Chapter 7 – Steady Flow in Open Channels (Part III)

Lecturer: Engr. Kimjay Lamar

Learning Outcomes
 To recall the principles in rapidly varied flow
 To understand the concept of specific energy
 To derive the momentum equation
 To understand the concept of hydraulic jump
 To solve problems involving rapidly varied flow
Steady, Rapidly Varied Flow
Steady, Rapidly Varied Flow
 Principles
 Energy per unit width
𝛼𝑉 2
𝐻 = 𝑧 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 +
2𝑔
For mild slopes, cosθ=1
and assuming α=1.0,

𝑉2
𝐻 =𝑧+𝑦+
2𝑔
Steady, Rapidly Varied Flow
 Principles
 Recall: Froude number (Fr)
𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑣
𝐹𝑟 = =
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑔𝐷
D – hydraulic depth = A/B
Type of Flow Fr yc vc Sc
Subcritical <1 < yn >v > So
Critical =1 = yn =v = So
Supercritical >1 > yn <v > So
Steady, Rapidly Varied Flow
 Principles
 Specific Energy – measured relative to the bed
𝑉2 𝑄2
E=𝑦+ =𝑦+
2𝑔 2𝑔𝐴2
 E can be varied by changing the depth (e.g. by a
sluice gate)
 Depths of the same specific energy are called
alternate depths.
 Plot of E vs y results in the specific energy curve
Steady, Rapidly Varied Flow
 Principles
 Specific Energy Curve
Steady, Rapidly Varied Flow
 Principles
 Minimum specific energy (Maximum discharge)
- occurs at critical depth
𝑑𝐸 𝑄 2 𝑑𝐴
=1− 3
=0
𝑑𝑦 𝑔𝐴 𝑑𝑦
Now dA/dy = B (top width)
𝑄2 𝐵 𝑄2 𝐴3
𝑔𝐴3
= 1 or = (critical flow)
𝑔 𝐵
(Froude number is unity)
Steady, Rapidly Varied Flow
 Principles
 For a rectangular channel,
3 𝑞2
Critical depth: 𝑦𝑐 =
𝑔
(q is Q/b or discharge per meter width)

Critical velocity: 𝑣𝑐 = 𝑔𝑦𝑐

𝑣𝑐 2 𝑛2
Critical slope: 𝑆𝑐 =
𝑅𝑐 4/3
Steady, Rapidly Varied Flow
 Principles
 For a rectangular channel
At the critical depth,

𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.5𝑦𝑐
Steady, Rapidly Varied Flow
 Example 7.9. A rectangular channel 5 m wide laid
to a mild bed slope conveys a discharge of 8 m3/s at
a uniform flow depth of 1.25 m.
(a) Determine the critical depth
(b) Neglecting the energy loss, show how the height of a
streamlined sill constructed on the bed affects the
depth upstream of the sill
Steady, Rapidly Varied Flow
 The momentum equation and hydraulic jump
 Hydraulic jump – a stationary surge that occurs in
the transition from a supercritical to subcritical
flow
 Smooth transition is not possible

 Rapid depth change occurs

 Initial depth – the depth at which the jump

starts
 Sequent depth – the downstream depth
Steady, Rapidly Varied Flow
 The momentum equation and hydraulic
jump
 Hydraulic jump
Steady, Rapidly Varied Flow
 The momentum equation and hydraulic jump
 To determine the relationship between yi and ys,
momentum equation is applied
Consider:

Assume hydrostatic pressure distribution. Summing

forces along the horizontal:
𝛾𝐴1 𝑦ത1 − 𝛾𝐴2 𝑦ത2 = 𝜌𝑄(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
Steady, Rapidly Varied Flow
 The momentum equation and hydraulic jump

For a rectangular channel,

𝛾𝐴1 𝑦ത1 − 𝛾𝐴2 𝑦ത2 = 𝜌𝑄(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
𝑞 𝑞
𝛾𝑦1 𝑦1 𝑏/2 − 𝛾𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑏/2 = 𝜌𝑄( − )
𝑦2 𝑦1
Steady, Rapidly Varied Flow
 The momentum equation and hydraulic jump

For a rectangular channel,

2𝑞 2
𝑦𝑖 𝑦𝑠 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑦𝑠 =
𝑔
Steady, Rapidly Varied Flow
 The momentum equation and hydraulic jump
for a rectangular channel,

𝑦𝑠 1 2
𝑦𝑖 1
= 1 + 8𝐹𝑟𝑖 − 1 = 1 + 8𝐹𝑟𝑠 2 − 1
𝑦𝑖 2 𝑦𝑠 2

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 3
𝐸𝐿 = 𝐸1 − 𝐸2 =
4𝑦1 𝑦2
 Steady, Rapidly Varied Flow
Example 7.10. A vertical sluice gate with an opening of 0.67
m produces a downstream jet depth of 0.40 m when installed
in a long rectangular channel 5.0 m wide conveying a steady
discharge of 20.0 m3/s. Assuming that the flow downstream
of the gate eventually returns to the uniform flow depth of
2.5 m,
(a) Verify that a hydraulic jump occurs
(b) Calculate the head loss in the jump
(c) If the head loss through the gate is 0.05Vj2/2g,
calculate the depth upstream of the gate and the force
on the gate
Quiz
A vertical sluice gate in a long rectangular channel 4m
wide has an opening of 1.5 meters. At a discharge of
25m3/s, the depth of uniform flow is 3.56m. Determine
whether or not hydraulic jump will occur. The coefficient
of contraction (reduction on the depth of water due to
sluice gate) is 0.7.