Environmental history is a new field that emerged in the 1980s to look at the history of the environment, especially in the

long run,
and the impact of human activities upon it.[51]

World history
World history is the study of major civilizations over the last 3000 years or so. World history is primarily a teaching field, rather than
a research field. It gained popularity in the United States,[52] Japan[53] and other countries after the 1980s with the realization that
students need a broader exposure to the world as globalization proceeds.

It has led to highly controversial interpretations byOswald Spengler and Arnold J. Toynbee, among others.

The World History Association publishes the Journal of World History every quarter since 1990.[54] The H-World discussion list[55]
serves as a network of communication among practitioners of world history, with discussions among scholars, announcements,
syllabi, bibliographies and book reviews.

People's history
A people's history is a type of historical work which attempts to account for historical events from the
perspective of common people.
A people's history is the history of the world that is the story of mass movements and of the outsiders. Individuals or groups not
included in the past in other type of writing about history are the primary focus, which includes the disenfranchised, the oppressed,
the poor, the nonconformists, and the otherwise forgotten people. The authors are typically on the left and have a socialist model in
mind, as in the approach of theHistory Workshop movement in Britain in the 1960s.[56]

Intellectual history
Intellectual history and the history of ideas emerged in the mid-20th century, with the focus on the intellectuals and their books on the
[57][58]
one hand, and on the other the study of ideas as disembodied objects with a career of their own.

Gender history
Gender history is a sub-field of History and Gender studies, which looks at the past from the perspective of gender. It is in many
ways, an outgrowth ofwomen's history. Despite its relatively short life, Gender History (and its forerunner Women's History) has had
a rather significant effect on the general study of history. Since the 1960s, when the initially small field first achieved a measure of
acceptance, it has gone through a number of different phases, each with its own challenges and outcomes. Although some of the
changes to the study of history have been quite obvious, such as increased numbers of books on famous women or simply the
admission of greater numbers of women into the historical profession, other influences are more subtle.

Public history
Public history describes the broad range of activities undertaken by people with some training in the discipline of history who are
generally working outside of specialized academic settings. Public history practice has quite deep roots in the areas of historic
preservation, archival science, oral history, museum curatorship, and other related fields. The term itself began to be used in the U.S.
and Canada in the late 1970s, and the field has become increasingly professionalized since that time. Some of the most common
settings for public history are museums, historic homes and historic sites, parks, battlefields, archives, film and television companies,
and all levels of government.[59]

Historians
Professional and amateur historians discover, collect, organize, and present information about past events.They discover this
information through archaeological evidence, written primary sources from the past and other various means such as place names. In
lists of historians, historians can be grouped by order of the historical period in which they were writing, which is not necessarily the