Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
1. Self-Esteem
2. Physical Appearance
3. Group Belongingness
4. Relationships
5. Sexuality and Sexual Relationships
6. Academic concerns
7. Choosing the right course and career path
8. Socio-emotional challenges
Self-Esteem
Physical Appearance
It is the thing that other people notice about a person. Experts encourage to celebrate
physical beauty as one’s own and not dictated by society or the media.
Confidence
Group belongingness
It is a warm sense of comfort when one can identify with a group of people with similar
interests and values.
Relationships
Romantic relationships
These relationships are highly intense and emotional and people do not usually think
with reason and objectivity.
Sexuality and Sexual Relationships
Responsibility means learning to control and limit one’s sexual expression and being
aware of the consequences of his/her sexual behaviors before deciding to engage in any sexual
act.
Academic Concerns
Procrastination
Fear of Failure
Too much anxiety may hinder a person to do his/her best and too little anxiety also
inhibits a person’s performance.
Grades
They help a person achieve the goals of academic excellence and further studies.
*What really matters and what people will remember are one’s character and attitude.
It may seem like the biggest and most important decision to make at this point in one’s
life.
Socio-Emotional Challenges
Grief
Anxiety, depression, bipolar disorders, trauma, eating disorders, substance abuse and
attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder
Anxiety
It is manifested by a person who loses interest in most things that excites him/her and
experiences drastic changes in appetite and sleep.
Panic attack
Modern psychology presents different approaches for people to better understand themselves.
An Austrian neurologist who provided a more in-depth view of knowing oneself and
espoused the psychoanalytic theory
Psychoanalytic theory
The mind can be viewed as an energy system which is divided into three levels of
awareness.
1. Conscious mind
It holds all the things that we are aware of and contains the thoughts that we are
currently aware of but we deal with only a tiny percentage of all the information
stored in our mind.
It carries the mental elements that are not conscious, but of which we can be
aware if we choose to attend to them and holds the information that are easily
retrievable.
3. Unconscious level
It bears all our drives and instincts that are repressed and are difficult to retrieve.
It holds the vast majority of thoughts and is responsible for much of our everyday
behavior.
Slip of the tongue or Freudian slips
These are the words that sneak into sentences that sound similar but have a different
meaning from the intended word. It is an evidence that humans have an unconscious.
Iceberg model for the Three Levels of Mental Life (Ciccarelli & White, 2011)
Buried down into the deep sea- Unconscious- the biggest region
Human Behavior results from the interaction of the three provinces of the Mind. (Sigmund
Freud)
Its main goal is to satisfy one’s wants and needs immediately and to avoid pain
at all cost.
It serves as the Decision Maker when it comes into play and attempts to bring
balance by being more realistic.
It aims to satisfy the id in ways that would not anger the superego.
*Fear and guilt happens when id, superego and ego clash and fail to reconcile.
Defense Mechanisms
These are coping strategies that help relieve and protect oneself from unpleasant
feelings like fear and guilt that works at the unconscious level. It is also defined as a temporary
solution set and manage by the ego to survive.
Denial
One believes that a threatening experience or the unacceptable idea never took place.
1. Repression
2. Reaction Formation
3. Displacement
4. Regression
5. Projection
The person attributes their unwanted thoughts and feelings to an external object,
usually another person.
6. Sublimation
Redirecting negative urges or emotions into socially-acceptable actions
Adler’s way of Meeting Challenges
Alfred Adler
He believed that in life people are motivated either strive for success or to strive for
superiority because of one’s feelings of inferiority.
Inferiority Complex
It means too much feelings of inferiority that may lead people to strive for personal
gain.
It is healthy since it seeks success for all of humanity and people who are motivated
with this cause have high social interest.
Social Interest
Maladjustments
Pampered people are spoiled by their parents and feel indulged believing that
they are entitled to be the first in everything.
Neglected people feel unloved or unwanted that they are unable to cooperate
with others and overestimate difficulties.
Safeguarding tendencies
1. Excuses
These hinders one’s ability to succeed by not taking charge of your actions and
not being accountable for each decision made.
2. Aggression
1. Depreciation
One put others down to make him/herself feel better
2. Accusation
* The socio-cultural perspective reminds us that although humans are biological beings, one
cannot ignore the strong influence of society and culture. (Adler’s view)
Carl Jung
Personal unconscious
Individuation or Self-realization
It is a process of integrating all our opposite poles to become a whole and complete
person after fully accepting and embracing our personal unconscious.
Archetypes
These are ancient images that originate from repeated experiences of man’s early
ancestors. They are part of the collective unconscious and beyond the personal unconscious.
Collective unconscious
It is one’s inherited tendencies from past generations that affect how one reacts when
experiencing something that touches him/her. It is mostly the same for people in all cultures
and shape many attitudes, behaviors and dreams.
Jung’s Archetypes
1. Persona
2. Shadow
3. Anima
4. Animus
5. Great Mother
7. Hero
The unconscious image of a powerful person who conquers evil, but has a tragic
flaw
8. Self
The most comprehensive of all archetypes; it unites the other archetypes;
represents the strivings for completeness and perfection
Learning how to express one’s feelings is easy when there is working self-awareness.
Dreamwork
Manifest content
Latent content
Stress
It is the challenging stimuli or things that happen to people and a person’s response to
what happens to him.
These are mental problems that arise from coping with difficulties by turning against
oneself. (ex. anxiety and depression)
Externalizing behaviors
Frustration and disappointments acted out in aggressive behaviors against other people.
(ex. temper outbursts, anger, irritability, or different forms of abuse)
*Erikson (1968) identity crisis (need to be independent and crave for peer approval)
Eustress
It is the kind of stress that is helpful in promoting one’s growth and development by
providing sufficient challenges that allow one to become more resourceful and show initiative
in problem-solving.
Distress
It is also known as bad stress and may include negative changes in behavior like
“feeling sick”.
It is the way people try to deal with problems including the problem of handling the
typically negative emotions stress produces.
Problem-focused coping
It means dealing with the actual problems posed by a stressful situation. It is objective
and geared toward fixing what is out of order.
Emotion-focused coping
Avoidance coping
It is what happens when one would rather ignore the stressors or fantasize being in a
different non-stressful circumstance.
Appraisals
The evaluation of what effect an event can have on one’s well being
Types of Appraisals
Appraisal of Loss
Appraisal of Threat
Appraisal of Challenge
Sees the opportunity for the stressful event to turn into a positive outcome resulting to
healthier way of coping (ex. Problem solving)
Feelings of fear, escape, withdrawal and support seeking applied as coping strategies for more
threatening stressor is appraised
Controllability
Low controllability (withdrawal, use of mental or cognitive distraction, seek social support or
respond to reduce emotional distress)
Withdrawal
It refers to the individual’s beliefs about one’s capacity to exercise influence over events
that affect his/her life. (Bandura, 1977)
Social Support
It refers to social assets, social resources or social networks that people may use or turn
to when they need advice, help and protection.
Stress management
It refers to a set of techniques that people can use to be able to manage their stressors.
Some suggestions