sense three axis movements.
44
Conclusion:
Wild Life monitoring seems to be a very promising field for application. Indian
zoos need to be saved from constant zoo thefts. With the use of electronically data retrieving
neither the animal is affected in its habitat nor is the life of human at risk, also the detail analysis
and health parameters are known helping the biologists take all precautionary measure to help
prevent the ill-health of the animal thus reducing the rising fatalities in the enclosure.
The transmission range of the system being about 100m has been increased by the
presence of a static node which not only increases the range but also additively acts as a human
sensor, thus increasing the features of the entire system and also acting as a cover for a reduced
range. The precision of these devices are of great concern as they deal with the life and death of
an animal. Hence preparing a low cost, precise device that stays rugged on the animal is very
important. The precision for the temperature sensor is up to 0.5 degree Celsius, the accelerometer
can sense change of about 20 degrees thus making it highly precise, and also the GPS senses
displacement of up to 2 meters. Using these belts, behavioral analysis of the animal, its body
parameters and various other measurements are done and thus ensured that the death of animal
decreases. Collaboration of electronics with wildlife will thus help save wildlife in a better and
efficient manner. Using electronics as a savior to help wildlife is the need of today s condition.
45
Chapter 6
FUTURE SCOPE
&
APPLICATIONS
46
It is evident that a lot of work and improvements in all facets of the system are required
before the ultimate goal of a miniature completely wireless Animal tracking system can be
achieved. This section seeks to detail some of the important improvements required and
recommends ways to go about implementing them.
Improvements
6.1 Power Consumption
The system in the present application monitors the real time temperature in a natural
environment. It can be configured to measure the temperature after certain interval of time that
will improve battery life and save the fair amount of power.
Power consumption of the collar is quite high for a battery-powered system. The future
goal of tiny circuitry will also require a tiny power source and tiny power consumption figures.
Thus, it is a high priority to minimize power consumption. The use of low power devices (like
MSP430) is recommended. The use of power management features with the microcontroller and
transceivers and the possible sharing of crystals between processor and transceiver should be
done. To reduce power consumptions of the GPS module and the transceiver, the power down
option should be explored.
6.2 PC Software
Much functionality could be added to the PC program i.e. Base station. Like the collar
node starts transmission only if it gets a certain character as a signal to start the transmission of
data. If the software code for slave mote should have written in the Assembly language it would
be helpful to reduce the power consumption to some extent. Besides, high quality hand crafted
assembly language programs can run much faster and use much less memory and other resources
than a similar program written in a high level language. Speed increases of two to 20 times faster
are fairly common.
6.3 Size
Size, like power consumption is required to be reduced drastically to meet future goals.
Reducing size means reducing the size and number of components used and has the added
benefit of most likely reducing power consumption. It is recommended that as much as is
possible, surface mount components with as few pins as possible be used. An investigation
47
should be conducted into the effects of removing certain functional blocks of the circuitry, to
determine whether any unnecessary components/functional blocks are in use. If so, these should
be removed.
6.4 TinyOS
Present work is not implemented on TinyOS architecture [6], which has been designed
particularly for sensor nodes. It is suggested that with the use of TinyOS the nodes should be
implemented and compared with the present work in terms of Hardware and Software
architecture, power dissipation etc. Implementing a real time routing will enhance functionality
of the system [8].
6.5 Others
Some of the features which can be included as a future prospect in the system are,
• BIDIRECTIONAL communication.
• High amount of ruggedness.
• PIR Detection over greater distance.
• Low cost.
48
This concept can be extended to varied number of applications such as,

Military Applications
Monitoring friendly forces, equipment and ammunition.
Battlefield surveillance.
Reconnaissance of opposing forces and terrain.
Battle damage assessment.
Nuclear, biological and chemical attack detection and reconnaissance.
Environmental Applications
Forest fire detection.
Bio-complexity mapping of the environment.
Flood detection.
Precision agriculture.
Health Applications
Tele-monitoring of human physiological data.
Tracking and monitoring patients and doctors inside a hospital.
Drug administration in hospitals.
Home Applications
Home automation.
Smart environment.
Other Commercial Applications

Environmental control in office buildings.
Interactive museums.
Managing inventory control.
Vehicle tracking and detection.
Detecting and monitoring car thefts.
49
Chapter 7
REFERENCES
50
1] Barber, Shannon M., and Mech, David L. A Critique of Wildlife Radio-tracking and its use
in National Parks: A Report to the U.S. National Park Service. St. Paul, MN: University of
Minnesota, 2008.
2] DePriest, Dale. NMEA Data. <http://www.gpsinformation.org/dale/nmea.htm>.

3] Eisley, Matthew, and Rawlins, Wade. "Judge Halts Landing Field." The News & Observer
19Feb. 2007: A1.
4] Hac, Anna. Wireless Sensor Network Designs. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons,
Ltd., 2008.
5] Hemingway, B. Brunette, W. Anderl, T. Borriello, G. “The Flock: Mote Sensors Sing in
Undergraduate Curriculum.” Computer vol. 37 iss. 8 Aug. 2004: 72 –78.
6] North Carolina Zoological Society. "Red Wolves of Alligator River." Field Trip Earth.
2006. North Carolina. 23 Apr. 2005 <http://fieldtripearth.org/div_index.xml?id=3>
7] Ordonez, F. Krishnamachari, B. “Optimal Information Extraction in Energy – Limited
Wireless Sensor Networks.” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication vol. 22
iss. 6 Aug. 2004: 1121 – 1129.
8] Patnode, D. Dunne, J. Malinowski, A. Schertz, D. “WISENET – TinyOS Based Wireless
Network of Sensors.” Indusial Electronics Society, 2003. IECON ’03. The 29th Annual
Conference of the IEEE vol. 3 Nov. 2003 2363 – 2368.
9] Publications and Standards. NMEA Publications and Standards, National Marine
Electronics Association, <http://www.nmea.org/pub/Index>.
10] Romer, K. Matern, F. “The Design Space of Wireless Sensor Networks.” Wireless
Communications, IEEE vol. 11 iss. 6 Dec. 2004: 54 – 61.
11] Ulema, M. “Wireless Sensor Networks: Architectures, Protocols, and Management.”
Network Operations and Management Smposium, 2004.IEEE/IFIP Apr. 2004 931.
12] Zhang, Pei, et al. "Hardware Design Experiences in ZebraNet." SenSys '04 (2004).
13] U.S Patents: Patent no: 007316202, patent no: 007377234.
14] DA-IICT, “Valsura wildcense project”.
15] A. Mainwaring, R. Szewczyk, D. Culler, J. Anderson “Wireless sensor network for habitat
monitoring international Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications.
51
16] (www.princeton.edu/~mrm/zebranet.html)
17] Christopher Sadler, “Hardware Design experiences in Zebranet”, ACM SenSys 2004
18] Alan Mainwaring Joseph Polastre, Robert Szewczyk, David Culler, and John Anderson
“Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring”.
19] http://winavr.sourceforge.net/: WinAVR Software Development Tool.
20] http://avrfreaks.net/: Avr programming.
21] http://pcb.thewebobserver.org/proteus-pcb-design-.html: Proteus Design Software
22] http://www.datasheetcatalog.com/datasheets_pdf/A/T/M/E/ATMEGA32.shtml:
23] http://www.d-e.ch/download/LM35d.pdf: National Semiconductor’s Temperature sensor
LM35d.
24] http://www.ortodoxism.ro/datasheets/philips/NE1617A_2.pdf: Philips’s Temperature
sensor NE1617A
25] lab@glolab.com.:PIR sensor.
26] www.progin.com:Gps receiver.
27] www.freescale.com: MMA7260 accelerometer sensor.
28] www.sunrom.com: RF transceiver
29] Joe Pardue,”C Programming for AVR”, Smiley Micros publications
30] Steven F. Barrett and Daniel J. Pack, “AVR programming Primer”, Morgan & Claypool.
31] Steven Holzner,“Black Book for VB”,The Coriolis group.
52
Chapter 8
APPENDIX
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WILDLIFE TRACKING AND MONITORING SYSTEM

FIG 2.1 Obsolete Techniques

2.1.1 Human Detection

Table2.1: Comparison of different human detection devices

2.1.2 The Temperature Sensor

Characteristic AD7818 LM94022 NE1617A DS1620 LM 35D

Temperature -55-125 -50-150 0-125 -55-125 0-100

Table 2.2: Comparison of different temperature sensors

Table2.3: Comparison of different accelerometers

2.1.4 Ambient Light Sensor

2.1.5 Global Positioning System

FIG 2.2 GPS Satellite

Table2.4: Frame format of GPS

2.2 The Controller Section

Characteristic Atmega 32L DS80C310 MC68HC908 AT89C52

Table2.5: Comparison of different controllers

2.3 Transceiver Unit

Table2.6: Different ICs comparison

FIG3.1: General Block Diagram

TEMPERATURE SENSOR AMBIENT LIGHT SENSOR

FIG3.2: Proposed Block Diagram Of The Dynamic Node

FIG3.3: Proposed Block Diagram Of Static Node

FIG3.4: Proposed Block Diagram of Receiver Node

3.1.2 The Remote Data Retrieval End (PC)

Fig4.1: Pin Description of GPS

Fig4.2: Schematic of GPS with ATmega32

FIG 4.3: GPS Active Antenna

4.1.2 Human Detection

Fig4.4: Circuit Diagram for HUMAN SENSOR

Fig4.5: Human identification through thermal mapping

Fig4.6: Temperature sensor interface

Fig4.7: Ambient light sensor interface

Fig4.8: Accelerometer-ATmega interface

4.1.6 RF Data Transceiver:

Working Voltage 4.5 5 9 V

Frequency of Operation 433.92 MHz

Output RF Power 0 dBm

Typical Operating Range 100 meters

Table 4.1 Specifications of SUNROM transceiver

Fig 4.10 RFM12-B

• Standby current less than 0.3uA

Fig4.11: The power supply system

Table4.2: Comparison of batteries

4.2 The Software Development

Fig 4.12: Screen shots of VB front end

Fig 5.1: PROTEUS simulation diagram

Fig 5.2: Output of PROTEUS simulation diagram

Fig 5.3: screen shot of VB with ldr data 0

Fig 5.4: screen shot of VB with ldr data 9

Case 2: Temperature Detection

Fig 5.5: screen shot of VB with temperature data 26

Fig 5.6: screen shot of VB with temperature data 32

Case 3: Accelerometer changes

Fig 5.7: screen shot of VB with x-axis accelerometer data

Fig 5.8: screen shot of VB with x-axis accelerometer data

option should be explored.

• High amount of ruggedness.

• PIR Detection over greater distance.

This concept can be extended to varied number of applications such as,

Other Commercial Applications

2] DePriest, Dale. NMEA Data. <http://www.gpsinformation.org/dale/nmea.htm>.

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