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Outline of topic 2:
A) Primary pollutant
It is a direct emission from the source
Are SOx , CO , NOx , Pb , hydrocarbon (PAH)
Example:
SO2 from chimney or stack
CO, NOx and hydrocarbons emitted by motor vehicles
Primary pollutant can react with the other substances in
atmosphere and produce secondary pollutant
Example:
Primary pollutant react with water vapour in the presence
of sunlight to form new set of pollutants
B) Secondary pollutant
It is formed by complex reaction between primary pollutants
by thermal, chemical or photochemical reactions with
radical molecules
Generally are sulfuric acid (H2SO4), ozone (O3),
formaldehydes and peroxy-acyl-nitrate (PAN), etc.
Note: i) To determine whether levels of pollution in the air that people breathe could
be harmful to their health
ii) Illness can result depending on the level of contamination, duration of
exposure or pre-existing health condition
Measuring Devices
No single device can measure every air pollutant because each air
pollutant is different:
A) Filter sampling
Note: Because extensive sampling data are not available for many sites,
air models are the best tools available for estimating exposure to air
pollution.
Air Models
• can be used to estimate the level of multiple substances in the air as a result
of emissions from a single source or multiple sources.
• can help identify areas where air sampling should take place.
Note: i) Though many models are quite advanced, none are perfect. Outputs from
models should be viewed simply as estimates of actual conditions.
ii) Even though a model may be used to measure a source-specific
contaminants, there may be other sources of air pollution (such as motor
vehicle traffic, airports, wind-blown dust and burning) that may affect the
result.
ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT
Environmental risk is defined as “ any risk, hazard or chances of bad
consequences that may be brought upon the environment” (Environmental
Act, 1974).
- The end receptor is usually defined which in the case of a human health
risk assessment, the end receptor is the human population within the
zone of impact while in an ecological risk assessment, the end receptor
may be particular plant or faunal species.
Step Risk Assessment Process
Air Pollution Monitoring and Modeling
Air pollutant risk assessment + result of studies on health effects +
exposures to the pollutant with results of studies = level of people’s
exposures at different distances from the source of the pollutant
Level 1 Level 2
-Usually less sophisticated in the scope and -Applies more advanced techniques of air
technique of measurement as well as sampling and more complex models which
modeling require extensive meteorological data
- Measurement are short-term spot -A longer term measurement utilizing
samples that provide an immediate value more permanent monitoring equipment
with typical accuracy of only between 20 with a much higher accuracy
to 50% - US EPA models used to estimate
- Air dispersion models are normally used concentration from point, line and area
as preliminary screening tool due to the sources
larger error range inherent in the model Exp: ISCST3 (short term < 24h) and ISCLT3
Exp: SCREEN3 which models a single (long term > 24h)
source and is unidirectional.
Air Pollution Abatement
Equipments
PREVENTING AND MINIMIZING AIR POLLUTION
Considerations for controlling pollutants without the addition
of specific treatment devices:
Prevention of nuisance
Prevention of physical damage to property
Elimination of health hazards to plant personnel and
to the general population
Recovery of valuable waste products
Electrostatic
precipitators
Catalytic incinerator
• RECORD AND INVENTORY