BASIC BUDDHIST TERMS AND CONCEPTS:

A STUDENT’S GUIDE FOR

THE STUDY OF TIBETAN BUDDHISM
 Basic Buddhist Terms
and Concepts:
A Student’s Guide
for the Study of Tibetan Buddhism

compiled and edited by

Paul G. Hackett

from materials translated by

Jeffrey Hopkins, Elizabeth Napper, Daniel Perdue,

Kathleen Rogers, and Paul G. Hackett

Snow Lion Publications-

Ithaca, New York & Boulder, Colorado
Saturday, Nov. 15, 2003
© Copyright by Paul G. Hackett, 2004.

All rights reserved.

No portion may be reproduced by any means without written permission of the author.

Hackett, Paul Gerard (ed.)

A Student’s Handbook for the Study of Tibetan Buddhism: A Companion Volume to The Translating
Buddhism From Tibetan Reader / compiled and edited by Paul G. Hackett, from materials translated by
Jeffrey Hopkins, Elizabeth Napper, Daniel Perdue, Kathleen Rogers, and Paul G. Hackett
Includes bibliographic references.

1. Tibetan Language — Grammar.

2. Buddhism — Tibet — Doctrines.
I. Title

CIP
 Table of Contents

Foreword vii

Part I: Study Guides 1

Topic 1: Collected Topics on Valid Cognition (c#en-vf-y$r-r$-), including: 3
The Introductory Path of Reasoning (c#en-vf-y$r-r$-) 5
A. White and Red Colors, Etc. (w-[(e-[qc-[fc-n(en-) 7
B. Established Bases (el#-eC^d-) 13
C. Identifying Isolates ( V“(e-a-r(n-zj‹]-) 26
i. Definitions and Divisions
ii. Different Types of Oneness
iii. Proving Things
iv. Coextensives
v. Important Points
D. Opposite from Being [Something] (x#]-v(e-f#]-v(e-) 31
E. Causes and Effects (‰X^-zdCn- ) 32
i. Definitions and Divisions
ii. Different Types of Oneness
iii. [Phenomena which are] Mutually Inclusive
F. Generalities and Particulars (Nå≈#-dX*-dCe-) 36
G. Contradictory and Related (zev-d-[r-zdC*v-d-) 39
H. Proofs and the Eight Doors of Pervasion (∑d-a-N´(-d‰X[-) 42
I. Substantial and Isolate Phenomena (Ôn-y(n-V“(e-y(n- ) 42
Awareness and Knowledge (D√(-c#e-) 47
J. Definitions, Divisions, Etc. 49
K. Table of Pervasions (f$-) between types and categories of Awarenesses (D√(-) 78
L. Fifty-one Mental Factors (n*fn-dX^r-v-[dX*-]-N“*-h]-[}^e-x([-[*-) 79
Topics in the “Introductory Path of Reasoning”
(rigs lam chung ngu)
 w-[(e-[qc-[fc-n(en!
White and Red Colors, Etc

fh·]-dX- fh]-i#[- fh]-el#-

definiendum definition illustration

w-[(e f[(e-o^-c$r-d! [fc-a(!

color that which is suitable as hue red

e;$en! e;$en-n$-c$r-d! e;$en-W#-Nœ≈*-fy*[!

form that which is suitable as form form sense-sphere

e;$en-W#-Nœ≈*-fy*[! f#e-b*n-W#-e;$r-dX! w-[(e

form sense-sphere object of apprehension by an eye color
consciousness

[dX#dn! [dX#dn-n$-dNø]-[^-c$r-d! c#r-d!

shape that which is suitable to be shown as a long
shape

N´çz#-Nœ≈*-fy*[! ’-b*n-W#-i]-dX! ;#]-az#-zd^Xr-d-vn-R^c-az#-N´ç!

sound sense-sphere object of hearing by an ear consciousness sound arisen from elements
conjoined with consciousness

[}#z#-Nœ≈*-fy*[! N‘-b*n-W#-N‘(f-dX! Vµ]-Nœ≈*n-QX#-[}#!

odor sense-sphere object of experience by a nose natural odor
consciousness

c(z#-Nœ≈*-fy*[! V†*-b*n-W#-fX(r-dX! v]-h-d!

taste sense-sphere object of experience by a tongue salty
consciousness

c*e-dXz#-Nœ≈*-fy*[! v$n-b*n-W#-fX(r-dX! n!
tangible object object of experience by a body earth
sense-sphere consciousness

n! nC-l#r-zpn-a! y(n-[^r-!
earth that which is hard and obstructive religious conch
y$! c√]-l#r-eb*c-d! y$-frc-f(!
water that which is wet and moistening soda pop

f*! h-l#r-nC*e-a! fc-f*!

fire that which is hot and burning butter lamp

c√^r-! xr-l#r-ex(-d! z(e-el#-c√^r-!

wind/air that which is light and moving the wind that is the lower basis [of
our world system]

d*f-a(! ”^v-[^-eC^d-a! d$f-a!

matter that which is atomically established pot

Ì-dz#-w-[(e Ì-dz#-f[(e-o^-c$r-d! N®(]-a(!

primary color that which is suitable as a primary hue blue

N®(]-a(z#-w-[(e N®(]-a(z#-f[(e-o^-c$r-d! cn-N®(]-a(z#-w-[(e

blue color that which is suitable as a blue hue the color of blue cloth

n*c-a(z#-w-[(e n*c-a(z#-f[(e-o^-c$r-d! en*c-dg(-fz#-w-[(e

yellow color that which is suitable as a yellow hue the color of refined gold

[qc-a(z#-w-[(e [qc-a(z#-f[(e-o^-c$r-d! y(n-[^r-[qc-a(z#-w-[(e

white color that which is suitable as a white hue the color of a white religious conch

[fc-a(z#-w-[(e [fc-a(z#-f[(e-o^-c$r-d! a[-f-cZ-ez#-w-[(e

red color that which is suitable as a red hue the color of a ruby

x]-ve-e#-w-[(e x]-ve-e#-f[(e-o^-c$r-d! Nåç#]-[fc-n*c-R#-w-[(e

secondary color that which is suitable as a secondary hue the color of an orange cloud

[dX*-d!
Divisions

basis of division divisions (illustrations)

e;$en! e;$en-W#-Nœ≈*-fy*[! N´çz#-Nœ≈*-fy*[! [}#z#Nœ≈*-fy*[! c(z#-Nœ≈*-fy*[! c*e-dXz#-Nœ≈*-fy*[! V®-x([!

form there are five: form sense-sphere, sound sense-sphere, odor sense-sphere, taste
sense-sphere, and tangible object sense-sphere
e;$en-W#-Nœ*≈-fy*[! [dX#dn! w-[(e ei#n-x([!
form sense-sphere There are two: shape and color

[dX#dn! d‰X[-x([-[*!
shape There are eight:
c#r-d! (c#-‰Xv-Vµ^]-a(z#-[dX#dn-)
long the shape of the king of mountains,
Meru
p%r-d! (”^v-sC]-R#-[dX#dn-)
short the shape of a minute particle
fp(-d! (dnf-eo]-dl#-az#-elv-xn-wr-e#-[dX#dn-)
high the shape of an inestimable mansion
in the Fourth Concentration
[fz-d! (z(e-el#-c√^r-e#-[W#v-zw(c-W#-[dX#dn-)
low the shape of the sphere of wind that is
the lower basis [of our world system]
Vµf-a! (wr-a-eC^-dl#z#-[dX#dn-)
square the shape of a rectangular house
:√^f-a(! (a(-v#z#-[dX#dn-)
round the shape of a ball
sX-v*-dz#-e;$en! (r(n-fif-az#-[dX#dn-)
level form the shape of an even surface
sX-v*-d-f-x#]-az#-e;$en! (r(n-f#-fif-az#-[dX#dn-)
non-level form the shape of an uneven surface

w-[(e ei#n-x([-[*!
color There are two:
Ì-dz#-w-[(e ([qc-a(-)
primary color white
x]-ve-e#-w-[(e (]e-a(-)
secondary color black

Ì-dz#-w-[(e N®(]-a(! n*c-a(! [qc-a(! [fc-a(! dl#-x([!

primary color There are four: blue, yellow, white, and red
x]-ve-e#-w-[(e d‰X[-x([-[*!
secondary color There are eight:
[*c-R^c-az#-Nåç#]-R#-w-[(e
the color of a cloud which is that [i.e., the color of an orange cloud
a secondary color]
[*c-R^c-az#-[^-dz#-w-[(e
the color of smoke which is that
[*c-R^c-az#-”^v-R#-w-[(e
the color of dust which is that
[*c-R^c-az#-w^e-N‘z#-w-[(e
the color of mist which is that
[*c-R^c-az#-N‘r-dz#-w-[(e
the color of illumination
[*c-R^c-az#-f$]-az#-w-[(e
the color of darkness which is that
[*c-R^c-az#-eC#d-fz#-w-[(e
the color of shadow which is that
[*c-R^c-az#-i#-fz#-z([-;*c-R#-w-[(e
the color of sunlight which is that
(Nåç#]-[fc-n*c-R#-w-[(e-)
([^-d-N®(-]e-e#-w-[(e-)
the color of blue-black smoke
(”^v-R#-w-[(e-Nœ≈-d(-)
the grayish color of dust
(bc-sX(en-W#-w^e-N‘z#-w-[(e-N®(-Nœ≈-)
the bluish color of mist in the east
(N‘r-dz#-w-[(e-[qc-Nœ≈-)
the whitish color of illumination
which is that
(f$]-]e-e#-w-[(e-)
the color of black darkness
(b#r-e#-eC#d-fz#-w-[(e-)
the color of the shadow of a tree
(i#-fz#-z([-[fc-n*c-R#-w-[(e-)
the color of orange sunlight

N´çz#-Nœ≈*-fy*[! ei#n-x([-[*!
sound sense-sphere There are two:
;#]-az#-zdX^r-d-vn-R^c-az#-N´ç!
sound arisen from elements conjoined with consciousness
f-;#]-az#-zdX^r-d-vn-R^c-az#-N´ç!
sound arisen from elements not conjoined with consciousness

or
d‰X[-x([-[*!
There are eight:
;#]-az#-zdX^r-d-vn-dX^r-dz#-n*fn-t]-[^-Nø(]- (D√-fn-y(n-en$r-az#-N´ç-)
az#-N´ç-NI]-a!
pleasant articulate sound arisen from the sound of a lama teaching doctrine
elements conjoined with consciousness
;#]-az#-zdXr-d-vn-dX^r-dz#-n*fn-t]-[^-Nø(]- ([a(]-a(n-dqz-dW(]-e]r-dz#-N´ç-)
az#-N´ç-f#-NI]-a!
unpleasant articulate sound arisen the sound of being reprimanded by
from elements conjoined with an official
consciousness
;#]-az#-zdX^r-d-vn-dX^r-dz#-n*fn-t]-[^-f#-Nø(]- (:√(n-ec-dn-Nåc-y-eor-dz#-N´ç-)
az#-N´ç-NI]-a!
pleasant inarticulate sound arisen from the sound [of a blade of grass] played
elements conjoined with consciousness between the thumbs by a musician
;#]-az#-zdX^r-d-vn-dX^r-dz#-n*fn-t]-[^-f#-Nø(]- (a$-v#-n#z#-w^-h·c-d”*e-az#-N´ç-)
az#-N´ç-f#-NI]-a!
unpleasant inarticulate sound arisen the sound of the impact of a
from elements conjoined with policeman's fist
consciousness
f-;#]-az#-zdX^r-d-vn-dX^r-dz#-n*fn-t]-[^-Nø(]- (V¨(]-b#r-c√^r-e#n-dNœ^v-d-v-dØ*]-]n-dX^r-dz#-
az#-N´ç-NI]-a! f[(-)
pleasant articulate sound arisen from a sÒtra that arises in dependence on
elements not conjoined with the wind rustling a tree
consciousness
f-;#]-az#-zdX^r-d-vn-dX^r-dz#-n*fn-t]-[^-Nø(]- (Nåç&v-dz#-er-;e-e#n-h‹e-Ì%d-Nƒç-dz#-N´ç-)
az#-N´ç-f#-NI]-a!
unpleasant articulate sound arisen the sound of harsh words spoken by
from elements not conjoined with an emanated person
consciousness
f-;#]-az#-zdX^r-d-vn-dX^r-dz#-n*fn-t]-[^-f#- (Nåç&v-dz#-er-;e-e#n-Q√#r-d$-dor-dz#-N´ç-)
Nø(]-az#-N´ç-NI]-a!
pleasant inarticulate sound arisen from the sound of a flute played by an
elements not conjoined with emanated person
consciousness
f-;#]-az#-zdX^r-d-vn-dX^r-dz#-n*fn-t]-[^-f#- (y$z#-N´ç-)
Nø(]-az#-N´ç-f#-NI]-a!
unpleasant inarticulate sound arisen the sound of a stream
from elements not conjoined with
consciousness
[}#z#-Nœ≈*-fy*[! Vµ]-Nœ≈*n-W#-[}#! N∂≈c-dX^r-e#-[}#! ei#n-x([!
odor sense-sphere There are two: natural odor and manufactured odor

or
dl#-x([-[*!
There are four:
[}#-l#f-a! (g]-[]-R#-[}#-)
fragrant odor the odor of sandalwood
[}#-f#-l#f-a! (f#-egr-dz#-[}#-)
unfragrant odor the odor of excrement
[}#-fif-a! (zdCn-W#-[}#-)
equal odor the odor of rice
[}#-f#-fif-a! (N´(e-az#-[}#-)
unequal odor the odor of garlic

c(z#-Nœ≈*-fy*[! [}^e-x([-[*!
taste sense-sphere There are six:
frc-d! (d$-cf-R#-c(-)
sweet the taste of molasses
Nœ≈&c-d! (v#f-a$z#-c(-)
sour the taste of lemon
w-d! (õ#-Q££z#-c(-)
bitter the taste of gentiara chiretta
dNœ-d! (de-v*d-W#-c(-)
astringent the taste of bread
h-d! (q-f(z#-c(-)
pungent the taste of ginger
v]-h-d! (V¨en-hz#-c(-)
salty the taste of salt

c*e-dXz#-Nœ≈*-fy*[!
tangible object sense-sphere
ei#n-x([-[*!
There are two:
zdX^r-dc-R^c-az#-c*e-dX!
tangible object which is an element
zdX^r-zR^c-R#-c*e-dX!
tangible object arisen from the elements
zdX^r-dc-R^c-az#-c*e-dX!
tangible object which is an
element
zdX^r-zR^c-R#-c*e-dX!
tangible object arisen from the
elements
n! y$! f*! c√^r-! dl#-x([!
There are four: earth, water, fire, and wind
d[^]-x([-[*!
There are seven:
[*c-R^c-az#-zuf-a!
smoothness which is that
[*c-R^c-az#-Ì%d-a!
roughness which is that
[*c-R^c-az#-V†#-d!
heaviness which is that
[*c-R^c-az#-xr-d!
lightness which is that
[*c-R^c-az#-eCr-d!
cold which is that
[*c-R^c-az#-dqC*n-a!
hunger which is that
[*c-R^c-az#-Nœ(f-a!
thirst which is that
 el#-eC^d-!
Established Bases

el#-eC^d-[r-[*-[r-[(]-et#e-az#-y(n-
Established Bases and Phenomena which are Mutually Inclusive with them

fh·]-dX- fh]-i#[- fh]-el#-

definiendum definition (illustration)

el#-eC^d! h[-fn-eC^d-a!
established base that which is established by valid cognition
(d$f-a! z[^n-f-dXn-W#-]f-fwz! q-d$f-ei#n-)
pot; uncompounded space; the two – pillar and pot

b*n-dX! D√(z#-x$v-[^-dX-c$r-d!
object of knowledge that which is suitable to serve as an object of an awareness

x([-a! h[-fn-[f#en-a!
existent that which is observed by valid cognition

y(n! cr-e#-r(-d(-zj‹]-a!
phenomenon that which holds its own entity

elv-dX! h[-fn-Ø(en-ac-dX-d!
object of comprehension object realized by valid cognition

x$v! D√(n-c#e-ac-dX-d!
object object known by an awareness

’f-f∑*]-R#-elv-dX! ’f-f∑*]-R#n-Ø(en-ac-dX-d!
object of comprehension of an object realized by an omniscient consciousness
omnicient consciousness

Vœ(e-R^c! cr-zj‹]-Ø(e-an-Vœ(e-o^-R^c-az#-h$v-R#n-Ø(en-ac-dX-d!
hidden phenomenon object realized in a hidden manner by the conceptual consciousness
apprehending it

—————————————————
 Øe-a-[r-[*-[r-[(]-et#e-az#-y(n-
Permanent Phenomena and Phenomena which are Mutually Inclusive with them

fh·]-dX- fh]-i#[- fh]-el#-

definiendum definition (illustration)

Øe-a! y(n-[r-Nœ[-t#e-f-f-x#]-az#-el#-fp%]-a!
permanent phenomenon that which is a common locus of a phenomenon and the non-
momentary
(b*n-dX! Øe-[r(n-ei#n! z[^n-f-dXn-W#-]f-fwz-)
object of knowledge; the two – permanent phenomenon and thing;
uncompounded space

Nå≈#-fh]! N´ç-Ø(e-e#n-doen-a-gf-x#]-R#-cr-fh]-[^-f-eC^d-az#-y(n!
generally characterized a phenomenon that is merely imputed by terms or conceptuality and is
phenomenon not established as a specifically characterized phenomenon

q^]-Ô(d-d[*]-a! [(]-[f-ac-[(]-dX*[-f#-]^n-az#-y(n!
conventional truth a phenomenon that is unable ultimately to perform a function

[r(n-f*[-W#-y(n! [(]-dX*[-]^n-Nø(r-e#-y(n!
phenomenon that is a non-thing a phenomenon that is empty of the capacity to perform a function

z[^n-f-dXn-W#-y(n! Nœ≈*-[ee-e]n-en$f-f#-c$r-dz#-y(n!
uncompounded phenomenon a phenomenon of which the three — production, cessation, and
abiding — are not suitable

or
f#-zu#e-az#-y(n!
non-disintegrating phenomenon

f-dXn-az#-y(n! f-Nœ≈*n-az#-y(n!
non-created phenomenon non-produced phenomenon

—————————————————
 [r(n-a(-[r-[*-[r-[(]-et#e-az#-y(n-
Functioning Things and Phenomena which are Mutually Inclusive with them

fh·]-dX- fh]-i#[- fh]-el#-

definiendum definition (illustration)

[r(n-a(! [(]-dX*[-]^n-a!
thing that which is able to perform a function
(d$f-a! q-d$f-ei#n-)
pot; the two – pillar and pot

f#-Øe-a! Nœ[-t#e-f!
impermanent phenomenon momentary phenomenon

dXn-a! Nœ≈*n-a!
product produced phenomenon

z[^n-dXn! Nœ≈*-[ee-e]n-en$f-c$r-d!
compounded phenomenon that of which the three – production, cessation, and abiding – are
suitable

or
zu#e-a!
disintegrating phenomenon

‰X^! Nœ≈*[-dX*[!
cause producer

or
s]-z[(en-dX*[!
helper

zdCn-d$! dNœ≈*[-dX!
effect object produced

or
s]-e[en-dX!
object helped
cr-fh]! N´ç-Ø(e-e#n-doen-gf-f-x#]-ac-cr-e#-fh]-i#[-W#n-eC^d-az#-y(n!
specifically characterized a phenomenon that is established by way of its own character without
phenomena being merely imputed by terms or conceptuality

or
N´ç-Ø(e-e#n-doen-gf-f-x#]-ac-x$v-cr-e#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-N“([-v$en-W#-r(n-]n-eC^d-
a!
that which is established from its own side of its own uncommon mode
of subsistence, without being merely imputed by terms or conceptuality

[(]-[f-d[*]-a! [(]-[f-ac-[(]-dX*[-]^n-az#-y(n!
ultimate truth a phenomenon that is ultimately able to perform a function

fr(]-R^c! fr(]-n$f-R#-h[-fn-[r(n-n$-Ø(en-ac-dX-d!
manifest phenomenon an object explicitly realized by valid perception

—————————————————

Other Definitions
fh·]-dX- fh]-i#[- fh]-el#-
definiendum definition (illustration)

d*f-a(! ”^v-[^-eC^d-a!
matter that which is atomically established

sX#z#-d*f-a(! Nœ≈*n-d$z#-‰X^[-W#n-f-dN“^n-az#-”^v-[^-eC^d-a!
external matter that which is atomically established and is not included within the continuum of
a person
(q-d-)
pillar

]r-e#-d*f-a(! Nœ≈*n-d$z#-‰X^[-W#n-dN“^n-az#-”^v-[^-eC^d-a!
internal matter that which is atomically established and is included within the continuum of a
person
(f#e-[dr-! ;e-dtn-i*c-v]-R#-e;$en-s$r-!)
eye sense power; contaminated form aggregate appropriated [through the force of
actions and afflictive emotions]
f#e-e#-[dr-a(! cr-zdCn-f#e-e#-’f-b*n-W#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-[^-R^c-az#-]r-e#-e;$en-t]-[˚r-d!
eye sense power a clear internal form that is the uncommon empowering condition of its own
effect, an eye consciousness
([f-dtz-dz#-‰X^[-W#-[dX#dn-;c-fz#-f*-o(e-Vø-d$z#-]r-e#-e;$en-t]-[˚r-d-)
a shape in the continuum of the defender that is a clear internal form like a zar-
ma flower

’-dz#-[dr-a(! cr-zdCn-’-dz#-’f-b*n-W#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-[^-R^c-az#-]r-e#-e;$en-t]-[˚r-d!
ear sense power a clear internal form that is the uncommon empowering condition of its own
effect, an ear consciousness
(c#en-vf-az#-‰X^[-W#-[dX#dn-eC(-e-et$n-a-dt[-a-Vø-d$z#-]r-e#-e;$en-t]-[˚r-d-)
a shape in the continuum of the challenger that is a clear internal form like a cut
bundle of wheat

N‘z#-[dr-a(! cr-zdCn-N‘z#-’f-b*n-W#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-[^-R^c-az#-]r-e#-e;$en-t]-[˚r-d!
nose sense power a clear internal form that is the uncommon empowering condition of its own
effect, a nose consciousness
([f-dtz-dz#-‰X^[-W#-[dX#dn-;rn-W#-f(-wd-i#n-db#d-Vø-d$z#-]r-e#-[;$en-t]-[˚r-d-)
a shape in the continuum of the defender that is a clear internal form like two
fine copper needles side by side

V†*z#-[dr-a(! cr-zdCn-V†*z#-’f-b*n-W#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-[^-R^c-az#-]r-e#-e;$en-t]-[˚r-d!
tongue sense power a clear internal form that is the uncommon empowering condition of its own
effect, a tongue consciousness
(c#en-vf-az#-‰X^[-W#-[dX#dn-:√-ef-dt[-a-Vø-d$z#-]r-e#-[;$en-t]-[˚r-d-)
a shape in the continuum of the challenger that is a clear internal form like a cut
half moon

v$n-W#-[dr-a(! cr-zdCn-v$n-W#-’f-b*n-W#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-[^-R^c-az#-]r-e#-e;$en-t]-[˚r-d!
body sense power a clear internal form that is the uncommon empowering condition of its own
effect, a body consciousness
([f-dtz-dz#-‰X^[-W#-[dX#dn-dX-c*e-]-zuf-R#-aen-a-Vø-d$z#-]r-e#-e;$en-t]-[˚r-d-)
a shape in the continuum of the defender that is a clear internal form and which
is like the skin of a bird [called] “soft when touched”

b*n-a! env-l#r-c#e-a!
consciousness that which is clear and knowing
(f#e-b*n-)
eye consciousness
D√(! c#e-a!
awareness a knower

[dr-b*n! cr-e#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-[dr-a(-e;$en-t]-a-v-dØ*]-]n-Nœ≈*n-az#-c#e-a!
sense consciousness a knower that is produced in dependence on its own uncommon empowering
condition, a physical sense power

x#[-b*n! cr-e#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-x#[-[dr-v-dØ*]-]n-Nœ≈*n-az#-c#e-a!
mental consciousness a knower that is produced in dependence on its own uncommon empowering
condition, a mental sense power

f#e-b*n! cr-e#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-f#e-[dr-[r-[f#en-ŒX*]-e;$en-v-dØ*]-]n-Nœ≈*n-az#-c#e-a!
eye consciousness a knower that is produced in dependence on its own uncommon empowering
condition – the eye sense power – and an observed-object-condition – a visible
form

’-b*n! cr-e#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-’-dz#-[dr-a(-[r-[f#en-ŒX*]-N´ç-v-dØ*]-]n-Nœ≈*n-az#-c#e-a!
ear consciousness a knower that is produced in dependence on its own uncommon empowering
condition, the ear sense power, and an observed-object-condition, a sound

N‘-b*n! cr-e#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-N‘z#-[dr-a(-[r-[f#en-ŒX*]-[}#-v-dØ*]-]n-Nœ≈*n-az#-c#e-a!
nose consciousness a knower that is produced in dependence on its own uncommon empowering
condition, the nose sense power, and an observed-object-condition, an odor

V†*-b*n! cr-e#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-V†*z#-[dr-a(-[r-[f#en-ŒX*]-c(-v-dØ*]-]n-Nœ≈*n-az#-c#e-a!
tongue consciousness a knower that is produced in dependence on its own uncommon empowering
condition, the tongue sense power, and an observed-object-condition, a taste

v$n-b*n! cr-e#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-v$n-W#-[dr-a(-[r-[f#en-ŒX*]-c*e-dX-v-dØ*]-]n-Nœ≈*n-az#-c#e-a!
body consciousness a knower that is produced in dependence on its own uncommon empowering
condition, the body sense power, and an observed-object-condition, a tangible
object

V“]-f#]-z[^-dX*[! d*f-b*n-er-c$r-f-x#]-az#-[r(n-a(!
non-associated a [functioning] thing that is neither matter nor consciousness
compositonal factor

or
e;$en-b*n-er-c$r-f-x#]-az#-[r(n-a(!
a [functioning] thing that is neither form nor consciousness
or
d*f-b*n-er-c$r-f-x#]-az#-z[^n-dXn!
a compounded phenomenon that is neither matter nor consciousness
([r(n-a(! Ø! d-e√r-)
thing; horse; ox

er-;e s$r-a(-V®-a(-er-c$r-v-dØ*]-]n-doen-az#-Nœ≈*n-d$!
person a being who is imputed in dependence upon any of the five aggregates

n(-n(z#-Nœ≈*-d(! p*e-a-en$f-er-c$r-e#-zsen-vf-f-p(d-az#-er-;e
common being a person who has not attained a Superior's path of any of the three vehicles

et#e n(-n(-d-f-x#]-az#-y(n!
one phenomenon that is not diverse
(b*n-dX! q-d-)
object of knowledge; pillar

p-[[! n(-n(-dz#-y(n!
different phenomena that are diverse
(Øe-[r(n-ei#n! b*n-dX-[r-x([-a-ei#n! q-d$f-ei#n!)
the two – permanent phenomenon and thing; the two – object of knowledge and
existent; the two – pillar and pot
(el#-eC^d-[r-h[-fn-eC^d-a-ei#n-)
the two – established base and that which is established by valid cognition

x#]-a-nC#[-az#-b*n-dX! ∑([-W#-x#]-a-x([-a-xr-x#]-D√(z#-x$v-[^-dX-c$r-d-xr-x#]-az#-el#-fp%]-ac-[f#en-a!
object of knowledge of that observed as a common locus that is (1) something of which being it exists
which being it is and (2) also is suitable to be an object of an awareness
possible

x#]-a-f#-nC#[-az#-b*n-dX! ∑([-W#-x#]-a-f*[-a-xr-x#]-D√(z#-x$v-[^-dX-c$r-d-xr-x#]-az#-el#-fp%]-ac-[f#en-a!
object of knowledge of those observed as a common locus of being (1) [phenomena] of which being
which being it is not them does not exist and (2) also being suitable as objects of awareness
possible

[ee-a! cr-zj‹]-Ø(e-an-cr-e#-[ee-dX-[r(n-n$-dt[-az#-h$v-R#n-Ø(en-ac-dX-d!
negative phenomenon an object realized by the conceptual consciousness apprehending it in the manner
of an explicit elimination of its object of negation
(Øe-a-f-x#]-a! d$f-a-f-x#]-a-vn-v(e-a-)
non-permanent phenomenon; opposite from not being pot
N´ç&d-a! cr-zj‹]-Ø(e-an-cr-e#-[ee-dX-[r(n-n$-dt[-az#-h$v-R#n-Ø(en-ac-dX-d-f-x#]-az#-y(n!
positive phenomenon a phenomenon that is not an object realized by the conceptual consciousness
apprehending it in the manner of an explicit elimination of its object of negation
(d$f-a-)
pot

[e*-d! v$r-[^-dNø]-a-er-l#e-cr-zdCn-’f-Nƒ#]-d[*-d-zdX#]-dX*[-W#-c#en-n$-e]n-a!
virtue that which is indicated in scripture and abides as a type that issues forth happiness
as its fruitional effect
(h$v-„#fn-)
ethics

f#-[e*-d! v$r-[^-dNø]-a-er-l#e-cr-zdCn-’f-Nƒ#]-N“^e-dN®v-zdX#]-dX*[-W#-c#en-n$-e]n-a!
non-virtue that which is indicated in scripture and abides as a type that issues forth suffering
as its fruitional effect
(nC(e-et([-a-)
killing

v$r-[^-f-dNø]-a! [e*-f#-[e*-er-[^-v$r-[^-f-dNø]-a!
neutral (not indicated in that which was not indicated in scripture as either virtuous or non-virtuous
scripture)

d-vr-! / d-e√r-! ](e-n(en-z[^n-az#-e(r-d$!

ox a mass that includes a hump and so forth

V¨(]-b#r-! xv-e-v(-z[d-[r-V“]-a!
tree that which has branches and leaves

d$f-a! Vø(-V“#c-ldn-l^f-y$-Nœ≈(c-R#-[(]-dX*[-]^n-a!
pot a bulbous splay-based phenomenon able to perform the function of holding water

—————————————————
 [dX*-d!
Divisions

basis of division divisions

el#-eC^d!
established base
Øe-a-[r-[r(n-a(-ei#n!
the two – permanent phenomenon and thing
or
et#e-[r-p-[[-ei#n!
the two – one and different
or
x#]-a-nC#[-az#-b*n-dX-[r-x#]-a-f#-nC#[-az#-b*n-dX-ei#n!
the two – object of knowledge of which being it is possible and object
of knowledge of which being it is not possible
or
fh]-fh·]-ei#n!
the two – definition and definiendum
or
[ee-N´ç&d-ei#n!
the two – negative phenomenon and positive phenomenon
or
[e*-d-f#-[e*-d-v$r-[^-f-dNø]-a-en$f!
the three, virtuous, non-virtuous and neutral
or
cr-fh]-[r-Nå≈#-fh]-ei#n!
the two – specifically characterized phenomenon and generally
characterized phenomenon
or
d[*]-a-ei#n! ([(]-[f-d[*]-a-[r-q^]-Ô·d-d[*]-a-)
the two truths (ultimate truth and conventional truth)

basis of division divisions (illustrations)

Øe-a!
permanent phenomenon

[^n-dØ]-az#-Øe-a-[r-c*n-zez-dz#-Øe-a-ei#n!
the two – permanent phenomenon that is stable in time and permanent
phenomenon that is occasional
or
x#]-a-nC#[-az#-Øe-a! (b*n-dX-)
permanent phenomenon of which object of knowledge
being it is possible
x#]-a-f#-nC#[-az#-Øe-a! (Øe-[r(n-ei#n-)
permanent phenomenon of which the two – permanent
being it is not possible phenomenon and thing

[r(n-a(! d*f-a(! b*n-a! V“]-f#]-z[^-dX*[! en$f-x([!

thing There are three: matter, consciousness, and non-associated
compositional factor

d*f-a(! sX#z#-d*f-a(! ]r-e#-d*f-a(! ei#n-x([!

matter There are two: external matter and internal matter

sX#z#-d*f-a(! e;$en! N´ç! [}#! c(! c*e-dX! V®-x([!

external matter There are five: form, sound, odor, taste, and tangible object
([(]-V®! x$v-V®! Nœ≈*-fy*[-V®-)
[the five objects; the five objects; the five sense-spheres]

]r-e#-d*f-a(! f#e-e#-[dr-a(! ’-dz#-[dr-a(! N‘z#-[dr-a(! V†*z#-[dr-a(! v$n-W#-[dr-a(! V®-

x([!
internal matter There are five: eye sense power, ear sense power, nose sense power,
tongue sense power, and body sense power

b*n-a! [dr-b*n! x#[-b*n! ei#n-x([!

consciousness There are two: sense consciousness and mental consciousness

[dr-b*n! f#e-b*n! ’-b*n! N‘-b*n! V†*-b*n! v$n-b*n! V®-x([!

sense consciousness There are five: eye consciousness, ear consciousness, nose consciousness,
tongue consciousness, and body consciousness

(f#e-b*n- n*fn-[r-n*fn-dX^r-ei#n-q-)
(eye consciousnesses are both minds and mental
factors)
(f#e-e#-’f-b*n- n*fn-w(-]-)
(eye perceivers are only [main] minds)
V“]-f#]-z[^-dX*[!
non-associated compositional
factor
er-;e-x#]-ac-R^c-az#-V“]-f#]-z[^-dX*[! (Ø-)
non-associated compositional factor horse
which is a person
er-;e-f-x#]-ac-R^c-az#-V“]-f#]-z[^-dX*[! ([r(n-a(! cr-fh]! [(]-dX*[-]^n-a-)
non-associated compositional factor thing; specifically characterized
which is not a person phenomenon; that which is able
to perform a function

er-;e n(-n(z#-Nœ≈*-d(! zsen-a! ei#n-x([!

person There are two: ordinary being and Superior

n(-n(z#-Nœ≈*-d(!
ordinary being

[fXv-dz#-Ø*]-t]-R#-n(-n(z#-Nœ≈*-d(!
ordinary being having the life-support of a hell-being
x#-[˚en-W#-Ø*]-t]-R#-n(-n(z#-Nœ≈*-d(!
ordinary being having the life-support of a hungry ghost
[^[-zeC(z#-Ø*]-t]-R#-n(-n(z#-Nœ≈*-d(!
ordinary being having the life-support of an animal
f#z#-Ø*]-t]-R#-n(-n(z#-Nœ≈*-d(!
ordinary being having the life-support of a human
Vµ-f-x#]-az#-Ø*]-t]-R#-n(-n(z#-Nœ≈*-d(!
ordinary being having the life-support of a demigod
Vµz#-Ø*]-t]-R#-n(-n(z#-Nœ≈*-d(! [}^e-x([!
ordinary being having the life-support of a god

[fXv-d! h-[fXv-d! eCr-[fXv-d! i*-zw(c-[fXv-d! i#-h°-dz#-[fXv-d!

hell-being being of the hot hells, cold hells, neighboring hells, and trifling hells

x#-[˚en! N´ç#d-a-sX#-]-x([-a! N´ç#d-a-]r-]-x([-a! N´ç#d-a-sX#-]r-ei#n-qc-x([-a! en$f-x([!

hungry ghost There are three: having external obstructions, having internal
obstructions, having both external and internal obstructions
[^[-zeC(! dX#r-]-e]n-a! w-zp(c-d! ei#n-x([!
animal There are two: abiding in the depths and scattered about [the surface]

f#! e√#r-dl#z#-f#! e√#r-sC]-d‰X[-W#-f#!

human humans of the four continents, humans of the eight sub-continents

e√#r-dl#!
four continents

bc-v$n-zsen-a(!
to the east, Great Body (videha)
Vµ(-zjf-d$z#-e√#r!
to the south, the Land of Jambu (jambudvıpa )
]^d-d-vr-Nå≈([!
to the west, Using Oxen (god›nıya)
dXr-N´ç-f#-NI]!
to the north, Unpleasant Sounds (kuru)

e√#r-sC]-d‰X[!
eight sub-continents

v$n-[r-v$n-zsen!
deha and videha
Â-xd-[r-Â-xd-el]!
c›mara and aparac›mara,
ex(-V“]-[r-vf-fy(e-zeC(!
Ÿ›th› and uttaramantri˚a
N´ç-f#-NI]-[r-N´ç-f#-NI]-R#-:√!
kuru and kaurava

[ee-a! f-x#]-[ee f*[-[ee ei#n-x([!

negative phenomenon There are two affirming negative and non-affirming negative
 —————————————————

[(]-et#e
[Phenomena which are] Mutually Inclusive
el#-eC^d-[r-[(]-et#e-az#-y(n! b*n-dX! x([-a! y(n! elv-dX! x$v! ’f-f∑*]-R#-elv-dX! Vœ(e-R^c!
phenomena that are mutually object of knowledge, existent, phenomenon, object of comprehension,
inclusive with established base object , object of comprehension of an omniscient consciousness, and
hidden phenomenon

Øe-a-[r-[(]-et#e-az#-y(n! Nå≈#-fh]! q^]-Ô·d-d[*]-a! [r(n-f*[-W#-y(n! z[^n-f-dXn-W#-y(n! f-dXn-az#-y(n!

phenomena that are mutually generally characterized phenomenon, conventional truth, phenomenon
inclusive with permanent that is a non-thing, uncompounded phenomenon, and non-produced
phenomenon phenomenon

[r(n-a(-[r-[(]-et#e-az#-y(n! f#-Øe-a! dXn-a! z[^n-dXn! ‰X^! zdCn-d$! cr-fh]! [(]-[f-d[*]-a! fr(]-R^c!

phenomena that are mutually impermanent phenomenon, product, compounded phenomenon,
inclusive with thing cause, effect, specifically characterized phenomenon, ultimate truth, and
manifest phenomenon

[ee-a-[r-el]-n*v-ei#n!
the two – negative phenomenon
and other-exclusion
 V“(e-a-r(n-zj‹]!
Identifying Isolates
fh·]-dX- fh]-i#[- fh]-el#-
definiendum definition (illustration)

fh]-i#[! Ôn-x([-y(n-en$f-hr-d! ([(]-dX*[-]^n-a-)

definition triply qualified substantial existent that which is able to
perform a function

fh·]-dX! doen-x([-y(n-en$f-hr-d! ([r(n-a(-)

definiendum triply qualified imputed existent thing
fh]-el#! fh]-i#[-W#n-Nœdn-n$-dd-az#-fh·]-dX-fh·]-az#-el#c-R^c- (d$f-a-)
a!
illustration that which serves as a basis for illustrating the pot
appropriate definiendum by way of its definition

—————————————————

[dX*-d!
Divisions

V“(e-a! Nå≈#-V“(e cr-V“(e [(]-V“(e el#-V“(e

isolate general-isolate, self-isolate, meaning-isolate, illustration-isolate
(terminological division)

[r(n-a(z#-cr-V“(e-l(e [r(n-a(-
Posit the self-isolate of thing: thing
[r(n-a(z#-Nå≈#-V“(e-l(e [r(n-a(-
Posit the general-isolate of thing: thing
(cr-V“(e-[r-Nå≈#-V“(e-ei#n-[(]-et#e)
The two, self-isolate and general-isolate, are
mutually inclusive.
[r(n-a(z#-[(]-V“(e-l(e [(]-dX*[-]^n-a-
Posit the meaning-isolate of thing: that which is able to
perform a function
 ([r(n-a(z#-fh]-i#[-x#]-]-[r(n-a(z#-[(]-V“(e-x#]-an-∑d-)
Whatever is the definition of thing is necessarily
the meaning-isolate of thing.
[r(n-a(z#-el#-V“(e-l(e d$f-a-
Posit the illustration-isolate of thing: pot
([r(n-a(z#-fh]-el#-x#]-]-[r(n-a(z#-el#-V“(e-x#]-an-∑d-)
Whatever is an illustration of thing is necessarily
an illustration-isolate of thing.

—————————————————

Proving that something is an illustration:

d$f-a-[r(n-a(z#-fh]-el#-x#]-o*-d$f-a-h[-fn-r*n-]n-[r(n-a(-h[-fn-f-r*n-a-x([-az#-sX#c!
Pot is an illustration-isolate of thing because there are [persons] who, having ascertained
pot with valid cognition, have not ascertained thing with valid cognition.
(en*c-d$f-d$f-az#-fh]-el#-f-x#]-)
Golden pot is not an illustration of pot.
(en*c-vn-eCd-az#-Vø(-V“#c-ldn-l^f-y$-Nœ≈(c-R#-[(]-dX*[-]^n-a-d$f-az#-fh]-el#-x#]-)
Bulbous splay-based phenomenon made from gold that is able to perform the function of
holding water is an illustration of pot.

Proving that something is a triply qualified imputed existent:

[r(n-a(-y(n-t]-doen-x([-y(n-en$f-hr-d-x#]-ac-pv-
It follows that the subject, thing, is a triply qualified imputed existent because

cr-i#[-fh·]-dX-x#]-a-
(1) it is a definiendum,
cr-e#-fh]-el#z#-Nø*r-[^-eC^d-a-
(2) it is established in terms of its illustrations,
[(]-dX*[-]^n-a-vn-el]-az#-y(n-er-e#-xr-fh·]-dX-f#-dX*[-az#-sX#c!
(3) it does not serve as the definiendum of any phenomenon other than that which is able
to perform a function.
Proving that something is a triply qualified substantial existent:

[(]-dX*[-]^n-a-y(n-t]-Ôn-x([-y(n-en$f-hr-d-x#]-ac-pv-
It follows that the subject, that which is able to perform a function, is a triply qualified substantial existent
because

cr-i#[-fh]-i#[-x#]-a-
(1) it is a definition,
cr-e#-fh]-el#z#-Nø*r-[^-eC^d-a-
(2) it is established in terms of its illustrations,
[r(n-a(-vn-el]-az#-y(n-er-e#-xr-fh]-i#[-f#-dX*[-az#-sX#c!
(3) it does not serve as the definition of any phenomenon other than thing.

—————————————————

Coextensives

[r(n-a(z#-V“(e-a-[r-x#]-∑d-fif-dl#!
The four phenomena that are coextensive with the isolate of thing:

1 [r(n-a(-[r-et#e-
one with thing
2 [r(n-a(-[r-et#e-o^-R^c-az#-[r(n-a(-
thing which is one with thing
3 [(]-dX*[-]^n-az#-fh·]-dX-
the definiendum of that which is able to perform a function
4 [(]-dX*[-]^n-az#-doen-x([-y(n-en$f-hr-d-
the triply qualified imputed existent of that which is able to perform a function

Øe-a-x#]-fw]-en$f! ([r(n-a(-[r-et#e [(]-dX*[-]^n-az#-fh·]-dX! [(]-dX*[-]^n-az#-

doen-x([-y(n-en$f-hr-d-)
three are permanent: one with thing; the definiendum of that which is able
to perform a function; and the triply qualified
imputed existent of that which is able to perform a
function
[r(n-a(-x#]-fw]-et#e ([r(n-a(-[r-et#e-o^-R^c-az#-[r(n-a(-)
one is a thing: thing which is one with thing
fh]-i#[-x#]-fw]-et#e ([(]-dX*[-]^n-az#-fh·]-dX-)
one is a definiendum: the definiendum of that which is able to perform a
function
 fh·]-dX-x#]-fw]-et#e ([(]-dX*[-]^n-az#-doen-x([-y(n-en$f-hr-d-)
one is a definition: the triply qualified imputed existent of that which is
able to perform a function

[(]-dX*[-]^n-az#-V“(e-a-[r-x#]-∑d-fif-dl#!
The four phenomena that are coextensive with the isolate of that which is able to perform a function:

1 [(]-dX*[-]^n-a-[r-et#e-
one with able to perform a function
2 [(]-dX*[-]^n-a-[r-et#e-o^-R^c-az#-[(]-dX*[-]^n-a-
able to perform a function that is one with able to perform a function
3 [r(n-a(z#-fh]-i#[-
definition of thing
4 [r(n-a(z#-Ôn-x([-y(n-en$f-hr-d-
triply qualified substantial existent of thing

[r(n-a(z#-V“(e-a-l(e [r(n-a(-
Posit the isolate of thing: thing
[r(n-a(-[r-et#e-l(e [r(n-a(-
Posit one with thing: thing
[r(n-a(-[r-et#e-o^-R^c-az#-[r(n-a(-l(e [r(n-a(-
posit thing-which-is-one-with-thing: thing
[(]-dX*[-]^n-az#-fh·]-dX-l(e [r(n-a(-
Posit the definiendum of that which is able to perform a thing
function:
[(]-dX*[-]^n-az#-doen-x([-y(n-en$f-hr-d-l(e [r(n-a(-
Posit the triply qualified imputed existent of that which is able thing
to perform a function:

—————————————————
 IMPORTANT POINTS

[r(n-a(z#-V“(e-a-[r-x#]-∑d-fif-[r-! [r(n-a(z#-V“(e-a-[r-[(]-et#e-[(]-et#e
Coextensive with isolate of thing is mutually inclusive with mutually inclusive with isolate of thing.

[r(n-a(-[r-et#e-y(n-t]! [r(n-a(z#-V“(e-a-[r-x#]-∑d-fif-x#]-[*!
The subject, one with thing, is coextensive with isolate of thing because

∑([-[r(n-a(z#-V“(e-a-[r-p-[[-er-l#e ∑([-x#]-]-[r(n-a(z#-V“(e-a-x#]-an-∑d-
(1) it is different from isolate of thing, (2) whatever is it is necessarily the isolate of thing,
[r(n-a(z#-V“(e-a-x#]-]-∑([-x#]-an-∑d-az#-sX#c!
and (3) whatever is the isolate of thing is necessarily it.

[r(n-a(z#-V“(e-a-[r-[r(n-a(z#-V“(e-a-[r-x#]-∑d-fif-R#-el#-fp%]-f*[-ac-pv!
There is no common locus of the isolate of thing and those phenomena coextensive with the isolate of thing
because

[r(n-a(z#-V“(e-a-x#]-]! [r(n-a(-[r-et#e-x#]-an-∑d!
whatever is the isolate of thing is necessarily one with thing
[r(n-a(z#-V“(e-a-[r-x#]-∑d-fif-x#]-]! [r(n-a(-[r-p-[[-x#]-an-∑d-az#-sX#c!
and whatever is coextensive with the isolate of thing is necessarily different from thing.

d$f-a-[r-et#e-y(n-t]! d$f-a-[r-p-[[-x#]-ac-pv! Øe-a-x#]-az#-sX#c!

It follows that the subject, one with pot, is different from pot because of being permanent.

d$f-a-[r-et#e-o^-R^c-az#-d$f-a-y(n-t]! d$f-a-[r-p-[[-x#]-ac-pv-
It follows that the subject, pot which is one with pot, is different from pot

d$f-az#-dX*-dCe-x#]-az#-sX#c!
because of being a particular of pot.
 x#]-v(e-f#]-v(e-
Opposite From Being [Something] and
Opposite From Not Being [Something]

f-x#]-a-vn-v(e-a-[r-x#]-a-ei#n-[(]-et#e-
Opposite from not being [something] and being [something] are mutually inclusive.

x#]-a-vn-v(e-a-[r-f-x#]-a-ei#n-[(]-et#e-
Opposite from being [something] and not being [something] are mutually inclusive.

[r(n-a(-x#]-a-vn-v(e-a-[r-[r(n-a(-f-x#]-a-ei#n-[(]-et#e-
Opposite from being thing and not being thing are mutually inclusive.

[r(n-a(-f-x#]-a-vn-v(e-a-[r-[r(n-a(-ei#n-[(]-et#e-
Opposite from not being thing and thing are mutually inclusive.
 ‰X^-zdCn-
Causes and Effects
fh·]-dX- fh]-i#[- fh]-el#-
definiendum definition (illustration)

‰X^! Nœ≈*[-dX*[! (d$f-a-)

cause producer pot

or
s]-z[(en-dX*[!
helper

zdCn-d$! dNœ≈*[-dX! (d$f-a-)

effect produced pot

or
s]-e[en-dX!
object helped

[r(n-a(! [(]-dX*[-]^n-a! (d$f-a-)

thing that which is able to perform a function pot

[r(n-a(z#-‰X^! [r(n-a(z#-Nœ≈*[-dX*[! ([r(n-a(z#-‰X^-R^c-az#-er-;e-)

cause of thing producer of thing person who is a cause of thing

[r(n-a(z#-[r(n-‰X^! [r(n-a(z#-[r(n-n$-Nœ≈*[-dX*[! ([r(n-a(z#-N®-v(en-n$-dX^r-d-)

direct cause of thing direct producer of thing prior arising of thing

[r(n-a(z#-d‰X^[-‰X^! [r(n-a(z#-d‰X^[-]n-Nœ≈*[-dX*[! ([r(n-a(z#-N®-v(en-n$-dX^r-dz#-N®-v(en-n$-

dX^r-d-)
indirect cause of thing indirect producer of thing prior arising of thing's prior
arising

[r(n-a(z#-i*c-v*]! [r(n-a(-cr-e#-Ôn-‰X^]-[^-eg·-d(c-Nœ≈*[-dX*[! ([r(n-a(z#-‰X^c-R^c-az#-dXn-a-)

substantial cause of thing that which is the main producer of thing product which is thing's cause
as a continuation of its own substantial
entity
[r(n-a(z#-Vµ]-t#e-dX*[-ŒX*]!
cooperative condition of
thing
[r(n-a(z#-zdCn-d$!
effect of thing
[r(n-a(z#-[r(n-zdCn!
direct effect of thing
[r(n-a(z#-d‰X^[-zdCn!
indirect effect of thing
basis of division
[r(n-a(z#-‰X^!
cause of thing
or
[r(n-a(z#-zdCn-d$!
effect of thing
or
[r(n-a(-cr-e#-Ôn-‰X^]-f-x#]-ac-Ôn-n$-eg·-d(c-Nœ≈*[-dX*[!
that which is a main producer of thing as a substantial entity which is not a
continuation of its own substantial entity
([r(n-a(z#-‰X^c-R^c-az#-er-;e-)
person who is a cause of thing
[r(n-a(z#-dNœ≈*[-dX! ([r(n-a(z#-sX#-v(en-n$-dX^r-d-)
that produced by thing subsequent arising of thing
[r(n-a(z#-[r(n-n$-dNœ≈*[-dX! ([r(n-a(z#-sX#-v(en-n$-dX^r-d-)
that produced directly by thing subsequent arising of thing
[r(n-a(z#-d‰X^[-]n-dNœ≈*[-dX! ([r(n-a(z#-sX#-v(en-n$-dX^r-dz#-sX#-
v(en-n$-dX^r-d-)
that produced indirectly by thing subsequent arising of thing's
subsequent arising
—————————————————
[dX*-d!
Divisions
divisions
[r(n-a(z#-[r(n-‰X^-[r-[r(n-a(z#-d‰X^[-‰X^-ei#n!
the two, direct cause of thing and indirect cause of thing
[r(n-a(z#-i*c-v*]-[r-[r(n-a(z#-Vµ]-t#e-dX*[-ŒX*]-ei#n!
the two, substantial cause of thing and cooperative condition of thing
[r(n-a(z#-[r(n-zdCn-[r-[r(n-a(z#-d‰X^[-zdCn-ei#n!
the two, direct effect of thing and indirect effect of thing
[r(n-a(z#-i*c-zdCn-[r-[r(n-a(z#-Vµ]-t#e-dX*[-zdCn-ei#n!
the two, substantial effect of thing and cooperative effect of thing
—————————————————
ŒX*]! hetur ›lamba˚am anantaram tathaiv›dhipateya˙ ca pratyaya¯
(pratyaya¯) ‰X^-ŒX*]! [f#en-ŒX*]! [*-f-pe-ŒX*]! p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]!
conditions the uncommon empowering condition, an observed-object-condition, the
immediately preceding condition, and the causal condition.

—————————————————

Different Types of Oneness

fh]-i#[-

fh·]-dX- fh]-i#[- fh]-el#-

definiendum definition (illustration)

et#e n(-n(-d-f-x#]-az#-y(n! (d$f-a-)

one phenomenon that is not diverse pot

cr-V“(e-et#e cr-V“(e-n(-n(-d-f-x#]-az#-y(n! (d$f-a-[r-d$f-a-)

one self-isolate phenomena that are not diverse self-isolates pot and pot

r(-d(-et#e r(-d(-n(-n(-d-f-x#]-az#-y(n! (dXn-a-[r-f#-Øe-a-)

one entity phenomena that are not diverse entities product and impermanent
phenomenon

Ôn-et#e fr(]-n$f-v-N‘r-d-er-l#e n(-n(c-f#-N‘r-dz#-y(n!

one substantial entity phenomena that (1) appear to direct perception and (2) do not appear
separately

V“(e-a-c#en-et#e er-;e-er-[r-er-e#n-x#[-eo[-an-fp(r-gf-i#[-]n-z[#-[r-z[#-z[}z(-NIf-az#-D√(-rr-e#n-Nœ≈*-
]^n-az#-y(n!
one isolate type phenomena that are able naturally to produce an awareness thinking, “This
and that are alike,” upon merely being seen by whosoever directs the mind
[toward them]

Ôn-c#en-et#e cr-e#-[r(n-W#-i*c-v*]-et#e-vn-Nœ≈*n-az#-p-[[-az#-z[^n-dXn!
one substantial type different compounded phenomena that are produced from their own same
direct substantial cause
 (cr-e#-i*c-v*]-zu#f-a-et#e-vn-Nœ≈*n-az#-Ô-d$f-[qc-a(-[r-Ô-d$f-N®(]-a(-ei#n-)
the two, a white clay pot and a blue clay pot that are produced from one
lump of clay which is their substantial cause

eC^d-d[*-et#e eC^d-a-[^n-fif-e]n-a-[^n-fif-zu#e-a-[^n-fif!
one in establishment and those which are established simultaneously, abide simultaneously, and
abiding disintegrate simultaneously
(d$f-az#-w-[(e-[r-d$f-az#-[dX#dn-)
the color of a pot and the shape of a pot

eC^d-d[*-Ôn-et#e [no definition available, the meaning is:]

one substantial entity in phenomena that are the same substantial entity in terms of establishment and
establishment and abiding abiding
(dXn-a-[r-f#-Øe-a-)
product and impermanent phenomenon

—————————————————

[dX*-d!
Divisions

basis of division divisions (illustration)

et#e V“(e-a-et#e (d$f-a-[r-d$f-a-)

one one isolate pot and pot
(terminological division)
r(-d(-et#e (dXn-a-[r-f#-Øe-a-)
one entity product and impermanent phenomenon
c#en-et#e (Ø-[qc-a(-[r-Ø-]e-a(-)
one type white horse and black horse

c#en-et#e V“(e-a-c#en-et#e (Ø-[qc-a(-[r-Ø-]e-a(-)

one type one isolate type white horse and black horse
Ôn-c#en-et#e (i*c-v*]-et#e-vn-Nœ≈*n-az#-]n-zdC^-y*-y$r-ei#n-)
one substantial type the two, a large grain and a small grain
of barley that are produced from one
substantial cause

—————————————————
 [(]-et#e
[Phenomena which are] Mutually Inclusive

r(-d(-et#e-cr-dl#]-et#e-[r- One entity, one nature, and one selfness are mutually inclusive.
d[e-i#[-et#e-[(]-et#e
Ôn-et#e (one substantial entity) is mutually inclusive with the above three in terms of
impermanent phenomena; it does not apply to permanent phenomena.
 Nå≈#-[r-dX*-dCe-
Generalities and Particulars

fh·]-dX- fh]-i#[- fh]-el#-

definiendum definition (illustration)

Nå≈#! cr-e#-env-d-v-Ë*n-n$-zeC(-dz#-y(n! ([r(n-a(-)

generality a phenomenon that encompasses its instances thing
or
∑d-dX*[!
pervader

c#en-Nå≈#! cr-e#-c#en-t]-[^-f-v-Ë*n-n$-zeC(-dz#-y(n! (b*n-dX-)

type-generality a phenomenon that encompasses the many which object of knowledge
have its type

[(]-Nå≈#! cr-zj‹]-Ø(e-a-l*]-Nørn-er-v-l^en-az#-[(]-[r-et#e-f#]-Wr-et#e-Vø-d$c-N‘r-dz#-N´ç(-do(en-W#-y!
meaning-generality that superimposed factor which, although not one with the object which the mode
of apprehension of the conceptual consciousness apprehending it engages, appears to
be one with it

d$f-az#-[(]-Nå≈#! d$f-zj‹]-Ø·e-a-v-d$f-a-f-x#]-dl#]-[^-d$f-a-Vø-d$c-N‘r-dz#-N´ç(-doen-W#-y!
meaning-generality that superimposed factor which, although it is not pot, appears to the conceptual
of pot consciousness apprehending pot to be pot
(d$f-zj‹]-Ø(e-a-v-d$f-a-f-x#]-a-vn-v(e-ac-N‘r-d-)
the appearance to a conceptual consciousness apprehending pot as opposite from
not being pot

b*n-dXz#-[(]-Nå≈#! b*n-dX-zj‹]-az#-Ø(e-a-v-b*n-dX-[r-et#e-f-x#]-dl#]-[^-b*n-dX-[r-et#e-Vø-d$c-zj‹]-az#-N´ç(-doen-W#-y!
meaning-generality that superimposed factor which, although not one with object of knowledge, is
of object of apprehended — by the conceptual consciousness apprehending object of knowledge
knowledge — to be one with object of knowledge

h·en-Nå≈#! cr-e#-y-bn-[^-f-z[^n-az#-e;$en-cen-a! (d$f-a-)

collection-generality a gross form that is the composite of its many parts pot

dX*-dCe ∑d-dX*[-[^-zu$e-az#-cr-e#-c#en-x([-a-t]-R#-y(n! (d$f-a-)

particular a phenomenon which has the its own existent type pot
engaging it as a pervader
or
∑d-dX!
that which is pervaded
or
cr-i#[-y(n-[*-x#]! cr-i#[-y(n-[*-[r-d[e-et#e-o^-zdC*v! cr-
i#[-f-x#]-l#r-y(n-[*-xr-x#]-az#-el#-fp$]--[^-f-eC^d-a-xr-x#]-
az#-el#-fp$]-[^-[f#en-a-[*!
that which is observed as a common locus such that:
(1) it is that phenomenon, (2) it is related with that
phenomenon as the same essence, and (3) many
common locuses of not being it [i.e., the particular]
and also being that phenomenon are established

—————————————————

[dX*-d!
Divisions

Nå≈#! c#en-Nå≈#! [(]-Nå≈#! h·en-Nå≈#!

generality: type-generality meaning-generality collection-generality
(terminological division)

Proving that something is a particular of thing ([r(n-a(z-# dX-* dCe-):

d$f-a-y(n-t]! [r(n-a(z#-dX-*dCe-x#]-o*! ∑([-[r(n-a(-x#]!
The subject, pot, is a particular of thing because (1) it is a thing
∑([-[r(n-a(-[r-d[e-et#e-o^-zdC*v! ∑([-f-x#]-l#r-[r(n-a(-
(2) it is related as one entity with thing and (3) many common
xr-x#]-az#-el#-fp%]-a-[^-f-eC^d-az#-sX#c!
loci of not being it and being a thing are established.

—————————————————
Only being something ( w(-]- ):
dX*-dCe-w(-]-
only a particular
Nå≈#-w(-]-
only a generality
[r(n-a(-[r-et(e-
one with thing
(dX*-dCe-w(-]-x#]-]-Nå≈#-f-x#]-an-∑d!)
whatever is only a particular is necessarily not a generality
x([-a-
existent
(Nå≈#-w(-]-x#]-]-dX*-dCe-f-x#]-an-∑d!)
whatever is only a generality is necessarily not a particular
 zev-d-[r-zdC*v-d!
Contradictory and Related

fh·]-dX- fh]-i#[- fh]-el#-

definiendum definition (illustration)

zev-d! p-[[-er-l#e-el#-fp%]-f#-nC#[-a! ([qc-a(-[r-[fc-a(-)

contradictory those which are different and of which a common white and red
locus does not occur

or
∑([-p-[[-Wr-x#]! ∑([-x#]-a-f#-nC#[-a-xr-x#]-az#-fp%]-[^-[f#en-a!
those observed as a common locus of (1) their being different and (2) a being of
them not occurring

∑([-[r(n-a(-[r-zev-d! ∑([-[r(n-a(-[r-p-[[! ∑([-Wr-x#]-[r(n-a(-xr-x#]-az#-el#- (Øe-a-)

fp%]-f*[!
it is contradictory it is different from thing and a common locus of permanent phenomenon
with thing being it and also being a thing does not exist

∑([-[r(n-a(-[r-f#-zev-d! ∑([-[r(n-a(-[r-p-[[! ∑([-Wr-x#]-[r(n-a(-xr-x#]-az#-el#- (d$f-a-)

fp%]-x([!
it is not contradictory it is different from thing and a common locus of pot
with thing being it and also being a thing exists

s]-h$]-Når-zev! ’f-dt[-x(rn-et([-W#-N´(-]n-f#-fp%]-ac-e]n-a! (w-[(e-[r-w-[(e-f-x#]-a-)

mutually those which abide discordantly from the viewpoint color and non-color
contradictory of excluding each other

[r(n-zev! s]-h$]-[r(n-n$-f#-fp%]-ac-e]n-a! ([r(n-a(-[r-[r(n-f*[-)

directly contradictory those which explicitly abide as mutually discordant thing and non-thing

‰X^[-zev! [r(n-n$-e]([-dX-e]([-dX*[-f-x#]-l#r-! el#-f#-fp%]-ac-e]n- ([r(n-a(-[r-Øe-a-)

a!
indirectly those which are not explicitly harmed and harmer thing and permanent
contradictory and abide as discordant bases phenomenon
Vµ]-t#e-f#-e]n-zev! ‰X^]-dt[-dX-et([-dX*[-W#-N´(-]n-f#-fp%]-ac-e]n-a- (ei*]-a(-[r-Når-dX-)
contradictory in the those which abide discordantly from the point of antidote and object to be
sense of not abiding view of being that whose continuum is cut off and abandoned
together that which cuts off [the continuum]

y(n-[*-[r-d[e-et#e-zdC*v- ∑([-y(n-[*-[r-d[e-i#[-et#e-az#-N´(-]n-p-[[! y(n-[*-f*[-]-∑([-f*[-[e(n-az#-y(n!

related as one entity with a a phenomenon that (1) within being different from a particular phenomenon,
particular phenomenon is one entity with it and (2) if that phenomenon did not exist, it would
necessarily not exist

[r(n-a(-[r-d[e-et#e- [r(n-a(-[r-d[e-i#[-et#e-az#-N´(-]n-p-[[-[r(n-a(-f*[-]-∑([- (d$f-a-)

zdC*v- f*[-[e(n-a!
related as one entity that which (1) within being one entity with thing is pot
with thing different from it, and (2) if thing did not exist, it
would have to not not exist PH: "not not exist" ?

y(n-[*-[r-[*-dX^r-zdC*v- ([r(n-a(z#-sX#-v(en-n$-dX^r-d-’fn-
y(n-[*-[r-Ôn-p-[[-az#-N´(-]n-y(n-[*z#-zdCn-d$z#-c#en-n$-
e]n-a! [r(n-a(-[r-[*-dX^r-zdC*v-x#]-)
causal relationship that which within being a different substantial entity thing's subsequent arisings
with that from a particular phenomenon abides in the type of are causally related with
phenomenon being the effect of that phenomenon thing

—————————————————

[dX*-d!
Divisions

basis of division divisions (illustration)

zev-d- s]-h$]-Når-zev-[r-Vµ]-t#e-f#-e]n-zev-ei#n-
contradictory the two, mutually contradictory and contradictory in the sense of not abiding
together

s]-h%]-Når-zev- [r(n-zev-[r-‰X^[-zev-ei#n-
mutually the two, directly contradictory and indirectly contradictory
contradictory
Vµ]-t#e-f#-e]n-zev-
contradictory in the sense of not abiding together

b*n-ac-R^c-az#-Vµ]-t#e-f#-e]n-zev- (d[e-zj‹]-[r-d[e-f*[-Ø(en-az#-b*n-cd-)
contradictories in the sense of not abiding together the conception of self and the
that are consciousnesses wisdom realizing selflessness
d*f-a(c-R^c-az#-Vµ]-t#e-f#-e]n-zev- (h-eCr-)
contradictories in the sense of not abiding together hot and cold
that are matter
nC(e-yen-n$-R^c-az#-Vµ]-t#e-f#-e]n-zev- (dX-c(-[r-z$e-a-)
contradictories in the sense of not abiding together crow and owl
that are living beings

NOTE:
Vµ]-t#e-f#-e]n-zev-x#]-]-s]-h%]-Når-zev-x#]-an-∑d-o*! zev-d-x#]-]-s]-h$]-Når-zev-x#]-an-∑d-
az#-sX#c!
whatever are contradictory in the sense of not abiding together are necessarily mutually
contradictory because whatever are contradictory are necessarily mutually contradictory
also:
[r(n-a(-[r-[*-dX^r-zdCv-x#]-]-[r(n-a(-[r-d[e-et#e-zdC*v-f-x#]-an-∑d!
whatever is causally related with thing is necessarily not related as one entity with thing

[r(n-a(-[r-d[e-et#e-zdC*v-x#]-]-[r(n-a(-[r-[*-dX^r-zdC*v-f-x#]-an-∑d!
whatever is related as one entity with thing is necessarily not causally related with thing
 ∑d-a-N´(-d‰X[-!
Proofs and the Eight Doors of Pervasion

Proving definitions, equivalence, and contradiction:

(1) Proving that something is the definition of something else:

f[(e-o^-c$r-d-y(n-t]! w-[(e-e#-fh]-i#[-x#]-o*! ∑([-w-[(e-[r-fh]-fh(]-R#-∑d-a-N´(-d‰X[-r*n-

a-er-l#e fh]-fh(]-R#-zdC*v-d-xr-eC^d-az#-sX#c!
The subject, suitable as a hue, is the definition of color because (1) it and color are
ascertained as having the eight approaches of pervasion [that exist between] a
definition and a definiendum and also (2) it and color are established in the
relationship of definition and definiendum.
for example,
f[(e-o^-c$r-d-y(n-t]! ∑([-w-[(e-[r-fh]-fh(]-R#-∑d-a-N´(-d‰X[-r*n-a-x#]-o*!
(1) f[(e-o^-c$r-d-x#]-]-w-[(e-x#]-an-∑d! (2) w-[(e-x#]-]-f[(e-o^-c$r-d-x#]-an-∑d! (3)
f[(e-o^-c$r-d-f-x#]-]-w-[(e-f-x#]-an-∑d! (4) w-[(e-f-x#]-]-f[(e-o^-c$r-d-f-x#]-an-∑d! (5)
f[(e-o^-c$r-d-x([-]-w-[(e-x([-an-∑d! (6) w-[(e-x([-]-f[(e-o^-c$r-d-x([-an-∑d! (7) f[(e-o^-
c$r-d-f*[-]-w-[(e-f*[-an-∑d! (8) w-[(e-f*[-]-f[(e-o^-c$r-d-f*[-an-∑d-az#-sX#c!
With respect to the subject, that which is suitable as a hue, it and color are
ascertained as having the eight doors of pervasion [that exist between] a definition
and a definiendum because (1) whatever is suitable as a hue is necessarily a color;
(2) whatever is a color is necessarily suitable as a hue; (3) whatever is not suitable as
a hue is necessarily not a color; (4) whatever is not a color is necessarily not suitable
as a hue; (5) if suitable as a hue exists, color necessarily exists; (6) if color exists,
suitable as a hue necessarily exists; (7) if suitable as a hue does not exist, color
necessarily does not exist; and (8) if color does not exist, suitable as a hue
necessarily does not exist.
f[(e-o^-c$r-d-y(n-t]! ∑([-w-[(e-[r-fh]-fh(]-R#-zdC*v-d-xr-eC^d-Nø*! w-[(e-h[-fn-r*n-a-v-
f[(e-o^-cr-d-h[-fn-r*n-a-N®(]-o^-zeC(-[e(n-az#-sX#c!
With respect to the subject, that which is suitable as a hue, it and color are
established in the relationship of definition and definiendum because in order to
ascertain color with valid cognition, one must first ascertain that which is suitable
as a hue with valid cognition.
(2) Proving that two things are mutually inclusive:

for example,
dXn-a-[r-f#-Øe-a-ei#n-y(n-t]! [(]-et#e-x#]-o*! p-[[-x#]-a-er-l#e ∑d-a-N´(-d‰X[-hr-dz#-sX#c!
The subjects, the two, product and impermanent phenomenon, are equivalent because
(1) they are different and (2) the eight approaches of pervasion are complete.

dXn-a-[r-f#-Øe-a-ei#n-y(n-t]! p-[[-x#]-o*! x([-a-er-l#e et#e-f-x#]-az#-sX#c!

The subjects, the two, product and impermanent phenomenon, are different because of
(1) being existents and (2) not being one.

dXn-a-[r-f#-Øe-a-ei#n-y(n-t]! ∑d-a-N´(-d‰X[-hr-d-x#]-o*! dXn-a-x#]-]-f#-Øe-a-x#]-an-∑d! f#-

Øe-a-x#]-]-dXn-a-x#]-an-∑d! dXn-a-f-x#]-]-f#-Øe-a-f-x#]-an-∑d! f#-Øe-a-f-x#]-]-dXn-a-f-x#]-
an-∑d! dXn-a-x([-]-f#-Øe-a-x([-an-∑d! f#-Øe-a-x([-]-dXn-a-x([-an-∑d! dXn-a-f*[-]-f#-Øe-a-
f*[-an-∑d! f#-Øe-a-f*[-]-dXn-a-f*[-an-∑d-az#-sX#c!
The subjects, the two,product and impermanent phenomenon, have all eight approaches
of pervasion because (1) whatever is a product is necessarily an impermanent
phenomenon, (2) whatever is an impermanent phenomenon is necessarily a product, (3)
whatever is not a product is necessarily not an impermanent phenomenon, (4) whatever
is not an impermanent phenomenon is necessarily not a product, (5) if a product exists,
then that which is an impermanent phenomenon necessarily exists, (6) if that which is an
impermanent phenomenon exists, then a product necessarily exists, (7) if a product does
not exist, then that which is an impermanent phenomenon necessarily does not exist, and
(8) if that which is an impermanent phenomenon does not exist, then a product
necessarily does not exist.

(3) Proving that two things are contradictory:

for example,
fh]-i#[-[r-fh(]-dX-ei#n-y(n-t]! zev-d-x#]-o*! p-[[-x#]-a-er-l#e [*-ei#n-W#-el#-fp%]-f#-nC#[-
az#-sX#c!
The subject, the two definition and definiendum, are mutually exclusive because (1) they
are different and (2) a common locus of those two does not occur.

fh]-i#[-[r-fh(]-dX-ei#n-y(n-t]! [*-ei#n-W#-el#-fp%]-f#-nC#[-[*! fh]-i#[-x#]-]-fh(]-dX-f-x#]-an-

∑d! fh(]-dX-x#]-]-fh]-i#[-f-x#]-an-∑d-az#-sX#c!
With respect to the subjects, the two, definition and definiendum, a common locus of
those two does not occur because whatever is a definition is necessarily not a definiendum
and whatever is a definiendum is necessarily not a definition.
 Ôn-y(n-V“(e-y(n!
Substantial and Isolate Phenomena
fh·]-dX- fh]-i#[- fh]-el#-
definiendum definition (illustration)

Ôn-y(n! ∑([-el#-eC^d! ∑([-∑([-cr-x#]! ∑([-f-x#]-a-∑([-f-x#]! ∑([-W#-V“(e-a-Ôn-y(n-[r-f#-zev-d-xr-x#]-

az#-el#-fp%]-ac-[f#en-a!
substantial an observed common locus between: its being an established base; its being itself;
phenomenon not-it not being it; and its isolate not being contradictory with substantial
phenomenon

b*n-dX! x([-a! f#-Øe-a!

(object of knowledge; existent; impermanent phenomenon)

cr-x#]-az#-V“(e-y(n- ∑([-el#-eC^d! ∑([-∑([-cr-x#]! ∑([-f-x#]-a-∑([-x#]! ∑([-W#-V“(e-a-cr-x#]-az#-V“(e-y(n-[r-f#-zev-d-

xr-x#]-az#-el#-fp%]-ac-[f#en-a!
isolate phenomenon an observed common locus between: its being an established base; its being itself;
that is itself not-its being it; and its isolate being non-contradictory with isolate phenomenon
that is itself

fh·]-dX! Øe-a! Nå≈#! dX*-dCe

(definiendum; permanent phenomenon; generality; particular)

cr-f-x#]-az#-V“(e-y(n- ∑([-el#-eC^d! ∑([-∑([-cr-f-x#]! ∑([-f-x#]-a-∑([-f-x#]! ∑([-W#-V“(e-a-cr-f-x#]-az#-V“(e-y(n-[r-f#-

zev-d-xr-x#]-az#-el#-fp%]-ac-[f#en-a!
isolate phenomenon an observed common locus between: its being an established base; its not being
that is not itself itself; non-its not being it; and its isolate being non-contradictory with isolate
phenomenon that is not itself

fh]-i#[! p-[[! d$f-a-[r-et#e q-d$f-ei#n! x#]-a-f#-nC#[-az#-y(n-’fn!

(definition; different; one-with-pot; the two — a pillar and a pot; phenomena of
which being them is not possible)

V“(e-y(n-s$r-n$f-gf-a(-d! ∑([-el#-eC^d! ∑([-∑([-cr-f-x#]! ∑([-f-x#]-a-∑([-x#]! ∑([-W#-V“(e-a-V“(e-y(n-s$r-n$f-gf-a(-d-[r-f#-

zev-d-xr-x#]-az#-el#-fp%]-ac-[f#en-a!
isolate phenomenon an observed common locus of: (1) its being an established base; (2) its not being
that is a mere third itself; (3) not-it being it; and (4) its isolate being a mere third possibility of isolate
possibility phenomenon
 [r(n-a(z#-dX*-dCe [r(n-a(z#-Nå≈#!
(particular-of-generality-of-functioning-thing; generality-of-functioning-thing)

Ôn-y(n-W#-Ë*n-fp%]! ∑([-el#-eC^d! ∑([-∑([-cr-x#]! ∑([-f-x#]-a-∑([-f-x#]! ∑([-W#-V“(e-a-Ôn-y(n-W#-Ë*n-fp%]-[re-f#-

zev-d-xr-x#]-az#-el#-fp%]-ac-[f#en-a!
similitude of an observed common locus between: its being an established base; its being itself;
substantial not-its not being it; and its isolate not being contradictory with concordance with
phenomenon substantial phenomenon

V“(e-y(n-n$-R^c-az#-[r(n-a(!
(functioning thing that serves as an isolate phenomenon)

cr-x#]-az#-V“(e-y(n-W#- ∑([-el#-eC^d! ∑([-∑([-cr-x#]! ∑([-f- x#]-a-∑([-x#]! ∑([-W#-V“(e-a-cr-x#]-az#-V“(e-y(n-W#-Ë*n-fp%]-

Ë*n-fp%]- [r-f#-zev-d-xr-x#]-az#-el#-fp%]-ac-[f#en-a!
similitude of isolate an observed common locus between: its being an established base; its being itself;
phenomenon that is not-its being it; and its isolate being non-contradictory with concordance with
itself isolate phenomenon that is itself

cr-x#]-az#-V“(e-y(n-f-x#]-a-
(non-isolate-phenomenon-which-is-itself)

cr-f-x#]-az#-V“(e-y(n-W#- ∑([-el#-eC^d! ∑([-∑([-cr-f-x#]! ∑([-f-x#]-a-∑([-f-x#]! ∑([-W#-V“(e-a-cr-f-x#]-az#-V“(e-y(n-W#-Ë*n-

Ë*n-fp%]- fp%]-[r-f#-zev-d-xr-x#]-az#-el#-fp%]-ac-[f#en-a!
similitude of isolate an observed common locus between: its being an established base; its not being
phenomenon that is itself; non-its not being it; and its isolate being non-contradictory with concordance
not itself with isolate phenomenon that is not itself

cr-f-x#]-az#-V“(e-y(n-
(isolate-phenomenon-which-is-not-itself)

V“(e-y(n-s$r-n$f-gf-a(- ∑([-el#-eC^d! ∑([-∑([-cr-f-x#]! ∑([-f-x#]-∑([-x#]! ∑([-W#-V“(e-a-V“(e-y(n-s$r-n$f-gf-a(-dz#-Ë*n-

dz#-Ë*n-fp%]- fp%]-[r-f#-zev-d-xr-x#]-az#-el#-fp%]-ac-[f#en-a!
similitude of an an observed common locus between: (1) its being an established base; (2) not it
isolate phenomenon being it; (3) it being not it; and (4) its isolate not being contradictory with a
that is a mere third concordance that is a mere third possibility of isolate phenomenon
possibility

V“(e-y(n-s$r-n$f-gf-a(-d-
(isolate-phenomenon-of-the-mere-third-possibility)
Topics in the “Typologies of Awarenesses”
(blo rigs)

49
50
 D√(-c#e
Awareness and Knowledge

fh·]-dX- fh]-i#[- fh]-el#-

definiendum definition (illustration)

D√(- c#e-a!
awareness a knower

b*n-a- env-l#r-c#e-a!
consciousness that which is clear and knowing

fr(]-n$f- Ø(e-a-[r-dCv-l#r-f-z„^v-dz#-c#e-a!
perception a knower that is free from conceptuality and unmistaken

fr(]-n$f-R#-h[-f- Ø(e-a-[r-dCv-l#r-f-z„^v-dz#-enc-[^-f#-N√^-dz#-c#e-a!
valid perception a newly incontrovertible knower that is free from conceptuality and
unmistaken

[dr-fr(]- cr-e#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-[dr-a(-e;^en-t]-a-vn-Nœ≈*n-az#-Ø(e-a-[r-dCv-l#r-f-
z„^v-dz#-c#e-a!
sense perception a non-conceptual unmistaken knower that is produced from its own
uncommon empowering condition, a physical sense power

e;$en-zj‹]-[dr-fr(]- cr-e#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-f#e-[dr-[r-[f#en-ŒX*]-e;$en-v-dØ*]-]n-Nœ≈*n-az#-Ø(e-
a-[r-dCv-l#r-f-z„^v-dz#-c#e-a!
sense perception a non-conceptual unmistaken knower that is produced in dependence upon
apprehending a form its own uncommon empowering condition, an eye sense power, and an
observed object condition, a form

x#[-fr(]- cr-e#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-x#[-[dr-vn-dX^r-dz#-Ø(e-a-[r-dCv-l#r-f-z„^v-dz#-c#e-
a!
mental perception a non-conceptual unmistaken knower that arises from its own uncommon
empowering condition, a mental sense power

51
Nœdn-z[#c-dNø]-R#-x#[-fr(]-
mental perception indicated
on this occasion
cr-c#e-
self-knowing cognition
cr-c#e-fr(]-n$f-
self-knowing perception
or
’v-zdX(c-fr(]-n$f-
yogic perception
Ø(e-dCv-
free from conceptuality
fr(]-n$f-Vøc-N‘r-
facsimile of a perception
Ë°n-[ae-
inference
Ë°n-n$-[ae-az#-h[-f-
inferential valid cognition
cr-e#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-x#[-[dr-vn-dX^r-dz#-Nœdn-z[#c-dNø]-R#-Ø(e-dCv-f-
z„^v-dz#-el]-c#e
a non-conceptual unmistaken other-knower, indicated on this occasion,
that arises from its own uncommon empowering condition, a mental sense
power
zj‹]-’f!
apprehending aspect [of a consciousness]
Ø(e-a-[r-dCv-l#r-f-z„^v-dz#-zj‹]-’f!
apprehending aspect [of a consciousness] that is non-conceptual, and
unmistaken
w-]r-w(-]c-sX(en-b#r-zj‹]-a-x]-ec-dc-R^c-az#-Ø(e-a-[r-dCv-l#r-enc-[^-f#-N√^-dz#-c#e-a!
a newly incontrovertible knower, free from conceptuality, that is directed
only inward and is just an apprehender
cr-e#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-[^-R^c-az#-l#-Vµe-;$r-zdC*v-R#-o#r-r*-zj‹]-vn-Nœ≈*n-az#-Ø(e-
dCv-f-z„^v-dz#-zsen-‰X^[-W#-f∑*]-a!
a non-conceptual unmistaken exalted knower, in the continuum of a
Superior, that is produced from a meditative stabilization which is a union
of calm abiding and special insight that has become its own uncommon
empowering condition
N´ç-[(]-z[}*n-c$r-[^-zj‹]-az#-l*]-c#e-[r-dCv-d!
that which is free from being a determinative knower that apprehends a
sound [generality] and a meaning [generality] as suitable to be associated
cr-e#-N‘r-x$v-v-z„^v-dz#-c#e-a!
a knower that is mistaken with regard to its appearing object
cr-e#-Ø*]-Øen-xr-[e-v-dØ*]-]n-cr-e#-elv-dX-Vœ(e-R^c-v-f#-N√^-dz#-l*]-c#e
a determinative knower that, depending upon its basis, a correct sign, is
incontrovertible with regard to its object of comprehension, a hidden
phenomenon
cr-e#-Ø*]-Øen-xr-[e-v-dØ*]-]n-cr-e#-elv-dX-Vœ(e-R^c-v-enc-[^-f#-N√^-dz#-c#e-a!
a knower that, depending upon its basis, a correct sign, is newly
incontrovertible with regard to its object of comprehension, a hidden
phenomenon
52
x#[-y*n-Ë°n-[ae-
inference through belief
eCen-az#-Ë°n-[ae-
inference through renown
[r(n-Nø(dn-Ë°n-[ae-
inference through the power
of the fact
Vœ(e-R^c-
hidden phenomenon
b#]-o^-Vœ(e-R^c-
very hidden phenomenon
t$r-;[-Vœ(e-R^c-
slightly hidden phenomenon
fr(]-R^c-
manifest phenomenon
dt[-b*n-
subsequent cognition
x#[-[aX([-
correctly assuming
consciousness
cr-e#-Ø*]-x#[-y*n-W#-Øen-xr-[e-v-dØ*]-]n-cr-e#-elv-dX-b#]-Vœ(e-v-f#-N√^-dz#-l*]-c#e
a determinative knower that, depending upon its basis, a correct sign of
belief, is incontrovertible with regard to its object of comprehension, a very
hidden phenomenon
cr-e#-Ø*]-eCen-Øen-xr-[e-v-dØ*]-]n-cr-e#-elv-dX-N´ç-dX^r-eCen-a-v-f#-N√^-dz#-l*]-c#e
a determinative knower that, depending upon its basis, a correct sign of
renown, is incontrovertible with regard to its object of comprehension, a
terminological suitability
cr-e#-Ø*]-[r(n-Nø(dn-W#-Øen-xr-[e-v-dØ*]-]n-cr-e#-elv-dX-t$r-;[-Vœ(e-R^c-v-f#-N√^-dz#-
l*]-c#e-
a determinative knower that, depending upon its basis, a correct sign by the
power of the fact, is incontrovertible with regard to its object of
comprehension, a slightly hidden phenomenon
h$c-fp(r-’fn-W#n-p(e-fc-Øen-v-dØ*]-]n-r*n-ac-Ø(en-[e(n-az#-y(n!
a phenomenon that must definitely be realized initially by the short-sighted
[i.e., ordinary people] in dependence upon a sign
h$c-fp(r-’fn-W#n-p(e-fc-x#[-y*n-Øen-v-dØ*]-]n-r*n-ac-Ø(en-[e(n-az#-y(n!
a phenomenon that must definitely be realized initially by the short-sighted
in dependence upon a sign of belief
h$c-fp(r-’fn-W#n-p(e-fc-[r(n-Nø(dn-W#-Øen-v-dØ*]-]n-r*n-ac-Ø(en-[e(n-az#-y(n!
a phenomenon that must definitely be realized initially by the short-sighted
in dependence upon a sign of the power of the fact
h$c-fp(r-’fn-W#n-r*n-ac-Øen-v-dØ*]-]n-Ø(en-ac-dX-d-f-x#]-az#-y(n!
a phenomenon that is not an object realized definitely, by the short-sighted,
in dependence upon a sign
cr-z[}*]-dX*[-W#-h[-f-N®-fn-Ø(en-;#]-Ø(en-az#-h[-f#]-R#-c#e-a!
a knower which is not a valid cognition and which realizes that which has
already been realized by the former valid cognition that induces it
cr-e#-zu$e-x$v-R#-eg·-d(c-R^c-az#-y(n-v-fpz-et#e-o^-l*]-Wr-dt[-[(]-f-p(d-az#-c#e-a!
a knower which, although it adheres one-pointedly to the phenomenon that
is its principal object of engagement, does not get at an object with respect
to which superimpositions have been eliminated
53
or
fX(r-d-[r-Ø*]-Øen-xr-[e-er-v-xr-f-dØ*]-ac-cr-e#-zu$e-x$v-v-f-z„^v-dz#-fpz-
et#e-zj‹]-R#-dt[-[(]-f-p(d-az#-l*]-c#e
a determinative knower that, without depending on either experience or a
correct sign, apprehends its object of engagement one-pointedly and
unmistakenly, but does not get at an object with respect to which
superimpositions have been eliminated
or
cr-x$v-v-l*]-az#-N√^-dz#-l*]-c#e-[(]-fp%]!
a factually concordant determinative knower that is controvertible with
regard to determining its object

N‘r-v-f-r*n-az#-D√(- cr-e#-zu$e-x$v-[^-R^c-az#-cr-fh]-env-dc-N‘r-xr-[*-v-r*n-a-z[}*]-f#-]^n-az#-c#e-a!
awareness to which an object a knower to which the specifically characterized phenomenon that is its
appears but is not ascertained object of engagement clearly appears but which is unable to induce
ascertainment with respect to it

p*-h·f- cr-Nø(dn-W#n-fpz-ei#n-n$-[(en-az#-c#e-a!
doubting consciousness a knower that by its own power has qualms in two directions

or
cr-x$v-v-[(en-az#-c#e-a!
a knower that has qualms with regard to its object

v(e-b*n- cr-e#-zu$e-x$v-v-z„^v-dz#-c#e-a!
wrong consciousness a knower that is mistaken with regard to its object of engagement

h[-f- enc-[^-f#-N√^-dz#-c#e-a!
valid cognition a newly incontrovertible knower

or
N®c-f-Ø(en-az#-[(]-d[*]-a-v-f#-zqC^v-dz#-zj‹]-Nørn-W#n-d:√(e-az#-N´ç(-z[(en-[r-zev-dz(!
[According to Cha-ba:] that which contradicts and eliminates a false super-
imposition by an unmistaken mode of apprehension with respect to a
previously unrealized true thing

f#-N√^-dz#-b*n-a- cr-e#-[aX[-[(]-p(d-dX*[-W#-c#e-a!
incontrovertible a knower that gets at its object of analysis
consciousness

54
cr-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f-
valid cognition that induces
ascertainment by itself
el]-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f-
valid cognition when
ascertainment is induced by
another
h[-f#]-R#-b*n-a-
non-valid consciousness
Ø(e-a-
conceptual consciousness
Ø(e-f*[-W#-b*n-a-
non-conceptual consciousness a knower that is free from being a determinative knower that apprehends a
sound[-generality] and a meaning[-generality] as suitable to be associated
z„^v-b*n-
mistaken consciousness
f-z„^v-dz#-b*n-a-
unmistaken consciousness
Ø(e-f*[-f-z„v-dz#-b*n-a-
non-conceptual unmistaken
consciousness
x#[-b*n-
mental consciousness
[dr-b*n-
sense consciousness
cr-e#-elv-dXz#-d[e-i#[-fpc-p%e-a-x$v-Nø*r-[^-e]n-a-f*[-ac-cr-i#[-f#-zdX^r-d-v-r*n-a-
cr-Nø(dn-W#n-z[}*]-]^n-az#-enc-[^-f#-N√^-dz#-c#e-a!
a new incontrovertible knower that is able to induce through its own power
ascertainment that it itself would not arise if the final nature of its object of
comprehension did not abide in the object
cr-e#-elv-dXz#-d[e-i#[-fpc-p%e-a-x$v-Nø*r-[^-e]n-a-f*[-ac-cr-i#[-f#-zdX^r-d-v-r*n-a-
cr-Nø(dn-W#n-z[}*]-f#-]^n-ac-sX#n-zdX^r-p-NI[-az#-h[-f-el]-v-dØ*]-[e(n-az#-enc-[^-f#-
N√^-dz#-c#e-a!
a new incontrovertible knower that is unable to induce through its own
power ascertainment that it itself would not arise if the final nature of its
object of comprehension did not abide in the object but must depend on
another later conventional valid cognition
enc-[^-f-N√^-d-f-x#]-az#-c#e-a!
a knower that is not new and incontrovertible
N´ç-[(]-z[}*n-c$r-[^-zj‹]-az#-l*]-c#e-
a determinative knower that apprehends a sound[-generality] and a
meaning[-generality] as suitable to be associated
N´ç-[(]-z[}*n-c$r-[^-zj‹]-az#-l*]-c#e-[r-dCv-dz#-c#e-a!
cr-e#-N‘r-x$v-v-z„^v-dz#-c#e-a!
a knower that is mistaken with regard to its appearing object
cr-e#-N‘r-x$v-v-f-z„^v-dz#-c#e-a!
a knower that is not mistaken with regard to its appearing object
cr-e#-N‘r-x$v-v-f-z„v-dz#-env-N‘r-t]-R#-c#e-a!
a knower having clear appearance that is not mistaken with regard to its
appearing object
cr-e#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-x#[-[dr-v-dØ*]-]n-Nœ≈*n-az#-c#e-a!
a knower that is produced in dependence on its own uncommon
empowering condition, a mental sense power
cr-e#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-[dr-a(-e;$en-t]-a-v-dØ*]-]n-Nœ≈*n-az#-c#e-a!
a knower that is produced in dependence on its own uncommon
empowering condition, a physical sense power
55
n*v-zu$e-e#-D√(- cr-x$v-v-d”-[dr-e#n-zu$e-az#-c#e-a!
selectively engaging awareness a knower that engages its object by the power of terminology

N´ç&d-zu$e-e#-D√(- cr-x$v-v-[r(n-[dr-e#n-zu$e-az#-c#e-a!
completely engaging a knower that engages its object by the power of the thing
awareness

n*fn- cr-e#-zw(c-[^-dX^r-dz#-n*fn-dX^r-[r-fh$rn-ac-V“]-a!
mind that which has similar association with the mental factors that arise as its
accompaniers

eg·-n*fn- cr-x$v-R#-r(-d(-zj‹]-az#-N´(-]n-ele-az#-eg·-d(z#-’f-c#e-
main mind a main knower that is posited by way of apprehending the enitity of its
object

n*fn-dX^r- cr-zw(c-[^-V“]-az#-n*fn-[r-fh$rn-ac-V“]-a!
mental factor that which has similar association with the mind that has it as an
accompanier

or
cr-x$v-W#-∑[-ac-t#-c#en-zj‹]-t#r-cr-[r-fh$rn-V“]-R#-eg·-n*fn-er-c$r-e#-zw(c-[^-dX^r-
dz#-c#e-a!
a knower that apprehends any of the features of its object and accompanies
whatever main mind has similar association with it

h·c-d ifn-n$-fX(r-dz#-cd-o^-sX*-dz#-c#e-a!
feeling a knower which is distinguished by being that which experiences

—————————————————

[dX*-d!
Divisions

basis of division divisions (illustration)

D√(-c#e-d[^]-[^-[dX*-d- fr(]-n$f! Ë°n-[ae dt[-b*n! x#[-[aX([! N‘r-v-f-r*n! p*-h·f! v(e-b*n!

d[^]-x([!
sevenfold division of perception, inferences, subsequent cognitions, correctly assuming
awareness and knowledge consciousnesses, awarenesses to which an object appears but is not
ascertained, doubting consciousnesses, and wrong consciousnesses

56
fr(]-n$f- [dr-fr(]! x#[-fr(]! cr-c#e-fr(]-n$f! ’v-zdX(c-fr(]-n$f! dl#-x([!
perception sense perception, mental perception, self-knowing perception, and yogic
perception

[dr-fr(]- e;$en-zj‹]-[dr-fr(]! N´ç-zj‹]-[dr-fr(]! [}#-zj‹]-[dr-fr(]! c(-zj‹]-[dr-fr(]!

c*e-dX-zj‹]-az#-[dr-fr(]! V®-x([!
sense perception sense perception apprehending forms, sense perception apprehending
sounds, sense perception apprehending odors, sense perception
apprehending tastes, and sense perception apprehending tangible objects

x#[-fr(]- Nœdn-z[#c-dNø]-R#-x#[-fr(]! Nœdn-z[#c-dNø]-f-x#]-az#-x#[-fr(]! ei#n-x([!

mental perception mental perception indicated on this occasion and mental perception not
indicated on this occasion

Nœdn-z[#c-dNø]-R#-x#[-fr(]- e;$en-zj‹]-x#[-fr(]-]n-c*e-dX-zj‹]-az#-x#[-fr(]-R#-dc-V®!
mental perception indicated the five ranging from mental perception apprehending forms to mental
on this occasion perception apprehending tangible objects

cr-c#e-fr(]-n$f- [*c-R^c-az#-h[-f! dt[-b*n! N‘r-v-f-r*n! en$f-x([!

self-knowing perception valid cognitions, subsequent cognitions, and awarenesses to which an object
appears but is not ascertained which are that [i.e., which are self-knowing
cognitions]

’v-zdX(c-fr(]-n$f- i]-p(n! cr-‰Xv! p*e-y*]-R#-[*-en$f!

yogic perception those of Hearers, Solitary Realizers, and Mah›yanists

or
sC-dz#-f#-Øe-a-fr(]-n$f-[^-Ø(en-az#-h[-f! er-;e-e#-d[e-f*[-cen-a-fr(]-n$f-[^-
Ø(en-az#-h[-f! er-;e-e#-d[e-f*[-sC-f(-fr(]-n$f-[^-Ø(en-az#-h[-f-en$f-x([!
valid cognitions directly realizing subtle impermanence, valid cognitions
directly realizing the coarse selflessness of persons, and valid cognitions
directly realizing the subtle selflessness of persons

fr(]-n$f-Vøc-N‘r- z„^v-dz#-Ø(e-a! q^]-Ô·d-W#-Ø(e-a! Ë°n-[ae-e#-Ø(e-a! Ë°n-n$-[ae-a-vn-dX^r-dz#-Ø(e-

a! [}]-az#-Ø(e-a! fr(]-z[([-W#-Ø(e-a! Ø(e-f*[-fr(]-n$f-Vøc-N‘r! d[^]-x([!
facsimiles of perception mistaken conceptions, conventional conceptions, inferential conceptions,
conceptions arisen from inference, memory conceptions, wishing
conceptions, and non-conceptual facsimilies of perception

57
Ø(e-f*[-fr(]-n$f-Vøc-N‘r-
non-conceptual facsimiles of
perception
x#[-b*n-n$-R^c-az#-Ø(e-f*[-fr(]-n$f-Vøc-N‘r-! [dr-b*n-n$-R^c-az#-Ø(e-f*[-fr(]-n$f-
Vøc-N‘r-! ei#n-x([!
non-conceptual facsimiles of perception which are mental consciousnesses
and non-conceptual facsimiles of perception which are sense
consciousnesses

[dr-b*n-n$-R^c-az#-Ø(e-f*[-fr(]- z„^v-‰X^-Ø*]-v-x([-a! z„^v-‰X^-e]n-v-x([-a! z„^v-‰X^-x$v-v-x([-a! z„^v-‰X^-[*-f-pe-

n$f-Vøc-N‘r- ŒX*]-v-x([-a! dl#-x([!
non-conceptual facsimiles of those having a cause of error in the basis, those having a cause of error in
perception which are sense the abode, those having a cause of error in the object, and those having a
consciousnesses cause of error in the immediately preceding condition

Ë°n-[ae- x#[-y*n-Ë°n-[ae- eCen-az#-Ë°n-[ae- [r(n-Nø(dn-Ë°n-[ae- en$f-x([!

inferences inference through belief, inference through renown, and inference through
power of the fact

or (terminologically)
cr-[(]-Ë°n-[ae-[r-el]-[(]-Ë°n-[ae-
inference for oneself and inference for another

dt[-b*n- fr(]-n$f-dt[-b*n-[r-Ø(e-a-dt[-b*n! ei#n-x([!

subsequent cognitions perceptual subsequent cognitions and conceptual subsequent cognitions

fr(]-n$f-dt[-b**n- [dr-fr(]-dt[-b*n! x#[-fr(]-dt[-b*n! cr-c#e-dt[-b*n! ’v-zdX(c-fr(]-n$f-dt[-

b*n! dl#-x([!
perceptual subsequent subsequent cognition that is a sense perception, subsequent cognition that
cognitions is a mental perception, subsequent cognition that is a self-knowing
perception, and subsequent cognition that is a yogic perception

Ø(e-a-dt[-b*n- fr(]-n$f-R#n-[}rn-az#-Ø(e-a-dt[-b*n! Ë°n-[ae-e#n-[}rn-az#-Ø(e-a-dt[-b*n!

ei#n-x([!
conceptual subsequent conceptual subsequent cognitions induced by perception and conceptual
cognitions subsequent cognitions induced by inference

x#[-[aX([- ‰X^-fh]-f*[-az#-x#[-[aX([! ‰X^-fh]-f-r*n-az#-x#[-[aX([! ‰X^-fh]-Vøc-N‘r-v-dØ*]-az#-

x#[-[aX([! en$f-x([!
correctly assuming correctly assuming consciousnesses without a reason, correctly assuming
consciousnesses consciousnesses in which the reason is not ascertained, and correctly
assuming consciousnesses which depend upon a facsimile of a reason

or

58
 ‰X^-fh]-f*[-az#-x#[-[aX([! ‰X^-fh]-[r-zev-dz#-x#[-[aX([! ‰X^-fh]-f-r*n-az#-x#[-
[aX([! ‰X^-fh]-f-eC^d-az#-x#[-[aX([! ‰X^-fh]-x([-Wr-eo]-v-f-s*dn-az#-x#[-[aX([! V®-
x([!
correctly assuming consciousnesses without a reason, which have a
contradictory reason, for which the reason is indefinite, for which the
reason is not established, and for which a reason exists but is not settled

N‘r-v-f-r*n-az#-D√(- [*c-R^c-az#-[dr-fr(]! x#[-fr(]! cr-c#e-en$f-x([!

awarenesses to which an sense, mental, and self-knowing perception which are those [i.e.,
object appears but is not awarenesses to which the object appears but is not ascertained]
ascertained

p*-h·f- [(]-zR^c-R#-p*-h·f! [(]-f#-zR^c-R#-p*-h·f! y-fif-az#-p*-h·f! en$f-x([!

doubt doubt tending toward the fact, doubt not tending toward the fact, and
doubt which is both equally

v(e-b*n- Ø(e-a-v(e-b*n! Ø(e-f*[-v(e-b*n! ei#n-x([!

wrong consciousnesses conceptual wrong consciousnesses and non-conceptual wrong
consciousnesses

Ø(e-f*[-v(e-b*n- [dr-b*n-n$-R^c-az#-[*-[r-x#[-b*n-n$-R^c-az#-[*! ei#n-x([!

non-conceptual wrong those which are sense consciousnesses and those which are mental
consciousnesses consciousnesses

D√(-c#e-en$f-[^-[dX*-d- [(]-Nå≈#-d;$r-x$v-[^-dX*[-az#-Ø(e-a! cr-fh]-d;$r-x$v-[^-dX*[-az#-Ø(e-f*[-f-z„^v-dz#-b*n-a!

f*[-a-env-N‘r-t]-d;$r-x$v-[^-dX*[-az#-Ø(e-f*[-z„^v-b*n! en$f-x([!
division of awareness and conceptual consciousnesses that take a meaning-generality as their
knowledge into three apprehended object, non-conceptual unmistaken consciousnesses that take
a specifically characterized phenomenon as their apprehended object, and
non-conceptual mistaken consciousnesses that take a clearly appearing non-
existent as their apprehended object

D√(-c#e-ei#n-n$-[dX*-d- h[-f-[r-h[-f#]-R#-b*n-a-ei#n!
divisions of awareness and valid cognitions and non-valid consciousnesses
knowledge into two

Ø(e-a-[r-Ø(e-f*[-W#-b*n-a-ei#n!
conceptual and non-conceptual consciousnesses
z„^v-b*n-[r-f-z„^v-dz#-b*n-a-ei#n!
mistaken and unmistaken consciousnesses
x#[-b*n-[r-[dr-b*n-ei#n!
mental and sense consciousnesses

59

h[-f-
valid cognitions
or
or (terminologically)
cr-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f-
valid cognitions which induce sense valid perceptions having a familiar object, sense valid perceptions to
ascertainment by themselves which the ability to perform a function appears, self-knowing valid
perceptions, yogic valid perceptions, and inferential valid cognitions
el]-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f-
valid cognitions when
ascertainment is induced by
another (terminologically)
or
h[-f#]-R#-b*n-a-
non-valid consciousnesses
n*v-z;$e-e#-D√(-[r-N´ç&d-zu$e-e#-D√(-ei#n!
selectively engaging awarenesses and completely engaging awarenesses
n*fn-[r-n*fn-dX^r-ei#n!
minds and mental factors
fr(]-n$f-R#-h[-f-[r-Ë°n-n$-[ae-az#-h[-f-ei#n!
valid perceptions and inferential valid cognitions
cr-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f-[r-el]-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f-ei#n!
valid cognitions which induce ascertainment by themselves and valid
cognitions when ascertainment is induced by another
Nœ≈*-d$-h[-f! re-h[-f! b*n-a-h[-f!
valid beings, valid speech, and valid consciousnesses
[(]-e(fn-a-t]-R#-[dr-fr(]-R#-h[-f! [(]-dX*[-N‘r-t]-R#-[dr-fr(]-R#-h[-f! cr-c#e-
fr(]-n$f-R#-h[-f! ’v-zdX(c-fr(]-n$f-R#-h[-f! Ë°n-n$-[ae-az#-h[-f! V®-x([!
N‘r-d-cr-vn-r*n-b#r-d[*]-a-el]-vn-r*n-a! Nå≈#c-cr-vn-r*n-b#r-∑[-ac-el]-vn-
r*n-a! N‘r-d-i#[-Wr-el]-vn-r*n-a! en$f-x([!
those when ascertainment of appearance is induced by itself but
ascertainment of the truth is induced by another, those when ascertainment
of the generality is induced by itself but ascertainment of the particular is
induced by another, and those when ascertainment of even the mere
appearance is induced by another
fr(]-n$f-[r-a(-d! x#[-f-eo[! z„^v-‰X^-t]-[r-en$f!
initial perception, inattentive minds, and those possessing a cause of error
dt[-b*n-n(en-D√(-c#e-sX#-f-V®- (dt[-b*n! x#[-[aX([! N‘r-v-f-r*n! p*-h·f! v(e-b*n-[r-V®-)
the latter five [from the division into seven of] awareness and knowledge,
subsequent cognitions, etc. [subsequent cognitions, correctly assuming
consciousnesses, awarenesses to which an object appears but is not
ascertained, doubt, and wrong consciousnesses]
60
Ø(e-a- N´ç-Nå≈#-w(-]-zj‹]-az#-Ø(e-a! [(]-Nå≈#-w(-]-zj‹]-az#-Ø(e-a! N´ç-[(]-ei#n-q-zj‹]-az#-Ø(e-a!
en$f-x([!
conceptual consciousnesses conceptual consciousnesses that apprehend only a sound-generality,
conceptual consciousnesses that apprehend only a meaning-generality,
conceptual consciousnesses that apprehend both a sound[-generality] and a
meaning[-generality]

or
f#r-N∂≈(c-Ø(e-a-[r-[(]-N∂≈(c-Ø(e-a! ei#n-x([!
conceptual consciousnesses that affix names and conceptual consciousnesses
that affix meanings
or
Ø(e-a-[(]-fp%]! Ø(e-a-[(]-f#-fp%]! ei#n-x([!
factually concordant conceptual consciousness and factually discordant
conceptual consciousness

n*fn-dX^r- N“*-h]-[}^e q^]-zeC(-V®-! x$v-r*n-V®! [e*-d-dt$-et#e Ì-i(]-[}^e i*-i(]-i#-b^!

el]-zR^c-dl#!
mental factors six groups: five omnipresent factors, five determining factors, eleven
virtuous factors, six root afflictions, twenty secondary afflictions, and four
changeable factors

h·c-d- v$n-h·c-[r-n*fn-h·c-ei#n!
feelings physical feelings and mental feelings

or
;r-;#r-[r-dtn-az#-h·c-d-[r-;r-;#r-f*[-az#-h·c-d-ei#n!
materialistic feelings and non-materialistic feelings
or
h·c-d-d[*-N“^e-dor-NI(fn-en$f-
pleasurable feelings, painful feelings, and feelings of equanimity
or
h·c-d-d[*-d! x#[-d[*! N“^e-dN®v! x#[-f#-d[*! h·c-d-dor-NI(fn-[r-V®!
pleasurable feelings, mental pleasure, pain, mental displeasure, and
feelings of equanimity

[dr-b*n- f#e-b*n! ’-b*n! N‘-b*n! V†*-b*n! v$n-b*n-[r-V®!

sense consciousnesses eye consciousnesses, ear consciousnesses, nose consciousnesses,
tongue consciousnesses, body consciousnesses

61
x$v- N‘r-x$v! l*]-x$v! zu$e-x$v! en$f-x([!
objects appearing objects, determined objects, objects of engagement

[(]-et#e
Synonyms

D√(! c#e-a! b*n-a! en$f-[(]-et#e

awareness, knower, and consciousness

[(]-Nå≈#-d;$r-x$v-[^-dX*[-az#-Ø(e-a! Ø(e-a! ei#n-[(]-et#e

conceptual consciousness that takes a meaning-generality as its object of
engagement and conceptual consciousness

cr-fh]-d;$r-x$v-[^-dX*[-az#-Ø(e-f*[-f-z„^v-dz#-b*n-a! fr(]-n$f! ei#n-[(]-et#e

non-conceptual, unmistaken consciousness that takes a specifically characterized
phenomenon as its object of engagement and perception

f*[-a-env-N‘r-t]-d;$r-x$v-[^-dX*[-az#-Ø(e-f*[-z„^v-b*n! Ø(e-f*[-v(e-b*n-ei#n-[(]-et#e
non-conceptual, mistaken consciousness that takes a clearly appearing non-existent
as its object of engagement and non-conceptual wrong consciousness

Ø(e-a! n*v-zu$e-e#-D√(! ei#n-[(]-et#e

conceptual consciousness and selectively engaging awareness

Ø(e-f*[-b*n-a! N´ç&d-zu$e-e#-D√(! ei#n-[(]-et#e

non-conceptual consciousness and completely engaging awareness

f-z„^v-dz#-b*n-a! fr(]-n$f! [(]-et#e

unmistaken consciousness and perception

n*fn! x#[! ’f-b*n! en$f-[(]-et#e

mind, mentality, and consciousness

x$v-[r-x$v-t]-ei#n-n$-sX*-az#-x$v-t]! b*n-a! ei#n-[(]-et#e

object possessor within the twofold division into objects and object possessors and
consciousness

x$v-[r-x$v-t]-ei#n-n$-sX*-az#-x$v! b*n-a-f-x#]-az#-x([-a! ei#n-[(]-et#e

object within the twofold division into objects and object possessors and existent
which is not a consciousness

62
D√(-[*z#-N‘r-x$v! D√(-[*z#-d;$r-x$v! ei#n-[(]-et#e
appearing object of a particular awareness and apprehended object of a particular
awareness

fr(]-n$f-R#-N‘r-x$v! fr(]-n$f-R#-d;$r-x$v! [r-[r(n-a(-[(]-et#e

appearing object of a perception, apprehended object of a perception, and thing

Ø(e-az#-N‘r-x$v! Ø(e-az#-d;$r-x$v! [r-Øe-a-[(]-et#e

appearing object of a conceptual consciousness, apprehended object of a
conceptual consciousness, and permanent phenomenon

fr(]-n$f-R#-zu$e-x$v! fr(]-n$f-R#-zj‹]-Nørn-W#-x$v! ei#n-[(]-et#e

object of engagement of a perception and object of the mode of apprehension
of a perception

Ø(e-az#-l*]-x$v! Ø(e-az#-zu$e-x$v! Ø(e-az#-zj‹]-Nørn-W#-x$v-’fn-[(]-et#e

determined object of a conceptual consciousness, object of engagement of a
conceptual consciousness, and object of the mode of apprehension of a
conceptual consciousness

cr-[(]-Ë°n-[ae Ë°n-[ae ei#n-[(]-et#e

inference for oneself and inference

el]-[(]-Ë°n-[ae N´ç&d-re-xr-[e ei#n-[(]-et#e

inference for another and correct proof statement

cr-i#[-Ø(e-f*[-f-z„v-dz#-b*n-a! D√(-fr(]-n$f! ei#n-[(]-et#e

non-conceptual unmistaken consciousness and directly perceiving awareness

cr-c#e w-]r-w(-]c-sX(en-az#-b*n-a! ei#n-[(]-et#e

self-knowing cognition and consciousness that is directed only inward

el]-c#e w-sX#-dVøn-W#-b*n-a! ei#n-[(]-et#e

other-knower and consciousness that is turned outward

eg·-n*fn! n*fn! x#[! ’f-b*n-’fn-[(]-et#e

main mind, mind, mentality, and perceiver

h·c-d! h·c-dz#-s$r-a(! ei#n-[(]-et#e

feeling and feeling aggregate

63
 v$n-h·c! [dr-b*n-n$-R^c-az#-h·c-d! sX#z#-h·c-d-[(]-et#e
physical feeling, feeling that is a sense consciousness, and external feeling

n*fn-h·c! x#[-b*n-n$-R^c-az#-h·c-d! ]r-e#-h·c-d-[(]-et#e

mental feeling, feeling that is a mental consciousness, and internal feeling

;r-;#r-[r-dtn-az#-h·c-d! ;e-dtn-W#-h·c-d! ei#n-[(]-et#e

materialistic feeling and contaminated feeling

;r-;#r-f*[-az#-h·c-d-! ;e-f*[-W#-h·c-d-! ei#n-[(]-et#e

non-materialistic feeling and uncontaminated feeling

cr-c#e-[r-el]-c#e-zev-d-x#]-
self-knowing cognitions and other-knowers are mutually exclusive

—————————————————

fh]-eb#!
Illustrations
(drawn from
x(rn-zj‹]-D√(-c#e)

[dr-a(-fr(]-n$f-
sense perception

[dr-fr(]-[^-R^c-az#-h[-f! e;$en-zj‹]-[dr-fr(]-Nœ[-t#e-[r-a(!
valid cognition that is a sense the first moment of a sense perception apprehending a form
perception

[dr-fr(]-[^-R^c-az#-dt[-b*n! e;$en-zj‹]-[dr-fr(]-Nœ[-t#e-ei#n-a!
subsequent cognition that is a the second moment of a sense perception apprehending a form
sense perception

[dr-fr(]-[^-R^c-az#-N‘r-v-f-r*n-az#-D√(! x#[-N´ç-NI]-a-v-Vµe-ac-yen-dl#]-az#-Nœ≈*n-d$z#-‰X^[-W#-e;$en-zj‹]-[dr-fr(]!
awareness to which an object a sense perception, in the continuum of a person whose mind is
appears but is not ascertained that especially attracted to a pleasant sound, apprehending a form
is a sense perception

64

x#[-fr(]-[^-R^c-az#-h[-f!
valid cognition that is a mental
perception
x#[-fr(]-[^-R^c-az#-dt[-b*n!
subsequent cognition that is a
mental perception
x#[-fr(]-[^-R^c-az#-N‘r-v-f-r*n-az#- x#[-e;$en-fj°n-ac-Vµe-ac-yen-dl#]-az#-Nœ≈*n-d$z#-‰X^[-W#-N´ç-zj‹]-x#[-fr(]!
D√(!
awareness to which an object
appears but is not ascertained
that is a mental perception
cr-c#e-fr(]-n$f-[^-R^c-az#-h[-f!
valid cognition that is a self-
knowing perception
cr-c#e-fr(]-n$f-[^-R^c-az#-dt[-b*n!
subsequent cognition that is a
self-knowing perception
cr-c#e-fr(]-n$f-[^-R^c-az#-N‘r-v-f-
r*n-az#-D√(!
awareness to which an object
appears but is not ascertained
that is a self-knowing perception
x#[-W#-fr(]-n$f!
mental perception
el]-n*fn-b*n-az#-fr(]-b*n-Nœ[-t#e-[r-a(!
the first moment of a clairvoyance that knows another's mind
el]-n*fn-b*n-az#-fr(]-b*n-Nœ[-t#e-ei#n-a!
the second moment of a clairvoyance that knows another's mind
a mental perception, in the continuum of a person whose mind is
especially attracted to a beautiful form, apprehending a sound
cr-c#e-fr(]-n$f!
self-knowing perception
f#e-b*n-ifn-n$-fX(r-dz#-cr-c#e-fr(]-n$f-Nœ[-t#e-[r-a(!
the first moment of a self-knowing perception that experiences an eye
consciousness
f#e-b*n-ifn-n$-fX(r-dz#-cr-c#e-fr(]-n$f-Nœ[-t#e-ei#n-a!
the second moment of a self-knowing perception that experiences an
eye consciousness
dX*-dCe-az#-‰X^[-W#-d[*-d-b*n-a-x#]-a-ifn-n$-fX(r-dz#-cr-c#e-fr(]-n$f!
a self-knowing perception, in the continuum of a VaiŸe˝ika, that
experiences bliss as being a consciousness
65
 fr(]-n$f-Vøc-N‘r-!
facsimiles of perception

z„^v-dz#-Ø(e-a! N´ç-Øe-zj‹]-Ø(e-a!
mistaken conception a conceptual consciousness apprehending sound as permanent

q^]-Ô·d-W#-Ø(e-a! N´ç-f#-Øe-Ø(en-W#-Ë°n-[ae-
conventional conception an inference that realizes sound to be impermanent

Ë°n-[ae-e#-Ø(e-a! Øen-zj‹]-n*fn-n$-R^c-az#-Ø(e-a!
inferential conception a conceptual consciousness that is a mind apprehending a sign

Ë°n-n$-[ae-a-vn-dX^r-dz#-Ø(e-a! Ë°n-[ae-e#-Ë°n-n$-dX^r-dz#-Ø(e-a!
conception arisen from a conceptual consciousness that arises after an inference
inference

[}]-az#-Ø(e-a! [*-c#r-e#-[^n-n$-z[n-az#-[(]-[}]-az#-Ø(e-a!
memory conception a conceptual consciousness that remembers today an object of the past

fr(]-z[([-W#-Ø(e-a! [*-c#r-e#-[^n-n$-f-z(rn-az#-[(]-fr(]-ac-z[([-az#-Ø(e-a!
wishing conception a conceptual consciousness that today wishes for an object of the future

x#[-b*n-n$-R^c-az#-Ø(e-f*[-fr(]-n$f- Ï#-vf-R#-N®(]-a-N®(]-a(c-env-dc-N‘r-dz#-Ï#-vf-R#-b*n-a!
Vøc-N‘r-
non-conceptual facsimile of a a dream consciousness to which the blue of a dream appears clearly as
perception that is a mental blue
consciousness

[dr-b*n-n$-R^c-az#-Ø(e-f*[-fr(]-n$f-Vøc-N‘r-!
non-conceptual facsimiles of perception that are sense consciousnesses

z„^v-‰X^-Ø*]-v-x([-a! f#e-cd-c#d-W#n-dN√[-a-v-dØ*]-]n-:√-et#e-:√-ei#n-n$-N‘r-dz#-[dr-b*n!
that having a cause of error in a sense consciousness to which, in dependence upon the eye being
the basis affected by an obscuring disease, one moon is seen as two

z„^v-‰X^-e]n-v-x([-a! eC^c-l^en-a-v-dØ*]-]n-V¨(]-b#r-zeC(-dc-N‘r-dz#-[dr-b*n!
that having a cause of error in a sense consciousness to which, in dependence upon sitting in a boat,
the abode trees appear to be moving

66
z„^v-‰X^-x$v-v-x([-a!
that having a cause of error in
the object
z„^v-‰X^-[*-f-pe-ŒX*]-v-x([-a!
that having a cause of error in
the immediately preceding
condition
[r(n-Nø(dn-Ë°n-[ae-
inference by the power of the
fact
eCen-az#-Ë°n-[ae-
inference through renown
x#[-y*n-W#-Ë°n-[ae-
inference through belief
valid cognitions which induce ascertainment by themselves
[(]-dX*[-N‘r-t]-R#-[dr-fr(]-R#-h[-f- f*n-d$[-b#r-dnC*e-az#-[(]-dX*[-]^n-ac-zj‹]-az#-[dr-fr(]!
sense valid perception to which
the ability to perform a
function appears
or
zev-f*[-fX^c-[^-dNœ(c-d-v-dØ*]-]n-zev-f*[-zw(c-v(c-N‘r-dz#-[dr-b*n!
a sense consciousness to which, in dependence upon quickly turning a
firebrand, a firebrand is seen as a circle
x#[-l*-N“r-e#n-[q^Cen-a-v-dØ*]-]n-n-el#-[fc-a(c-N‘r-dz#-[dr-b*n!
a sense consciousness to which, in dependence upon the mind's being
disturbed by hatred, the earth is seen as red
Ë°n-[ae
inferences
dXn-Øen-W#n-N´ç-f#-Øe-Ø(en-W#-Ë°n-[ae-
an inference which realizes that sound is impermanent through the sign of
being a product
Ø(e-x$v-]-x([-az#-Øen-vn-c#-d(r-t]-v-:√-N´çn-dË·[-c$r-[^-Ø(en-az#-Ë°n-[ae-
an inference which realizes that it is suitable to express the rabbit-
possessor with the term “moon” from the sign of its existing among
objects of conceptual consciousnesses
[aX[-en$f-R#n-[e-az#-v$r-e#-Øen-vn! N∂≈#]-an-v(rn-Nå≈([-„#fn-W#n-d[*-l*n-n(en-W#-
v$r-cr-e#-dNø]-[(]-v-f#-N√^-dc-Ø(en-az#-Ë°n-[ae
an inference which realizes that the scripture, “From giving, resources;
from ethics, a happy transmigration,” is incontrovertible — with respect
to the meaning indicated by it — by the sign of its being a scripture free
from the three contradictions
cr-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f!
a sense perception that apprehends fire as able to perform the function of
cooking and burning
f*n-dg·-nC*e-e#-[(]-dX*[-]^n-ac-zuv-dz#-f*-zj‹]-[dr-fr(]!
a sense perception which apprehends fire, and which comprehends that
fire is able to perform the function of cooking and burning
67
[(]-e(fn-a-t]-R#-[dr-fr(]-R#-h[-f- d$z#-‰X^[-W#-sz#-e;$en-zj‹]-az#-[dr-fr(]!
sense valid perception that has a a sense perception in the continuum of a son apprehending his father's
familiar object form

cr-c#e-fr(]-n$f-R#-h[-f- h[-f-ifn-n$-fX(r-dz#-cr-c#e-fr(]-n$f!
self-knowing valid perception a self-knowing perception that experiences a valid cognition

’v-zdX(c-fr(]-n$f-R#-h[-f- er-;e-e#-d[e-f*[-fr(]-n$f-[^-Ø(en-az#-x*-b*n!
yogic valid perception an exalted wisdom consciousness directly realizing the selflessness of
persons

Ë°n-n$-[ae-az#-h[-f- N´ç-f#-Øe-Ø(en-W#-Ë°n-[ae
inferential valid cognition an inference that realizes sound to be impermanent

([*-V®-a(-er-c$r-x#]-]-cr-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f-x#]-an-∑d!)
Whatever is one of those five is necessarily a valid cognition that induces
ascertainment by itself.

el]-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f!
valid cognitions when ascertainment is induced by another

fr(]-n$f-[r-a(-d- N®c-,$Oå-v-fp(r-f-fX(r-dz#-er-;e-e#-‰X^[-W#-,Oå-vz#-w-[(e-zj‹]-az#-[dr-fr(]!
initial perception a sense perception in the continuum of a person — who has not previously
experienced seeing an utpala — that apprehends the color of an utpala

fr(]-n$f-x#[-f-eo[- x#[-e;$en-fj°n-a-v-Vµe-ac-yen-dl#]-az#-Nœ≈*n-d$z#-‰X^[-W#-N´ç-zj‹]-[dr-fr(]!
inattentive perception a sense perception in the continuum of a person — whose mind is
especially attracted to a beautiful form — which apprehends a form

fr(]-n$f-z„^v-‰X^-t]- Nƒ#e-‰X^-v-y$c-zj‹]-az#-N´ç(-z[(en-[r(n-n$-Nœ≈*[-ac-dX*[-az#-Nƒ#e-‰X^z#-w-[(e-zj‹]-az#-[dr-
fr(]!
perception having a cause of a sense perception apprehending the color of a mirage which directly
error generates a superimposition apprehending the mirage as water

N‘r-d-cr-vn-r*n-b#r-d[*]-a-el]- [(]-v-f*z#-w-[(e-x#]-l#r-Ø(e-an-f*z#-w-[(e-x#]-f#]-p*-h·f-;-[^n-W#-‰Xr-c#r-a(z#-w-[(e-
vn-r*n-W#-h[-f- [fc-vf-a-zj‹]-az#-[dr-fr(]!
valid cognition where ascertain- a sense perception apprehending a reddish color in the distance with
ment of the appearance is respect to which a conceptual consciousness has a doubt, wondering, “Is
induced by itself but of the that the color of fire or not?” and the object is, in fact, the color of fire.
truth by another

68
Nå≈#-cr-vn-r*n-b#r-∑[-ac-el]-vn- [(]-v-b-a-x#]-l#r-! b-a-x#]-f#]-p*-h·f-;-[^n-W#-xv-e-v(-z[d-[r-dtn-az#-b#r-zj‹]-
r*n-W#-h[-f- [dr-fr(]!
valid cognition where a sense perception apprehending a tree having leaves and branches which is
ascertainment of the generality in fact an Ashoka tree and with respect to which there is doubt wondering,
is induced by itself but of the “Is that an AŸoka tree or not?”
particular by another

N‘r-d-i#[-Wr-el]-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f- w(-d(n-N®(]-a(-fp(r-rf-f-fp(r-NIf-az#-p*-h·f-z[}*]-ac-dX*[-az#-N®(]-zj‹]-[dr-fr(]!
valid cognitions where a sense perception apprehending blue which induces a doubting
ascertainment of even the mere consciousness that thinks, “Did I see blue or not?”
appearance is induced by
another

h[-f!
valid cognitions

Nœ≈*-d$-h[-f- Nø(]-a-nrn-‰Xn!
valid being the teacher Buddha

re-h[-f- d[*]-dl#z#-y(n-zw(c!
valid speech the wheel of doctrine of the four noble truths

b*n-a-h[-f- fr(]-n$f-[r-Ë°n-[ae
valid consciousness a perception or an inference

dt[-b*n!
subsequent cognitions

[dr-fr(]-dt[-b*n- N®(]-zj‹]-[dr-fr(]-Nœ[-t#e-ei#n-a!
subsequent cognition that is a the second moment of a sense perception apprehending blue
sense perception

x#[-fr(]-dt[-b*n- el]-n*fn-b*n-az#-fr(]-b*n-Nœ[-t#e-ei#n-a!
subsequent cognition that is a the second moment of a clairvoyance knowing another's mind
mental perception

cr-c#e-fr(]-n$f-dt[-b*n- f#e-b*n-n(en-ifn-n$-fX(r-dz#-cr-c#e-fr(]-n$f-Nœ[-t#e-ei#n-a!
subsequent cognition that is a the second moment of a self-knowing perception experiencing an eye
self-knowing perception consciousness and so forth

69
’v-zdX(c-fr(]-n$f-dt[-b*n- fp(r-vf-dc-y[-f*[-vf-Nœ[-t#e-ei#n-a!
subsequent cognition that is a yogic the second moment of an uninterrupted path of a path of seeing
perception

[*-dl#-er-xr-f-x#]-az#-fr(]-n$f-dt[- fr(]-n$f-Nœ[-t#e-ei#n-a!
b*n-
subsequent cognition that is a yogic the second moment of a perception
perception and which is none of
those four

fr(]-n$f-R#n-[}rn-az#-Ø(e-a-dt[-b*n- N®(]-zj‹]-[dr-fr(]-R#n-[}rn-az#-N®(]-a(-r*n-az#-r*n-b*n-[(]-fp%]!
conceptual subsequent cognition a factually concordant ascertaining consciousness ascertaining blue
that is induced by perception that is induced by a sense perception apprehending blue

Ë°n-[ae-e#n-[}rn-az#-Ø(e-a-dt[-b*n- N´ç-f#-Øe-Ø(en-W#-Ë°n-[ae-Nœ[-t#e-ei#n-a!
conceptual subsequent cognition the second moment of an inference realizing that sound is
that is induced by inference impermanent

x#[-[aX([!
correctly assuming consciousnesses

‰X^-fh]-f*[-az#-x#[-[aX([- N´ç-f#-Øe-t*n-az#-re-gf-v-dØ*]-]n-N´ç-f#-Øe-ac-zj‹]-az#-D√(!
correctly assuming an awareness that apprehends sound to be impermanent in dependence
consciousness that does not upon the mere words, “Sound is impermanent”
have a reason

‰X^-fh]-[r-zev-dz#-x#[-[aX([- [(]-dX*[-]^n-Nø(r-e#-Øen-vn-N´ç-f#-Øe-ac-zj‹]-az#-D√(!
correctly assuming an awareness that apprehends sound to be impermanent from the sign of
consciousness having a being empty of being able to perform a function
contradictory reason

‰X^-fh]-f-r*n-az#-x#[-[aX([- elv-dXz#-Øen-vn-N´ç-f#-Øe-ac-zj‹]-az#-D√(!
correctly assuming an awareness that apprehends sound to be impermanent from the sign of
consciousness for which the being an object of comprehension
reason is indefinite

‰X^-fh]-f-eC^d-az#-x#[-[aX([- f#e-b*n-W#-e;$r-dXz#-Øen-vn-N´ç-f#-Øe-ac-zj‹]-az#-D√(!
correctly assuming an awareness that apprehends sound to be impermanent from the sign of
consciousness for which the being an object of apprehension by an eye consciousness
reason is not established

70
‰X^-fh]-x([-Wr-eo]-v-f-s*dn-az#- N´ç-dXn-a-[r-dXn-]-f#-Øe-an-∑d-a-h[-fn-f-r*n-ac-dXn-Øen-vn-N´ç-f#-Øe-ac-zj‹]-
x#[-[aX([-
correctly assuming
consciousness for which a
reason exists but is not settled
awarenessses to which an object appears but is not ascertained
N‘r-v-f-r*n-az#-[dr-fr(]-
sense perception to which an
object appears but is not
ascertained
N‘r-v-f-r*n-az#-x#[-fr(]-
mental perception to which an
object appears but is not
ascertained
N‘r-v-f-r*n-az#-cr-c#e
self-knowing cognition to
which an object appears but is
not ascertained
[(]-zR^c-R#-p*-h·f-
doubt tending toward the
factual
[(]-f#-zR^c-R#-p*-h·f-
doubt tending toward the non-
factual
y-fif-az#-p*-h·f-
equal doubt
az#-D√(!
an awareness that apprehends sound to be impermanent from the sign of
being a product, without it having been ascertained by prime cognition
that sound is a product and that whatever is a product must be
impermanent
N‘r-v-f-r*n-az#-D√(!
w(-d(n-N®(]-a(-fp(r-rf-f-fp(r-NIf-[^-p*-h·f-z[}*]-ac-dX*[-az#-N®(]-zj‹]-[dr-a(z#-fr(]-
n$f!
a sense perception apprehending blue that induces doubt wondering,
“Did I see blue or not?”
n(-n(-Nœ≈*-d(z#-‰X^[-W#-e;$en-n(en-[(]-V®-zj‹]-az#-x#[-fr(]!
a mental perception in the continuum of an ordinary being apprehending
any of the five objects, forms and so forth
n(-n(-Nœ≈*-d(z#-‰X^[-W#-e;$en-n(en-[(]-V®-zj‹]-az#-x#[-fr(]-ifn-n$-fX(r-dz#-cr-c#e-
a self-knowing cognition experiencing a mental perception in the
continuum of an ordinary being apprehending any of the five objects,
forms and so forth
p*-h·f!
doubting consciousnesses
N´ç-f#-Øe-ef-NIf-az#-p*-h·f!
doubt which thinks that sound is probably impermanent
N´ç-Øe-ef-NIf-az#-p*-h·f!
doubt which thinks that sound is probably permanent
N´ç-Øe-ef-f#-Øe-ef-NIf-az#-p*-h·f!
doubt which wonders whether sound is permanent or impermanent
71

Ø(e-a-v(e-b*n-
conceptual wrong consciousness a conceptual consciousness apprehending sound to be permanent
x#[-b*n-n$-R^c-az#-Ø(e-f*[-v(e-b*n-
non-conceptual wrong
consciousness that is a mental
consciousness
[dr-b*n-n$-R^c-az#-Ø(e-f*[-v(e-b*n- ern-c#-N®(]-a(c-N‘r-dz#-[dr-b*n!
non-conceptual wrong
consciousness that is a sense
consciousness
N´ç-Nå≈#-w(-]-zj‹]-az#-Ø(e-a-
a conceptual consciousness
apprehending only a sound-
generality
[(]-Nå≈#-w(-]-zj‹]-az#-Ø(e-a-
a conceptual consciousness
apprehending only a meaning-
generality
v(e-b*n!
wrong consciousnesses
N´ç-Øe-zj‹]-Ø(e-a!
c#-d(r-c-zj‹]-Ø(e-a!
a conceptual consciousness apprehending the horns of a rabbit
Ï#-vf-R#-N®(]-a-N®(]-a(c-env-dc-N‘r-dz#-Ï#-vf-R#-b*n-a!
a dream consciousness that clearly sees as blue the blue of a dream
a sense consciousness that sees snow mountains as blue
[^r-[qc-n*c-a(c-N‘r-dz#-[dr-b*n!
a sense consiousness that sees a white conch as yellow
Ø(e-a!
conceptual consciousnesses
Vø(-V“#c-ldn-l^f-y$-Nœ≈(c-R#-[(]-dX*[-]^n-a-d$f-a-x#]-ac-f#-b*n-az#-Nœ≈*n-d$z#-‰X^[-W#-d$f-a-
l*n-az#-N´ç-gf-v-dØ*]-]n-Nœ≈*n-az#-d$f-zj‹]-Ø(e-a!
a conceptual consciousness, in the continuum of a person who does not
know that a bulbous flat-based thing that is able to perform the function
of holding water is a pot, which, generated in dependence on merely the
sound “pot,” apprehends pot
Vø(-V“#c-ldn-l^f-y$-Nœ≈(c-R#-[(]-dX*[-]^n-a-d$f-a-x#]-ac-f#-b*n-az#-Nœ≈*n-d$z#-‰X^[-W#-Vø(-V“#c-d-
fp(r-d-gf-v-dØ*]-]n-Nœ≈*n-az#-Vø(-V“#c-d-zj‹]-az#-Ø(e-a!
a conceptual consciousness, in the continuum of a person who does not
know that a bulbous flat-based thing that is able to perform the function
of holding water is a pot, which, generated in dependence on merely
seeing a bulbous thing, apprehends a bulbous thing
72
N´ç-[(]-ei#n-q-zj‹]-az#-Ø(e-a-
a conceptual consciousness
apprehending both a sound-
generality and a meaning-
generality
d$f-a-b*n-az#-Nœ≈*n-d$z#-‰X^[-W#-d$f-zj‹]-Ø(e-a!
a conceptual consciousness, in the continuum of a person who knows pot,
that apprehends pot

—————————————————

Syllogisms

Examples of syllogisms for the three types of inference:

c#-d(r-t]-y(n-t]! ∑([-v-:√-d-l*n-az#-N´çn-dË·[-c$r-d-x#]-o*-Ø(e-x$v-]--x([-az#-sX#c!
With respect to the subject, rabbit bearer, it is suitable to express it with the term
“moon” because of existing among objects of conceptual consciousnesses

N∂≈#]-an-v(rn-Nå≈([-„#fn-W#n-d[*-l*n-az#-v$r-y(n-t]! cr-e#-dNø]-dXz#-[(]-v-f#-N√^-d-x#]-o*! [aX[-

en$f-[e-az#-v$r-x#]-az#-sX#c!
The subject, the scripture, “From giving, resources; from ethics, a happy
transmigration,” is incontrovertible with respect to the meaning indicated by it
because of being a scripture purified by the three analyses [i.e., free from the three
contradictions]

N´ç-y(n-t]! f#-Øe-a-x#]-o*! dXn-a-x#]-az#-sX#c!

The subject, sound, is impermanent because of being a product.

Proof of the existence of a yogic perception:

d[e-f*[-Ø(en-az#-b*n-cd-t(n-t]! dN´(f-az#-ŒX*]-[r-f-dCv-dc-e(fn-]-dN´(f-dXz#-[(]-v-cd-e#-
env-N‘r-fpc-sX#]-dX^r-c$r-d-x#]-o*! Ø*]-dØ]-e(fn-;#]-zd[-Ì·v-Nœ≈c-f-v-f-Vø(n-az#-n*fn-W#-x(]-
o]-x#]-az#-sX#c!
With respect to the subject, the wisdom realizing selflessness, if it is cultivated
without separating from the causes of cultivation, final clear appearance with
respect to its object of cultivation is suitable to arise because of being a mental
quality whose basis is stable and which does not rely on renewed effort with respect
to that which has already been cultivated

73
Proof of the existence of self-knowing cognitions:

N®(]-zj‹]-f#e-b*n-t(n-t]! cr-fX(r-t]-R#-b*n-a-x#]-o*!
cr-[^n-sX#n-[}]-a-x([-az#-b*n-a-x#]-az#-sX#c!
The subject, an eye consciousness apprehending blue, is a consciousness having an
experience of itself because of being a consciousness of which there is memory
subsequent to its time [of existence]

—————————————————

POINTS TO NOTE

el#-eC^d-]! N‘r-x$v-x#]-an-∑d-Nø*! [r(n-a(-x#]-]-fr(]-n$f-R#-N‘r-x$v-x#]-an-∑d-a-er-l#e-Øe-a-

x#]-]-Ø(e-az#-N‘r-x$v-x#]-an-∑d-az#-sX#c!
Whatever is an established base is necessarily an appearing object because whatever
is a thing is necessarily the appearing object of a perception and whatever is
permanent is necessarily the appearing object of a conceptual consciousness.

d[e-f*[-x#]-]-cr-zj‹]-Ø(e-az#-x$v-x#]-an-∑d!
Whatever is selfless is necessarily the object of the conceptual consciousness
apprehending it.

Ë°n-[ae-e#-[r(n-elv-x#]-]-Ë°n-[ae-e#n-[r(n-n$-Ø(en-a-x#]-an-∑d!
Whatever is the explicit object of comprehension of an inference is necessarily
realized explicitly by an inference.

el#-eC^d-]-Ë°n-[ae-e#-[r(n-elv-x#]-an-∑d!
Whatever is an established base is necessarily the explicit object of comprehension
of an inference.

∑([-d[e-f*[-x#]-]-∑([-W#-[(]-Nå≈#-∑([-zj‹]-Ø(e-az#-N‘r-x$v-x#]-an-∑d!
With regard to whatever is selfless, its meaning-generality is necessarily the
appearing object of the conceptual consciousness apprehending it.

el#-eC^d-]-Ø(e-a-[r-Ø(e-f*[-W#-b*n-a-ei#n-qz#-zj‹]-Nørn-W#-x$v-x#]-an-∑d!
Whatever is an established base is necessarily the object of the mode of
apprehension of both a conceptual and a non-conceptual consciousness.

∑([-d[e-f*[-x#]-]-∑([-cr-zj‹]-Ø(e-a-v-N‘r-dn-∑d-
If something is selfless, it necessarily appears to the conceptual consciousness
apprehending it.

74
∑([-cr-zj‹]-Ø(e-a-v-N‘r-]-∑([-cr-zj‹]-Ø(e-az#-N‘r-x$v-x#]-an-f-∑d!
If something appears to the conceptual consciousness apprehending it, it is not
necessarily the appearing object of the conceptual consciousness apprehending it.

∑([-Ø(e-f*[-W#-b*n-a-x#]-]! ∑([-v-N‘r-]-∑([-W#-N‘r-x$v-x#]-[e(n-an-∑d!
If something is a non-conceptual consciousness, whatever appears to it must be its
appearing object.
eCen-az#-Ë°n-[ae-v-[r(n-Nø(dn-Ë°n-[ae-e#n-∑d!
An inference through renown is necessarily an inference by the power of the fact.

∑([-d*f-a(-x#]-]! ∑([-zj‹]-az#-[dr-fr(]-cr-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f-x#]-an-∑d! cr-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f-

v-fr(]-n$f-[r-Ë°n-[ae-h[-f-ei#n-q-x([! el]-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f-x#]-]-fr(]-n$f-R#-h[-f-x#]-
[e(n!
If something is matter, the sense perception apprehending it is necessarily a valid
cognition that induces ascertainment by itself. Among valid cognitions that induce
ascertainment by themselves, there are both direct and inferential valid cognitions;
whatever is a valid cognition when ascertainment is induced by another must be a
valid perception.

fr(]-n$f-R#-h[-f-v-cr-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f-[r-el]-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f-ei#n-q-x([! Ë°n-[ae-x#]-]-
cr-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f-x#]-[e(n!
Among valid perceptions, there are both valid cognitions that induce ascertainment
by themselves and valid cognitions when ascertainment is induced by another;
whatever is an inference must be a valid cognition that induces ascertainment by
itself.

el]-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f-x#]-]! h[-f-x#]-an-∑d-Wr! y(n-[*-v-el]-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f-x#]-]!

y(n-[*-v-h[-f-f-x#]-an-∑d-Nø*! y(n-[*-v-h[-f-x#]-]! y(n-[*-v-cr-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f-x#]-an-
∑d-az#-sX#c!
Whatever is a valid cognition when ascertainment is induced by another is
necessarily a valid cognition; however, whatever is a valid cognition when
ascertainment is induced by another with respect to a particular phenomenon is
necessarily not a valid cognition with respect to that phenomenon. For, whatever is
a valid cognition with respect to a particular phenomenon is necessarily a valid
cognition that induces ascertainment by itself with respect to that phenomenon.

∑([-b*n-a-x#]-]! ∑([-ifn-n$-fX(r-dz#-cr-c#e-fr(]-n$f-∑([-[r-x$v-[^n-cr-dl#]-er-v-Vø(n-o*-eC^d-
d[*-Ôn-et#e-x#]-an-∑d!
If something is a consciousness, the self-knowing perception experiencing it is
necessarily one substantial entity in establishment and abiding with it in terms of
object, time, and nature.

75
∑([-el#-eC^d-x#]-]! ∑([-zj‹]-Ø(e-a-x#[-[aX([-x([-an-∑d! d$f-a-y(n-t]!
If something is an established base, the conceptual consciousness apprehending it is
necessarily a correctly assuming consciousness; for example, the subject, pot.

el#-eC^d-]-∑([-zj‹]-Ø(e-a-Ø(e-a-[(]-fp%]-x#]-an-∑d!
If something is an established base, the conceptual consciousness apprehending it is
necessarily a factually concordant conceptual consciousness.

el#-f-eC^d-]-∑([-zj‹]-Ø(e-a-Ø(e-a-[(]-f#-fp%]-x#]-an-∑d!
If something is not an established base, the conceptual consciousness apprehending
it is necessarily a factually discordant conceptual consciousness.

c#-d(c-cK-y(n-t]-cr-zj‹]-Ø(e-an-doen-a-x#]!
The subject, horns of a rabbit, is imputed by the conceptual consciousness
apprehending it.

Ø(e-an-doen-a-f-x#]-
It is not imputed by conceptuality.

cr-zj‹]-az#-D√(z#-x$v-x#]-
It is the object of the awareness apprehending it.

cr-zj‹]-Ø(e-az#-x$v-x#]-
It is the object of the conceptual consciousness apprehending it.

c#-d(r-cK-zj‹]-Ø(e-a-y(n-t]! ∑([-W#-x$v-x([-ac-pv! ∑([-W#-N‘r-x$v-x([-az#-sX#c!

It follows with respect to the subject, the conceptual consciousness apprehending
the horns of a rabbit, that its object exists because its appearing object exists.

N´ç-N´ç-Øe-zj‹]-Ø(e-az#-[f#en-x$v-x#]!
Sound is the object of observation of the conceptual consciousness apprehending
sound to be permanent.

:√-d-et#e-:√-d-ei#n-N‘r-e#-[dr-b*n-W#-N‘r-x$v-x#]-ac-pv! [*-v-N‘r-dz#-sX#c!
It follows that the single moon is the appearing object of a sense consciousness
seeing two moons because of appearing to it.

:√-d-ei#n-N‘r-e#-[dr-b*n-y(n-t]-∑([-v-N‘r-]-∑([-W#-N‘r-x$v-x#]-[e(n-ac-pv! ∑([-Ø(e-f*[-W#-
b*n-a-x#]-az#-sX#c!
It follows with respect to the subject, a sense consciousness seeing two moons, that
if something appears to it, [that something] must be its appearing object because it
is a non-conceptual consciousness.

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d$f-zj‹]-Ø(e-az#-l*]-x$v-x#]-]! d$f-zj‹]-Ø(e-az#-elv-dX-x#]-an-∑d!
Whatever is the determined object a conceptual consciousness apprehending a pot
is necessarily the object of comprehension of that conceptual consciousness
apprehending a pot.

d$f-zj‹]-Ø(e-a-cr-e#-l*]-x$v-v-f-z„^v-d-x#]!
A conceptual consciousness apprehending pot is unmistaken with respect to its
determined object.

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 The Fifty-One Mental Factors

n*fn-dX^r-v-[dX*-]-N“*-h]-[}^e-x([-[*- When mental factors are divided, there are six categories:

q^]-zeC(-V®-[r-x$v-r*n-V®! Five omnipresent factors and five determining factors,

[e*-d-dt$-et#e-Ì-i(]-[}^e Eleven virtuous factors, six root afflictions,

i*-i(]-i#-b^-el]-zR^c-dl#! Twenty secondary afflictions, four changeable factors —

n*fn-dX^r-r-et#e-z[#-[e-e( These are the fifty-one mental factors.

h·c-d-z[^-b*n-n*fn-a-[r-! Feeling, discrimination, intention,

x#[-v-dX*[-[r-c*e-a-V®! Mental engagement, contact — the five;

eg·-n*fn-q^]-R#-zw(c-[^-]#! As the accompaniers of all main minds,

zeC(-sX#c-q^]-zeC(-l*n-dXz(! They are present; hence they are called "omnipresent".

z[^]-a-f(n-a-[}]-a-[r-! Aspiration, belief, mindfulness,

o#r-zj‹]-b*n-cd-V®-a(-x$v! Stabilization, and wisdom — the five;

dX*-dCe-a-v-zu$e-r*n-sX#c! Because they are definite to engage in particular objects,

x$v-r*n-l*n-ac-db[-a-x#]! It is explained that they are called "determining factors".

[[-[r-r(-h-b*n-„*v-x([! Faith, shame, embarrassment,

z[([-yen-[r-]#-l*-N“r-[r-! The three root virtues — non-attachment,

eo#-f$e-f*[-az#-[e*-Ì-en$f! Non-hatred, and non-ignorance —

dÌ·]-zeC^n-b#]-N∂≈rn-de-x([-[r-! Effort, pliancy, conscientiousness,

dor-NI(fn-’f-ac-f#-zh°-’fn! Equanimity, and non-harmfulness,

ei*]-a(-r(-d(-fh$rn-V“]-n(en! [Being an] antidote, [their] entity, or having similar association (i.e.,
accompanying) —
t#-c#en-N´(-]n-[e*-dz(! By way of any of these, they are virtuous.

z[([-yen-w(r-„(-r-‰Xv-[r-! Desire, anger, pride,

f-c#e-p*-h·f-Vø-d-[}^e Ignorance, doubt, and view;

z[#-en$f-i(]-f(rn-t]-l*n-N∂≈c! The [last] three must be specified as afflicted.

Ì-i(]-x#]-o*-n*fn-‰X^[-]#! [All six] are root afflictions;

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i(]-f(rn-dX*[-az#-eg·-d(z(! They are the chief of those that make the mental continuum afflicted.

z„(-d-zw(]-zj‹]-zyd-[r-h‹e Belligerence, resentment, concealment, spite,

sCe-[(e-n*c-N‘-N´≈&-[r-ex(! Jealousy, miserliness, deceit, dissimulation,

‰Xen-[r-’f-zh°-r(-h-f*[! Haughtiness, harmfulness, non-shame,

„*v-f*[-Ï^en-›·[-f-[[-a! Non-embarrassment, lethargy, excitement, non-faith,

v*-v(-de-f*[-dË°[-r*n-[r-! Laziness, non-conscientuousness, forgetfulness,

b*n-dl#]-f-x#]-’f-ex*r-dtn! Non-introspection, and distraction,

i#-b^-Ì-i(]-zs*v-Nœ≈*-[r-! [These] twenty, because they are produced and increase along with root
afflictions
i*-sX#c-i*-dz#-i(]-f(rn-n(! And are close to [them], are close [or secondary] afflictions.

ei#[-zR([-Ø(e-[aX([-el]-zR^c-o*! Sleep, contrition, investigation, and analysis are changeable;

q^]-N√(r-fh$rn-V“]-t#-c#en-W#n! Due to either motivation or accompanying [other mental factors],

[e*-[r-f#-[e*-v$r-f-dNø]! Into virtuous, non-virtuous, or neutral

el]-[r-el]-[^-zR^c-dz(! They will change and change.

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