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Learning Outcomes:
•Describe structures & functions of monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides
•Describe catabolism of glucose by glycolysis and Krebs cycle
•Describe Cori cycle
•Describe reactions in gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis and pentose phosphate pathway
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Ø Anabolic pathway: synthesis
Ø Catabolic pathway: breakdown
• Carbohydrate metabolism :
A) Glycolysis
B) Krebs cycle
C) Gluconeogenesis
D) Glycogen synthesis (Glycogenesis)
E) Glycogen degradation (Glycogenolysis)
F) Pentose phosphate pathway
A) GLYCOLYSIS
-occurs in cytosol of cells, regardless oxygen is present or not
-ten reactions in glycolysis
-substrate level phosphorylation
-1 glucose ® 2 pyruvate, 2NADH, 2ATP (nett)
reduction
NAD+ NADH + H+
oxidation
After glycolysis, what happens to pyruvate?
Aerobic condition •Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA
Pyruvate + CoA +NAD+ --> Acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH
•Enzyme : pyruvate dehydrogenase
(Coenzyme A = sulfur containing coenzyme derived from vitamin B)
Clinical correlation
Pyruvate kinase deficiency Absolute deficiency Lethal since every cell depends on glycolysis for
ATP
Partial deficiency RBC have insufficient ATP for Na+ pump,
in RBC unable to export electrolytes,
(RBC solely depend unable to maintain osmotic balance (cytosol x
on glycolysis) extracellular compartment),
cell lyse,
=results in haemolytic anaemia
Cori cycle
Lactate in muscle® liver and converted to glucose by
gluconeogenesis.
Glucose re-enters blood and is used by muscle.
Cycling of lactate between muscle and liver is called Cori cycle.
Glycolitic pathway:
Advantages •Rapid and instant release of energy from glucose
•Doesn’t need oxygen
•Produces pyruvate that can be utilised by other pathways
+
1 Acetyl CoA →3 NADH + H + 1 FADH +1 ATP +2 CO
2 2
C) GLUCONEOGENESIS
• synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate compounds (lactate, glycerol, amino acids) to maintain
blood glucose level
• occurs in cytosol and mitochondria of cell
• occurs in liver and kidney (NOT MUSCLE)
• different from glycolysis at only 3 steps
D) GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS and E) GLYCOGEN DEGRADATION
• Glycogen: storage form of carbohydrate
• Occurs in cytosol of liver and muscle cells
• Liver glycogen: to maintain blood glucose
• Muscle glycogen: to provide glucose-6-phosphate for muscle energy requirements
• Muscle does not contain glucose-6-phosphate
Glycogenesis Glycogenolysis
Glycogen synthesis Glycogen degradation
Glucose
hexokinase/glucokinase Glucose
glucose 6-phosphatase
+ UTP
Glucose 1-phosphate + glucose
UDP-Glucose
glycogen phosphorylase
debranching enzyme
glycogen synthase Glycogen
branching enzyme Glycogen
Glycogen synthesis
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Dr.Gnanajothy Ponnudurai