Phy Study Package 4 SET 1 Chapter 14

Chapter 14
Oscillations
Solutions
SECTION - A
School/Board Exam. Level Questions
Very Short Answer Type Questions :
1. Can the motion of Moon around the Earth be taken as S.H.M.?
Sol. No, it is a circular and periodic motion but not to and fro about a mean position, which is essential for SHM.
2. Is the condition- acceleration proportional to displacement sufficient for S.H.M. and why?
Sol. The condition is not sufficient as it gives no reference to the direction of acceleration, whereas in S.H.M, the
acceleration is always in a direction opposite to that of displacement.
3. A vibrating simple pendulum of period T is placed in a lift which is accelerating downwards. What will be the
effect on time period?
Sol. Effective value of acceleration due to gravity decreases
l
g ' = g − a and T ∝ . so, time period increases.
g
4. During the oscillation of a simple pendulum, what is the quantity that remains constant?
Sol. Total energy of bob in simple pendulum remains constant.
5. Is the oscillation of a mass suspended by a spring S.H.M.?
Sol. Yes, as it is periodic as well as oscillatory.
6. A spring mass system is made to oscillate horizontally and then vertically. What will be the change in period?
Sol. The time period remains same.
7. Sometimes, the body of an automobile begins to rattle when it picks up speed. Why?
Sol. This is due to resonant vibrations.
8. A body has maximum velocity in mean position and zero velocity at extreme position. Is it a sure test for
SHM?
Sol. No
9. Can we conduct a simple pendulum experiment in an artificial satellite?
Sol. No, as there exists a state of weightlessness in an artificial satellite.
10. A simple pendulum is transferred from the Earth to the Jupiter. Will it go faster or slower?
Sol. Due to increase in value of g, time period shall decrease. So, the pendulum will vibrate faster.
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24 Oscillations Solutions of Assignment (Set-1)
Short Answer Type Questions :

11. Two identical pendulums are oscillating with amplitudes 1 cm and 2 cm. Calculate the ratio of their energies
of oscillation.
1
Sol. Total energy of the bob of a simple pendulum is given by E = mω2a 2 i.e. E ∝ a2
2
2
E1 a12 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
⇒ = 2 =⎜ ⎟ = .
E2 a2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 4
12. An SHM of amplitude x has a time period T. What will be the acceleration of the oscillator when its
displacement is one third of the amplitude?
4 π2 x 4 π2 x
Sol. Acceleration, a = −ω2 x = − × =−
T2 3 3T 2
2π
13. Show that the motion of a body represented by y = sinωt – cosωt is SHM with a period of .
ω
Sol. y = sinωt – cosωt
⎛ π⎞
= sin ωt + sin ⎜ ωt − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
⎜ ωt + ωt − 2 ⎟ ⎜ ωt − ωt + 2 ⎟
= 2sin ⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜ ⎟
⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ π⎞ π
= 2sin ⎜ ωt − ⎟ cos
⎝ 4⎠ 4
2 ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
= sin ⎜ ωt − ⎟ = 2 sin ⎜ ωt − ⎟
2 ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
2π
∴ time period, T =
ω
14. Find the displacement of a simple harmonic oscillator at which its P.E. is half of the maximum energy of
the oscillator.
Sol. Maximum energy, E = 1 mω2 r 2 where r is the amplitude

2
PE at a distance x from the mean position is
1 1
PE = mω2 x 2 = E
2 2
1 1
∴ mω2 x 2 = mω2 r 2
2 4
r
or x = ±
2
Solutions of Assignment (Set-1) Oscillations 25
15. What are the two basic characteristics of an SHM?
Sol. (i) Acceleration of a particle executing S.H.M. is directly proportional to the displacement of the particle.
(ii) Acceleration and displacement of the particle are directed in opposite directions.
16. A mass of 4 kg is attached to the spring of spring constant 100 Nm–1. The block is pulled to a distance of
10 cm from its equilibrium position at x = 0 on a horizontal frictionless surface from rest at t = 0. Write the
expression for its displacement at any time t.
Sol. Amplitude, r = 10 cm = 10 × 10–2 m
k 100
ω= = 5 rad s–1
m 4
Using x = r sinωt
(
x = 10 × 10−2 sin5t m )
y
ω
Q
φ
+
ωt
17. x
O Q' A
In figure what will be the sign of velocity of the point Q’, which is the projection of the velocity of the reference
particle Q. Q is moving in a circle of radius R in anticlockwise direction.
Sol. As the particle moves from A to Q in anticlockwise direction, the velocity of the projection is towards O i.e.,
along negative X-axis. So, sign of the velocity will be negative.
18. The periodic time of a mass suspended by a spring ( force constant k) is T. The spring is cut in two equal
pieces. Same mass is suspended from one piece. What will be the periodic time?
Sol. Consider the spring be made of combination of two springs in series each of spring constant k. The effective
spring constant k is given by
1 1 1 2
= + = or k = 2K
K k k k
Time period of vibration of a body attached to the end of this spring,
m m 2m
T = 2π = 2π = 2π ...(i)
K (k / 2) k
When the spring is cut into two pieces, the spring constant = k. Time period of vibration of a body attached
m
to the end of this spring, T ' = 2π ...(ii)
k
T' 1 T
from (i) and (ii) = ; or T ' =
T 2 2
19. What will happen to the motion of a simple pendulum if the amplitude of motion is made large? How does
period of oscillation change?
Sol. If amplitude of motion is made large, θ is large. In that case, sinθ ≠ θ , restoring torque will not be linear, so
motion will not remain SHM but will become oscillatory. If angular amplitude is θ0, time period will be
given as
L ⎛ 1 2 θ0 ⎞
T = 2π ⎜ 1 + 2 sin + ... ⎟
g ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
L ⎛ θ02 ⎞
= 2π ⎜⎜ 1 + ⎟⎟
g ⎝ 16 ⎠
20. The angular velocity and amplitude of a simple pendulum are ω and a respectively. At a displacement x from
K
the mean position, if K.E is K and P.E. is U. Find .
U
1 1
Sol. KE, K = mv 2 = mω2 (a 2 − x 2 )
2 2
1
PE, U = mω2 x 2
2
K a2 − x 2
so =
U x2
21. Calculate the length of a second’s pendulum.
L
Sol. T = 2π
g
gT 2 9.8 × 22
L= = = 0.99m.
4 π2 ⎛ 22 ⎞
2
4×⎜ ⎟
⎝ 7 ⎠
22. The amplitude of an oscillating simple pendulum is 5 cm and its period 2 second. What will be its speed,
1 second after it passes its equilibrium position?
Sol. a = 5 cm, T = 2 s, t = 1 s, v = ?
v = aω cosωt
2π 2π
= a cos t
T T
5× 2× π 2π × 1
= cos
2 2
= –5π cm/s
23. A vibrating simple pendulum of time period T is placed in a lift. What will be the effect on the time period
when it accelerates (a) upwards (b) downwards?
R = mg'
a
Sol. (a) R – Mg = Ma R = M (g + a)
mg
g′ = g + a
L 1
T = 2π T ∝ , so, T decreases.
g′ g
R = mg'
(b) mg – R = ma R = m (g – a) g’ = g – a
a
mg
1
T ∝ so, T increases
g′
24. The length of a Second’s pendulum is 1 m on the Earth. What will be the length of this pendulum on the
Moon?
L
Sol. T = 2π
g
In both cases, T is same ∴ L ∝ g
1
On the Moon, acceleration due to gravity is one-sixth of that on the Earth, so the required length = m.
6
k
25.
x
–xm x = 0 +xm
In the figure the block has a K.E. of 4 J and the spring has an elastic P.E. of 2 J when the block is at
x = 1.5 cm. (a) What is the KE at x = 0? What are the elastic P.E. at (b) x = – 1.5 cm and (c) x = –xm?
Sol. (a) At x = 0, the system is at its mean position, so, total energy is kinetic. Thus, KE at x = 0 is equal to
total energy i.e., (4 + 2) J or 6 J.
(b) It follows from the symmetry considerations that the elastic potential energy at x = –1.5 cm will be the
same as elastic potential energy at x = +1 .5 cm, i.e., 2 J.
(c) At x = – xm, total energy is potential,
So, PE at x = – xm is (4 + 2) J = 6 J.
26. A linear harmonic oscillator of force constant 6 × 105 N/m and amplitude 4 cm, has a total energy 600 J.
Calculate (1) Maximum K.E. (2) Minimum P.E.
1 2 1
Sol. (1) KE = kx = × 6 × 105 (4 × 10−2 )2 = 480 J
2 2
(2) Minimum PE = 600 – 480 = 120 J.
27. What would happen if sign of the force term in the equation F = – kx is changed?
Sol. If the sign of the force term is changed. The force and hence acceleration will not be opposite to displacement.
So, the body will not oscillate but it will be accelerated in the direction of displacement. So, the motion will
become a linearly accelerated motion.
28. Distinguish between periodic motion and oscillatory motion.
Sol. Periodic motion–is that motion which is repeated identically after a fixed internal of time e.g., revolution of
Earth around the Sun is a periodic motion with a period of revolution of one year.
Oscillatory motion–is that motion in which a body moves to and fro about a fixed point (called mean or
equilibrium position) in a definite internal of time e.g. motion of pendulum of a wall clock.
29. What do you understand by simple harmonic motion?
Sol. Simple harmonic motion is a special type of periodic motion in which a particle moves to and fro repeatedly
about a mean (i.e., equilibrium) position under action of a restoring force, which is always directed towards
the mean position and whose magnitude at any instant is directly proportional to the displacement of the
particle from the mean position at that instant.
B A
–a O P +a
x
Consider a particle executing SHM along x-axis between A and B with O as the mean position. OA = +a,
OB = – a. Let at an instant t, the particle be at P, where OP = x, which is displacement of the particle from
the mean position. The restoring force, F = – kx where k is the force constant. Negative sign shows that the
restoring force is always directed towards the mean position.
30. A vertical U tube of uniform cross-section contains water upto a height of 0.5 m. Water on one side is depressed
a little and then released. Calculate time period and angular frequency of vibration. (g = 10 ms–2)
h 0.5 1
Sol. T = 2π = 2 × 3.14 × = 6.28 × = 1.4 s
g 10 20
2π 2 × 22
Angular frequency, ω = = = 4.49 s−1
T 7 × 1.4
Long Answer Type Questions :

31. Consider a liquid in a vertical U tube of uniform cross sectional area. Let the liquid in one limb be depressed
a little and released causing the liquid column to oscillate. Show that the time period of oscillation does not
depend upon the area of cross-section of the U tube and density of liquid but depends upon the length of
liquid column and acceleration due to gravity.
Sol.
Q1
y
P P1 2y
y
Q
h
Consider a liquid of density ρ, contained in a vertical U tube of uniform area of cross-section A. In equilibrium
position, let P and P1 be the levels of liquid in the two limbs and L be the total length of liquid column from
P to P1.
Mass of the liquid in U tube, m = LAρ (ρ is density of liquid)
Let the liquid in left limb of U tube be depressed from P to Q by a small distance y i.e., PQ = y liquid level
in right limb rises from P1 to Q1 by same distance y i.e., P1Q1 = y. This is due to the small pressure difference
maintained between the two columns.
The difference of levels of liquid in two limbs of U tube is QQ1 = 2y
The weight of the liquid column of length 2y in U tube will provide a restoring force to mercury.
∴ Restoring force on liquid , F = – (weight of liquid column of height 2y)
or F = – (2yA)ρg = – (2A ρg)y ...(i)
From equation (i), we note that F ∝ y and F is directed towards equilibrium position. Hence, if pushing force
is removed from the mercury column in U tube (i.e., when the suction pump is removed) it will start executing
linear SHM in U tube with equilibrium position as mean position.
In S.H.M. the restoring force F = –ky ...(ii)
Comparing (i) and (ii), we have
Spring factor, k = 2Aρg
Here, inertia factor, m = mass of liquid = LAρ
inertia factor
Periodic time, T = 2π
springfactor
LAρ
= 2π
2 Aρg
L
T = 2π ...(iii)
2g
1 1 2g
Frequency, ν= =
T 2π L
If h is the height of undisturbed mercury in each limb above the base of U tube, then L = 2h
2h h
∴ T = 2π = 2π ...(iv)
2g g
From (iv), we find that time period does not depend upon the area of cross-section of the U tube, density of
liquid but depends upon the length of the liquid column and acceleration due to gravity.
32. Consider a cylinder of mass m, length L, density of material ρ and uniform area of cross-section A. Find the
expressions for time period and frequency of this floating cylinder as it is pushed a little and released.
Sol. X Y
y
l
l
(Figure)
Consider a cylinder of mass m, length L, density of material ρ and uniform area of cross-section A. Therefore,
m = LAρ ...(i)
Let the cylinder be floating vertically in a liquid of density σ. In equilibrium position, let l be the length of the
cylinder dipping in the liquid shown by position X in figure. The upward thrust F1 acting on the cylinder,
according to Archimedes principle, will be equal to weight of the liquid displaced by length l of the cylinder.
So, F1 = (Al)σg = Alσg

Weight of cylinder acting downward = mg
As, cylinder is in equilibrium position,

mg = Alσg
or m = Alσ ...(ii)
Let the cylinder be pushed down into the liquid through a small vertical distance y as shown by position Y in
figure in this position, the total upward thrust F2 acting on the cylinder is equal to the weight of the liquid
displaced by the length ( + y) of the cylinder.
F2 = A(l + y) σ g ...(iii)
Restoring force, F acting on the cylinder will be

F = – (F2 – mg).
= – [A (l + y)σg –Aσg]
= –Ayσg
= –(Aσg)y ...(iv)
Equation (iv) shown that the restoring force is directly proportional to displacement y and is directed towards
the equilibrium position of cylinder. If the applied force is removed, the cylinder is left free, it will start executing
linear SHM, about equilibrium position as mean position.
In SHM restoring force F = –ky ...(v)

Comparing (iv) and (v),
Spring factor, k = Aσg

Inertia factor, m = Alρ
Inertia factor
∴ Periodic time, T = 2π
Spring factor
ALρ
= 2π
Aσg
Lρ
= 2π ...(vi)
σg
Using m = Alσ,
Al σ l
T = 2π = 2π
Aσg g
1 1 g
∴ Frequency, ν = = ...(vii)
T 2π l
33. Derive an expression for the time period and frequency of a vertical spring.
Sol. Consider a light and highly elastic massless spring AB of spring constant k suspended from a rigid support
at A, as shown in figure.
B B
B
l m l
C
C mg y
D m
mg
Figure (a) (b) (c)
The spring is unstretched and is in relaxed state. Let a body of mass m be attached to the lower end B of
the spring. The spring gets stretched and suffers an extension, BC = l figure (b). Let F1 be the restoring force
setup in the spring. Then
F1 = – kl ...(i)
Here, negative sign shows that the extension ‘l’ is directed downwards and restoring force F1 is directed
upwards. As the system is in equilibrium.
F1 + mg = 0 or F1 = –mg ...(ii)
mg
Hence, mg = kl or k = ...(iii)
l
Let the body be pulled downwards through a small distance CD = y(< l), figure (c). Now the total extension
in the spring is (l + y). If F2 is the restoring force in this position, then
F2 = –k (l + y) ...(iv)
The effective restoring force will be F = F2 – F1
= –k (l + y) – (– lk)
= – ky ...(v)
From equation (v), we note that F ∝ y and F is directed towards equilibrium position. Hence, if the pull from
the suspended body is released, it will start executing SHM with C as mean position.
Here, spring factor = spring constant = k
Inertia factor = mass of body = m
inertia factor m m l
∴ Periodic time, T = 2π = 2π = 2π = 2π
spring factor k mg / l g
1 1 g
Frequency, ν = =
T 2π l
34. Consider two springs of spring constants, k1 and k2. Let a body of mass m be suspended by the two springs
in parallel combination. Derive an expression for time period and frequency of the combination. Also consider
a special case k1 = k2 and get expression for time period.
Sol. A body of weight mg is suspended by two springs in parallel combination as shown in figure. Let the body
be pulled downwards through a small distance y. If F1 and F2 are the restoring forces set up due to extension
of springs, then
F1 = – k1y
and F2 = –k2y
k1 k2
Total restoring force, F = F1 + F2 = – (k1 + k2)y
If K is the spring constant of this combination then restoring force
m
F = – Ky
mg
∴ K = k1 + k2
If the body is left free after pulling a little distance down, it will start executing S.H.M. of period T given by
Inertia factor
T = 2π
Spring factor
m
= 2π
K
m
= 2π ...(i)
k1 + k2
1 1 k1 + k2
Frequency, ν = = ...(ii)
T 2π m
Special case, k1 = k2 = k, then K = k + k = 2k
m
T = 2π
2k
1 2k
and ν =
2π m
35. Consider two springs of spring constant k1 and k2 connected in series combination. Let a body of mass m
be suspended at the free end of the two springs in series combination. Derive an expression for time period
and frequency. Also, consider a special case k1 = k2 and get an expression for time period.
Sol. A body of weight mg is suspended at the free end of the two springs in series combinations, as shown in
figure. When the body is pulled downwards through a little distance y, the two spring suffer different extensions
say, y1 and y2. But the restoring force is same in each spring.
∴ F = – k1 y1 and F = –k2y2
F F
or y1 = − k and y 2 = − k k1
1 2
∴ Total extension, y = y1 + y2
k2
−F F
= k −k
1 2 m
mg
⎛ k1 + k2 ⎞
= −F ⎜ ⎟
⎝ k1k2 ⎠
⎛ k1k2 ⎞
or F = −⎜ ⎟y
⎝ k1 + k2 ⎠
If K is the spring constant of series combination, then, F = – Ky
k1k2
∴ K=
k1 + k2
If the body is left free after pulling down, it will execute SHM of period
Inertia factor m m(k1 + k2 )

T = 2π = 2π = 2π
Spring factor K k1k2
1 1 k1k2
Frequency, ν = T = 2π m(k + k )
1 2
Special case : k1 = k2 = k
k ×k k
Then, K = =
k +k 2
2m
∴ T = 2π
k
1 k
and ν =
2π 2m
36. Let a body of weight mg be connected in between two springs of spring constants k1 and k2 as shown in
the figure and the body be pulled to one side through a small distance y. Derive an expression for time period
and frequency. Also consider a special case k1 = k2 and get an expression for time period.
k1
k2
Sol. A body of weight mg is connected in between the springs. When it is pulled to one side through a small
distance y, one spring gets compressed by length y and other spring gets stretched by length y. The restoring
force F1 and F2 setup in both the springs will act in the same direction, then,
F1 = – k1y and F2 = – k2y
Total restoring force, F = F1 + F2
= – k1y – k2y
= – (k1 + k2)y
If K is the spring constant of this combination of springs, then
F = – Ky
∴ K = k1 + k2
If the body is left free after pulling down a little, it executes SHM of period
m
T = 2π
k
m
= 2π k + k
1 2
1 1 k1 + k2
Frequency, ν = =
T 2π m
Special case : k1 = k2 = k
then K = k + k = 2k
m
and T = 2π
2k
37. Consider a ball in the neck of an air chamber. It just fits and can move up and down without any friction.
Show that time period of oscillation depends upon bulk modulus of elasticity, mass of ball, area of cross
section of neck and volume of air chamber. Assume pressure-volume variations of air to be isothermal.
V
Air
Sol. Consider an air chamber of volume V with a long neck of uniform area of cross-section A, and a frictionless
ball of mass m fitted smoothly in the neck at position C. The pressure of air below the ball inside the
chamber = atmospheric pressure. Increase the pressure on the ball by a little amount p, so that the ball is
depressed to position D where CD = y
C y
D
V
Air
There will be decrease in volume and hence, increase in pressure of air inside the chamber. The decrease in
volume of air inside the chamber, ΔV = Ay
Change in volume
Volumetric strain =
original volume
stress (or increase in pressure)

∴ Bulk modulus of elasticity, E =
volumetric strain
−p − pV
= =
Ay / V Ay
Here, –ve sign shows that increase in pressure will decrease the volume of air in the chamber.
−EAy
p=
V
Due to this excess pressure, the restoring force acting on the ball is
EAy −EA2
F = pA = − ,A = y ...(i)
V V
Since F ∝ y and –ve sign shows that the force is directed towards equilibrium position. If the applied increased
pressure is removed from the ball, it will start executing linear SHM in the neck of chamber with C as the
mean position.
In SHM, the restoring force, F = –Ky ...(ii)
Comparing (i) and (ii),
EA2
Spring factor, K =
V
Inertia factor = mass of ball = m
Inertia factor
Periodic time, T = 2π
Spring factor
m
= 2π
EA2 / V
2π mV
=
A E
38. Derive an expression for the time period of a simple pendulum of infinite length.
Sol. The pendulum has infinite length, so, the pendulum bob would travel along the arc of a circle of infinite radius
i.e., along a straight line path as shown. The direction of the Earth’s gravitational field is everywhere radially
towards the centre of the Earth.
mgcosθ x
θ θ
mg
Re
So, the direction of the gravitational field changes along the arc.
G Me m
F= = mg
Re2
x GMe m
Fx = F cos θ = −F =− x
Re Re3
The –ve sign indicates that the force is directed opposite to the displacement.
G Me m
or Fx = – kx where k = is a constant.
Re3
Time period of a simple harmonic oscillator
m m
T = 2π k = 2π
GMe m / Re3
Re R
= 2π = 2π e
GMe g
2
Re
39. A tunnel has been dug through the diameter of the Earth and a ball is released in it. Show that it executes
SHM. Derive an expression for its time period. Also calculate this time period, given radius of
Earth = 6.37 × 106 m and g = 9.8 ms–2.
Sol. To establish that the motion of the ball is SHM,
⎛ d⎞ d
g d = −g ⎜ 1 − ⎟
⎝ R⎠
R
y
⎛R −d ⎞
= −g ⎜ ⎟
⎝ R ⎠
g
or gd = − y where y = R – d
R
displacement
T = 2π
acceleration
y
= 2π
gy / R
R
or T = 2π
g
6.37 × 106
T = 2 × 3.14 ×
9.8
= 5058 s = 84.3 minute
40. A simple pendulum is in a car which moves with (a) constant velocity (b) constant acceleration, ‘a’. Discuss
the effect on time period and the equilibrium position. Now a clock based on simple pendulum is taken to
(i) Moon (ii) Centre of the Earth (iii) An artificial satellite (iv) A freely falling lift. Discuss the effect on time
period, and also comment whether it will become slow or fast.
Sol. (a) When car is moving with constant velocity, there will be no change in time period and equilibrium position.
(b) When car is accelerating horizontally with acceleration ‘a’, effective acceleration due to gravity will be
g 2 + a2 .
L
Time period will be T = 2π
g 2 + a2
i.e., Time period T will decrease
⎛a⎞
Equilibrium position will not be vertical but will make an angle θ = tan−1 ⎜ ⎟ to the vertical in a direction
⎝g ⎠
opposite to the acceleration.
(i) When pendulum is taken to Moon, ‘g’ decreases and hence T will increase, so a clock based on simple
pendulum will go slow.
In case of (ii), (iii) and (iv) the value of g = 0
So, T will become infinity. That means the pendulum will not oscillate and will remain where it is left.
41. The bob of a simple pendulum has charge Q and is oscillating in a uniform electric field. Discuss the effect
on time period when uniform electric field is (i) In the direction of g (ii) Opposite to direction of g
(iii) Perpendicular to direction of g.
Sol. If the bob of simple pendulum has charge Q and is oscillating in a uniform electric field which is (i) in the
direction of g
QE
Electric force QE will support the weight mg and the effective acceleration due to gravity, g ' = g +
m
L
So, time period T ' = 2π is less than the normal value.
QE
g+
m
QE
(ii) If the electric force is opposite to weight effective acceleration due to gravity, g ' = g − .
m
L
So, time period T ' = 2π , which is more than the normal value.
QE
g−
m
(iii) If the electric force is perpendicular to the weight, then effective acceleration due to gravity,
g ' = g 2 + (QE / m )2 and time period
L
T ' = 2π and it will be less than the normal value.
g + (QE / m )2
2
42. One end of a V-tube containing mercury is connected to a suction pump and the other end to atmosphere.
The two arms of the tube are inclined to horizontal at an angle of 45º each. A small pressure difference is
created between two columns when the suction pump is removed. Will the column of mercury in V-tube
execute SHM? Neglect capillary and viscous forces. Find the time period of oscillation.
Sol. Let the mercury be depressed by x in left arm of v-tube so it rises by x along the length of the tube in the
right arm of V tube. The restoring force to the mercury is provided by the pressure difference in the two arms.
∴ F = – (ΔP)A ...(i)
Here P1 = h1ρg sinθ1 = (l – x)sinθ1 × ρgsinθ1
= (l – x)ρgsin2θ1
(l − x )ρg
x
= (∵θ1 = 45º ) l l x l–x
2
x
h h h2
l+
h1
and P2 = (l + x) ρgsin2θ2 θ1 = 45º θ2 = 45º θ1 θ2
(l + x ) ρ g
=
2
∴ ΔP = (P2 – P1)
ρg
= (l + x − l + x )
2
= ρgx
Hence, restoring force, F = – ρgAx
F ρgAx
∴ Acceleration of mercury column = a = =−
m m
But, m = lAρ
−ρgAx ⎛g ⎞
∴ a= = −⎜ ⎟ x
lAρ ⎝l ⎠
Hence, motion of mercury column is S.H.M.
x l
∴ T = 2π = 2π
a g
43. A cylindrical piston of mass m slides smoothly inside a long cylinder closed at one end, enclosing a certain
mass of gas. The cylinder is kept with its axis horizontal. Show that piston oscillates simple harmonically
Mh
(when it is disturbed from its equilibrium position) with a period of 2π
PA
Gas M
P A
h
Sol.
Gas M
P A
h
x
Let the piston be displaced through distance x towards left, then volume decreases, pressure increases. If ΔP
is increase in pressure and ΔV is decrease in volume, then considering the process to take place gradually
(i.e., isothermal)
P1V1 = P2V2
⇒ PV = (P + ΔP) (V – ΔV)
PV = PV + ΔPV – PΔV – ΔPΔV
ΔPV – PΔV = 0 (neglecting ΔPΔV)
ΔP (Ah) = P(Ax)
Px
⇒ ΔP =
h
This excess pressure is responsible for providing the restoring force (F) to the piston of mass m,
PAx
Hence, F = ΔPA =
h
Comparing with |F| = Kx
PA
k = Mω2 =
h
PA Mh
ω= ⇒ T =
h PA
44. A boy weighing 30 kg stands on the horizontal platform of a spring balance. Show that the reading of the
weight recorded by spring balance fluctuates between 20 kgf and 40 kgf when the platform starts executing
2
SHM of amplitude 0.1 m and frequency cps.
π
N N
N
Sol.
mg
mg – Fmax
mg + Fmax
Upper extreme Equilibrium Lower extreme
2
2 2 ⎛ 2⎞
The maximum force acting on the body executing SHM is mω a = m(2πν ) a = 30 × ⎜ 2π ⎟ × 0.1 N
⎝ π⎠
≈ 5 kgf and this force is towards the mean position.
The reaction of the force on the platform is away from the mean position. It reduces the weight of boy on upper
extreme i.e, net weight = 30 – 10 = 20 kgf
This force adds to weight at lower extreme position, i.e., net weight becomes = 30 + 10 = 40 kgf
∴ The reading of the weight recorded by spring balance fluctuates between 20 kgf and 40 kgf.
45. A rigid body suspended from a fixed support, constitutes a physical pendulum if it is capable of swinging in
a vertical plane about some axis passing through the fixed support. Derive expressions for its time period
and frequency. Mention the factor for which the motion is angular simple harmonic.
Sol. Let a rigid body be suspended from a fixed support. If constitutes a physical pendulum if it is capable of
swinging in a vertical plane about some axis passing through the fixed support.
o
l
θ
l G'
G
mg
Let l = the separation between the point of suspension (O) and the centre of mass (G)
θ = the angle through which it is displaced from the equilibrium position.
m = mass of the body
I = the moment of inertia of the body about the axis of rotation.
Torque, τ = – mgl(sinθ)
= (– mgl)θ (for small θ)
τ mgl
Angular acceleration, α = = θ = −ω2 θ
I I
2 mgl
where ω =
I
2π I
∴ Time period, T = = 2π
ω mgl
SECTION - B
Model Test Paper
Very Short Answer Type Questions :
1. What is the displacement of a particle in SHM in one time period?
Sol. Zero
2. What is the average acceleration of a particle in SHM in one time period?
Sol. Zero
3. What is the distance moved by a particle in SHM in one time period if amplitude is A?
Sol. 4A
4. How are the average potential energy and average kinetic energy in one time period related in SHM?
Sol. They are equal.
5. What can you say about the motion of a particle given by x = A sin ωt + B sin ωt?
Sol. It is simple harmonic with amplitude A2 + B 2 .

6. A particle executes SHM with a frequency f. What is the frequency with which the kinetic energy oscillates?
Sol. 2f
7. A spring mass system has frequency of oscillation f. It is taken to an elevator accelerating upward. What
will be its frequency?
Sol. f
8. A spring mass oscillates in a car with frequency f? Now the car accelerates on a horizontal road. What will
be the effect on frequency?
Sol. It remains same.
9. A particle mones in a circular path with uniform speed. What can you say about its motion?
Sol. Periodic motion.
10. In SHM, how are the maximum PE and maximum KE related? Also how are the minimum PE and minimum
KE related?
Sol. Maximum PE = Max. KE
Maximum PE = Min. KE

11. A ball of radius r is made to oscillate in a bowl of radius R. Find its time period of oscillation.
Sol. Equivalent length of simple pendulum = distance between centre of ball and centre of bowl
=R–r
R−r
∴ Time period, T = 2π
g
12. The total energy of SHM is E. What will be the ratio of KE to the total energy of the particle when
displacement is half of the amplitude?
1
Sol. Total energy, E = mω 2 a 2
2
a
When y = ,
2
1
K.E., K = mω 2 ( a 2 − y 2 )
2
1 2 2
⎛ y2 ⎞
= m ω a ⎜⎝ 1 − ⎟
2 a2 ⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞ 3E
= E ⎜⎝ 1 − ⎟⎠ =
4 4
K
So, = 3:4
E
13. When is the PE and KE of a harmonic oscillator maximum and what are these maximum values?
Sol. The P.E. of a harmonic oscillator is maximum at extreme positions and KE is maximum at the mean position.
⎛ 1 ⎞
The maximum value of PE or KE = total energy ⎜ = mω 2a2 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
14. For an oscillating simple pendulum

(i) What is the direction of acceleration of the bob at
(a) the mean position
(b) the end points?
(ii) Is the tension in the string constant throughout the oscillation. If not, when is it (a) the least (b) the
greatest?
Sol. (i) (a) Radial towards the point of suspension.
(b) Tangential towards the mean position.
(ii) No, the tension is
(a) Least at end points.
(b) Greatest at the mean position.
1
15. What is the ratio of KE and PE of a body executing SHM when it is at a distance of of its amplitude
p
from the mean position?
1 a2
mω2 ( a 2 − y 2 ) a − 2
2
KE 2 p
Sol. = = = p2 − 1
PE 1 2 2 a 2
mω y
2 p2

16. Can the function f(t) = sin ωt + cos ωt represent SHM? Is yes, find the period.
Sol. f(t) = sin ωt + cos ωt
⎛ 1 1 ⎞
= 2⎜ sin ωt + cos ωt ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
⎛ π π⎞
= 2 ⎜ sin ωt cos + cos ωt sin ⎟
⎝ 4 4⎠
⎛ π⎞
= 2 sin ⎜ ωt + ⎟
⎝ 4⎠
⎛ π ⎞
= 2 sin ⎜ ωt + + 2π⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠
⎡ ⎛ 2π ⎞ π ⎤
= 2 sin ⎢ω ⎜ t + ⎟+
⎣ ⎝ ω ⎠ 4 ⎥⎦
2π
This represents SHM with period .
ω
17. The displacement of an SHM is given by x = α sin ωt + β cos ωt. Find the amplitude of oscillation.
Sol. x = α sin ωt + β cos ωt
Let α = r cos θ and β = r sin θ
x = r cos θ sin ωt + r sin θ cos ωt
= r sin (ωt + θ)
It is an equation of SHM, where amplitude is r.
α 2 + β 2 = r 2 cos2θ + r 2 sin2θ = r 2
or r = α 2 + β2
18. A simple pendulum performs SHM about x = 0 with amplitude A and time period T. What is the speed of
A
the pendulum and KE of the bob (mass = m) at x = ?
2
Sol. V = ω A2 − y 2
2π A2
= A2 −
T 4
3Aπ
=
T
1
KE = mV 2
2
2
1 ⎛ 3 Aπ ⎞
m×⎜
⎝ T ⎟⎠
=
2
3mA2 π 2
=
2T 2
19. The amplitude of an SHM is halved. How does this affect (a) maximum velocity, (b) total energy, (c) period
of oscillation?
Sol. (a) Vmax = aω. If amplitude is halved, maximum velocity is also halved.
1
(b) Total energy E = mω 2 a 2
2
1
If a is halved, E becomes times.
4
m
(c) T = 2π ; m and k do not change with the change in amplitude, so period of oscillation remains the
k
same.
20. Explain: Undamped simple harmonic oscillations.
Sol. Undamped simple harmonic oscillations : When a simple harmonic system oscillates with a constant
amplitude, which does not change with time, its oscillations are called undamped simple harmonic oscillations.
The variation of displacement x with time for undamped simple harmonic oscillations is shown in figure. The
1 2
total energy of the system remains constant and is independent of time. It is given by E = kx0 , where k
2
is force constant and x 0 is amplitude of oscillation. It shows that dissipative forces are not present e.g., the
bob of a simple pendulum in vacuum is displaced a little from its equilibrium position and let free.
x0
↑
xO
t→
21. Explain phase in periodic motion with illustration.
Sol. Phase of a vibrating particle at any instant is a physical quantity which expresses completely the position
and direction of motion of the particle at that instant w.r.t. its mean position. It is measured in terms of fraction
of time period or fraction of 2π angle, which has elapsed since the vibrating particle has crossed its mean
position in positive direction.
Long Answer Type Questions :
22. Derive expressions for kinetic, potential and total energy of a body of mass m executing SHM with amplitude
A and angular frequency ω. Also, plot them as functions of time and displacement.
Sol. Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion
KE and PE of a particle in SHM vary between zero and their maximum values.
The velocity of a particle executing SHM is zero at the extreme positions (It is a periodic function of time).
So, the kinetic energy (K) of such a particle is
1
K= mV 2
2
1
= mω 2 A2 sin2 ( ωt + φ)
2
1 2
= kA sin2 ( ωt + φ ) …(1)
2
This is also a periodic function of time, being zero when the displacement is maximum and maximum when
T
the particle is at the mean position. As the sign of v is immaterial in k, the period of k is .
2
The concept of potential energy is possible only for conservative forces. The spring force, F = –kx is a
conservative force with associated potential energy
1 2
U= kx …(2)
2
So, the PE of a particle executing SHM is,
1 2
U(x) = kx
2
1 2
= kA cos2 ( ωt + φ ) …(3)
2
T
So, PE of a particle executing SHM is also periodic, with period , being zero at the mean position and
2
maximum at the extreme displacements.
From equations (1) and (3),
The total energy, E of the system is,
E=U+K
1 2 1
= kA cos2 ( ωt + φ ) + kA2 sin2 ( ωt + φ )
2 2
1 2
=
2
(
kA cos2 ( ωt + φ ) + sin2 ( ωt + φ ) )
1 2
E= kA …(4)
2
The total mechanical energy of a harmonic oscillator is thus independent of time as expected for motion under
any conservative force. The time and displacement dependence of PE and KE of a linear simple harmonic
oscillator are shown in figure.
Y Y E = K(x) + U(x)
E = K(t) + U(t) E
Energy →
E U(x)
Energy →
K
KE
U K(x)
X X' X
O T T –A O +A
2
(a) Time (t) → (b)
KE, PE and total energy as a function of time shown in (a) and displacement shown in (b) of a particle in
T
SHM. The KE and PE both repeat after a period . The total energy remains constant at all t or x.
2
23. Explain the SHM of a block of mass m fitted to a horizontal spring which is fixed to a rigid wall, then give
an expression for its time period.
Sol.
x
–A +A
x=0
Consider small oscillation of a block of mass m fixed to a spring, which is fixed to a rigid wall as shown in
figure. The block is placed on a frictionless horizontal surface. When it is pulled to one side and released, it
moves to and fro about a mean position. Let x = 0, indicates the position of the centre of the block when spring
is in equilibrium. Maximum and minimum displacements to the left and right of the mean position are marked
as – A and +A. When a spring is deformed, it is subject to a restoring force, whose magnitude is proportional
to the displacement and acts in opposite direction. This is known as Hooke's law. Displacement is supposed
to be small in comparison to the length of the spring. At any time t, if the displacement from the mean position
is x, the resting force acting on the block is F(x) = – kx. …(1)
The constant of proportionality k, is called the spring constant. Equation (1) is same as the force law for SHM.
So the system executes SHM.
k
ω= …(2)
m
Period, T of the oscillator is given by
m
T = 2π …(3)
k


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Chapter 14

Short Answer Type Questions :

Sol. y = sinωt – cosωt

Sol. Maximum energy, E = 1 mω2 r 2 where r is the amplitude

PE at a distance x from the mean position is

Time period of vibration of a body attached to the end of this spring,

21. Calculate the length of a second’s pendulum.

In both cases, T is same ∴ L ∝ g

(2) Minimum PE = 600 – 480 = 120 J.

Long Answer Type Questions :

So, F1 = (Al)σg = Alσg

As, cylinder is in equilibrium position,

Restoring force, F acting on the cylinder will be

In SHM restoring force F = –ky ...(v)

Spring factor, k = Aσg

Inertia factor m m(k1 + k2 )

stress (or increase in pressure)

Inertia factor = mass of ball = m

Time period of a simple harmonic oscillator

Sol. To establish that the motion of the ball is SHM,

= 5058 s = 84.3 minute

i.e., Time period T will decrease

g ' = g 2 + (QE / m )2 and time period

Hence, motion of mercury column is S.H.M.

Comparing with |F| = Kx

Upper extreme Equilibrium Lower extreme

≈ 5 kgf and this force is towards the mean position.

Sol. It is simple harmonic with amplitude A2 + B 2 .

Short Answer Type Questions :

14. For an oscillating simple pendulum

Short Answer Type Questions :

Sol. x = α sin ωt + β cos ωt

Let α = r cos θ and β = r sin θ

x = r cos θ sin ωt + r sin θ cos ωt

It is an equation of SHM, where amplitude is r.

20. Explain: Undamped simple harmonic oscillations.

21. Explain phase in periodic motion with illustration.

Long Answer Type Questions :

Sol. Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

Period, T of the oscillator is given by

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