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The Chinese version of standards has

precedence to their English translations


which are only for internal reference.

Trade Standard of the People’s Republic of China

Code for design, construction and acceptance


of high strength bolting for steel structure

JGJ 82 91

Beijing 1992
Trade Standard of the People’s Republic of China

Code for design, construction and acceptance


of high strength bolting for steel structure

JGJ 82 91

Complied by: Hubei Provincial Building Engineering Corporation

Approved by: The Ministry of Construction of the PRC

Date of Enforcement: November 1, 1992


Notice on issuance of the trade standard “Code for design, construction
and acceptance of high strength bolting for steel structure”

Jian Biao No. (1992) 231

Construction commissions (departments) of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities


directly under the Central Government, construction commissions of cities directly under State
planning, relevant Ministries and commissions of the State Council:

In accordance with the requirement of the Document Jian Gong Ke Zi No.14 issued by the former
Building Engineering Bureau of the State, the “Code for design, construction and acceptance of
high strength bolting for steel structure”, developed by Hubei Provincial Building Engineering
Corporation, has been reviewed and approved to be a trade standard with the code No. JGJ 82
91, which will be implemented as of November 1, 1992.

This standard shall be put under the administration of China Building Science Research Institute,
which is affiliated to the Ministry of Construction, and Hubei Provincial Building Engineering
Corporation shall be responsible for its interpretation.

This standard was published by the Standard and Ration Research Institute of the Ministry of
Construction.

The Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China

April 16, 1992


Contents

Chapter I General

Chapter II Design of Connecting

Section I General Provisions

Section II Calculation of Friction-type Connection

Section III Calculation of Pressure-bearing Connections

Section IV Design of the Joint

Section V Structural Requirements for Connection

Chapter III Construction and Acceptance

Section I Transportation and Conservation of High Strength Bolt Sets

Section II Fabrication of Elements Connected by High Strength Bolting

Section III Anti-slippage Coefficient Inspection for High Strength Bolting


Sets and Friction Surfaces

Section IV Installation for High Strength Bolting Sets

Section V Quality Inspection and Acceptance for High Strength Bolting Sets

Section VI Painting

Appendix I Conversion between legal and nonofficial units of measurement

Appendix II Explanation of Wording in This Code

Additional Note
Main Symbols

Actions and Effects of Actions


F----concentrated load
M----bending moment
N----axial force
P----pretension of high strength bolt
V----shearing force
Calculation Indexes
N tb , N vb , N cb − − − − design value of each high strength bolt’s pull, shear and press bearing
capacity
f----design value of the steel’s tensile, pressure and bending strength
f t b , f vb , f cb ----design valve of high strength bolt’s tensile, shear and press bearing strength
σ ----positive stress
Geometrical Parameters
A----gross section area
An----net section area
I----gross moment of inertia of section area
S----gross moment of area of section area
α ----space
d----diameter
d 0 ----diameter of hole
l----length
L z ----assumed distributed length of concentrated load on the edge of calculated height of web
plate

Calculation Coefficient and Other

n----quantity of high strength bolts


n l ----quantity of high strength bolts of the calculation section
n f ----quantity of force-transferring friction surfaces for high strength bolts
µ ----anti-slippage coefficient of the friction surface for high strength bolts
ψ ----augmenting factor of concentrated load
Chapter I General

1.0.1 This code is formulated for the purpose of obtaining advanced technology, economy, safe
application and quality guarantee in the design and construction of high strength bolting
for steel structure.

1.0.2 This code is applies to the design, construction and acceptance of high strength bolting in
steel structure for industrial and civil buildings.

1.0.3 The design, construction and acceptance of high strength bolting shall meet relevant
provisions of the “Code for design of steel structure (GBJ17)”, “Technical specification on
cold-bending and thin-wall steel structure (GBJ18)”, and “Code for construction and
acceptance of steel structure (GBJ205)”, in addition to this code.

The existing special standards shall be followed in the event of high strength bolting
designed for service in special environments (such as high temperature and corrosive
condition).

1.0.4 The high strength bolting sets adopted in this code shall meet the stipulations of “Heavy
hexagonal bolts for steel structure” (GB1228), “Type and size of high strength heavy
hexagonal nuts for steel structure” (GB1229), “Type and size of high strength washers for
steel structure” (GB1230), “Specifications of high strength heavy hexagonal bolts, nuts
and washers for steel structure” (GB1231), or “Type and size of torsion shear type high
strength bolt set for steel structure” (GB3632), and “Specifications of torsion sheer type
high strength bolting sets for steel structure” (GB3633) respectively.

1.0.5 The performance grade, specification, connecting type, pretension, anti-slippage


coefficient of friction surface of the applied high strength bolting set, as well as anti-rust
requirement after connecting, shall be indicated on the design and construction drawings.
If high strength bolting of two or more different diameters is selected in the design, the
bolting diameter selected subject to anti-slippage coefficient test shall also be indicated.

1.0.6 The State’s relative regulations on labor protection and safety technology shall be
followed in the course of high strength bolt tightening, friction surface treatment and
installation of elements.
Chapter II Design of Connecting

Section I General Provisions

2.1.1 In this code the design method of probability theory based limit status is adopted to make
calculation by using the designed coefficient equation. The following limit status shall be
considered for high strength bolting in terms of the different types:

I. Friction type connection: Under the design load, the relative slippage arising
between connected pieces is considered as the limit status of bearing capacity.

II. Pressure bearing type connection: Their maximum bearing capacity that the bolts or
connected pieces have reached under the design load is considered as the limit
status of bearing capacity. Under the standard load, the relative slippage arising
between connected pieces is considered as the limit status of its normal use.

2.1.2 The high strength bolting should be designed according to the element’s design value of
internal force. If necessary (such as identical strength connection with the element), it
may also be designed according to the design value of bearing capacity of the element.

2.1.3 High strength bolting of the pressure bearing type shall not be used in the connection of
the following elements:
Element connection directly receiving dynamic load;
Element connection receiving repeated loads; and
Connection of cold bending thin wall type steel elements.
2.1.4 For the cold-bending and thin thickness steel with thickness less than 4mm, the
connected friction surface should be treated by means of oil stain removal or rust removal
by steel wire brush.

2.1.5 The diameter of the selected high strength bolting in the same design project should be
less than two kinds. The diameter of high strength bolting used for the cold-bending thin-
wall steel connection should be less than 16mm.

2.1.6 When the ambient temperature for high strength bolting is higher than 150ºC, heat
insulation shall be adopted for protection. When the ambient temperature for friction type
connection is 100-150ºC; the design bearing capacity shall be decreased by 10%.
Section II Calculation of Friction-type Connection

2.2.1 In the anti-shear connection (connection receiving internal forces in direction


perpendicular to the bolt’s axis), the shear bearing force N vb shall be calculated
according to the following equation:

N vb =K • n f • µ • p (2.2.1)

where K---- coefficient, for common steel structural elements, K=0.9, for the cold-bending thin
wall type steel structural elements, k=0.8;
n f ----quantity of force-transferring friction surfaces;
µ ----anti-slippage coefficient of the friction surface, as per Table 2.2.1-1;
p----the pretension of high strength bolting is per Table 2.2.1-2.
N vb value may also be obtained by referring to Table 2.2.3

Table 2.2.1-1 Anti-slippage coefficient µ of friction surface

Steel grade of element


Treatment of friction surfaces of elements at the connection 16Mn or 15MnV or
3#
16Mnq 15MnVq
Sand(ball)-blasting 0.45 0.55 0.55
Inorganic zinc-rich paint applied after
0.35 0.40 0.40
Common steel sand(ball) blasting
structure Red rust formation after sand (ball) blasting 0.45 0.55 0.55
Rust removal by steel wire brush or untreated
0.30 0.35 0.35
clean rolling surface
Sand blasting 0.4 0.45 ----
Rust removal from rolling surface of hot-rolled
Cold-bending 0.3 0.35 ----
steel
thin-wall type
Rust removal from rolling surface of cold-rolled
steel structure 0.25 ---- ----
steel
Galvanized surface 0.17 ---- ----
Note: When the connected elements are in different steel grades, the corresponding lower µ
value shall be taken.

Table 2.2.1-2 Pretension of each high strength bolt P(kN)

Performance grade Nominal diameter of bolt (mm)


of bolt 12 16 20 22 24 27 30
8.8S 45 70 110 135 155 205 250
10.9S 55 100 155 190 225 290 355

2.2.2 In a connection bearing the pretension in the bolt’s axial direction, the design value of
tension bearing capacity N tb of a high strength bolt shall be calculated according to the
following equation:

N tb = 0.8 • p (2.2.2)
2.2.3 When the friction type connection bears both the shear force and the external tension in
the axial direction, the design value of shear bearing capacity of a high strength bolt shall
be calculated according to the following equation:

N vb = K • N f • µ • ( P − 1.25 N t ) (2.2.3)

where N t ----external tension of each high strength bolt in its axial direction, this value shall not
exceed 0.8P.

In absence of the external tension, the design value of shear bearing capacity of each high
strength bolt connecting common steel structural elements in one friction surface can be obtained
by reference to Table 2.2.3.

Table 2.2.3 Shear bearing capacity of each high strength bolt connecting common steel
structural elements in one friction surface
Nominal Anti-slippage coefficient µ of the friction surface
Preten
Performance diameter
No. sion P
grade of bolt of bolt 0.25 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.55
(kN)
(mm)
1 M12 45 10.12 14.17 16.20 18.22 22.27
2 M16 70 15.75 22.05 25.20 28.35 39.65
3 M20 110 24.75 34.65 39.60 44.55 54.45
4 8.8S M22 135 30.37 42.52 48.60 54.67 66.82
5 M24 155 34.87 48.82 55.80 62.77 76.72
6 M27 205 46.12 64.57 73.80 88.02 101.47
7 M30 250 56.25 78.75 90.00 101.25 123.75
8 M12 55 12.37 17.32 19.80 22.27 27.22
9 M16 100 22.50 31.50 36.00 40.50 49.50
10 M20 155 34.87 48.82 55.80 62.77 76.72
11 10.9S M22 190 42.75 59.85 68.40 76.95 94.05
12 M24 225 50.62 70.87 81.00 91.12 111.37
13 M27 290 65.25 91.35 104.40 117.45 143.55
14 M30 355 79.87 111.82 127.80 143.77 175.72

Note: 1. For the connection of the cold bending and thin wall steel structure, the value in this
table shall be decreased by multiplying 0.89.
2. When the high strength bolt connection bears both the shear force and the external
tension in the bolt’s axial direction, the design value of sheer bearing capacity shall be
⎧ P − 1.25 N t ⎫
lowered by multiplying ⎨ ⎬.
⎩ P ⎭
2.2.4 When high strength friction-type bolting is adopted for elements bearing the force in the
axial direction, the strength σ of the element shall be calculated according to the following
equation:

N'
σ = ≤ f (2.2.4-1)
An

N
σ = ≤ f (2.2.4-2)
An
where N----axial tension or axial pressure;
n1
N’----converted axial force, for common steel structural elements: (1 − 0.5 ) N , for cold-
n
n1
bending thin-wall type steel structural elements: (1 − 0.4 )N ;
n
An ----net section area of the element;
A----gross section area of the element;
n1 ----number of high strength bolts on the calculated section (joint with the outmost line of
bolts);
n----on the node or the connection, the number of high strength bolts connected to one end
of the element;
f---- design value of tensile or compact strength of the element steel..

2.2.5 The shear-resistant friction type connection under the repeated dynamic loads may be not
subject to the fatigue calculation, but the base metal at the connection shall be subject to
the fatigue calculation in compliance with the “Code for design of steel structure” (GBJ17).
Section III Calculation of Pressure-bearing Connections

2.3.1 For the pressure-bearing connection of high strength bolting, the design value of
pretension P shall be applied according to the values in Table 2.2.1-2. The treatment of
the friction surface of such connection is the same as the friction-type connection.

2.3.2 For the shear-bearing pressure-bearing connection, the load bearing capacity of each
high strength bolt shall be the lower of the design value of the shear bearing and
pressure bearing capacity; in addition, the value of the shear load shall also be controlled
according to 2.3.5:

b πd 2
Design value of the shear load N = nv •
v • f vb (2.3.2—1)
4

Design value of the pressurized load N cb = d • ∑ t • f cb (2.3.2—2)

where nv ----number of shear bearing surfaces;

d---- nominal diameter of the bolt; in the equation (2.3.2—1), when the shear surface is at
the thread, the effective diameter d e of the thread shall be used instead of d, but it is
necessary to try to avoid the thread going into the shear surface;

∑ t ----the lower total thickness of the pressure bearing element in the same force bearing
direction;

f vb , f cb ----the design value of the bolt’s shear bearing capacity and the base material’s
pressure bearing capacity, which shall be in compliance with Table 2.3.2
2
Table 2.3.2 Design value of pressure bearing connection (kN/cm )
Performance
grade of the Material of element steel
bolts
Description
16Mn or 16Mnq steel, steel 15Mn or 15Mnq steel, steel
3#
8.8S 10.9S thickness (mm) thickness (mm)
Steel
≤ 16 11-25 26-36 ≤ 16 17-25 26-36
f vb 25.0 31.0 / / / / / / /

f cb / / 46.5 64.0 61.5 59.0 66.5 64.0 61.5

2.3.3 When the pressure bearing connection is bearing the external tensile force in the bolt’s
axial direction, the design value N tb of the tensile force for each high strength bolt shall
be calculated according to equation 2.2.2.

2.3.4 When the pressure bearing connection is bearing both the shear and the external tensile
force in the axial direction of the bolt, the external force on each high strength bolt shall
meet the requirements of equations 2.3.4-1 and 2.3.4-2.
2
⎧ Nv ⎫ ⎧ Nt ⎫
⎨ b ⎬ + ⎨ v ⎬ ≤1 (2.3.4 – 1)
⎩ Nv ⎭ ⎩ Nt ⎭

N cb
Nv ≤ (2.3.4 – 2)
1.2

where NV , N t ----the shear and tensile force on each high strength bolt

N vb , N tb , N cb ----the design value of shear, tensile and pressure bearing capacity of each
High strength bolt.

2.3.5 For the pressure bearing connection bearing the shear force or bearing the shear and
axial tensile force, the design shear force for high strength bolt shall not exceed 1.3 times
that as calculated in term of the friction type connection.

2.3.6 For the structure bearing forces at its axial center, which adopts the pressurized High
strength bolting, on the joint, the strength σ of the structure shall be calculated according
to the following equation:

N
σ = ≤ f (2.3.6)
An
Section IV Design of the Joint

2.4.1 On the same force-bearing part of the same joint, the connection combined by High
strength bolt friction joint and pressure bearing connection shall not be adopted, the
connection combined by High strength bolt and normal bolt shall also not be adopted. On
the same force-bearing part of the same joint in the innovation, extension and
strengthening project with the majority structure bearing the static load, the High strength
bolt friction joint together with side-angle weld seam or rivet is permitted, considering their
normal work.

For the same joint, the connection combined with different joints in terms of different force-
bearing parts is adopted (such as in the steel node of the girder column, the flange of the girder
welded with the column, the girder web plate connected with the column by High strength bolt),
considering their normal work.

2.4.2 For the joints of the different thickness plate, the shim is provided. Both surfaces of the
plate shall be treated the same way as the mother material. When the differential
thickness of the plate is equal or less than 3mm, the table of 3.4.3 can be referred.

2.4.3 the quantity of High strength bolt shall increase in the following joints:

I. For two pieces connected through shim or other intermediate plate, the quantity of
pressurized High strength bolts shall increase by 10% of the calculation.

II. For lap joint or single-surface connection by splice plate, the quantity of pressurized
High strength bolts shall increase by 10% of the calculation.

III. For the end joint of the structure, when short angle steel is used to connect the
extended limb of the profiled bar (angle or channel steel) to reduce the connection
length, the HI joint quantity on one of the limb of the short angle steel shall increase by
50% of the calculation.

2.4.4 When the High strength bolting is adopted for assemble I-girder flange, the friction type of
High strength bolting should be adopted, and calculated as per the following equation:

I. High strength bolt for connection between flange plate and flange angle steel

a ⎧V • S1 ⎫ b
⎨ ⎬ ≤ Nv (2.4.4----2)
n⎩ I ⎭

where, S1 ----section moment of the flange plate’s gross section against the central axis of the
girder;

a----spacing of high strength bolts on the flange;

n----quantity of high strength bolts within the range of spacing a;

V----shear force of the girder’s calculated section;

I----moment of inertia for the gross section of the girder.

II. High strength bolt for connecting the flange and the web plate:
2 2
a ⎧V • S 2 ⎫ ⎧ a1 • ψ • F ⎫ b
⎨ ⎬ +⎨ ⎬ ≤ Nv (2.4.4—2)
n ⎩ I ⎭ ⎩ lZ ⎭

where F---- concentrated load value (for dynamic load, the dynamic coefficient shall be taken into
consideration);

ψ ----coefficient, for heavy crane girder, ψ =1.35, for other girder, ψ =1.0;

LZ ----assumed distribution length of the concentrated load on edge of the calculated


height of the web plate, which may be calculated according to the following equation:
l Z = a1 + 2h y ;

a1 ----supporting length of the concentrated load on the span direction of the girder, for the
crane girder, 50mm may be adopted;

h y ----distance from the top of rails of the crane girder or the top of other girders to the
connection hole’s center of the web plate and the flange (lower holes in case of two
lines of holes available);

a1 ----coefficient, when the load is on the upper flange, and the web plate of the girder is
planed smoothly to compress the upper flange, a1 =0.4, for other situation, a1 =1.0;

S 2 ----moment of the gross section of the flange (including the flange plate, flange angle
steel and armpit plate) against the central axis of the girder.

2.4.5 T-type tensile bearing connections (figure 2.4.5) shall have more rigid end plate, such as
thickened end plate or stiffened plate.
2.4.6 For the end plate joint bearing both bending moment and shear force (see figure 2.4.6),
the friction-type high strength bolting is calculated according to the following method:

I. Under the bending moment, the maximum tensile force in the axial direction that the
high strength bolt in the edge of the tensile part is bearing shall be calculated
according to the following equation:

M • y1
N tl = (2.4.6—1)
m∑ y i2

where y1 ----distance between the central axis of the bolting group and the bolt with maximum
tensile;

y i ----distance from the No. i bolt of each bolt line to the central axis of the bolting group;

m----the number of lines of bolts.

The maximum tensile of the bolt calculated from the equation (2.4.6—1) shall not exceed 0.8P.

II. The shear force of the end plate joint of common steel structural element [N ]shall
b
v
be calculated according to the following equation:

[N ] = 0.9µ (nP − 1.25∑ N )


b
v ti
(2.4.6-2)

where n----the total quantity of the joint bolts

∑N ti
----the summation of the tensile received by each bolt of the tensile area, i.e.,

∑N ti
----- N t1 + N t 2 + N t 3 + ………

2.4.7 For the split joint bearing the axial force, bending moment and the shear force (figure
2.4.7), the shear force that the high strength bolt is bearing shall be calculated according
to the following equation:

2 2
⎡ N (M + V • e )y1 ⎤ ⎡V (M + V • e )x1 ⎤
N1 = ⎢ + 2 ⎥
+⎢ + 2 ⎥
≤ Nb (2.4.7—1)
⎣⎢ n ∑ (xi + yi ) ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ n ∑ (xi + yi ) ⎦⎥
2 2
where N1 ----The shear force that a high strength bolt on the maximum force-bearing area (on the
cross) is bearing;

M, N, V----the bending moment, axial and shear force that the split joint is bearing;

n---- quantity of high strength bolts on one side of the split joint;

xi , y i ----the horizontal and vertical distances from the center of the bolt group to the No. i
bolt on the split joint;

x1, y1 ----the horizontal and vertical distances from the center of the bolt group to the
furthest line of bolts;

e----the horizontal distance between the center of the bolt group and the center of the split
joint.

When y1 / x1 >3, the equation (2.4.7—1) may be simplified to the following equation:

2 2
⎛N My1 ⎞⎟ ⎛ V ⎞
N1 = ⎜ + + ≤ Nb (2.4.7—2)
⎜ n ∑ y 2 ⎟ ⎜⎝ n ⎟⎠
⎝ 1 ⎠

The N b in equations (2.4.7—1) and (2.4.7—2) is the design load of one high strength bolt. For
the friction type, equation (2.2.1) is adopted. For pressure bearing connection, the lower of the
design bearing capacity as calculated from equation (2.3.2—1) and (2.3.2—2) is adopted.

2.4.8 The split joint of the whole section of I-beam (figure 2.4.8) may be calculated either in the
way that the bending moment is assumed by both the flange and the web plate or in the
way that the bending moment is assumed by the flange and the shear force is assumed
by the web plate.

When the calculation is made in the way that the bending moment is assumed by the flange and
the web plate, the shear force that the high strength bolt on the flange is bearing may be
calculated according to the following equations:

M1
N1 f = < Nb (2.4.8-1)
n•h
where N 1 f ----the shear force that each high strength bolt bears on the flange split joint;
M • I1
M1 = (2.4.8—2)\
I
where M----the bending moment on the split joint;
n----quantity of high strength bolt on the side of the flange split joint;
h----height of the girder;

I 1 ----the inertia moment of the flange against the gross section of the girder’s central axis;
I ----the inertia moment of the girder’s gross section;

N b ----according to the stipulations of section 2.4.7.

The high strength bolt on the web plate is calculated according to equation (2.4.7-1) or (2.4.7—2)
under the condition of N=0, M=M2;

M2 is the bending moment that the web plate shares, which is calculated as follows:

M • I2
M2 = (2.4.8-3)
I

where I 2 ----the gross section’s inertia moment of the web plate against the girder’s central axis

If the calculation is made in the way that the bending moment is assumed by the flange, and the
shear is assumed by the web plate, the shear that the high strength bolt on the flange bears is
calculated as follows:

M
N1 f = ≤ Nb (2.4.8—4)
n•h
The shear that the high strength bolt on the web plate bears is calculated as follows:

V
N 1w = ≤ Nb (2.4.8 – 5)
n

where N1w ----the shear that each high strength bolt on the split joint of the web plate bears;

n---- quantity of high strength bolts on one side of the web plate’s split joint

2.4.9 When the connection length l1 on one end of the structure’s node or on one end of the
split joint is larger than 15d0 in the direction of force-bearing, the bearing capacity of the
l0
high strength bolt shall multiply the reduction coefficient ( 1.1 − ); when l1 is larger
150d 0
than 60d0, the reduction coefficient is 0.7, d0 is the hole’s diameter, and l1 is the hole
distance of the two ends.
Section V Structural Requirements for Connection

2.5.1 The quantity of high strength bolts on one end of the joint should not be less than 2.

2.5.2 The hole for the high strength bolt shall be drilled, the diameter of which shall be taken in
accordance with Table 2.5.2.

Table 2.5.2 Hole diameter for high strength bolting


Nominal diameter of the bolt (mm) 12 16 20 22 24 27 30
Hole diameter of the bolt (mm) 13.5 17.5 22 24 26 30 33
Note: For the pressure bearing type, the hole diameter of the high strength bolt may be
decreased by 0.5-1.0mm in terms of the value in this table.

2.5.3 The hole spacing and edge spacing for high strength bolting shall be in compliance with
Table 2.5.3

Table 2.5.3 Hole spacing and edge spacing for high strength bolting
Max. value (lower
Description Location and direction Min. value
value of the two)
External row 8d0 or 12t
Center to center Element bearing
Intermediate 12d0 or 18t 3d0
spacing pressure
row
Element bearing tensile 16d0 or 24t
Distance In the direction of the internal force 2d0
between center Vertical to Cut edge 1.5d0
4d0 or 8t
and edge of the internal
Rolled edge 1.5d0
element force
Note: (1) d0 is the hole diameter of the high strength bolt, t is the thickness of the external thinner
plate.
(2) The maximum distance of high strength bolts connecting the steel plate’s edge and rigid
elements (such as angle and channel steel) may comply with the value of the
intermediate row.

2.5.4 For the girder connected by high strength bolts, the flange plates should not be more than
3 layers. The angle steel section area of the flange shall be more than 30% of the whole
flange section. When the large-scale angle steel doesn’t meet this requirement, the
underarm plate may be added (figure 2.5.4). The total section area of angle steel plus
underarm plate shall be more than 30% of the flange area.

When the flange plate need not to lay along the whole length of the girder, the quantity of bolts
within the extended length of the theoretic cut-off point shall be calculated in accordance with the
load capacity equal to that of the ½ net section area of the flange plate.
2.5.5 When high strength bolts are used for the split joint of profile steel elements, steel plates
may be used as the elements. Shim plates shall be added on the slope surface of the
profile steel.

2.5.6 For the friction surface of high strength bolting, protective measures need to be taken
when it is laid up for a long time. When the high strength bolting is completed, anti-rust
paint shall be applied in accordance with the coating requirements. Paint is used to seal
the bolt and the surrounding area of the joint.

2.5.7 For high strength bolting, the operable spaces for dedicated construction machines shall
be considered in the course of the design (figure 2.5.7). Refer to Table 2.5.7 for the
minimum dimensions.

When a value is less than that in Table 2.5.7, long socket wrench may be used to tighten the bolt,
the diameter of the socket head is generally the size of the nut’s cross line plus 10mm, but the b
value needs to have sufficient length.

Table 2.5.7 Dimensions of operable spaces


Type of wrench Minimum size (mm)
a b
Manual wrench with set torque moment 45 140+c
Electric wrench of torsion shear type 65 530+c
Heavy hexagonal electric wrench 60
Chapter III Construction and Acceptance

Section I Transportation and Conservation of High Strength Bolt Sets

3.1.1 High strength bolt set of heavy hexagonal type consists of one heavy hexagonal bolt, one
nut and two washers. The assembly of all parts shall be in accordance with Table 3.1.1.
High strength bolt set of torsion shear type consists of one bolt, one nut and one washer.
High strength bolt set shall be applied with the same lot.

Table 3.1.1 Combination of high strength bolt set of heavy hexagonal type
Bolt Nut Washer
10.9S 10H HRC35----45
8.8S 8H HRC35----45
3.1.2 High strength bolt set of each complete lot shall be provided by the manufacturer, with
the quality certificate available.

3.1.3 In the course of transportation and conservation of high strength bolt sets, the high
strength bolt set shall be loaded and unloaded with great care so as not to damage the
thread.

3.1.4 High strength bolt sets shall be categorized and stored according to the lot number and
specification marked on the package. They shall be stored indoors and should not be
stacked too high to avoid rust and contamination. The package of high strength bolt sets
must not be opened at will before installation.

3.1.5 When high strength bolt sets are to be installed at site, they shall be withdrawn from the
warehouse according to the quantity needed that day. The remaining high strength bolts
from that day must be stored carefully. During installation, the thread shall not be
damaged and contaminated so as to avoid changes on the coefficient of the torque
moment.
Section II Fabrication of Elements Connected by High Strength Bolting

3.2.1 The bolt hole diameter for elements connected by high strength bolting shall meet the
design requirements, and the allowable deviation of hole diameter shall comply with Table 3.2.1

Table 3.2.1 Allowable deviation of hole diameter for elements connected by high strength
bolting
Description Diameter and allowable deviation (mm)
Diameter 12 16 20 22 24 27 30
Bolt
Allowable deviation ±0.43 ±0.52 ±0.84
Diameter 13.5 17.5 22 (24) 26 (30) 33
Bolt
+4.3 +0.52 +0.84
hole Allowable deviation
0 0 0
Roundness (difference between
1.00 1.50
Max. and Min. diameter)
Shall be no greater than 3% of the plate thickness, single
Slope of center line layer plate must not exceed 2.0mm, multi-layer plate must not
exceed 3.0mm.

3.2.2 The allowable deviation of high strength bolt hole spacing shall be in compliance with
Table 3.2.2

Table 3.2.2 Allowable deviation of high strength bolt hole spacing


Spacing of bolt holes (mm)
No. Item description
<500 500-1200 1200-3000 >3000
Distance between any
1 ±1.0 ±1.2
holes of the same group Allowable
Distance between end deviation
2 ±1.2 ±1.5 ±2.0 ±3.0
holes of the adjacent group
Note: Rules for hole grouping:
(1) All holes through which a plate is connected with a rod are put in one group.
(2) Holes on the joint: general joint—holes on half of the split joint plate belong to one group,
ladder joint----holes between the two joints belong to one group
(3) Holes between two adjacent nodes or joints belong to one group, excluding holes
indicated in (I) and (2).
(4) On the flange of bending bearing elements, all holes within 1m distance belong to one
group.
3.2.3 The bolt hole for high strength bolting shall be drilled, with no fins or burrs around the
holes.

3.2.4 All high strength bolt holes on layers of the plates shall be inspected by the gauge, the
pass ratio shall be as follows:

The pass ratio for each group of bolts shall be at least 85% by using the gauge 1.0mm smaller
than the hole’s nominal diameter. All pass shall be achieved by using the gauge 0.2—0.3mm
larger than the bolt hole’s nominal diameter.

3.2.5 For all holes that the gauge cannot go through when they are inspected according to
3.2.4, extended drilling or re-drilling after patch weld must be performed after receiving
the approval from the design institute issuing the construction drawings. The hole
diameter after extended drilling shall not be 2.0mm greater than the original design. The
electrodes with the same mechanical properties as the base material shall be used for
patch welds, and it is forbidden to use steel pieces for filling. The quantity of holes in each
group which need re-drilling after patch welding shall not exceed 20%. Keep record for
each treatment of the hole.

3.2.6 For each machined elements, the steel plate surface for each high strength bolting shall
be smooth and free of splash, burr and oil stains. The surface treatment shall be the
same as the requirements in the design drawing.

3.2.7 The friction surface of the treated high strength bolting shall be protected to avoid dirt and
oil stains. Any marks are prohibited to be made on the friction surface of the high strength
bolting.
Section III Anti-slippage Coefficient Inspection for High Strength Bolting Sets and
Friction Surfaces

3.3.1 The following inspection shall be performed for high strength bolting sets:

I. The heavy hexagonal high strength bolt sets delivered to the site shall be inspected,
including the following items: forelock load, the nut’s guaranteed load, hardness of
nut and washer, average value and standard deviation for the coefficient of the
torque moment for joint sets. Inspection results shall be in accordance with
“Technical specifications of heavy hexagonal bolts, nuts and washers for steel
structure” (GB1231). They must not be used until acceptance.

II. The torsion shear type high strength bolting sets delivered to the site shall be
inspected, including the following items: forelock load, the nut’s guaranteed load,
hardness of nut and washer, average value and coefficient of variation of the
fastening axial force for joint sets. Inspection results shall be in accordance with
“Technical specifications of torsion shear type high strength bolting sets for steel
structure” (GB3633). They must not be used until acceptance.

3.3.2 The anti-slippage coefficient of the friction surface shall be inspected according to the
following stipulations:

I. The anti-slippage coefficient shall be inspected based on one lot of fabricated steel
structure and such inspection shall be performed by the manufacturer and
installation company respectively, with three groups inspected in each lot. 2000t
material for a single project shall be considered as one lot and quantity less than
2000t is regarded as 2000t. When there are two or more than two processes of
surface treatment adopted on the friction surface of the elements, each of the
processes shall be inspected.

II. The test piece for anti-slippage coefficient inspection is machined by the
manufacturer and the test piece shall be same as the elements it represents in
material, treatment process, product lot, using high strength bolts of the same
diameter and delivery under the same conditions.

III. The test piece for anti-slippage coefficient may adopt the type shown on figure 3.3.2;
the connection calculation for the test piece shall be in accordance with part II of this
code.

IV. The anti-slippage coefficient shall be tested in the tensile force testing machine.
During the test, the axis of the piece shall be aligned rigidly to the center of the clip
of the testing machine.

V. Anti-slippage coefficient µ shall be calculated according to the following equation:

N
µ= (3.3.2)
n f • ∑ Pt

where N----slippage load;

nf----number of friction surfaces of force transition;


∑ P ----the sum of pre-tensile (or fastening axial force) for high strength bolt
t
corresponding to one side of the test piece’s slippage load. Pt value is specified as
follows:

For heavy hexagonal high strength bolt, Pt is the actual measured value; this value shall be
controlled precisely within the range of 0.95P—1.05P.

For torsion shear type high strength bolt, 5 sets are spot checked (the same lot as the bolts for
test pieces assembling), when the average value and coefficient of variation for 5 sets of bolts
meet requirements set in Table 3.4.14, this average value is regarded as Pt.

VI. The minimum value of anti-slippage coefficient inspection must be equal to or


greater than the specified value. When above-mentioned requirements are not met,
the friction surface of the structure shall be re-treated and rechecked according to
stipulations in this section.
Section IV Installation for High Strength Bolting Sets

3.4.1 The length for high strength bolts shall be calculated according to the following equation:

l = l '+ Δl (3.4.1—1)

where,

l’----the total thickness of connected plates;

∆l----- additional length.

Δl = m + ns + 3 p (3.4.1—2)

where,

m----nominal thickness of the high strength bolt;

n----quantity of the washers, for twit and shear type high strength bolt, the quantity is 1, for
the heavy hexagonal high strength bolt, the quantity is 2;

s----nominal thickness of high strength washer;

p----pitch of bolt threads.

When the nominal diameter of the high strength bolt is defined, ∆l can be looked up from Table
3.4.1

Table 3.4.1 Additional length for high strength bolting


Diameter of bolt (mm) 12 16 20 22 24 27 30
Heavy hexagonal high strength
25 30 25 40 45 50 55
bolt (mm)
Torsion shear type high strength
25 30 35 40
bolt (mm)

3.4.2 When the friction surface of high strength bolting is treated by the rust-removal method,
the unstable rust on the surface shall be removed by steel wire brush before the
installation.

3.4.3 The clearance between contacting surfaces arising from the thick tolerance of the plate
and deviation of manufacturing and installation shall be treated according to Table 3.4.3.

Table 3.4.3 Treatment on clearance between contacting surfaces

Item Sketch Treatment

1
No treatment when t<1.0mm
2 When t=1.0-3.0mm, one side of the thick
end plate is ground to the slope of 1:10,
making the clearance less than 1.0mm.

3 When t>3.0mm, shims are added, the


thick of the shim is not less than 3mm,
with 3 layers at maximum. The material of
the shim and treatment of friction surface
shall be same as that of the element.

3.4.4 When high strength bolting is installed, the quantity of temporary bolts and drift pins for
each node is calculated by the load they will probably bear during the installation, and
shall meet the following stipulations:

I. shall not be less than 1/3 of the total quantity installed

II. shall not be less than two temporary bolts

III. quantity of drift pins should not be more than 30% of the temporary bolts.

3.4.5 High strength bolts shall not be used as temporary bolts so as to avoid damage to the
threads and hence change to the torque coefficient.

3.4.6 High strength bolts shall be installed after the center of the structural elements has been
adjusted. The in-putting direction of the bolt shall for the convenience of construction and
shall be consistent all the time. When High strength bolting set is assembled, the
chamfered side of the nuts shall face the facet side of the washer. When heavy
hexagonal high strength bolting set is assembled, the facet side of the washer under the
bolt’s head shall face the head of the bolt.

3.4.7 When high strength bolts are installed, it is prohibited to force the bolt to thread in place
(for example, hitting the bolt by hammer). If the bolt can not be treaded in freely, the hole
needs to be trimmed by the reamer, the maximum diameter of the hole after being
trimmed shall be less than 1.2 times the bolt’s diameter. In order to prevent the scrap iron
falling into the seam of overlapped plates, all bolts around the hole to be rimmed shall be
tightened before the hole is tightened, so that the trimming can be performed after the
overlapped plates contact tightly. Hole enlarging by gas-cutting is prohibited.

3.4.8 When high strength bolts are installed, the friction surface of the elements shall be kept
dry. No work shall be done in the rain.

3.4.9 Before installation of heavy hexagonal high strength bolts, the torque coefficient for high
strength bolting of each lot from the manufacturer shall be rechecked. 5 sets shall be
rechecked for each lot. The average value of the torque coefficient for the 5 sets shall be
in the scope of 0.110-0.150, and the standard deviation shall be less than or equal to
0.010.

3.4.10 The construction torque for heavy hexagonal high strength bolts shall be calculated
according to the following equation:

Tc = K • Pc • d (3.4.10)

where Tc---torque for construction (N•m);


k----average value of the torque coefficient for high strength bolt set; this value is obtained
according to 3.4.9;

Pc----the pre-tensile (kN) for construction of high strength bolt, see Table 3.4.10;

d----the diameter for the screw of the HI joint.

Table 3.4.9 Pre-tensile for installation of heavy hexagonal high strength bolts (kN)
Performance grade of bolt Nominal diameter of bolt (mm)
M12 M16 M20 (M22) M24 (M27) M30
8.8S 45 75 120 150 170 225 275
10.9S 60 100 170 210 250 320 390

3.4.11 The torque wrench used for the installation of heavy hexagonal high strength bolts must
be checked before it is used. The torque deviation must not exceed ±5%. Such torque
must not be used until it is deemed acceptable. The calibrated torque wrench shall not
have a torque error in access of ±3%.

3.4.12 The tightening for heavy hexagonal high strength bolts is divided into initial tightening and
final tightening. For large node, it shall be divided into initial, second and final tightening.
The torque for the initial tightening is 50% of the installation torque. The torque for the
second tightening equals to that of the initial tightening. Color marks shall be painted on
high strength bolts after the bolts are initial or second tightened, and then final tightening
is performed according to 3.4.10. The high strength bolts after final tightening shall be
subject to marking on the nut in a different color.

3.4.13 When the heavy hexagonal sigh strength bolt is tightened, the torque shall be only
imposed on the nut.

3.4.14 Before the installation of the high strength bolts of torsion shear type, the fastening axial
force for high strength bolt sets of each lot from the manufacturer is rechecked; 5 sets in
each lot shall be rechecked. The average value and coefficient of variation for 5 sets of
fastening axial force shall meet requirements in Table 3.4.14.
Standard deviation
Coefficient of variation = X100%
Average value of fastening force

Table 3.4.14 Fastening axial force (kN) for high strength bolt of torsion shear type
Diameter of bolt (mm) 16 20 (22) 24
Average value Nominal 109 170 211 245
of fastening Maximum 120 186 231 270
force for each
Minimum 99 154 191 222
lot of bolts
Coefficient of variation for
10%
fastening force

3.4.15 The tightening for bolts of torsion shear type is divided into initial and final tightening. For
large-scale node, it should be divided into initial, second and final tightening. The initial
torque is 50% of 0.13XPcXd, which can comply with Table 3.4.15. The second torque
equals to the initial torque. For high strength bolts after initial or second tightening, color
mark shall be painted on the nuts, and then final tightening is performed until the tenon
end on bolt’s tail is off. For a few high strength bolts of torsion shear type which can not
be finally tightened by using special wrench, they can be finally tightened as specified in
3.4.12 of this section (torque coefficient is 0.13).

Table 3.4.15 Torque for initial tightening


Diameter of the bolt d (mm) 16 20 (22) 24
Torque of initial tightening (N m) 115 220 300 390

3.4.16 When high strength bolts are initial, second and final tightened, the bolts on connection
shall be tightened in certain order, from the center of the bolt group to the outside.
Section V Quality Inspection and Acceptance for High Strength Bolting Sets

3.5.1 Inspections for heavy hexagonal high strength bolts

I. Knock the high strength bolt with a small hammer (0.3kg) for a general check in
order to avoid missing tightening.

II. 10% of the bolts on each node shall be torque-checked. During the check, one
straight line shall be drawn on the end surface of the bolt and the nut, then the nut is
loosened by about 60°, and the torque wrench is used to retighten the bolt to make
the two lines coincide. The torque measured shall be in the range of 0.9Tch—1.1Tch.
Tch shall be calculated according to the following equation:

Tch=KXPXd (3.5.1)

where Tch----inspection torque (N•m);

P----design value of pre-tensile for high strength bolt (kN).

If there are bolts which do not meet requirements, the extent of inspection shall be enlarged to
another 10%. If rejected bolts still exist, then all high strength bolts on the whole node shall be re-
tightened.

The inspection for torque shall be performed 1 hour after final tightening, and shall be completed
within 24 hours.

3.5.2 The following original inspection and acceptance records shall be available for the
installation quality of heavy hexagonal high strength connection: re-check data for high
strength bolting set, data for test of anti-slippage coefficient, inspection data for initial and
final torque and torque wrench, and acceptance records for quality inspection.

3.5.3 The check for final tightening of the torsion shear type of bolts shall be deemed
acceptable when the tenon end of the bolt’s end is off by visual check. High strength bolts
of torsion shear type which cannot be tightened by special wrench shall be checked in the
same way as that for heavy hexagonal high strength bolts.

3.5.4 The following original inspection and acceptance records shall be available for the
installation quality of high strength connection of torsion shear type:
Section VI Painting

3.6.1 For steel structure to be used in the open air or exposed to corrosive gases, the seam of
the connection shall be sealed by putty after acceptance is obtained for tightening
inspection of the high strength bolting.

3.6.2 After being inspected and deemed acceptable, the connection of high strength bolting
shall be painted for rust prevention according to the design requirement.
Appendix I Conversion between legal and nonofficial units of measurement

Table 1.1 Conversion between legal and nonofficial units of measurement


Description Legal unit of measurement Nonofficial unit of measurement
0.101972kgf 1N
Force
1kgf 9.80665N
0.101972kgf m 1N m
Moment
1kgf m 9.80665N m
2 2
10.1972kgf/cm 1N/mm
Strength and stress 2 2
1kgf/cm 0.0980665N/mm
2
Note: 1N/mm = 1MPa.
Appendix II Explanation of Wording in This Code

1. Words denoting the different degrees of strictness are explained as follows in order that they
can be distinguished from each other during the Implementation of this code:

(1) Words denoting a very strict or a mandatory requirement:

“must” is used for affirmation;

“must not” is used for negation.

(2) Words denoting a strict requirement under normal conditions:

“shall” is used for affirmation;

“shall not” is used for negation.

(3) Words denoting a permission of slight choice or and indication of he first choice when
conditions allow:

“should” or “may” are used for affirmation;

“should not” is used for negation.

2. “Be in accordance with” or “be in compliance with” are used in the text of this code for those
items that name the related standards, codes or regulations as a must requirement to
implement this code. And “may be referred” is used to indicate that it is necessary to
implement items in this code according to other relative standards and codes.
Additional Note

Main compiling unit, participating units and main draftspersons of this code

Main compiling unit: Hubei Provincial Building Engineering Corporation

Participating units: Baotou Iron & Steel Design and Research Institute

Science of Academy of the Ministry of Railways

Building & Architectural Research Institute of the Ministry of Metallurgy

Beijing Iron & Steel Design Institute

Main draftspersons: Cai Chang Wu Youchang Shen Jiahua

Cheng Jiqing Li guoxing Xiao Jianhua

He Xianjuan Li Yun Luo Jingmu

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