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Between Cp and Cv
Relation
n between Cp and Cv: To
o prove Cp‐C
Cv = R
Given:
P = consstant pressurre applied on
n the piston
α = Areaa of cross secction of the p
piston
ΔT= rise in temperatture of the gas
dx = Thee distance AB
B through wh
hich the pisto
on is pushed
d up
dv = α dx = The increease in volum
me of the gass.
Cp & Cv = Molar speecific heat capacities of th
he gas at con
nstant pressu
ure and consstant volume
e
respectively.
Q be thee heat suppliied.
Although both the changes take place simulttaneously bu nience of calcculation we assume
ut for conven
them to be occurringg in steps first the tempeerature chan
nges and then volume changes.
Step 1: TThe volume iis assumed tto be constan emperature rrises by dT and
nt and the te
Let Q1 b
be the heat required for tthat
Cv.dT Joules (1)
Q1 = 1. C
hen increasees by pushingg the piston up by a distaance dx against a
Step II : The volume of the gas th
force P x α
Let Q2 == energy requ
uired to do tthe mechaniccal work in p
pushing the p
piston up.
Q2 = P xx (α x dx ) = P
P x dv Jouless (2)
©Selfstu Tutorial Class Notes Geneeral Physics
udy.in IEMS ‐ High School T Page 1
Relation Between Cp and Cv
Since Q1 and Q2 are the part of the total heat supplied to the gas Q hence
Q = Q1 + Q2 (3)
But if we look at the change as a whole we find that Q heat rises the temperature of
1 kg mole of the gas by dT at constant pressure.
Q = 1. Cp.dT (4)
Putting equation (1), (2) and (4) in (3)
CpdT = CvdT + Pdv
Cp – Cv = P.dv/dT (5)
For perfect gas the equation is PV = nRT
For 1 kg Mole n = 1 PV = RT
Differentiating with P constant P dv/dT = R (6)
Putting equation (6) in (5) we get
Cp – Cv = R (7)
If M be the molecular weight of the gas and cp & cv are the ordinary specific heat of the gas at
constant pressure and constant volume respectively then
Mcp – Mcv = R
cp – cv =R/M = γ
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Reelation B
Between Cp and Cv
Transforrmation of H
Heat: The staate of a gas ccan be repressented by th
hree variables
(i) Pressure
(ii) Volum
me
(iii) Tem
mperature
If one off these changges the statee of the gas cchanges.
Isotherm
mal Transforrmation: Whhen the statee of a gas is changed keep
ping its temp
perature con
nstant
the chan
nge is known
n as Isotherm
mal change.
For Isoth
hermal change ΔT = 0
Generally slow chan nges are treaated as Isothermal. In iso
othermal pro
ocess the preessure and vo
olume of
a gas is rrelated by PV
V= constant when tempeerature is constant (Boylees law).
Relation
n between pressure, volu
ume and tem
mperature o
of a gas in ad
diabatic transsformation:
Let us co nclosed in a ccylinder fitted with a pistton. If some heat is
onsider 1 kg mole of a peerfect gas en
suppliedd to the gas tthe temperatture as well as volume of the gas increases.
Let ΔQ = Am
mount of heaat supplied to
o the gas
P = Pressuree applied on the piston.
α = Area off cross sectio
on of the pistton
dT = Rise in temperature of the gas
dx = AB = TThe distance through whiich the piston is pushed up
dv = α dx =TThe increase in volume o
of the gas
Cp & Cv = M
Molar specificc heat capaccities of the ggas at constaant pressure and
constant vo
olume respecctively.
Although both the changes take place simulttaneously bu nience of calcculation we assume
ut for conven
them to be occurringg in steps.
Step 1: LLet the volum
me remain coonstant and the temperaature rises byy dT only and
d let Q1 be tthe
amount of heat abso orbed by thee gas for this change
©Selfstu Tutorial Class Notes Geneeral Physics
udy.in IEMS ‐ High School T Page 3
Relation Between Cp and Cv
Q1 = 1.Cv.dT Joules (1)
Step II: Temperature remains constant at T + dT and the volume of the gas increases by dv
Let Q2 = Amount of heat energy absorbed by gas in doing the mechanical work, in pushing the piston
up by a distance dx against a force (Pxα)
Since both parts of the heat absorbed from supplied heat
=Q +Q
ΔQ 1 2
Integrating bothsides:
= C v dT + PdV
ΔQ dP dV
∫ P + ∫γ V ∫
= 0
For adiabatic transformation ΔQ = 0
loge P + γlogeV = constant
C v dT + PdV = 0 → (3)
a perfect gas PV = nRT ( here n = 1 )
For loge PV γ = constant
PV = RT Takingantilog PV γ = econstant = constant
Differentiating : PdV + VdP = RdT PV γ = constant→ (5)
PdV + VdP PdV + VdP We know that PV = RT
dT = = → (4)
dT Cp - Cv RT
P= → (6)
Putting equation (4) in (3) : V
PdV + VdP RT
Cv + PdV = 0 V= → (7)
P
Cp - Cv
Fromequation(5) & (6)
C v Vdp + C p PdV = 0
RT γ
Dividing both sides by C p PV V = constant
V
dP C p dV TVγ -1 = constant→ (8)
+ =0
P C v V Fromequation(5) and (7)
dP dV Cp γ
+γ =0 Where γ = = Constant ⎛ RT ⎞
P V Cv P⎜ ⎟ = constant
⎝ P ⎠
Tγ P1−γ = constant→ (9)
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