POLS 122 SUMMER SCHOOL 2010

CHAPTER 1
NATIONALISM IN EUROPE 1800-1914
I- Balkan Nationalism.
Otoman Empire was deeply affected by starting with the French Revolution in
1789 nationalistic movements. Many nationalist groups had revolted against the
Ottomans, hoping to set up their own independent state.
* Serbia had won independence in 1817
* Greece had won independence in 1830
* Bulgarians and Romanians, during the 1800s, many subject peoples staged
revolts against the Ottomans.
In the year 1800s, Europeans divided Otoman lands ;
- Russia took control of the Black Sea and İstanbul.
- Austria- Hungaria took control of the provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
- Britain and France took control of other Otoman lands in the Middle East and
North Africa.
In the end, competing interests contributed to a series of crises and wars in the
Balkans.
II- Russia.
By 1815, Russia was not only the largest and most populous nation in Europe
but also a great worl power.
* Russia had extensive natural resources. But Westhern Europeans disliked its
autocratic government and fared its expansionist aims.
* Until the 1800s Russia remained economically undeveloped.
* A great obstacle to progress was the strict social sutructure.
** Landowning nobles dominated society and rejected any change that would
threaten their privileges.
** Middle class was too small.
** The majority of Russians were serfs. Most serfs were peasants, others might
be servants, artisans or soldiers forced into the czar’s army.
** When industry expanded, some masters sent their serfs to work in factories
but took much of their pay.
A) Reforms of Alexander II :
Alexander II came to the throne in 1855 during the Crimean War.
(Kırım Savaşı, 4 Ekim 1853 - 30 Mart 1856 tarihleri arasındaki Osmanlı-Rus Savaşıdır. Birleşik Krallık, Fransa ve Piyemote-Sardinya'nın
Osmanlı tarafında savaşa dâhil olmasıyla savaş, Avrupalı devletlerin Rusya'yı Avrupa ve Akdeniz dışında tutmak amacıyla verdiği bir savaş
halini almıştır. Savaş, müttefik güçlerin zaferiyle bitmiştir)
Russian defeat, revealed the country’s backwardness. : a few miles of railroads
and the military bureaucracy was inefficient. So, dramatic changes were needed.
* Liberals demanded changes and students demonstrated (marched) for reforms.
In 1861, Alexander II required to free the serfs. Many peasants moved to cities.
Taking jobs in factories and building Russian industry.

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In this years, Alexander II set up a system of local government. Elected
Zemstvos were made responsible for matters such as road repair, schools, and
agriculture.
He also introduced legal reforms based on ideas such as trial by jury. He
decreased censorship and tried to reform the military. He encouraged the growth
of industry.
Movements to liberate women : women were denied education in Russia ;
they went to Europe for education. Many came to support revolutionary goals.
B) Reaction to Change :
Alexander’s reforms failed to satisfy many Russians.
* Peasants had freedom but no land.
* Liberals wanted a constitution and an elected legislature.
* Radicals, who had adapted socialist ideas from the West, demanded more
radical revolutionary changes.
Revolutionist group killed the Czar’s father. Alexander II punished liberals and
revolutionaries
* he increased the power of secret police.
* restored strict cebsorship and exiled critics to Siberia .
* He also launched a program of Russification aimed at suppresing the cultures
of non- Russian peoples within the Empire.
* Alexander wanted one language, Russian and one church, the Russian
Orthodox Church.
* Ukrainians, Finns, Armenians, Jews and Muslims in the Empire suffered
persecution.
C) Building Russian Industry :
In 1890s, Under Alexander III and his son Nicholas, Russia entered the
industrial age.
* Russian finance minister, Count Serge Witte encouraged railroad building to
connect iron and coal mines with factories and to transport goods across Russia.
* He secured foreign capitals to invest in transportation systems and industry.
* Loans from France to build the Trans – Siberian Railroad.
* Government officials and business leaders encouraged economic growth. But,
Nobles and peasants opposed it. Industrialization created new social problems.
* Workers had bad conditions of life and work.
* Poverty, disease and discontent increased .
* Socialists supported the revolutionary ideas of Karl Marx.
D) Turning Point: Crisis and Revolution.
Russian – Japan war in 1904, Russians were defeated.
(Japonya'nın Rusya'yı Uzakdoğu'daki yayılmacı politikadan vazgeçmek zorunda bıraktığı askeri çatışma (1904-1905). Kore ve Mançurya
üzerindeki nüfuz çekişmesinden kaynaklanan savaşın önemli sonuçlarından biri de bir Asya devletinin modern çağda ilk kez bir Avrupa
devletini yenilgiye uğratmasıydı.))
Protesters poured into the streets. George Gapon organized a march in January
22, 1905 to the Czar’s palace. Soldiers shoot on the crowd. This incident was
called “Bloody Sunday”.

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Discontent spread the whole Russia. Minority nationalities wanted to autonomy
from Russia. Nicholas was announced reforms. In the October Manifesto, he
promised freedom of person, conscience, speech, assembly and union. He
agreed to set up a Duma (national legislature), no law would go into effect
without approval by the Duma. This is the Revolution of 1905.
* Result of the Revolution : In 1906, the first Duma met but the Czar dissolved
it and appointed a new Prime Minister. Conservative Prime Minister wanted to
restore order with arrests, and executions. But he then realized that Russia
needed reforms and he introduced land reforms, having peasant support. But it
did not work.

CHAPTER 2
EXPANSION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
The USA : 13 colonies declared their independence from Great Britain on July
4, 1776. Adopted the constitution in 1787. Many settlers from many countries
immigrated to America in 1800s. The American economy was growing rapidly.
American constitution, the Bill of Rights and political and religious freedoms
developed the America.
1) Territorial Expansion : The US followed a policy of expansionism .
Louisiana purchased in 1803. The US had expanded to include Florida, Oregon
and the Republic of Texas. California and the Southwest added with The
Mexican War in 1846-1848. The US bought Alaska from Russia. During the
1800s, newcomers pushed the Indians off their lands, by force.
2) Expanding Democracy : In 1800s, only white men with property had to right
to vote. In 1830s, most white men had to right to vote. A few Americans
demanded end to slavery. In the 1850s, Pro-slavery and Anti-slavery agrred that
slavery would be legal in the new joining states. Women worked their social and
the other rights. In 1848, the first women rights confirmed (kabul edildi).
3) The American Civil War : Causes : economic differences and slavery
issues between the North and South. Abraham Lincoln was elected President in
1860. He opposed extending slavery into new territories. At this, most southern
states wanted to leave from the Union and formed Confederate States of
America. The South had poor than the North. During the war, Lincoln declared
that African Americans in the South were free. After the war, 3 amendements to
the constitution banned slavery and granted political rights to African
Americans. There were started legal separation of the races in hospital, schools
and other public places. Also economic problems. They were free but jobless;
they migrated to the northern cities.
4) Economic Growth and Social Reform : Industry grew more rapidly due to
huge natural resources and European capital. A growing network of
transportation and communication aided economic growth. The Industrialization
brought rapid urbanization. By the 1900s The US had reached the leader of
global power. In the Spanish – American war of 1898, the US gained control of

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overseas territories. Most Americans wanted to limited involvement in world
affairs.
The Monroe Doctrine of 1823: It declared that the European powers should no
longer colonize with the affairs of the nations of the Americas. The US planned
to stay neutral in wars between European powers and its colonies. However, if
these war were to occur in the Americas, The US would see such actions as
hostile. Its effects continued until the WWI.

CHAPTER 3
THE AGE OF IMPERIALISM
The Age of Imperialism brought face to face (confrontations) between different
cultures. That expansion set off radical chandes that reshaped Africans, Southern
Asians and Pasific people.
1) New Economic Patterns ; During the Age of Imperialism emerged the
concept of global economy. It was dominated by the industrialized nations,
especially the US, Britain, France and Germany. These nations goods, capital
and technology flowed to the rest of the world. In return, (karşılığında)
agricultural goods, natural resources (raw material) and cheap labor. New world
economy distrupted traditional local economies in Africa and Asia. Under
colonial rule, they were forced to supply products such as rubber, copper and
coffee.
a) Money Economy ; Colonial rulers introduced a money economy that
replaced the old barter system. To cover the expense of governing these
colonies, colonial authorities demanded heavy taxes on their subjects. The only
way that people could earn money to pay the taxes was by working on
plantations, in mines or on projects (railroad). Families were distrupted, many
men became migrant workers, many women were left alone to grow food and
support their children. Japan and Latin America, daughters were sent to cities to
find work.
b) Economic Dependency ; Mass-produced (seri üretim) goods distrupted
traditional economies. Factory-made goods are cheaper than hand-made goods.
The British textile industry improved because local textile could not compete.
Also artisan-run business and handicraft industries were destroyed. Self-
sufficient local economies became dependent on the industrial powers, which
bought their raw materials and supplied them with manufactured goods. Many
workers were producing export crops rather than food for local consumption,
there were started famines.
c) Modernization ; Colonial rule did bring some economic benefits. Westherns
set up the basic modern banking system, introduced new technologies, built
modern communication and transportation Networks. Railroads linked
plantations and mines to ports.

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2) Cultural Impact ; Europeans were convinced of their own superiority over
Asians or Africans. They believe that they had a mission to civilize
(uygarlaştırmak) the world.
* Westernization ; Europeans wanted to impose their culture or values to the
other nations. Imperialist nations effected numberless people around the world
with their culture or using force. They learned western languages, wore western
clothes, adopted western manners. Many nonwesterners discontented western
efforts to force new ways on them. Many regions were able to escape from its
influences, they had no contact with westerners.
*Western culture was spread by missionaries who built schools and hospitals.
They taught children basic literacy (okuma yazma) in colonial governments.
Missionaries spread their Christian faith across the globe.
* Old and New Ways : ………………………………….
3) New Political Tensions ; Europeans disrupted traditional political units such
as tribes and small kingdoms. In Africa and Asia, western-educated elites were
organizing nationalist movements to end the colonial rule. British and Russia
played a cat-and-mouse game in Central Asia. Their ambitios about expanded
would contribute to occur two world wars.

CHAPTER 4
REVOLUTION IN RUSSIA
Russia had been governed by Romanov dynasty until 1913. Czar Nicholas II
was at the head of Russia in 1913.
After the Revolution of 1905, Nicholas has failed to solve Russian’s basic
political, economic and social problems.
The March Revolution: In 1914, Russia was a backward land dominated by
the landowning nobles, priest and an autocratic Czar.
*Majority peasant population were poor, The elected Duma set up after the
Revolution of 1905 had no real power.
* Revolutionaries worked in secrecy to realize a revolution.
a) Impact of World War I : WW I fired national pride and United the Russians.
Nearly, two million Russian people were died in 1915. The Czar Nicholas II
went to the front-line (cephe) and left the government his wife, Alexandra. She
came to rely on the advice of Gregory Rasputin. Alexander had weakened
confidence in the government. In the end, a group of Russian nobles killed
Rasputin on December 29, 1916.
b) Collapse of the monarchy : By March 1917, disasters on the battlefield
combined with shortages brought the monarchy to collapse.
*Workers were going on strike.
* The Czar abdicated. (istifa etti)
** Duma politicians set up a temporary government.

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** Revolutionary socialists set up “Soviets” , councils (meclis) of workers and
soldiers. Soviets worked democratically within the government. Bolsheviks took
charge of the control. Bolshevik leader was Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin)
Lenin inspired by Karl Marx and spread the Marxist ideas among factory
workers and other socialists. He adapted Marxist ideas to fit Russian conditions.
Marx had predicted that the industrial working class would rise to overthrow
capitalism. But, Russia did not have a large urban proletariat. Lenin set up a
dictatorship of the proletariat. (this elite group the name of Bolsheviks, meaning
majority)
2) The November Revolution: Lenin worked for the revolution with Leon
Trotsky.
* Lenin and the Bolsheviks promised war-weary Russian people peace, land and
bread.
* In November 1917 Red Guards ; armed factory workers attacked the
temporary government. Lenin’s force took control of government without a
struggle.
* The Bolsheviks ended private ownership of land and distributed land to
peasants.
* Workers were given control of the factories and mines. And a new red flag
(symbolized union between peasants and workers.
3) Russian Civil War : Germany and Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
in March 1918 and a piece of land was given back to Germany. To prevent
possible rebellions.
For three years, civil war started between the Reds and Whites, counter-
revolutionaries (karşı devrimciler) who remained loyal to the Czar. Poland ,
Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania broke free in 1920.
* The Allied Powers of WW I intervened (karışmak) in the civil war. Britain
France and US sent forces to help the Whites, but Reds drove out the foreigners.
The allied invasion fed communist distrust (güvensizlik) of the West.
* By 1921, Russia was in chaos. Millions of people had died because of WW I.
There were famine and disease.
* In 1922, the communists produced a constitution both democratic and
socialist, they set up the Supreme Soviet and gave all citizens over 18 the right
to vote.

CHAPTER 5
NATIONALISM AND REVOLUTION AROUND THE WORLD
1) The Mexican Revolution
By 1910 the dictator Porfirio Diaz had ruled Mexico for almost 35 years.
* Diaz welcomed foreign investors who developed mines, railroads and drilled
for oil.
* Whole state’s wealthy was shared amoung the landowners, business people
and foreign investors. But most Mexicans were peasants who lived in desperate

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poverty . Without land or education, they had no hope of improving their
situation.
* Discontent started in Mexico, in the early 1900s. Factory workers and miners
were earning low wages. And middle-class liberals, who wanted democracy
opposed the Diaz.
* Francisco Madero, a liberal reformer, demanded free elections in 1910. He
began to encourage revolt. Diaz resigned (istifa etti) in 1911. Madero became
president of Mexico, but within two years he was murdered.
* After this, several leaders emerged. Francisco “Pancho” Villa, in the north
and Emiliano Zapata in southern Mexico, his followers were called Zapatistas.
Women soldiers called “soldaderas” helped to reformers.

Reforms in Mexico : in 1917 voters elected Venustiano Carranza, a

conservative, president of Mexico. Carranza approved a new Constitution.
* The Constitution of 1917 addressed three major issues : land, religion and
labor. To be land owning was restricted to foreigners and government takeover,
of natural resources. Church land was made the property of nation. The
Constitution set a minimum wage and protected workers’ right to strike. İt did
give women some protection ; Women doing the same job as mem were entitled
to the same pay. Carranza also passed laws allowing married woman to draw up
contracts and have equal authority with men in spending family funds.
In 1920, government restored order and began the carry out (uygulamak)
reforms. It supported labor unions and struggled with illiteracy ; Schools and
libraries were set up. Teachers spread ideas of nationalism that began to bridge
between the regions and the central government.
In 1929, government leader organized the Institutional Revolutionary Party. The
party managed to together all groups in Mexico, including business and military
leaders, peasants and workers.
In 1938, the government nationalized foreign oil holding, part of a program to
reduce foreign influence. Nationalistic spirit focused in part on ending economic
dependence on the industrial powers, especially the US. Latin American
Countries were influenced from development of Mexico. Local business people
urged their governments to raise tariffs to protect the new industries.
* By the 1920s, Latin American intellectuals began to reject European
influences. Instead, they took pride in their own culture, and with combination
of western and Indian traditions. It was called cultural nationalism.
* During and after WW I, The US continued to play the role of international
policeman.
* During the Mexican Revolution, the US supported the leaders who protected
American interests.
*In 1914, US attacked the Port of Vera Cruz to punish Mexico for imprisoning
several American sailors. In 1916, Pancho Villa killed. These actions raised anti-

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American feelings. In 1920s, Augusto Cezar Sandino started a guerilla
movement against the US forces.
* In the 1930s, President Franklin Roosevelt took a new approach to Latin
America and he followed the policy of the good neighbor.

2) Nationalist Movements in Africa and Middle East : During the early

1900s, in Kenya and Rhodesia, white settlers forbiden to grow the most
profitable crops, such as coffee and sisal; only Europeans could grow these. In
Kenya, Africans had to carry identification cards and restricted where they could
live or travel. They had to work on European-run plantation or in mines. They
did not grow what they want, they had to grow what colonial government want
This led to famines in some regions and they became dependent on European-
made goods.
Opposition to imperialism grew among Africans. Many Africans inspired by
Lenin’s writings and socialism found a growing mass population. In Kenya and
Nigeria, people protested the British rule that took their lands. In these revolts,
African women played important role, women armed with machetes and sticks
against the British troops.

A) Racial Segregation and Nationalism in South Africa : Between 1910 and

1940, whites used a system of racial segregation. Their goal was to ensure their
economic and political power and social supremacy. Blacks were pushed into
low-paid, less skilled work. South Africans blacks had to carry passes at all
times. They removed the best land and forced to live on crowded reserves which
were located in dry, infertile areas.
Colonial goverment reduced black people rights as many as possible. (some
blacks to vote local elections). In 1936, the government abolished that right,
They created Apartheid society.
(Apartheid is the Law system in which segregates black South Africans from White South Africans)
African National Congress worked through legal means, protesting laws that
resricted the freedom of black Africans. Initally their eforts had no effect on
South Africa’s white goverment
Rise of Nationalism : During the 1920s, Pan-Africanism emphasized the unity
of Africans and people of African decent around the world. Marcus Garvey’s
message of Africa for Africans and demanded an end to colonial rule. These
were influenced a new generation of African leaders.
B) Eygptian Independence : During WWI, Eygptians had been forced to
provide food and workers to help Britain. Western-educated officials, peasants,
landowners, Christians and Muslims United behind the Wafd Party to gain their
independent against the British. In 1920, the British declared their
independence. British troops stayed in Egypt to guard the Suez Canal. In the
1930s, was founded an organization called the Muslim Brotherhood. Islamic

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nationalism was expanded by this organization and they rejected western
culture.
C) Nationalism and Reform in Iran: Atatürk’s reforms inspired nationalists in
Iran. In 1925, Reza Khan set up his own Pahlavi dynasty. He built factories,
roads, and railroads and strengthened the army. He adopted western alphabet,
forced to wear western clothing and set up modern secular schools. He replaced
Islamic law with secular law and encouraged women to take part in public life.
British company was conrolling Iran’s oil industry. Iran persuaded the British to
give a larger share of the profits and Iranian workers be hired at all level of the
company.
D) European Mandates andA rab Nationalism : After WWI, movement of
Pan-Arabism was increased. This nationalist movement emphasized their
common history and language. During WWI Arab had helped the Allies against
the central power, especially the Ottomans. In return (karşılığında), they had
been promised independence. They carved up Arab. France mandates in Syria
and Lebanon and British mandates in Paletsine and Iraq, later, Trans-Jordan.
During the 1920s and 1930s, Arab’s anger erupted in frequent revolts against
western imperialism.
* Promises in Palestine : Since Roman times, Jews had dreamed of returning to
Palestine. In 1897, Theodor started Zionist movement. His goal was to rebuild a
Jewish state in Palestine. Some Jews, from Eastern Europe, migrated to
Palestine. During WWI, the Allies made two vague sets of promises: they
promised Arabs their own kingdoms in former Otoman lands, including
Palestine. In 1917, the Balfour Declaration was prepared to set up a national
home for the Jewish people in Palestine by Britain. Declaration noted, there
should not be discrimination among all religious. Arab nations have
discontented from declaration and conflict started. Jews set up factories, built
new towns and turned arid desert into irrigated farmland. At first, some Arabs
satisfied the money and technical skills that the newcomers brouhgt with them.
But, Jews poured into the land of Palestine. Jewish factory owners refused to
hire Arabs.

CHAPTER 7
CRISIS OF DEMOCRACY IN THE WEST (1919-1939)
1922 Benito Mussolini
1925 Seven European nations sign the Locarno Treaties, raising hopes for the
world peace.
(5-16 Ekim 1925 tarihleri arasında İsviçre’nin Locarno kentinde müzakere edilen ve 1 Aralık 1925’te Londra’da imzalanan antlaşma. Birinci
Dünya Savaşı sonrasında Avrupa ülkeleri arasındaki ilişkileri normalleştirmeyi hedefleyen çabaların bir zinciri olan Locarno Antlaşması Batı
Avrupa’daki sınırların değişmezliğini teyid ederken, Doğu Avrupa’daki sınırların revizyona tâbi tutulmasına imkân tanıdı.)
1929 the Great Depression beings in the US. (economic collapse) (aşırı
milliyetcilik akımlarını destekledi).
1933 Nazi leader Adolf Hitler comes to power in Germany.

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1938 Night of Broken Glass, Nazi mobs attack Jewish communities in
Germany.
1) Fascism in Italy : Italian nationalists dissatisfied from the Paris treaties.
Italy had expected to gain territory on the Adriatic, but these lands became part
of the new Yugoslavia.
Huge disorders in Socialist Russia efected negatively Italian community. Benito
Mussolini rejected socialism and in 1919, he organized veterans and other
discontented Italians into the Fascist Party. He promised to end the corruption.
Mussolini organized his supporters and they attacked to leftists and farmers’
cooperatives. Fascist gangs took over officials with election in northern Italy.
Many Italians accepted these changes, because they had lost faith in
constitutional government. In 1922, the Fascists announced a march on Rome to
demand that the government make changes. Mussolini accepted as prime
minister by King Victor Emmanuel III without fighting and bloodless.
A) Mussolini’s Italy ; By 1925, Mussolini had more power. He suppressed rival
parties, resricted the pres, rigged elections (hileli seçim) and replaced officials
with Fascist supporters. Critics were thrown into prison or murdered. Secret
police and propaganda helped the new regime. The industry, agriculture and
trade were controlled by the Fascist Party to improve Italian Economy. But some
the rights of workers were forbidden and their wages decreased. According to
Fascists, the individual was unimportant except (-den başka) as a member of the
state. Men were encouraged to be warriors for the glory of Italy. Women was
held out of well paying jobs. Fascist youth groups trained to obey strict military
discipline.
What is Fascism ; we generally use the term to describe any outhoritarian
government. In the other word, it is extreme nationalistic fellings. All form of
Fascism shared some basic features; It was rooted in extreme nationalism,
Fascists were antidemocratic and They rejected the Enlightenment concept of
equality and liberty spread by the French Revolution. They tought, democracy
led to corruption and weakness, and individual or class interests above national
goals. To them, (onlar için) Individual is for the state.
Compared to Communism ; Fascists were the opposite side of the socialist and
communists. Communists hopes for international changes but, Fascists pursued
nationalist goals. Fascists found allies among business leaders, wealthy
landowners and the lower middle-class. Communists supported urban and
agricultural workers.
Totalitarian Rule ; Mussolini built the first totalitarian state, which became a
model for others.
a) Single-party dictatorship.
b) State control of the economy.
c) use of secret police and terror to oganized state’s affairs.
d) strict censorship and goverment control of the media.
e) use of schools and the media to spread state’s ideology.

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f) obedience to a single leader.
* Mussolini promised a strong stable government and an end to the political
problems.
* He revived national pride, to maket he Mediterranen Sea a Romanlake.
* Mussolini projected a sense of power at a time of disorder and chaos.
2) HITLER AND THE RISE OF NAZI GERMANY
A) THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC
In 1919, German leaders set up a constitution in the city of Weimar. The
constitution set up a parliamentary system. It gave women the vote and included
a bill of rights.
The president had to form coalitions which had no power.
-Germans blamed the Weimar Republic for the hated Versailles Treaty, with its
heavy reparations.
(Versay Barış Antlaşması, I. Dünya Savaşı sonunda İtilaf Devletleri ile Almanya arasında imzalanan barış antlaşmasıdır. 18 Ocak 1919'da
başlayan Paris Barış Konferansı'nda müzakere edilmiş, 7 Mayıs 1919'da son metin Almanlara deklare edilmiş, 23 Haziran'da Alman
Parlamentosu'nca kabul edilmiş ve 28 Haziran'da Paris'in Versay banliyösünde imzalanmıştır.
İçerdiği ağır koşullardan ötürü Versay Antlaşması Almanya'da büyük tepkiye yol açmış ve "ihanet" olarak kabul edilmiştir. Birçok tarihçi
Almanya'da 1920'lerde yaşanan ekonomik ve siyasi istikrarsızlığa, Nazi Partisi'nin iktidara gelişine ve İkinci Dünya Savaşı'na nihai olarak
Versailles Antlaşmasının neden olduğu düşüncesindedir.)
-Many Germans blamed German Jews for economic and political problems.
Economic disaster fed unrest. France occupied Ruhr Valley in 1923. Inflation
and prices rose. Reparation payment were very high.
In 1924, British and France approval for a plan reduce reparation payments with
under the Dawes Plan. France withdrew its forces. America helped the German
economy.
In 1929, Great Depression begun in US and its effects hit German economy.
German people pursued Adolf Hitler, who promised to solve the economic crisis
and restore German’s former positions.
B) ADOLF HITLER AND HIS THIRD REICH
He was born in 1889, he can be seen fanatical antisemitic. He detested the
Weimar Republic which he tought as weak and ineffectual. In 1919, he was the
leader of the National Socialist German Workers, or Nazi Party. Hitler organized
his supporters into fighting groups. This group battled in the sreets against the
their political enemies.
In 1923, Hitler was arested. He wrote “My Struggle” which would later become
the basic book of Nazi goals and ideology. He said, Germans belonged to a
superior “master race” of Aryans.
He claimed that Germany lost the war because of the complo of Marxists, Jews,
corrupt politicians and business leaders. He encouraged to Germans everywhere
to unite into one nation. German must expand to gain living space for its people.
In 1929, The Great Depression helped Hitler’s ideas. There were unemployment
rose, Nazi membership grew. Hitler promised to end reparations, create jobs and
resist the Versailles Treaty.
Government divided into two parts, Nazis and Communists. Fearing the growth
of communist political power, conservative politicians turned to Hitler. They
believed they could control him, Thus, Hitler was elected as a president in 1933.

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He suspended civil rights, destroyed the socialists and communists, and banned
other political parties.
Third Reich : Holy Roman Empire, Bismarck in 1871 and Hitler. German
would dominate Europe for 1000 years. He rejected the Versailles Treaty. He
planned to unite Germany and Austria. To achieve his goals, he organized an
efficient but brutal system of terror, repression and totalitarian rule. Nazis
controlled all areas of German life, from government to religion to education.
He formed his secret police, called Gestapo.
Hitler proserved capitalism and he controlled big business and labor under the
government control. The Nazis imposed young people their ideology. Set up
youth camps by the Nazis. They prepared for war.
Like Fascists in Italy, Nazis limited women’s role. Women gone away from
upper-level jobs and universities. To raise the birthrate.
The campaign against the Jews : Hitler wanted to sent out Jews from
Germany. In 1935, Nuremberg Laws declared which included resrictions on
Jews. They were prohibited from marrying non-Jews, attending or teaching at
German schools of universities, holding goverment jobs, practicing law or
medicine or publishing books. On November 1938, a young Jew, shot and
wounded a German diplomat in Paris. Hitler attacked on all Jews. Night of
Broken Glass, took place November 9 and 10. Nazi mobs attacked Jews
communities all over the Germany.
Hitler campaing against the Jews increased. Huge number of Jews were sent to
concentration camps. Hitler and close supporters were making the plan for what
they called the final solution – the extermination of all Jews.

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