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Leed
Leed
Chestiunea nu este simplă şi nu cred că pot face mai mult acum decât să încerc
să pun în discuŃie câteva elemente.
1
existente, operaŃii ce reprezintă mai mult de jumătate din volumul de investiŃii în
imobiliar în multe din Ńările dezvoltate.
Ecologia este la modă, e adevărat, dar sir Norman Foster a spus că arhitectura
ecologică nu este o chestiune de modă, ci de supraviŃuire, şi putem să-l luăm în
serios pe sir Norman.
Arhitectura a fost ecologică din cele mai vechi timpuri şi până în epoca
industrială, când sursele de energie convenŃională au devenit periculos de
abundente şi ieftine. Acum, arhitectura trebuie să-şi recapete aceasă calitate, pe
un nou palier, ca să-şi poată continua povestea.
2
(de exemplu Stefan Mănciulescu, Architecte en Chef des Monuments Hitoriques,
din FranŃa).
Cu întreaga consideraŃie,
Mihai Opreanu
16,02,2009
3
LEED - Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design
7 World Trade Center, considered New York City's first "green" office tower by gaining
gold status in the U.S. Green Building Council's LEED program.[1]
The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating
System, developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), provides a suite of
standards for environmentally sustainable construction. Since its inception in 1998,
LEED has grown to encompass more than 14,000 projects in 50 US States and 30
countries covering 1.062 billion square feet (99 km²) of development area.[2][citation needed]
The hallmark of LEED is that it is an open and transparent process where the technical
criteria proposed by the LEED committees are publicly reviewed for approval by the
more than 10,000 membership organizations that currently constitute the USGBC.
Individuals recognized for their knowledge of the LEED rating system are permitted to
use the LEED Accredited Professional (AP) acronym after their name, indicating they
have passed the accreditation exam given by the Green Building Certification Institute (a
3rd party organization that handles accreditation for the USGBC).
Contents
• 1 History
• 2 Benefits and disadvantages
• 3 Incentive Programs
• 4 Certification
o 4.1 Point rating
o 4.2 Process
o 4.3 Directory of LEED-certified projects
• 5 LEED versions
4
• 6 LEED and carbon trading
• 7 Professional accreditation
• 8 International initiatives
• 9 See also
• 10 Notes
• 11 References
• 12 External links
o 12.1 Other national rating systems
History
LEED began its development in 1994 spearheaded by Natural Resources Defense
Council (NRDC) senior scientist Robert K. Watson who, as founding chairman of the
LEED Steering Committee until 2006, led a broad-based consensus process which
included non-profit organizations, government agencies, architects, engineers,
developers, builders, product manufacturers and other industry leaders. Early LEED
committee members also included USGBC co-founder Mike Italiano, architects Bill Reed
and Sandy Mendler, builder Gerard Heiber and engineer Richard Bourne. As interest in
LEED grew, in 1996, engineers Tom Paladino and Lynn Barker co-chaired the newly
formed LEED technical committee.
From 1994 to 2006, LEED grew from one standard for new construction to a
comprehensive system of six interrelated standards covering all aspects of the
development and construction process. LEED also has grown from six volunteers on one
committee to more than 200 volunteers on nearly 20 committees and nearly 150
professional staff.
Green Building Council members, representing every sector of the building industry,
developed and continue to refine LEED. The rating system addresses six major areas:
• Sustainable sites
• Water efficiency
• Energy and atmosphere
• Materials and resources
• Indoor environmental quality
• Innovation and design process
5
Benefits and disadvantages
LEED certified buildings use key resources more efficiently when compared to
conventional buildings which are simply built to code. LEED certified buildings have
healthier work and living environments, which contributes to higher productivity and
improved employee health and comfort. The USGBC has also compiled a long list of
benefits of implementing a LEED strategy which ranges from improving air and water
quality to reducing solid waste, benefitting owners, occupiers, and society as a
whole.[citations needed]
Often when LEED certification is pursued, this will increase the cost of initial design and
construction, for several reasons. One reason is that sustainable construction principles
may not be well understood by the design professionals undertaking the project. This
could require time to be spent on research. Some of the finer points of LEED certification
(especially those which demand a higher-than-orthodox standard of service from the
construction team) could possibly lead to misunderstandings between the design team,
construction team, and client, which could result in delays. Also, there may be a lack of
abundant availability of manufactured building components which meet LEED standards.
Pursuing LEED certification for a project is an added cost in itself as well. This added
cost comes in the form of USGBC correspondence, LEED design-aide consultants, and
the hiring of the required Commissioning Authority (CxA) - all of which would not
necessarily be included in an environmentally responsible project unless it were also
seeking LEED certification.[citations needed]
However, these higher initial costs can be effectively mitigated by the savings incurred
over time due to the lower-than-industry-standard operational costs which are typical of a
LEED certified building. Additional economic payback may come in the form of
employee productivity gains incurred as a result of working in a healthier environment.
Studies have suggested that an initial up front investment of 2% extra will yield over ten
times the initial investment over the life cycle of the building.[3] However numerous
green projects are being designed and built without seeking LEED certification, and
instead utilizing the funds for sustainable features rather than a certification. The U.S.
Navy is one example of an organization seeking a better building but not wishing to pay
for the USGBC registration or additional cost for 3rd party commissioning.
Although the deployment of the LEED standard has raised awareness of green building
practices, its scoring system is skewed toward the ongoing use of fossil fuels.[neutrality
disputed]
And, because the criteria is consensus built, there is disagreement over the
recognition and allowing of questionable products such as vinyl siding and trim, which
was heavily lobbied by the vinyl industry. More than half of the available points in the
standard support efficient use of fossil fuels, while only a handful are awarded for the use
of sustainable energy sources. Further, the USGBC has stated support for the 2030
Challenge, an effort that has set a goal of using no fossil fuel green house gas emitting
energy to operate by 2030.[4]
6
In addition to focusing on efficient use of fossil fuels, LEED focuses on the end product.
For example, because leather does not emit VOCs they are deemed healthy for
environments, disregarding the use of extremely harmful chemicals in the process of
tanning leather. Other products that do not use harmful chemicals and focus on more
sustainable production do not earn any additional points for their attention to
environmental concerns.
The goal of green building and sustainable architecture is to use resources more
efficiently and reduce a building's negative impact on the environment.[23] Zero energy
buildings achieve one key green-building goal of completely or very significantly
reducing energy use and greenhouse gas emissions for the life of the building. Zero
energy buildings may or may not be considered "green" in all areas, such as reducing
waste, using recycled building materials, etc. However, zero energy, or net-zero buildings
do tend to have a much lower ecological impact over the life of the building compared
with other 'green' buildings that require imported energy and/or fossil fuel to be habitable
and meet the needs of occupants.
The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design developed by the U.S. Green
Building Council, does not require a building to have net zero energy use, only to reduce
energy use a few percentage points below the minimum required. And it is a
measurement tools, not design tools. Inexperienced designers or architects may cherry-
pick points to meet a target certification level, even though those points may not be the
best design choices for a specific building or climate.
Because of the design challenges and sensitivity to a site that are required to efficiently
meet the energy needs of a building and occupants with renewable energy (solar, wind,
geothermal, etc), designers must apply wholistic design principles, and take advantage of
the free naturally occurring assets available, such as passive solar orientation, natural
ventilation, daylighting, thermal mass, and night time cooling.
Incentive Programs
Some states have implemented or are considering plans for incentives for LEED-certified
buildings.
In the state of Nevada construction materials for a qualifying LEED building are exempt
from local taxes. Pieces of construction that are deemed 'inseparable' part such as
concrete or sheetrock qualify.[5]
Many local governments have adopted LEED incentive programs. Program incentives
include tax credits, tax breaks, density bonuses, reduced fees, priority or expedited
permitting, free or reduced cost technical assistance, grants and low interest loans.[7][8]
7
Certification
Different LEED versions have varied scoring systems based on a set of required
"prerequisites" and a variety of "credits" in the six major categories listed above. In
LEED v2.2 for new construction and major renovations for commercial buildings there
are 69 possible points and buildings can qualify for four levels of certification:
Point rating
Points have been distributed as follows. Required "prerequisites" in each category receive
no points.[9][10][11]
8
o (30%) (1 pt)
9
• Controllability of systems (2 pt)
• Thermal comfort (2 pt)
• Daylight and views (2 pt)
• Points for this category are awarded above and beyond the core 64 points, and are
described as rewarding strategies that go above and beyond the criteria for those
points. Examples for up to four design points using steel construction include
structure as finish, structure as plumbing, lightweight materials, recyclability, and
potential for disassembly.
Process
Recently the application process for new construction certification has been streamlined
electronically, via a set of active PDFs that automates the process of filing the
documentation.
LEED versions
Different versions of the rating system are available for specific project types:[13]
• LEED for New Construction: New construction and major renovations (the most
commonly applied-for LEED certification)[14]
• LEED for Existing Buildings: Existing buildings seeking LEED certification
• LEED for Commercial Interiors: Commercial interior fitouts by tenants
• LEED for Core and Shell: Core-and-shell projects (total building minus tenant
fitouts)
• LEED for Homes: Homes
• LEED for Neighborhood Development: Neighborhood development
• LEED for Schools: Recognizes the unique nature of the design and construction
of K-12 schools
• LEED for Retail: Consists of two rating systems. One is based on New
Construction and Major Renovations version 2.2. The other track is based on
LEED for Commercial Interiors version 2.0.
10
LEED has evolved since its original inception in 1998 to more accurately represent and
incorporate emerging green building technologies. LEED-NC 1.0 was a pilot version.
These projects helped inform the USGBC of the requirements for such a rating system,
and this knowledge was incorporated into LEED-NC 2.0. The present version of LEED
for new construction is LEED-NC v2.2. LEED also forms the basis for other
sustainability rating systems such as the Environmental Protection Agency's Labs21.
LEED is a measurement tool for green building in the United States and it is developed
and continuously modified by workers in the green building industry, especially in the ten
largest metro areas in the U.S.; however, LEED certified buildings have been slower to
penetrate small and mid-major markets.[15] Also, some criticism suggests that the LEED
rating system is not sensitive and does not vary enough with regard to local
environmental conditions. For instance, a building in Maine would receive the same
credit as a building in Arizona for water conservation, though the principle is more
important in the latter case. And, that green design principles that have no 'product' to
sell, such as passive solar design, have no corporate sponsors with numerous LEED ap
members to lobby thier cause. Another complaint is that its certification costs require
money that could be used to make the building in question even more sustainable. And,
that designers and architects use the LEED points system as a design tool, going for
points to reach a certain level, rather than making the best design choice for a given
project and location. Many critics have noted that compliance and certification costs have
grown faster than staff support from the USGBC.
In 2003, the Canada Green Building Council received permission to create its own
version of LEED based upon LEED-NC 2.0, now called LEED Canada-NC v1.0.[16]
For existing buildings LEED has developed LEED-EB. Recent research has
demonstrated that buildings which can achieve LEED-EB equivalencies can generate a
tremendous ROI. In a recent white paper by the Leonardo Academy comparing LEED-
EB buildings vs. data from BOMA’s Experience Exchange Report 2007 demonstrated
LEED-EB certified buildings achieved superior operating cost savings in 63% of the
buildings surveyed ranging from $4.94 to $15.59 per square foot of floor space, with an
average valuation of $6.68 and a median valuation of $6.07.[17]
In addition the overall cost of LEED-EB implementation and certification ranged from
$0.00 to $6.46 per square foot of floor space, with an average of $2.43 per square foot
demonstrating that implementation is not expensive, especially in comparison to cost
savings. These costs should be significantly reduced if automation and technology are
integrated into the implementation.[18]
11
consumption of grid delivered electricity, on-site combustion of fossil fuels, and fugitive
refrigerant emissions.
Professional accreditation
Green building professionals can become LEED accredited through the LEED Accredited
Professional Exam. This accreditation enables an individual to facilitate the rating of
buildings with the various LEED systems. There are no requirements for education or
experience in obtaining a LEED accreditation. Professional Accreditation is administered
by the Green Building Certification Institute. GBCI has an education provider program
that provide seminars and lectures to prepare candidates to take and pass the LEED AP
Exam, which focuses primarily on bringing a project through the LEED process, rather
than green building design.
International initiatives
With many countries either having, or being in the process of developing domestic
assessment methods, international exchanges and coordination have being increasingly
evident.
12
Other national rating systems
13
BREEAM
BRE Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) is a voluntary measurement
rating for green buildings that was established in the UK by the BRE. Since its inception
it has since grown in scope and geographically, being exported in various guises across
the globe. Its equivalents in other regions include LEED North America and Green Star
in Australia, and HQE in France.
History
BREEAM was established in 1990 as a tool to measure the sustainability of new non-
domestic buildings in the UK [1]. It has been updated regularly in line with UK building
regulations and underwent a significant facelift on 1 August 2008, called BREEAM
2008[2].
Building Types
The standard covers these main building types[3]:
• Retail
• Offices
• Education
• Prisons
• Courts
• Healthcare
• Industrial
• Specialised buildings assessed under the BREEAM Bespoke method
BREEAM 2008
The main changes in the new version of BREEAM are:
• A new two stage assessment process: Design stage and Post Construction
• Introduction of mandatory credits
• A new rating level of BREEAM Outstanding
International growth
The BREEAM standard is now being exported under the responsibility of a division of
the BRE called BREEAM international. The standard is set to be used in regions such as
the Gulf (BREEAM Gulf) and Europe. BRE Global (the organization running the
BREEAM scheme) is a founding member of the Sustainable Building Alliance, a
14
network whose overall objective is to develop common metrics for the key issues and
allow comparisons between the different rating schemes[4].
In order to become a BREEAM International assessor the individual must have attended
one of the assessor training courses. For those interested in BREEAM Gulf the next
training course will be held in Jebel Ali, UAE on the 3rd, 4th and 5th of March.
15
Haute qualité environnementale
La Haute qualité environnementale ou HQE est un concept datant du début des années
1990 qui a donné lieu à la mise en place de cerifications « NF Ouvrage Démarche
HQE® » délivrées par l'Association HQE reconnue d'utilité publique1.
16
La démarche peut et doit être adaptée à chaque projet – dès la conception, en étudiant si
possible soigneusement le choix du lieu. Il est nécessaire de travailler avec un
écologue et pourquoi pas avec un sociopsychologue - car la HQE s’intéresse aux
besoins et fonctions du Vivant, s’appuie sur la biodiversité, et doit intégrer les atouts et
contraintes liés au contexte (dont le contexte humain, social..) ; autant d’éléments qui
varient toujours selon le lieu, l’époque et les caractéristiques du projet.
Certains effets de seuils et d'échelle sont plus facilement atteints à l'échelle de quartiers
qui peuvent être urbanisés en suivant ces principes, avec des modalités variant selon
l'échelle d'action considérée (voir la notion d'écoquartier, écovillage, on évoque aussi une
écoville en Chine...).
Acteurs]
En France, la démarche HQE a donné naissance à une marque déposée par l’Association
HQE. 3 organismes contribuent à en structurer la démarche et à en faire la promotion :
• l’Association HQE
• l’ADEME
• le CSTB (et sa nouvelle filiale de certification CERTIVEA
Formations]
La demande de compétence augmente rapidement[réf. nécessaire], et devrait en France être
dopée par les engagements pris à la suite du Grenelle de l'Environnement.
17
• Une formation est en préparation avec la CAPEB pour les artisans.
• Il existe une Charte des formations continues à la démarche HQE®
• Des cours de HQE sont donnés dans plusieurs formations d'ingénieurs (Mastère
spécialisé énergies renouvelables de l'ENSAM, Master professionnel de
Construction et d'Aménagement Durable (CAD) de l'IAUL de l'USTL...)
• Formations développement durable et Haute Qualité Environnementale Ponts
Formation Édition, formation continue de l'ENPC
• Formation2 "Développement durable et qualité environnementale en
aménagement du territoire, urbanisme, architecture et construction" en Alsace,
Lorraine (classe 4), Champagne-Ardenne (IFRB), Franche-Comté (AJENA),
Rhônes-Alpes (Europe et Environnement et l'Ordre des Architectes)
Initiée par l'association Europe et Environnement en Alsace, c'est une formation continue
multi-acteurs de 19 jours, visant les acteurs de l'aménagement et de la construction,
agréée par la Direction de l'architecture et du patrimoine, certifiante et encourageant le
développement d'un réseau d'acteurs compétents dans le domaine de la construction de
Qualité Environnementale.
• Le CSTB propose dans son catalogue de formation 2008 16 stages différents, dont
6 sont nouveaux.
Quelques exemples
• Bâtiments certifiés
o Pôle Administratif « Les Mureaux » (NF380/05/001)
o Tour Granite (quartier de la Défense)
o Tour Mozart (quartier Nord d'Issy-les-Moulineaux)
18
o Centre de formation professionnelle, INERIS (NF380/05/004)
o bâtiment 270 à Aubervilliers (NF380/05/004)
o Lycée Léonard-de-Vinci à Calais (France, Région Nord Pas-de-Calais)
o Lycée Jacquard à Caudry (France, Région Nord Pas-de-Calais)
o Lycée Louis Pasteur à Somain (France, Région Nord Pas-de-Calais)
o Centre d’éducation Nature du Houtland à (Wormhout (France, Région
Nord Pas-de-Calais)
o Lycée Mahatma Gandhi à Saint-André (Île de la Réunion)
o Lycée Saint-Paul IV (Île de la Réunion)
o Lycée Anita Conti à Bruz (France, Région Bretagne)
o Lycée Chevrollier à Angers (France, Pays de la Loire)
Le tout nouveau collège Rosa Parks à Châteauroux(France, Berry,
Indre)
19
Des premiers bilans, on peut déduire que si d’ici 2010, 100 % des lycées, 70 % des
collèges, 30 % des établissements publics et des logements sociaux et 5 % des bureaux et
des logements privés étaient ainsi construits ou réhabilités suivant une démarche HQE,
on pourrait espérer :
Évolutions, perspectives
Vers des routes HQE ? En France, avec l'assistance du CSTB et d'autres acteurs,
le conseil général du Nord a mis en place en 2005-2006 un groupe de travail sur
ce thème.
Une quinzième cible HQE ? Un début de réflexion existe depuis 2004 avec
notamment la direction Environnement du Conseil régional du Nord-Pas-de-
Calais sur le thème d'une quinzième cible HQE visant une meilleure intégration
de la biodiversité. Cette cible intégrerait aussi et plus largement l'idée de
« remboursement de la dette écologique » (du bâti et de ses habitants ou usagers).
Moins de pollution lumineuse : L'ADEME a mis en place fin 2005 une
formation sur la maîtrise de la demande en électricité, concernant l'éclairage et
intégrant les aspects dits de « "pollution lumineuse" », alors que l'AFE
(Association Française des Éclairagistes) publiait son premier guide sur les
"nuisances lumineuse" ; autant d'éléments qui pourront aider à une meilleure prise
en compte de ces facteurs, en particulier pour l'éclairage extérieur qui prend une
importance croissante.
Vers une certification : Le 1er mai 2006, l’activité de certification des acteurs et
des ouvrages de construction initiée au sein du CSTB est transférée à une
nouvelle société dénommée Certivea qui conçoit, développe, et réalise des
prestations de certification d’acteurs et d’ouvrage de construction
20
est une des pistes développées mi 2007 par le Grenelle de l'environnement
(Atelier 1)
- L’intégration du Vivant (faune et flore)
Il est approché pour des raisons esthétiques, mais il est nécessaire pour des raisons
éthiques et fonctionnelles (voir quinzième cible HQE). Il est trop souvent limité
au végétal. Les équilibres écologiques nécessitent la présence d'une faune
minimale. Les pollinisateurs, les insectivores méritent une attention particulière.
l'éclairage nocturne ne doit pas les perturber, etc. Ils devraient trouver place :
•
o dans le bâti extérieur (enveloppe, cours intérieurs, fondations, surplombs,
etc, dans un esprit proche du concept de maison-nichoir),
o dans certains espaces tampons, pour certaines espèces (type véranda,
jardin d’hiver, dans la mesure du possible planté dans le sol naturel),
o dans certains espaces intérieurs (ex : système d’épuration de l’air, des eaux
usées utilisant les plantes comme Phyt'air, les algues, mais aussi les
bactéries et d’autres organismes aquatiques), avec les précautions et le
suivi qui s'imposent.
o en prévoyant des niches écologiques pour les espèces potentiellement
présentes après que l’environnement se sera amélioré et non pour les
seules espèces présentes au moment de la réalisation de l’état initial ou du
profil environnemental.
•
o Ceci implique d'inscrire le bâti dans un réseau écologique fonctionnel
(maillage de corridors biologiques à créer, restaurer, préserver, puis gérer
(gestion écologique et restauratoire, et donc différentiée).
o Le bâtiment et ses occupants ne devraient-ils pas produire plus d’oxygène
qu’ils n’en consomment, et rejeter de l’eau et de l’air aussi ou plus propres
que ce qu’ils auront prélevé dans le milieu ? Leurs déchets organiques et
ceux des espaces verts ne devraient-ils pas systématiquement contribuer à
restaurer les écosystèmes (quand cela ne pose pas de problème
sanitaires) ?
o Des niches écologiques compensatoires pourraient tendre à effacer
l’empreinte écologique des aménagements et de leur fonctionnement.
o La mesure de l’empreinte écologique, qui est nécessaire à l'évaluation de
la dette écologique.
21
Projets de villes-HQE, dans les monde...
divers projets d'éco-towns ou vastes quartiers HQE ont abouti (« Mountain View »
en Californie, « Hammerdy Sjöstat » en Suède, « New Songdo City » en Corée, ou
encore les Ecotowns anglaises notamment inspirées par le quartier de Bedzed).
Royaume-Uni : le Premier ministre Gordon Brown annoncait lors de son
investiture la création de cinq Ecotowns dans le pays ; de 10.000 à 20.000
habitants chacune, la première étant créée par l’Etat et les suivantes sur initiative
locale. Un appel à projet a suscité près de quarante candidatures de villes
anglaises, ce qui a incité le gouvernement à étendre ce programme à dix écotowns
La France a pris du retard, mais dans la dynamique du Grenelle de
l'environnement, en en 2007, l'idée d'encourager la réhabilitation HQE et de
construire des villes HQE renouvelées sur elles-mêmes a progressé. La
commission Attali a également en 2007 proposé de créer avant 2012 au moins dix
« 'Ecopolis' » ; des villes nouvelles HQE, comprenant 20 % d'espaces verts,
favorables à la biodiversité, et qui abriteraient plus de 50.000 habitants, en
intégrant un haut niveau de NTIC, de l'emploi local et une mixité sociale,
alimentées par de l'éolien et du solaire et jouant le rôle de vitrine et laboratoire en
matière de sobriété énergétique et en eau. Les écopolis restent critiquées par
plusieurs ONG si elles doivent encore contribuer à l'étalement urbain et à
augmenter le réseau routier. Ces dernières souhaitent une réhabilitation HQE de
villes à densifier3.
22