A frequency multiplierlassification o f Signals 6

1.2.1 Multichannel and Multidimensional Signals. 7

1.2.2 Continuous-Time Versus Discrete-Time Signals. 8
1.2.3 Continuous-Valued Versus Discrete-Valued Signals. 10
1.2.4 Deterministic Versus Random Signals, 11
T h e C o n c e p t o f F re q u en cy in C o n tin u o u s-T im e an d
D isc rete-T im e Signals 14
1.3.1 Continuous-Time Sinusoidal Signals, 14
1.3.2 Discrete-Time Sinusoidal Signals. 16
1.3.3 Harmonically Related Complex Exponentials, 19
A n alo g -to -D ig ita l an d D ig ital-to -A n alo g C o n v e rsio n 21
1.4.1 Sampling of Analog Signals, 23
1.4.2 The Sampling Theorem , 29
1.4.3 Quantization of Continuous-Amplitude Silassification o f Signals 6
1.2.1 Multichannel and Multidimensional Signals. 7
1.2.2 Continuous-Time Versus Discrete-Time Signals. 8
1.2.3 Continuous-Valued Versus Discrete-Valued Signals. 10
1.2.4 Deterministic Versus Random Signals, 11
T h e C o n c e p t o f F re q u en cy in C o n tin u o u s-T im e an d
D isc rete-T im e Signals 14
1.3.1 Continuous-Time Sinusoidal Signals, 14
1.3.2 Discrete-Time Sinusoidal Signals. 16
1.3.3 Harmonically Related Complex Exponentials, 19
A n alo g -to -D ig ita l an d D ig ital-to -A n alo g C o n v e rsio n 21
1.4.1 Sampling of Analog Signals, 23
1.4.2 The Sampling Theorem , 29
1.4.3 Quantization of Continuous-Amplitude Silassification o f Signals 6
1.2.1 Multichannel and Multidimensional Signals. 7
1.2.2 Continuous-Time Versus Discrete-Time Signals. 8
1.2.3 Continuous-Valued Versus Discrete-Valued Signals. 10
1.2.4 Deterministic Versus Random Signals, 11
D isc rete-T im e Signals 14
1.3.1 Continuous-Time Sinusoidal Signals, 14
1.3.2 Discrete-Time Sinusoidal Signals. 16
1.3.3 Harmonically Related Complex Exponentials, 19
A n alo g -to -D ig ita l an d D ig ital-to -A n alo g C o n v e rsio n 21
1.4.1 Sampling of Analog Signals, 23
1.4.2 The Sampling Theorem , 29
1.4.3 Quantization of Continuous-Amplitude Si

and d allows for leading power factor operation and null

regulation. The leading power factor operation is shown in the
phasor diagram of Fig. 12.54.
The control scheme of the voltage source load-controlled
rectifier is characterized by the following: i) there are neither
input current sensors nor dc voltage sensor; ii) it works with a
fixed and predefined PWM pattern; iii) it presents very good
stability; iv) its stability does not depend on the size of the dc
capacitor; v) it can work at leading power factor for all load
conditions; and vi) it can be adjusted with Eq. (12.70) to work
at zero regulation. The drawback appears when R in Eq. 12.70
becomes negligible, because in such a case the control system
is unable to find an equilibrium point for the dc link voltage.
This is why this control method is not applicable to large
systems.
12.3.5 New Technologies and Applications of
Force-Commutated Rectifiers
The additional advantages of force-commutated rectifiers with
respect to line-commutated rectifiers make them better candidates
for industrial requirements. They permit new applications
such as rectifiers with harmonic elimination capability
(active filters), power factor compensators, machine drives
with four-quadrant operation, frequency links to connect 50-
Hz with 60-Hz systems, and regenerative converters for
traction power supplies. Modulation with very fast valves
such as IGBTs permit almost sinusoidal currents to be
obtained. The dynamics of these rectifiers is so fast that they
can reverse power almost instantaneously. In machine drives,
current source PWM rectifiers, like the one shown in Fig.
12.35a, can be used to drive dc machines from the three-phase
supply. Four-quadrant applications, using voltage-source
PWM rectifiers, are extended for induction machines,
synchronous machines with starting control, and special
machines such as brushless-dc motors. Back-to-back systems
are being used in Japan to link power systems of different
frequencies.
12.3.5.1 Active Power Filter
Force-commutated PWM rectifiers can work as active power
filters. The voltage-source current-controlled rectifier has the
capability to eliminate harmonics produced by other polluting
loads. It only needs to be connected as shown in Fig. 12.55.
The current sensors are located at the input terminals of the
power source, and these currents (instead of the rectifier
currents) are forced to be sinusoidal. As there are polluting
loads in the system, the rectifier is forced to deliver the
harmonics that loads need, because the current sensors do
not allow the harmonics going to the mains. As a result, the
rectifier currents become distorted, but an adequate dc capacitor+
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Prentice-Hall of Japan, Inc., T okyo
Simon & Schuster Asia Pie, Ltd., Singapore
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Prentice-Hall of Australia Pty. Limited, Sydney
Prentice-Hall Canada, Inc., Toronto
Prentice-Hall Hispanoamericana. S.A., M exico
Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi
Prentice-Hall of Japan, Inc., T okyo
Simon & Schuster Asia Pie, Ltd., Singapore
Editora Prentice-Hall do Brasil, Ltda., R io de Janeiro
Prentice-Hall, Inc, Upper Saddle River
vasd
qweqwe

Prentice-Hall of Australia Pty. Limited, Sydney

Prentice-Hall Canada, Inc., Toronto
Prentice-Hall Hispanoamericana. S.A., M exico
Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi
Prentice-Hall of Japan, Inc., T okyo
Simon & Schuster Asia Pie, Ltd., Singapore
Editora Prentice-Hall do Brasil, Ltda., R io de Janeiro
Prentice-Hall, Inc, Upper Saddle River

CD can keep the dc link voltage in good shape. In this

way the rectifier can do its duty, and also eliminate harmonics
to the source. In addition, it also can compensate power factor
and unbalanced load problems.
12.3.5.2 Frequency Link Systems
Frequency link systems permit power to be transferred
1. Communication is the process of
Ans: exchanging information
2. Two key barriers to human
communication are
Ans: distance and language
3. Electronic communications was
discovered in which century?
Ans: 19th
4. Which of the following is not a major
communications medium?
Ans: Water
5. Random interference to transmitted
signals is called
Ans: noise
6. The communications medium causes the
signal to be
Ans: attenuated
7. Which of the following is not a source of
noise?
Ans: Another communications signal
8. One-way communications is called
Ans: simplex
9. Simultaneous two-way communications is
called
Ans: Full duplex
10. The original electrical information signal
to be transmitted is called the
Ans: Baseband signal
11. The process of modifying a high
frequency carrier with the information to
be transmitted is called
Ans: modulation
12. The process of transmitting two or more
information signals simultaneously over
the same channel is called
Ans: Multiplexing
13. Continuous voice or video signals are
referred to as being
Ans: Baseband
14. Recovering information from a carrier is
known as
Ans: Detection
15. Transmission of graphical information
over the telephone network is
accomplished by
Ans: facsimile
16. Measuring physical conditions at some
remote location and transmitting this
data for analysis is the process of
Ans: Telemetry
17. Receiving electromagnetic emissions
from stars is called
Ans: Radio-astronomy
18. A personal communications hobby for
individuals is
Ans: ham radio
19. Radar is based upon
Ans: reflected radio signals
20. A frequency of 27MHz has a wavelength
of approximately
Ans: 11m
21. Radio signals are made up of
Ans: Electric and magnetic fields
22. The voice frequency range is
Ans: 300 to 3000 Hz
23. Another name for signals in the HF
range is
Ans: shortwaves
24. Television broadcasting occurs in which
ranges?
Ans: VHF
25. Electromagnetic waves produced
primarily by heat are called
Ans: infrared rays
26. A micron is
Ans: One-millionth of a meter
27. The frequency range of infrared rays is
approximately
Ans: 0.7 to 100�m
28. The approximately wavelength of red
light is
Ans: 7000 ?
29. Which of the following
negative (VMOD lags V), the power flow goes from the ac to
the dc side. When the power angle is positiency.