NH Engineering Science QP

H
FOR OFFICIAL USE
National
Qualications Mark
2018
X723/76/01 Engineering Science
THURSDAY, 24 MAY
1:00 PM – 3:00 PM *X7237601*
Fill in these boxes and read what is printed below.
Full name of centre Town
Forename(s) Surname Number of seat
Date of birth
Day Month Year Scottish candidate number
Total marks — 90
SECTION 1 — 20 marks
Attempt ALL questions.
Show all working and units where appropriate.
The number of significant figures expressed in a final answer should be equivalent to the least
significant data value given in the question. Answers that have two more figures or one less
figure than this will be accepted.
Reference may be made to the Engineering Science Higher Data Booklet.
Write your answers clearly in the spaces provided in this booklet. Additional space for answers is
provided at the end of this booklet. If you use this space you must clearly identify the question
number you are attempting.
Use blue or black ink.
Before leaving the examination room you must give this booklet to the
Invigilator; if you do not, you may lose all the marks for this paper.
©
*X723760101*
A/PB
SECTION 1 — 20 marks MARKS DO NOT
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Attempt ALL questions MARGIN
1. A mechanical engineer completes a tensile test on a material to identify its

properties. A graph of the results is shown.
300
Stress (Nmm−2)
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 0·5 1 1·5 2 2·5 3 3·5 4 4·5 5 5·5 6
Strain (× 10−3)
(a) (i) Calculate, with reference to the graph, the value of Young’s
Modulus. 2
A second material was tested by the engineer. It was found to have a

higher value of Young’s Modulus.
(ii) Draw on the graph above, a line that illustrates this property. 1
During the original test it was found that the test piece stretched 0·225 mm
when a load of 11·8 kN was applied.
(b) Calculate the strain energy stored in the material. 1
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2. A concurrent force system in equilibrium is shown below.
153 N
71°
θ 45°
R
62 N
Calculate the magnitude of the force R. 3
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3. The engineer responsible for the structural design of a large metal sculpture
chose to use alloy steel for the inner support structure, and stainless steel for
the cladding.
Describe two examples of specialist skills and two examples of specialist
knowledge that a structural engineer would use. 4
Skill 1
Skill 2
Knowledge 1
Knowledge 2
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4. A lighting gantry is held in place with two supports.
RA RB
35°
1∙0 m 2∙5 m 2∙5 m 1∙0 m
270 N 270 N 270 N
(a) Calculate, by taking moments, the reaction force, RA. 3
LED and Organic LED based lights are replacing traditional filament lamps.
(b) Describe an economic and an environmental impact of this technology. 2
Economic
Environmental
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5. Two driver circuits are being considered for a temperature indicator system
to be used with an electric iron. As the temperature rises the casing of the
iron is illuminated by an internal lamp.
6∙0 V 6∙0 V
−t −t
0∙0 V 0∙0 V
Circuit A Circuit B
In circuit A, a change in temperature produces a change in the gate voltage.

This affects the size of the current through the lamp.
(a) Describe how the current through the lamp in circuit B is controlled. 1
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The characteristics of circuit A are shown below. MARGIN
Gate voltage (VGS) Current (IDS)

5·0 V 240 mA
4·0 V 154 mA
3·6 V 86·4 mA
3·2 V 38·4 mA
3·0 V 21·6 mA
When testing circuit A, it was found that VDS was 4·27 V when the thermistor
resistance was 3·2 kΩ.
6∙0 V
−t
3·2 kΩ
4∙27 V
4·8 kΩ
0∙0 V
Circuit A
(b) Calculate the resistance of the lamp. 3
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Attempt ALL questions MARGIN
6. A new rollercoaster has been designed for a theme park. The ride has two
queues: one for groups, who wait behind a barrier, and the second for single
riders, who wait behind a gate.
The system counts how many people get on the carriage as they pass the
sensor.
Rollercoaster carriage
Sensor
Barrier Gate
Single rider queue
Group queue
INPUT PIN OUTPUT

7 Barrier (open = high)
6 Gate (open = high)
5 Motor
4
Launch Switch 3
Start Switch 2
Single Rider Switch 1
Sensor 0
The control sequence for the rollercoaster has the following steps.
• An operator presses a start switch to begin the boarding process.
• The barrier will open to allow up to 16 people from the group queue to
take a seat.
• The sensor will give a high signal each time a person passes through,
allowing the number of people to be counted.
• If the carriage is not filled from the group queue, a single rider switch is
pressed by the operator.
• The barrier should then close and the gate should open to allow single
riders on to occupy all remaining seats.
• Once riders are seated the operator presses a launch switch which closes
the gate and the motor is then on for 30 seconds.
• The system should loop.
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6. (continued)
(a) Draw a flowchart to show how the ride is operated. 9
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The platform where people board the carriage can be lifted up to gain access MARGIN
to the track for maintenance.
980 N
1∙5 m
A 2∙5 kNm−1
1∙05 m
(b) Calculate the magnitude and direction of the reaction at node A. 5
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The ride has a safety system in place to prevent it from operating in unsafe MARGIN
weather conditions. The logic diagram shows a part of that system.
Z
B
C
(c) Complete the Boolean equation for the logic diagram. 3
Z=
(d) Draw a NAND equivalent for the logic diagram. 3
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7. A team of mechanical engineers are working together to design a new car.
The use of couplings features in the design of the drive shaft.
(a) Explain why couplings are used in the design. 2
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7. (continued)
One of the key features in the car is a cruise control system.
A control diagram for the cruise control system is shown below.
Op-amp
Required Fuel Drive Actual

Combustion
cruising Amplifier injection shaft cruising
chamber
speed system mechanism speed
(b) Complete the diagram. 3
The car is also designed with air conditioning.
(c) Describe how proportional control is used to maintain a steady

temperature.
You may wish to use annotated diagrams to support your answer. 3
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Kinetic Energy Recovery System (KERS) is an emerging technology that the MARGIN
engineers wish to use in the new car.

When the car is braking, KERS uses a flywheel to store energy from the
brakes. This can be transferred back to the wheels when activated by the
driver. This will boost acceleration to a higher velocity for a short period of
time.
The flywheel rotates at 64500 revs min−1 and provides 18 Nm of torque. The
system output was measured at 112·4 kW of power.
(d) Calculate the efficiency of the KERS system. 3
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The car’s mass is 2100 kg. During a road test the driver activated the KERS MARGIN
system while travelling at 31 ms−1. This transferred an additional 390 kJ of

energy which increased the velocity of the car.
The driver used the brakes to stop the car. Once at rest, the brake discs had a
temperature of 249 °C. The temperature prior to braking was 23 °C.
The car’s brake discs have a specific heat capacity of 420 J kg−1 K−1.
(e) Calculate the mass of the car’s brake discs. 4

(Assume all of the car’s kinetic energy is converted to heat)
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8. The Kelpies, part of The Helix park, were built on industrial wasteland as part
of a regeneration project. The park has extensive children’s play facilities,
cycling paths, a water sports centre and has improved the local canal for its
users.
Industrial wasteland
The Kelpies, The Helix
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8. (continued)
(a) Since the park opened, the local population has enjoyed many benefits.
(i) Describe two social benefits brought to the area as a result of this
project. 2
Benefit 1
Benefit 2
(ii) Describe two roles that an environmental engineer would have

during the construction phase of a regeneration project. 2
Role 1
Role 2
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During the design phase a structural
engineering company produced detailed
information about the internal structure of the
Kelpies.
Detail from a proposed design for one of the

Kelpies’ steel support legs is shown.
Node N1 is in static equilibrium.
M2 is a strut.
M1 M2
(b) Calculate, using simultaneous equations,
the magnitude of the forces in members 45° 80°
M1 and M2, and state the nature of the
internal force acting on M1. 5
N1
0∙49 MN
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During construction, two sections of the structure were secured using six mild MARGIN
steel bolts as shown below. The total load applied to the bolts is 210 kN.
Bolt
Nut
Each bolt has a factor of safety of 4·0 and an original length of 55 mm.
(c) (i) Calculate the required diameter of each bolt. 4
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8. (c) (continued)
(ii) Calculate the change in length of each bolt when loaded. 2
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9. A pneumatic circuit is used to compress two different types of material in the THIS
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production of children’s car seats. An operator actuates either valve A or B
when the material is in position.
Components X and Y are set at different levels.
Valves D and E are 2/2 valves. They allow air to flow through when
actuated in one state but not when they are in the other state.
Cylinder 1
Valve F
Valve A
X Y
Valve E
Valve D
Valve B
Valve C
(a) Describe, with reference to all of the components in the pneumatic

circuit, the operation of the system when valve A is pressed and
released then valve B is pressed and released. 7
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9. (continued)
(b) Explain the effect that pressing both valves A and B together would
have on the outstroking speed of the cylinder. 2
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9. (continued)
To improve the system, it was decided to automate it further. The materials
being used were found to absorb different amounts of light so an electronic
control system was introduced to respond to varying light levels.
Valves A and B were replaced with 3/2 solenoid spring return valves which
were to be actuated by the following circuit.
12∙0 V
6∙0 V
6∙0 V
1∙5 kΩ OA1 Signal to

+6∙0 V Valve A
T1
15·0 kΩ
0∙0 V
0∙0 V
1∙0 kΩ
6∙0 V
OA2 Signal to
Valve B
+6∙0 V
1∙0 kΩ T2
15·0 kΩ
0∙0 V
1∙5 kΩ 0∙0 V
0∙0 V
(c) Calculate the base current to transistor T1 when op-amp OA1 is

saturated positively. 3
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Each relay requires a current of 25 mA to switch on.
(d) Calculate the required current gain of transistor T1. 1
The following graph shows the characteristics of the LDR used in the circuit.
102
7 LDR type ORP12
5
3
10
7
Cell resistance (kΩ)
5
3
1·0
7
5
3
10−1
7
5
3
10−2
3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 7
1·0 10 102 103 104
Illumination (lux)
(e) Calculate, with reference to the graph, the light level at which OA1
saturates positively. 2
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9. (continued)
(f) Describe, with reference to the circuit, the effect that an increasing light
level has on the transistors. (Assume that light level is initially low) 3
(g) Explain, with reference to the circuit, why only one solenoid can be
actuated at a time. 2
[END OF QUESTION PAPER]
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ADDITIONAL SPACE FOR ANSWERS
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Question 5 – ruxstockphoto/Shutterstock.com
Question 7 – phil Holmes/Shutterstock.com
Question 8 – Martin Janca/Shutterstock.com
Helioscribe/Shutterstock.com
*X723760128*
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H
FOR OFFICIAL USE
National
2017
THURSDAY, 25 MAY
1:00 PM – 3:00 PM *X7237601*
Date of birth
Total marks — 90
©
*X723760101*
A/PB
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SECTION 1 — 20 marks THIS
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Attempt ALL questions
1. A specimen was tested in a materials laboratory. The results are shown in the
graph below.
450
400
350
300
Stress (N mm−2)
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Strain (×10−3)
(a) Describe the effect on the specimen of applying and then removing a
stress of 125 N mm−2. 1
(b) Describe the effect on the specimen when applying a stress greater than
435 N mm−2. 1
(c) Annotate, on the graph above, the yield point and the ultimate stress of
the material. 2
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2. A concurrent force system is shown below.
1100 N
51°
θ 65°
510 N
Calculate the magnitude of the force R, and the angle θ, to maintain

equilibrium. 4
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3. A beam to be used in the construction of a new holiday cottage is being
tested.
2∙5 kN m−1 4∙0 kN
71°
A B
1∙6 m 6∙1 m
Calculate, by taking moments about B, the vertical reaction at A. 3
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4. A water feature in a children’s play area is designed to pump jets of water
when a child blocks the light to a darkness sensor.
A circuit diagram of the system is shown below.
6∙0 V
M
3∙3 kΩ
610 Ω
0 V
(a) Calculate the current flowing through the LDR. (Vbe = 0∙7 V) 1
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(b) Calculate the current flowing through the variable resistor. 1
(c) Calculate the base current flowing into the transistor. 1
5. Driverless vehicles are an example of an emerging technology that may have

an impact on our day-to-day lives.
(a) Describe two economic impacts of driverless vehicles. 2
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5. (continued)
(b) Describe two social impacts of driverless vehicles. 2
6. An electronic engineer is designing the control system for a food mixer.

Transistors are required to drive the mixer’s outputs.
(a) Describe the difference in the way that MOSFETs and bi-polar junction
transistors (BJT) control their output current. 1
(b) The engineer chooses a MOSFET to drive the electric motor.

Explain why a MOSFET was chosen instead of a BJT. 1
[END OF SECTION 1]
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7. A control room in a chemical plant monitors many different systems.
(a) Part of a logic diagram for a control system is shown below.
D
B E Z
(i) Complete the Boolean equation for this logic diagram. 3
Z=
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7. (a) (continued)
(ii) Complete the truth table for this logic diagram. 3
A B C D E Z
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
(iii) Draw the NAND equivalent for the logic diagram, shown opposite. 3
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7. (continued)
(b) An electronic engineer is asked to design the control system for an

automatic sprinkler for the chemical plant.
Describe one skill and one piece of knowledge the electronic engineer
would use to complete this task. 2
Skill
Knowledge
(c) An extension to the chemical plant building is proposed.

(i) Describe a role that an environmental engineer would take in the
design of the extension. 2
(ii) Describe a positive and a negative economic impact for the plant
by it becoming more environmentally friendly. 2
Positive impact
Negative impact
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8. A prototype of a delivery drone is being tested.
A proportional control system changes the speed of the rotor blades to reach
the user’s desired height for the drone. An altimeter is used to monitor the
current height of the drone.
(a) Complete the control diagram for the drone. 3
Desired Drone
height OP amp Motor hovers
[Turn over
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8. (continued)
(b) Part of an electronic engineer’s design for the control system for one of
the drone’s motors is shown below.
6∙0 V
1∙2 kΩ
V1
0 V
During testing it was found that the motor requires a current of 97 mA
for the drone to hover. The transistor has a current gain of 210.
Calculate the value of V1 required to make the drone hover. 3
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8. (continued)
(c) The diagram below shows another part of the control system. It combines
a signal for any required changes to the motor speed (VA) with the signal
required to keep the drone hovering (VHOVER).
20 kΩ 10 kΩ
VA 10 kΩ
20 kΩ +VCC
VHOVER 10 kΩ +VCC
V1
−VCC
−VCC
0 V
Calculate, using your answer for V1 the value of VHOVER. (Assume that VA is
0 V at this point). 2
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8. (continued)
(d) The value of VA is set using the circuit below. It compares the drone’s
current height with the operator’s desired height.
40 kΩ
10 kΩ
Signal from
VALT +VCC
altimeter
VA
10 kΩ
Desired height VH −VCC
40 kΩ
0 V
During testing VH was changed to 3∙0 V and VA was found to be 1∙6 V.

Calculate the value of VALT for this condition. 2
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8. (continued)
(e) The complete circuit diagram is shown below. VHOVER is the voltage
required to make the drone hover.
6 V
1 kΩ 6 V
40 kΩ 20 kΩ
10 kΩ M
10 kΩ
+VCC
10 kΩ +VCC
VALT 20 kΩ +VCC
10 kΩ
Desired 1∙2 kΩ
height
10 kΩ
−VCC VHOVER
VA −VCC
40 kΩ −VCC
0 V
Describe, with reference to the circuit diagram above, what happens

when the operator increases the desired height. 3
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8. (continued)
(f) The diagram below shows a further sub-system which will light a series of
LEDs when light levels are low
6 V
0 V
The characteristics of the LDR are shown in the graph below.
102
7
LDR type ORP12
5
3
10
7
5
Cell resistance (kΩ)
1∙0
7
5
3
10−1
7
5
3
10−2
3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 7
2 3
1∙0 10 10 10 104
Illumination (lux)
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8. (f) (continued)
The LEDs must switch on when the light level drops to 200 lux. The MOSFET
switches on when Vgs = 3∙6 V
Calculate, with reference to the graph opposite, the required value of R. 2
[Turn over
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9. A team of engineers are working together to design a new theme park ride. THIS
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Car
(a) Each of the ride cars is supported by mild steel beams as shown. When
the ride is operating the force on a beam was found to be 900∙0 N.
5∙0
5∙0 All dimensions

20∙0
in mm
5∙0
30∙0
(i) Calculate the working stress of the beam. 2
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9. (a) (continued) THIS
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(ii) Calculate the strain of the beam. 2
(iii) Calculate the factor of safety of the beam. 2
(iv) Comment on the appropriateness of the factor of safety of the

beam. 1
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9. (continued)
(b) The ride has eight cars. Each car is subjected to wind resistance of 130 N
as shown in the diagram below.
7∙0 m
130∙0 N
wind resistance
(i) Calculate the torque produced by the drive shaft to overcome the
total wind resistance. 2
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9. (b) (continued)
(ii) Each car on the ride completes 18 revolutions in 3 minutes.
Calculate the mechanical power required by the motor. 2
(iii) Calculate the efficiency of the motor, if it is supplied with a voltage

of 240 V and draws a current of 30∙0 A. 2
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9. (continued)
(c) A microcontroller is used to control the speed of the motor.

Sketch a graph to show how pulse width modulation could be used to
gradually increase the speed of a motor from rest. Your graph should
include at least 6 pulses. 2
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(d) As the ride spins, a force of 1030 N acts on a point of the structure as
shown in the diagram below.
1030 N
59°
21° N1
M1
45°
M2
Calculate, using simultaneous equations, the magnitude of the forces in

members M1 and M2. 5
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10. A car manufacturer uses a pneumatic system during the production of car
doors.
Valve 9
Valve 6
Valve 4
Cylinder B
Valve 7
Valve 5 Valve 8
Valve 2
Cylinder A
Valve 3
Valve 1
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10. (continued)
(a) (i) Describe, using appropriate terminology, the operation of the

pneumatic circuit. 6
When the system is at rest and valve 2 is actuated…
After installation, the system is altered to meet the following criteria:

1. the system should be started using an electronic signal;
2. the instroking sequence should be delayed.
(ii) State the components and explain where they should be placed in
the circuit for the changes to take place. 6
1. Component(s)
Explanation
2. Component(s)
Explanation
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10. (continued)
After the doors have been assembled, an automated system is used to ensure
quality checks are made.
Part of the system operates on the following sequence:
• A motor must switch on to move doors along a conveyor;
• A light sensor detects when the door has reached the inspection point;
• A pneumatic piston outstrokes for 1 second and diverts every fourth door
for inspection;
• If an operator presses the sampling switch when a door is in position it
will also be diverted using the piston;
• When a door is diverted a checking light flashes on and off 6 times over
3 seconds;
• This system continually repeats.
The relevant microcontroller connections are shown in the table below.
Inputs Pins Outputs
7 Pneumatic Piston
6 Conveyor Motor
5 Checking Light
Sampling Switch 1
Light Sensor 0
Light Sensor (High signal indicates a door.)
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10. (continued)
(b) Draw a flowchart to show the control of the quality checks. 8
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Acknowledgement of Copyright
Section 1 Question 4 CaseyMartin/Shutterstock.com
Section 1 Question 5 Chesky/shutterstock.com
Section 1 Question 6 Stephen VanHorn/shutterstock.com
Section 2 Question 7 Ton Snoei/shutterstock.com
Section 2 Question 8 gualtiero boffi/shutterstock.com
*X723760132*
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H
FOR OFFICIAL USE
National
2016
WEDNESDAY, 11 MAY
9:00 AM – 11:00 AM *X7237601*
Date of birth
Total marks — 90
©
*X723760101*
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1. The motor driver circuit shown below is used to switch a motor on and off.
6V
M Motor rating 3 W, 6 V
Vin
0V
(a) Calculate the resistance of the motor.

Show all working and final unit. 2
When the circuit is switched on, the resistance of the MOSFET is 0·5 Ω.
(b) Calculate the MOSFET drain current.

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1. (continued)
(c) Calculate the power dissipated in the MOSFET when it is switched on.
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2. A structural member is required to carry a compressive load of 100 kN. The
member is made from aluminium alloy and the factor of safety is 4.
Calculate the diameter of the structural member. 4
*X723760104*
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3. A logic circuit for an industrial press is shown below.
A
D
E
B
Z
C
(a) Write a Boolean expression for the logic circuit above. 3
(b) Complete the truth table below for the logic circuit. Include the
intermediate logic values for D and E. 3
A B C D E Z
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
[Turn over
*X723760105*
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4. Flat pack furniture and other items are to be stored on shelving in a home THIS
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improvement store. The shelving must be designed to support both point
loads and uniform distributed loads.
A simplified free body diagram of the forces expected on one shelf is shown
below.
140 N
–1
200 Nm
0·5 m
2·5 m
RA RB
Calculate the reaction force RB. 3
*X723760106*
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5. A manufacturer uses bearings to locate motorcycle wheels.
Explain two functions of bearings. 2
Function 1
Function 2
[END OF SECTION 1]
[Turn over
*X723760107*
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6. A pneumatically operated bridge is designed to allow pedestrians to cross a

canal. It can be extended or retracted by pressing buttons on either side.
The diagram below is a simplified circuit that shows how two of the bridge’s
cylinders are controlled. As the cylinders instroke the bridge will retract.
Valve H Valve K
Valve J
Cylinder 2 Cylinder 1
Valve D
Valve E Valve C
Valve F Valve G Valve A Valve B
*X723760108*
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6. (continued)
(a) Describe, using appropriate terminology, the operation of the pneumatic

circuit. 8
[Turn over
*X723760109*
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6. (continued)
(b) Describe two modifications that would allow the pneumatics to be

controlled electronically. 2
Modification 1
Modification 2
A number of different engineers would be involved in implementation of the

bridge project, from design through to completion.
(c) Describe two examples of specialist skills and one example of specialist
knowledge that a mechanical engineer would use. 3
Skill 1
Skill 2
Knowledge
*X723760110*
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6. (continued)
(d) Describe the role of one other type of engineer who may be involved in
the implementation of the bridge. 2
[Turn over
*X723760111*
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7. A theatre company requires part of the scenery of their latest play to be
raised and lowered by means of an electric winch. The winch has to be
controlled by a microcontroller.
An outline diagram of the scenery system is shown below.
Upper limit switch
Raised position
of scenery
Drive Winch
Motor
system system
Lowered position
of scenery
Lower limit switch
*X723760112*
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7. (continued)
Relays are energised when either an Up switch or a Down switch has been
activated and a Master switch has also been activated.
The limit switches are used to detect the upper and lower positions of the
scenery.
The winch is operated by Relay A and Relay B.
When Relay A is energised the scenery should rise, when Relay B is energised
it should lower.
If neither relay is energised, the winch motor should switch off.
Note: the relays are never energised together. The system should run
continuously.
The relevant microcontroller connections are shown in the table below.
Inputs pins Outputs

7 Relay A (raise)
6 Relay B (lower)
5
Upper limit switch 4
Lower limit switch 3
Down switch 2
Up switch 1
Master switch 0
[Turn over
*X723760113*
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7. (continued)
(a) Draw a flowchart to show the control of the winch motor. 8
*X723760114*
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The electronic engineer used a second microcontroller and interfacing

components to design a scenery anti–locking braking system.
• A brake sensor produces a signal when the brake is applied.
• The brake actuator turns on the hydraulic braking system.
(b) Complete the three missing parts for the control diagram of the scenery
braking system shown below. 3
Desired Actual
braking micro- braking
Brake
controller
An Electronic and Electrical engineer would be involved in the design of the

scenery system.
(c) (i) Describe two examples of specialist knowledge that an Electronic

and Electrical engineer would have. 2
Knowledge 1
Knowledge 2
(ii) Describe two examples of specialist skills that an Electronic and

Electrical engineer would use. 2
Skill 1
Skill 2
*X723760115*
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8. A garage shutter door can be operated via a remote control (R) or a
push-button (P). Neither will operate if a main switch (M) is turned off.
INPUTS OUTPUT
R (= 1 when the remote control is
Z (= 1 to operate the garage door)
operated)
M (= 1 when the main switch is on)
P (= 1 when the push-button is
operated)
The logic diagram below shows the control of the garage shutter door.
M Z
(a) Write a Boolean expression for the logic diagram above. 3
Z=
(b) Using only two-input NAND gates, draw a logic system equivalent to the
logic system shown above. Simplify if appropriate. 4
*X723760116*
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8. (continued)
The shutter slats are rolled up and down over a drum mechanism with a
diameter of 0·22 m. The mass of the garage door is 62 kg.
Drum Mechanism
Drum Mechanism
(c) Calculate the torque supplied to the drum mechanism to begin to lift the
garage door at constant speed.
*X723760117*
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An engineer is to design a bracket to hold the drum mechanism and shutter.
The tensile strength of three newly developed materials A, B and C has been
tested and the results are shown on the Load-Extension graph below.
Load
Extension
(d) Describe the properties of materials A, B and C in relation to each other. 4
*X723760118*
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During a tensile test, a 100 mm long cylindrical sample of material A stretched

by 0·7 mm. The sample had a diameter of 15 mm and a Young’s Modulus of
202 kN mm–2.
(e) Calculate the load applied to the sample piece. 4

Show all working and final unit.
The drum mechanism uses a mineral based lubricant to reduce friction. The
crude oil based lubricant in the mechanism is to be replaced with a vegetable
based lubricant.
(f) Describe two environmental and one economic effect of this decision. 3
Environmental effect 1
Environmental effect 2
Economic effect
*X723760119*
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9. A sports centre is building a retractable roof over a synthetic pitch.
The diagram below shows a sketch for the proposed retractable roof.
The roof will open and close depending on the amount of rain that is
falling. Part of the input sensing circuit is shown below.
5V
Rain Sensor
250 Ω 0·8 V
0V
*X723760120*
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9. (continued)
(a) Calculate the resistance of the rain sensor. 2
(b) An operational amplifier based circuit is used to change voltages to the

required values (“Signal conditioning”). The output from the voltage
divider has to be increased from +0·8 V to +4 V.
(i) State the name of a suitable op-amp circuit. 1
(ii) Calculate the required gain. 1
[Turn over
*X723760121*
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9. (b) (continued)
(iii) Sketch a suitable op-amp circuit diagram showing appropriate

resistor values. 2
*X723760122*
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9. (continued)
A second op-amp circuit is required to condition the signal from +4 V to +2 V.
(c) Sketch a circuit diagram below, showing appropriate resistor values. 3
The roof motor is supplied with 230 V, 3 A. The motor provides a torque
of 18·6 Nm at a speed of 300 revs min–1. Two motors are positioned
symmetrically to open and close the roof.
(d) Calculate the efficiency of the roof motor. 3
*X723760123*
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(e) The free body diagram for a pin-jointed frame is shown below for the
end support of the roof.
12·5 kN
Weight of motor D Weight of motor

1·25 kN 60° 1·25 kN
60°
30° 30° 30° 30°
A
C
7·5 kN 7·5 kN
Member BC is a 1·1 kN strut.

Calculate, using nodal analysis, the magnitude and nature of the force in
beams AB, AC, BD. 8
Show all working and final units.
*X723760124*
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*X723760125*
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*X723760126*
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[BLANK PAGE]
do not write on this page
*X723760127*
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Question 4 - mandritoiu/shutterstock.com
Question 5 – You can more/shutterstock.com
Rawpixel.com/shutterstock.com
Question 7 - tobkatrina/shutterstock.com
Question 8 - LovePHY/shutterstock.com
Zelfit/shutterstock.com
Peter Sobolev/shutterstock.com
Question 9 - CHAIWATPHOTOS/shutterstock.com
*X723760128*
Page 28
H
FOR OFFICIAL USE
National
2015
TUESDAY, 12 MAY
1:00 PM – 3:00 PM *X7237601*
Date of birth
Total marks — 90
Numerical answers should include units, and be rounded to an appropriate number of
significant figures.
Write your answers clearly in the spaces provided in this booklet. Additional space for answers
is provided at the end of this booklet. If you use this space you must clearly identify the
question number you are attempting.
©
*X723760101*
HTP
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1. The traces below show the stress-strain response of two materials when
tested.
stress
Material A
Material B
strain
(a) Name the value which may be found using stress and strain on the
straight-line portion of each of the two. 1
(b) State a material property of Material A and Material B that can be

interpreted from the whole of these traces. 2
Material A
Material B
*X723760102*
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2. An electric motor drive shaft is to be connected to an air compressor using a THIS
MARGIN
clutch.
Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of using this coupling method.
(a) Advantage 2
(b) Disadvantage 2
[Turn over
*X723760103*
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3. Diagrams of a MOSFET and its characteristic operation curves are shown THIS
MARGIN
below. A MOSFET can be connected as a voltage operated switch.
Linear
Region
Drain Current (A)

Oxide
Gate Saturation
Source Drain
Region
V
G
n+ x n+
L p
0
Drain Voltage (V)
Body
Describe the basic operation of a MOSFET switching device, making

reference to the diagrams shown. 3
*X723760104*
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4. The oven system shown is an example of the fact that the complexity of THIS
MARGIN
designing and producing many products has changed the traditional roles of
engineers.
Electrical/electronic engineering requires specialisms in analogue electronics,

digital electronics, programming and power.
Describe for one of these specialisms three specialist skills the engineer
would require. 3
Skill 1
Skill 2
Skill 3
[Turn over
*X723760105*
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5. A local supermarket has decided to increase its floor area by one third. The THIS
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current building is a framework assembly.
Describe the role of two engineers from different branches in the expansion
project. 4
Engineer 1
Engineer 2
*X723760106*
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6. A small portable generator driven by a diesel engine has an electrical load of THIS
MARGIN
75 A at 110 V. The belt drive system has a 5% efficiency loss.
Generator
Diesel Engine
Calculate the power output from the diesel engine in kW. 3
[Turn over
*X723760107*
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7. A home owner has asked an electronic engineer to design a burglar alarm

system for a house. The house alarm system will sound a bell when the
power switch is closed and either a pressure sensor under the carpet at the
front door is closed or a switch is opened when any of the windows are
lifted.
Assume all the switches to be a logic 0 when opened. A = Power switch,
B = Pressure sensor, C = Window switches and Z = Bell.
(a) (i) Write a Boolean expression for the control of the bell using the
specification provided. 3
(ii) Draw an equivalent logic circuit for the Boolean expression using
two input NAND gates only. Simplify if appropriate. 4
*X723760108*
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7. (continued) THIS
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(b) The home owner still has concerns over security, so has instructed the
electronic engineer to install a camera into the system to monitor any
intruders.
In order to focus an automatic camera, a control system uses
information from the input sensors to create a signal representing the
required lens position. It then adjusts the lens position by the means of
a small d.c. motor.
The control diagram below shows the main sub-systems to the camera
system.
Op-amp
Required Camera Actual

Output d.c.
lens Amplifier drive lens
driver motor
position mechanism position
Lens position sensor
(i) State two possible configurations of op-amp that the engineer

could have used in the design of the control system. 2
(ii) Compare the operation of the two control systems containing the
two configurations of op-amp and select the more suitable system.
Justify your answer 4
*X723760109*
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7. (continued) THIS
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(c) Explain how pulse width modulation control may be used to vary the
speed of the camera. 2
*X723760110*
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8. The water storage system below shows a water tank which is filled by an THIS
MARGIN
electrical pump. The tank with dimensions 3 m × 3 m sits on four timber
beams. The beams are secured to a cross member at one end and fixed into
the wall at the other. Each beam carries an equal share of the water tank’s
weight.
The cross member is supported by two frame structures.
3m
Tank
Four beams
Cross member
Two frame structures
Front View
(a) Calculate the maximum uniformly distributed load exerted on each

beam if the water level in the storage tank does not exceed 1·5 metres.
Ignore the weight of the tank.
(1 m3 of water has a mass of 1000 kg.) 4
[Turn over
*X723760111*
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8. (continued) THIS
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3m
Water Tank
Brick
1 of 4 beams wall
Cross member B
60º
Node C
Frame structure (one of two parallel frames)
Side View
(b) The figure above shows one of the frame structures which support the
tank. The force exerted by the water in the tank at node C is 58·8 KN.
(i) Calculate the magnitude and determine the nature of the forces
in members labelled A and B. 3
*X723760112*
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8. (b) (continued) THIS
MARGIN
Member A is a 100 mm × 100 mm square tubular section with a uniform

wall thickness of 15 mm as shown below.
100 mm
100 mm
15 mm
(ii) Calculate the stress present in member A. 3
[Turn over
*X723760113*
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8. (continued) THIS
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(c) The water tank is filled using an electrical pump, rated at 230 V and
15 A, which is located at ground level. The pump is 75% efficient and
the filling pipe is located 6 metres above ground level.
Calculate the time it will take to fill an empty tank to a level of
1·5 metres. 5
*X723760114*
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9. The Queensferry Crossing is the largest civil engineering project undertaken THIS
MARGIN
in Scotland for a generation. The cable-stayed bridge is designed to relieve
the pressure on the Forth Road Suspension Bridge, shown below, which is
slowly weakening due to design flaws and a traffic volume double its design
capacity.
The Forth Road Suspension Bridge
(a) Describe one social, one economic and one environmental benefit of
this project. 3
Social
Economic
Environmental
*X723760115*
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(b) The bridge control room continuously monitors conditions which could
affect the safe operation of the bridge. One of the most important is
wind speed.
As wind strength increases there are four levels of response:
• Speed warning signs will be switched on.
• Speed restrictions are put in place.
• High sided vehicles are diverted away from the bridge.
• The bridge is closed to all vehicles except cars.
The wind is monitored by the anemometer shown below.
The anemometer gives an increasing voltage of 0·07 V per ms−1 as the

wind speed increases. Part of the control circuit is shown below.
5V
1K
5V
Cars only
500 R 0V
5V
Signal from
Anemometer No High Sided Vehicles
500 R 0V
5V
Speed Restrictions
1K 0V
5V
Speed Warning signs
4K 0V
0V
*X723760116*
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9. (b) (continued) THIS
MARGIN
With reference to the circuit diagram opposite, calculate the wind

speed which will:
(i) switch on the Speed Warning signs; 2
(ii) switch on the No High Sided Vehicle signs. 2
*X723760117*
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(c) The warning lights on the controller’s console have 5 V lamps which have
a power rating of 1·4 W. The driver circuit for each light is shown
below. The transistor is fully saturated when VBE = 0·7 V.
5V
Lamp 5V 1∙4W
Output from
comparator (5 V) 1∙5 K
0V
Calculate the minimum current gain required by the transistor. 4
*X723760118*
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9. (continued) THIS
MARGIN
The instantaneous load at various points on the bridge is monitored using

strain gauges attached to the support cables. When the cable is under
maximum permitted strain, the resistance of the active gauge rises to
120·5 Ω and the passive gauge remains at 120 Ω. The sensing part of the
circuit at maximum permitted strain is shown below.
12 V
Passive 120 R 1K
VRef
VGauge
Active 120∙5 R 1K
0V
The measuring instrument requires a voltage of 5 V to give a reading showing

the maximum permitted strain.
(d) Complete the circuit below, showing all component values, to provide
the signal conditioning described. Working should be to six significant
figures. 4
VRef +9 V
VGauge
−9 V
5 V to measuring
instrument
0V
[Turn over
*X723760119*
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9. (continued) THIS
MARGIN
The maximum force on any cable is calculated at 4·7 MN. Each cable is

made up of a number of strands of mild steel wires, each of which is 13 mm
in diameter. A safety factor of 10 is applied.
(e) Calculate how many strands of wire will be required in the cable. 5
*X723760120*
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10. A factory which assembles smartphones uses a cellular assembly system. THIS
MARGIN
Each cell is occupied by a technician who assembles the phone units. Each
finished unit is then placed in a protective cradle before being carried off to
the testing station on a conveyor belt. A two-cylinder automatic pneumatic
system is used to raise the cradle up to the conveyor belt level and push the
cradle on to the belt. When the technician presses a button the sequence
will be A+ B+ B− A−.
A+ B+ B− A−
B− B+
A− A+
When designing the circuit it was found that the sequence could not be
achieved using a single 5/2 valve for each cylinder. A third 5/2 valve to
provide two “groups” of air was required
(a) Explain, for this sequence, why this is the case. 2
*X723760121*
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10. (continued) THIS
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(b) The circuit diagram for this operation is shown below.
valve 1 valve 2 valve 3 valve 4
A B
Group 1 Group 2
Describe the operation of the circuit starting when the technician presses
the button. 7
*X723760122*
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It was found that the outstroke of cylinder B was too rapid, so a uni-directional
restrictor was added to slow it down.
(c) State and explain where the uni-directional restrictor should be placed
in the circuit. 3
Position
Explanation
[Turn over
*X723760123*
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Once at the testing station the phone circuit board undergoes a range of
tests by applying signals to it. A microcontroller is used to provide these
signals. The sequence of one of the test procedures is shown below.
test 1 signal
Button 1
test 2
Button 2
• When the test 1 button is pressed the signal goes high for 320 ms and
then goes low.
• When the test 2 button is pressed the signal is pulse width modulated in
a 10 times repeat loop.
• Initially the MARK = 10 and the SPACE = 3
• Each time around the loop the MARK is decreased by 1 and the SPACE
increased by 1
*X723760124*
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(d) Draw a flowchart for this sequence. 8
*X723760125*
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*X723760126*
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*X723760127*
Page twenty-seven
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Image is taken from www.electronickeyboards.com/surface-mount-assembly.html.
SQA has made every effort to trace the owners of copyright materials reproduced in this
question paper, and seek permissions. We will be happy to incorporate any missing
acknowledgements. Please contact Janine.Anderson@sqa.org.uk.
*X723760128*
Page twenty-eight
National
Qualifications
2018
2018 Engineering Science
Higher
Finalised Marking Instructions
 Scottish Qualifications Authority 2018
The information in this publication may be reproduced to support SQA qualifications only on a non-
commercial basis. If it is reproduced, SQA should be clearly acknowledged as the source. If it is to be
used for any other purpose, written permission must be obtained from permissions@sqa.org.uk.
Where the publication includes materials from sources other than SQA (secondary copyright), this
material should only be reproduced for the purposes of examination or assessment. If it needs to be
reproduced for any other purpose it is the centre’s responsibility to obtain the necessary copyright
clearance. SQA’s NQ Assessment team may be able to direct you to the secondary sources.
These marking instructions have been prepared by examination teams for use by SQA appointed markers
when marking external course assessments. This publication must not be reproduced for commercial or
trade purposes.
©
General marking principles for Higher Engineering Science
This information is provided to help you understand the general principles you must apply when
marking candidate responses to questions in this Paper. These principles must be read in
conjunction with the detailed marking instructions, which identify the key features required in
candidate responses.
(a) Marks for each candidate response must always be assigned in line with these general
marking principles and the detailed marking instructions for this assessment.
(b) Marking should always be positive, ie marks should be awarded for what is correct and not
deducted for errors or omissions.
(c) If a specific candidate response does not seem to be covered by either the principles or
detailed marking instructions, and you are uncertain how to assess it, you must seek
guidance from your team leader.
(d) Where a candidate makes an error at an early stage in a multi-stage calculation, credit
should normally be given for correct follow-on working in subsequent stages, unless the
error significantly reduces the complexity of the remaining stages. The same principle
should be applied in questions which require several stages of non-mathematical
reasoning.
(e) All units of measurement will be presented in a consistent way, using negative indices
where required (eg ms−1). Candidates may respond using this format, or solidus format
(m/s), or words (metres per second), or any combination of these (eg metres/second).
(f) Answers to numerical questions should normally be rounded to an appropriate number of

significant figures. However, the mark can be awarded for answers which have up to two
figures more or one figure less than the expected answer.
(g) Unless a numerical question specifically requires evidence of working to be shown, full
marks should be awarded for a correct final answer (including unit) on its own.
(h) A mark can be awarded when a candidate writes down the relevant formula and
substitutes correct values into the formula. No mark should be awarded for simply writing
down a formula, without any values.
(i) Credit should be given where a labelled diagram or sketch conveys clearly and correctly
the response required by the question.
(j) Marks should be awarded regardless of spelling as long as the meaning is unambiguous.
(k) Candidates may answer programming questions in any appropriate programming language.
Marks should be awarded, regardless of minor syntax errors, as long as the intention of the
coding is clear.
(l) Where a question asks the candidate to “explain”, marks should only be awarded where
the candidate goes beyond a description, for example by giving a reason, or relating cause
to effect, or providing a relationship between two aspects.
(m) Where separate space is provided for rough working and a final answer, marks should
normally only be awarded for the final answer, and all rough working ignored.
page 2
Marking instructions for each question
Question Expected response Max Additional guidance

mark
1. (a) (i) E = 150/0·0015 2 1 mark for selecting a suitable points

on the graph (stress/strain)
E = 100 kNmm-2 1 mark for correct answer with unit

Accept 100000 Nmm-2
(ii) Straight line to have a steeper 1 There must be a clear attempt at a

gradient than trace already shown on straight line in the initial stage of
graph the graph from the origin
(b) Es = 0·5 × 11·8 × 0·225 1

Es = 1.3275
Es = 1·3 J (2 sf) 1 mark for final answer and unit
2. ∑Fv = 0 3
0 = -Rv + 153sin71 – 62sin45
Rv = 144·7 – 43·8 = 100·8237N 1 mark RV value (no unit required)
∑FH = 0
0 = 153cos71 + 62cos45 – RH
RH = 93·6525N 1 mark RH value (no unit required)
R = √100·82372 + 93·65252
= 137·6089
= 140 N (2 sf) 1 mark for final answer with unit
3. Skills (two responses from): 4 2 marks for skills
 Use material values (eg Young’s
Modulus, UTS) in structural Only 1 mark available for each skill
calculations ie. Calculating, analysing,
 Analyse results from materials simulating, justifying and evaluating
test data
 Simulate material/structural
performance using computer
software
 Justify material choices as
appropriate for given situation
 Evaluate material performance
Knowledge (two responses from): 2 marks for knowledge

 Material properties
 Material costs
 Available material sections
 Using values to influence design
decisions
page 3
mark
4. (a) RA sin35 × 7·0 = (1·0 × 270) + (3·5 × 3 1 mark for RAv component
270) + (6·0 × 270)
1 mark for correct substitution
RA = 706.09595
RA = 710 N (2 sf) 1 mark for final answer with unit

(b) Economic 2 1 mark for an economic impact with
- Initial purchase cost of OLED/LED justification
lamp compared to filament lamp
are higher
- Running energy cost reduced
- Lifespan increased therefore
fewer purchases
1 mark for an environmental impact

Environmental with justification
- Lifespan is longer therefore less
wastage as replaced less frequent
- Energy consumption is less
Answers must be descriptive
5. (a) By altering the base current. 1 Accept “by the base current”
(b) VGS = 6 × (4·8/8) 3

VGS = 3·6 1 mark for calculating VGS
VLamp = 6 – 4·27
VLamp = 1·73 1 mark for calculating VLamp
R = 1·73/0.0864
R = 20.0231
R = 20 Ω 1 mark for answer with unit, accept
20.0 Ω, 20.02 Ω.
page 4
mark
6. (a) 9 FTE if wrong symbol used repeatedly

ie if “open barrier” is in a rectangle
and not a parallelogram, lose first
mark
If it is in a rectangle later give mark
1 mark for “is start switch…”

decision box with correct Y/N
directions
1 mark for OPEN BARRIER
1 mark for “is sensor high” decision

box with correct Y/N directions
1 mark for command(s) giving a

count of 16
1 mark for “is single rider option…”

decision box with correct Y/N
directions
1 mark for “close barrier” and “open

gate”
1 mark for “is sensor high?” and

count of 16 check
1 mark for “Close gate”, “Close

barrier” and Launch Switch
1 mark for “motor on”, “delay

30s”and “motor off” and loop to
start
page 5
mark
6. (b) UDL 5
2·5 × 1·5 = 3·75 1 mark for UDL no units required
Moments @ A
B × 1·05 = (3·75 × 0·75) + (0·98 × 1·5)
B (horizontal) = 4·0786
1 mark for calculating horizontal
Fv component, no units required
Av = 3·75 + 0·98
Av = 4·73
1 mark for calculating vertical
component, no units required
A = √(4·732 + 4·07862)
A = 6·2456
A = 6.2 kN (2sf)
1 mark for calculating magnitude of
A, units required
Θ = tan-1 (4·73/4·0786)
Θ = 49o·(2 sf)
1 mark for calculating direction
(c) 3 (1 mark) for NOT A
Z = A + (B + C)
(1 mark) for B or C
(1 mark) for EOR
Alternative answer
1 mark for 1 correct expression
Z = A•B•C + A•B•C + A•B•C + A•B•C
2 marks for 3 correct expressions
3 marks for 4 correct expressions
Z = A·(B+C) + A·(B+C)
(d) 3 (1 mark) for NOT A

(1 mark) for B or C
(1 mark) for EOR
page 6
mark
7. (a) Enable transmission of torque or 2 1 mark for cause

motion from one shaft to another
Where shafts meet at a slight angle, 1 mark for effect

couplings are used to compensate for
misalignment 1 mark for only stating Joint
connecting two shafts
To allow for quicker maintenance of
vehicles as motor can be removed
from shaft quicker than removing the
entire drive system
(b)
3 1 mark for error detector (negative

error configuration)
1 mark for output

driver/driver/MOSFET driver
1 mark for speed sensor,

tachogenerator (not speedometer)
page 7
mark
7. (c) The actual output is compared to 3 1 mark for each correct statement
the required output, with the actual in a logical sequence up to a
level rising until greater than desired maximum of 3 marks
level
Negative error detector attempts to

correct for difference between
desired output and actual output by
amplifying the signal until it returns
the actual output to match the
desired setting
Each time the system attempts to

correct itself, it “over-shoots”
slightly, before being corrected
again – “lag”
On each cycle of over-shooting and

correction, the lag gradually reduces
but is never removed
Annotated diagram/graph 1
should:
 1 mark showing/describing
actual and desired levels against
time
 1 mark showing/describing lag
1 with constant correction
reduction in lag over time
Annotated diagram/graph 2 should:
actual and desired levels against
time
 1 mark showing/describing the
gradient of the line reducing
 1 mark showing/describing the
actual temperature never settles
2 on the desired temperature
If any of these features are missing,

then supporting statements will be
required to attract further marks
page 8
mark
7. (d) η = 64500/60 3
η = 1075 1 mark for calculating “n”, no units
required
Power generated by flywheel

= 2πnT
= 2 × 3·14 × 1075 × 18
= 121518 (121580 using π) 1 mark for calculating power, no
units required
Output efficiency
η = Pout/Pin = 112·4/121·518
= 0·924966 (0.924494 using π)
= 0·92 (92%) (2 sf) 1 mark for calculation efficiency,
unit required if expressed as
percentage
Apply FTE
(e) Initial kinetic energy: 4
Ek = 0·5 × 2100 x 312
= 1009050 1 mark for calculating Ek, no units
required.
Ek after boost:
= 1009050 + 390000
= 1399050 1 mark for Ek after boost, no units
required.
When car is brought to rest:

∆T = 249 – 23 = 226 oC 1 mark for ∆T, no units required
Eh = mc∆T
1399050 = m × 420 × 226
m = 1399050/(420 × 226)
= 14·73925
= 15 kg (2 sf) 1 mark for m, units required.
Apply FTE
page 9
mark
8. (a) (i) Answers from: 2 Responses must be descriptive

 Encouragement of cycling as
mode of transport brings 1 mark for each valid response
improved physical health
 Attractive landscaping supporting
improved mental health
 Encouragement of active play for
children, potential physical
benefits and improved group/
peer relationships
 Improved quality of life/
relaxation opportunities through
holidaymakers/
recreational users of the canal
 Improved quality of life/
relaxation opportunities through
use of water sports facilities
 Employment opportunities
through tourisms, eg shops, tours
of attractions, etc
 Any other reasonable response
(ii) Answers from: 2 Responses must be descriptive.

 Monitoring air quality for dust
levels for impact on nearby 1 mark for each valid response
residents or wildlife
 Monitoring noise levels for
impact on nearby residents
 Monitoring water quality for
impact of pollution from
construction work
 Monitoring levels of pollutants in
soil for impact on wildlife and
fauna
 Specifying waste management
and recycling procedures to limit
environmental impact
 Specifying drainage requirements
to minimise environmental
impact through polluted waters
 Identification of endangered or
protected wildlife/fauna,
ensuring protection requirements
are met
 Identifying schemes to protect
wildlife, eg safe animal
crossings, tunnels, etc.
 Any other reasonable response
page 10
mark
8. (b) ΣFh = 0, 5
 M1h – M2h = 0
 M1 cos(45˚) – M2 cos(80˚) = 0
 0·707 M1 - 0·174 M2 = 0 1 mark for equation 1 based on
[eqn1] horizontal force components
ΣFv = 0
0·49 - M1v – M2v = 0
 0·49 – M1 sin(45˚) – M2 sin(80˚)= 0
 0·49 – 0·707 M1 – 0·9848 M2= 0
[eqn 2] 1 mark for equation 2 based on
vertical force components
0·49 -1·15M2 = 0 [eqn 1 + eqn 2]

 1·1588 M2 = 0·49
 M2 = 0·49/1·1588
= 0·4229
= 0·42 MN (2 sf)
1 mark for M2, unit required
M1 is in COMPRESSION (STRUT) 1 mark for nature of M1
from eqn 1,
M1 = (0·174 × 0·4229)/0·707 1 mark for M1, unit required
= 0·103366
= 0·10 MN (2 sf) Equations may be expressed in
various ways, depending (eg) on
which directions are taken as
positive, and if sin has been used
instead of cos (eg sin10 instead of
cos80) and vice versa
page 11
mark
8. (c) (i) Load on each bolt = 210k/6 = 4

35 kN 1 mark for load on each bolt, no unit
required
Safe working stress (sws) on bolt
= UTS/FOS
= 430/4·0
=107·5 Nmm-2 1 mark for SWS, no unit required
Cross-sectional area of bolt
A = F/σ
= 35 × 103/107·5
= 325·6 mm2 1 mark for area, no unit required
Diameter of bolt
= √ (4A/π) = √ (4 × 325·6)/3·14
= 20·36
Required diameter 21 mm 1 mark for required diameter, unit
required (accept 20 mm)
Alternative Method
SWS = 430 / 4·0

SWS = 107·5 N mm-2 1 mark for SWS, no unit required
A = F/σ
A = 210000 / 107·5
A = 1953·49 1 mark for area, no unit required
Per bolt = 1953·49 / 6
Per bolt = 325·6 1 mark for area of each bolt, no unit
required
Diameter of bolt
= √ (4A/π)
= √ (4 x 325·6) / π
= 20·36
1 mark for required diameter, unit
Required diameter 21 mm required (accept 20 mm)
(ii) ε = σ/E 2
= 107·5/196000
= 0·000548 1 mark for calculating strain
If SWS is calculated in 8ci but
candidate uses 430 mark is lost
If SWS is not calculated in 8ci but
candidate uses 430 mark is not lost
∆L = ε x L = 0·000548 × 55
= 0·03014 1 mark for ∆L, unit required
= 0·030 mm (2 sf)
page 12
mark
9. (a) When vA is pressed, vC is actuated 7 1 mark for each correct point up to a

causing c1 to outstroke maximum of 7.
vA also actuates vE allowing air to To gain full credit, 1 mark must

exhaust through it but causing the correctly describe the speed at
outstroke speed to be slow which c1 instrokes or outstrokes
Air must escape through a UDR due Where candidates have indicated
to the one-way valve that either vA or vB will cause c1 to
outstroke in the same statement
Air cannot exhaust through vD as it then 2 marks can be awarded
has not been actuated
When c1 is fully outstroked it

actuates vF which resets vC and E.
c1 will instroke quickly as air is able

to go through the one-way valve
unrestricted
When vB is actuated it actuates vC

causing c1 to outstroke
vB also actuates vD which allows air

to exhaust causing c1 to outstroke
slowly
When c1 is fully outstroked it

actuates vF which resets vC and vD.
c1 will instroke as air is able to go
through the one-way valve
unrestricted (1 mark in total)
(b) The cylinder will outstroke more 2 1 mark for each point.
quickly than if only one valve was
pressed Credit can be given if this has been
described in part (a) but marks
This is because air can exhaust cannot be awarded to (a) and (b) for
through both vD and vE the same comment
simultaneously
(c) 6 × 0·85 = 5·1V 3 1 mark for correct output voltage

from OA1
Ib = (5·1 – 0·7)/15000
= 0·000293 1 mark for voltage over resistor
= 0·29 mA (2sf)
1 mark for answer from given
working
page 13
mark
9. (d) hfe = 25/0·29 1 No mark if answer given with a unit

= 86·2069
= 86 (2 sf)
(e) R/1k = 1·5k/2·5k 2 1 mark for resistance of LDR

R = 600 Ω
1 mark for light level based on
From graph, light level = 200 lux answer for R, unit required. (accept
between 200-215)
(f) When light level is low the voltage 3 1 mark for each valid comment up to
at the non-inverting inputs of each a maximum of 3
op-amp is low
For full credit, 1 mark must describe
At this point the op-amps will both the light level increasing further for
be saturated negatively OA1 to saturate positively
When light level increases the Candidates may refer to Vref as the
voltage to the non-inverting input of non-inverting input as illustrated in
OA2 will become greater than its the databook, appropriate credit
reference so it will saturate should be awarded
positively
This causes T2 to switch on
When the light level increases

further the voltage to the non-
inverting input will be greater than
the reference voltage at OA1 causing
it to saturate positively
This causes T1 to switch on
(g) The input voltage can be small 2 1 mark for explaining conditions for
enough to switch T2 on but big vB being on
enough to leave T1 off. Only vB will
be actuated 1 mark for explaining conditions for
vA being on
When T1 is switched on it cuts off
the 12 V supply to the solenoid on
vB.
[END OF MARKING INSTRUCTIONS]
page 14
National
Qualifications
2017
Higher
The information in this publication may be reproduced to support SQA qualifications only on a non-
commercial basis. If it is reproduced, SQA should be clearly acknowledged as the source. If it is
to be used for any other purpose, written permission must be obtained from
permissions@sqa.org.uk.
Where the publication includes materials from sources other than SQA (secondary copyright), this
material should only be reproduced for the purposes of examination or assessment. If it needs to
be reproduced for any other purpose it is the centre’s responsibility to obtain the necessary
copyright clearance. SQA’s NQ Assessment team may be able to direct you to the secondary
sources.
These marking instructions have been prepared by examination teams for use by SQA appointed
markers when marking external course assessments. This publication must not be reproduced for
commercial or trade purposes.
©
General marking principles for Higher Engineering Science
(a) Marks for each candidate response must always be assigned in line with these general
marking principles and the Detailed Marking Instructions for this assessment.
detailed Marking Instructions, and you are uncertain how to assess it, you must seek guidance
from your Team Leader.
should normally be given for correct follow-on working in subsequent stages, unless the error
significantly reduces the complexity of the remaining stages. The same principle should be
applied in questions which require several stages of non-mathematical reasoning.
(e) All units of measurement will be presented in a consistent way, using negative indices where
required (eg ms−1). Candidates may respond using this format, or solidus format (m/s), or
words (metres per second), or any combination of these (eg metres/second).

(g) Unless a numerical question specifically requires evidence of working to be shown, full marks
should be awarded for a correct final answer (including unit) on its own.
(h) A mark can be awarded when a candidate writes down the relevant formula and substitutes
correct values into the formula. No mark should be awarded for simply writing down a
formula, without any values.
(i) Credit should be given where a labelled diagram or sketch conveys clearly and correctly the
response required by the question.
coding is clear.
(l) Where a question asks the candidate to “explain”, marks should only be awarded where the
candidate goes beyond a description, for example by giving a reason, or relating cause to
effect, or providing a relationship between two aspects.
page 02
Detailed marking instructions for each question
Section 1
Question Expected answer(s) Max Additional guidance

mark
1. (a) The material behaves in an elastic 1

manner – it stretches and then
returns to its original length after
the load is removed.
(b) The material behaves in a plastic 1 Mark awarded for mentioning that
manner, it becomes permanently the material will not return to its
deformed – it stretches beyond the original shape.
plastic limit until it fails/breaks.
(c) 2 1 mark for each correct annotation
Yield point – This should be

anywhere between the top of the
straight line and the ultimate
stress point, if it is out with these
two points, no marks.
page 03
mark
2. ΣFV = 0 4
RV = 1100 sin51 – 510 sin65 =
392.64 N 1 mark for magnitude
ΣFH = 0
RH = 1100 cos51 + 510 cos65 =
907.79 N 1 mark for magnitude
R = √(392.642 + 907.992) = 989 N 1 mark for value with unit
Tan Ɵ = 392.64/907.99
=> Ɵ = 23.4o 1 mark for value with unit
page 04
mark
3. Uniformly distributed load: 3

2.5 x 7.7 = 19.25 kN @ 3.85m 1 mark for value 19.25 kN
midpoint
Moments about B:
(6.1 x 4.0 sin71) + (19.25 x 3.85) = 1 mark for substitution
7.7 RA
23.07 + 74.11 = 7.7 RA
RA = 97.18/7.7 = 12.6 kN 1 mark for final answer with unit
4. (a) ILDR = 0.7/610 = 1.15mA 1 1 mark for correct answer with

unit. Accept
1.148mA/1.1mA/1mA.
1.2mA not acceptable.
(b) IVR = 5.3/3300 = 1.6mA 1 1 mark for correct answer with

unit.
Accept
2mA/1.61mA/0.0016A/0.00161A
(c) Ib = 1.6 – 1.15 = 0.45mA 1 1 mark for correct answer with

unit. FTE.
page 05
mark
5. (a) Taxi drivers may lose their jobs as 2 Any other suitable answer.
the cars will be able to do their
jobs without them.
Long distance transportation would

be cheaper as there would be no
drivers needing breaks.
Since you need to brake and

accelerate less, you will use
significantly less fuel, saving you
money.
(b) Accidents are less likely as human 2 Any other suitable answer.
errors are reduced resulting in
people feeling safer/less anxious There must be a social impact,
on the road. saying less car accidents or
unemployment is not enough.
Disabled people will have greater
autonomy.
People will not be at risk of drunk

driving as the car will take them
home.
Car journeys will become more

sociable as the “driver” can fully
interact with the passengers.
People without a driving licence

can now get around in their own
car making them more
independent to go out of the house
to leisure activities etc.
page 06
mark
6. (a) MOSFETs – size of gate voltage 1 1 mark for identifying BOTH factors
BJTs – size of base current
MOSFET is voltage controlled

device with its operation
controlled by gate-source voltage
(VGS)
BJT is a current controlled device

with its operation controlled by
base current.
(b) MOSFETs can handle larger 1 Cause and effect for 1 mark.
currents therefore drive larger
output devices.
MOSFETs have lower power/energy

consumption and therefore more
efficient than BJTs.
BJTs are preferred for low current

applications, while MOSFETs are
for high power functions.
page 07
Section 2

mark
7. (a) (i) 3 1 mark for exclusive OR

Z= A + (B.C) 1 mark for NOT B
1 mark for B AND C
Or Brackets are optional.
Z = A.B.C + A.B.C 1 mark for each correct ABC

1 mark for OR
Or
Z = A.B.C + A.B.C + A.B.C + A.B.C 1 mark – 2 correct

2 marks – 4 correct
1 mark - OR
(ii) A B C D E Z 3 1 mark for each correct column ( D,

0 0 0 1 0 0 E, Z)
0 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 FTE should apply.
0 1 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1
1 1 1 0 0 1
(iii) 3 1 Mark for NOT

1 Mark for AND
1 Mark for EOR
NOT AND EOR
page 08
mark
7. (b) A descriptive answer based on 2 Answer should not be a simple

topics such as… statement.
Specialist skills:
Designing electronic sub-systems
eg. Sensing circuits
Plan programs
Design interfaces
Test programme function
Design switching circuits
Write code
Specialist Knowledge:
Understand how microcontrollers
function
Op-amp electronic control systems
Understand interfacing
Function of a relay
Programming knowledge.
Energy audits.
page 09
mark
7. (c) (i) Choosing of manufacturing 2 Must be related to the chemical

methods that are eco-friendly to plant being environmentally
reduce the environmental impact. friendly.
Choosing of materials that are eco- 1 mark for brief response

friendly. Ie sustainable. 2 mark for detailed response
The waste management for the

construction.
Introduction of low carbon

technologies to reduce carbon
footprint.
Adapting the design to limit the

impact on the environment eg
soil/water/wildlife/plants etc.
(ii) Positive Impact 2 All answers must be descriptive and

 Reduced tax not statements.
 Less waste disposal costs
 More sustainable Must have an economic aspect.
 Energy costs lowered
 Benefit from government Must be related to the chemical
incentives plant being environmentally
 Increased sales as products are friendly.
more environmentally friendly
Negative Impact
 Initial capital costs to meet Simply writing initial cost, as a
legislation, negative impact, is not enough.
The response must give indication
 more energy efficient building
of what areas the initial cost will
methods,
cover. Eg insulation, water
 sustainable materials,
reclamation systems, heat
 energy efficient materials.
recycling etc.
page 10
mark
8. (a) 3 1 mark for error detector symbol

(must show negative error)
1 mark for
driver/transistor/MOSFET
1 mark for feedback sensor with

correct arrows
(b) Ib = 97/210 = 0.46mA 3 1 mark for correct value of Ib

Accept 0.462mA
Vr = 0.46mA x 1200 = 0.55V 1 mark for calculating Vr
V1 = 0.55 + 0.7 = 1.25V 1 mark for V1 with unit
(c) Input to final inverting amp is - 2

1.25.
-1.25 = -10k (Vhover/20k) 1 mark for correct substitution

(1.25 taken from b)
-1.25 = -(20k/10k) x Vhover
Vhover = 2.5V 1 mark for answer with unit
(d) 1.6 = (40k/10k) x (3-Valt) 2 1 mark for substitution

Valt = 2.6 V 1 mark for correct answer with unit
page 11
mark
8. (e) As desired height is increased the 3 Any three statements that clearly
output of the difference amplifier reference the circuit or describe
will increase positively. the action of the motor/drone.
This produces a larger input to the

transistor which generates a larger
current in the motor.
As the motor speeds up the drone

will climb closer to the desired
height.
As it does the altimeter signal will

increase, getting closer to the
desired voltage.
As it gets closer the output of the

difference amp reduces and the
motor speed reduces.
(f) Rldr = 600 Ω 2 1 mark for correctly reading Rldr

with unit
Accept value between 600-650Ω
R/600 = 2.4/3.6 1 mark for correct value of R with

R = 400 Ω unit.
page 12
mark
9. (a) (i) Area = (30 x 5 x 2) + (20 x 5) 2

= 300 + 100 = 400 mm2 1 mark for correct area (units not
required, not final answer)
σ = F/A = 900/400
= 2.25 Nmm-2 1 mark for final answer with units
Accept 2.3 Nmm-2
(ii) E = 196 kNmm-2 2 1 mark value from data booklet
E = σ/ε
=> ε = σ/E = 2.25/196x103
= 0.0000115 1 mark final answer (no units)
Accept 0.000011
If a unit is given, no mark.
(iii) F.O.S. = U.T.S/W.S. 2 1 mark for UTS from data book

F.O.S. = 430/2.25 1 mark for final answer
= 191
Accept 187 if 2.3 Nmm-2 is used
If unit is given, no mark.
(iv) Could be high due to consequence 1 1 mark for a comment which says
of failure which would involve risk why it is an appropriate value.
to human life.
Candidates response should match
Over engineered; revise material F.O.S. value found in (iii).
choice, size of cross-sectional area
for material to reduce costs. If F.O.S. value is low in (iii) then
answer should be not appropriate
due to the risk to human life.
page 13
mark
9. (b) (i) T=Fr 2

= 8 x 130 x 7 1 mark for substitution
= 7280 Nm 1 mark for final answer with units
Accept 7300 Nm
(ii) n = (18/3)/60 = 0.1 2
P = 2πnT = 2π x 0.1 x 7300 1 mark for correct substitution
= 4580 W (4.58 kW) 1 mark for final answer with units

Accept 4600 W/4.6 kW
(iii) P=IV = 30 x 240 2 1 mark for calculating P (no units

= 7200W required)
η = Pout/Pin x 100
= 4.58/7.2 x 100
= 63.6% or 0.636 1 mark for final answer
Accept 0.64 / 64%

If unit is given for decimal answer,
no mark.
(c) 2 1 mark for correctly labelled axes.
1 mark for clearly increasing

MARK/SPACE ratio as time
increases.
Candidate must clearly show:

 gaps(SPACE) getting
smaller and the columns
getting wider(MARK),
 gaps getting smaller and
the columns staying the
same,
 gaps staying the same and
the columns getting wider.
Must have at least 6 pulses.
page 14
mark
9. (d) Verticals 5
M2 Cos45° + M1 Cos69° = 1030 1 mark for substitution

Cos59°
[M2 × 0·707] + [M1 × 0·358] =
530·49
Horizontals
M2 Sin45° + M1 Sin69° =1030 Sin59° 1 mark for substitution

[M2×0·707] + [M1×0·934] = 882·88
M1×0·358 + M2×0·707 = 530·49

M1×0·934 + M2×0·707 = 882·88
M2x0.707 = 530.49 – M1 x 0.358

M2x0.707 = 882.88 – M1 x 0.934
M1
530.5-0.358M1 = 882.9 -0.934M1 1 mark for substitution
0.934M1 – 0.358M1 = 882.9 – 530.5
0.576M1 = 352.4
M1 = 352.4 / 0.576
M1 = 612 N 1 mark final answer with unit (M1)
M2
M2x0.707 = 530.49 – M1 x 0.358
M2 = 530.49 – (612 x 0.358) / 0.707
M2 = 440.0 N
1 mark final answer with unit (M2)
Alternative answer next page
page 15
mark
9. (d) Continued.
Alternative Method
1030 N
760
660
M1
M2
310+450 = 760 1 mark for all 3 angles

210+450 = 660
450+450 = 900
FH=0
1030 cos 76 – M1 cos 66 = 0 1 mark for substitution
M1 = 612 N 1 mark final answer with unit (M1)
FV=0
1030 sin 76 – M1 sin 66 – M2 = 0 1 mark for substitution
M2 = 440.0 N 1 mark final answer with unit (M2)
page 16
mark
10. (a) (i)  Pilot air is sent to valve 8 6 1 mark for each statement
cutting of the pilot air to sent
from valve 8 to valve 5.
 Valve 2 sends pilot air to valve 5
outstroking cylinder A.
 When cylinder A is fully
outstroked, valve 3 is actuated
sending pilot air through valve 9
which actuates valve 6
outstroking cylinder B.
 This causes cylinder B to
actuate roller trip valve 4
sending pilot air back to the 5/2
valve 6 instroking cylinder B.
 Actuating Valve 4 cuts the air
supply to valve 9 which stops
cylinder B outstroking so that it
now instrokes.
 When cylinder B has instroked,
roller trip valve 7 is actuated
sending pilot air to valve 8
which actuates the 5/2 valve 5
causing cylinder A to instroke
resetting the system.
(ii) 1. Solenoid actuator 6 3 marks available to each point.
-replacing the push button on
valve 2. This will cause the 1 mark for correct component
system to be operated 2 marks for explanation (location in
automatically as it can be circuit with reason)
connected to electronic
interfaces.
2. A reservoir and restrictor- This will delay cylinder B and

between valve 4 and 6. This will cylinder A from instroking.
create a time delay in the
circuit before valve 6 starts the N.B. if candidate answers the
instroking process. wrong way round, give credit
appropriately.
page 17
mark
10. (b) 8
1 1 mark – Motor On
1 4 marks – Decision box with correct

Y/N directions (1 mark each
decision)
1
1
1 mark Piston Out/Wait 1s/In

1 Wait 1s
1 mark Light On/Wait/Off

1+1
1 mark for light flashing in correct
ratio (wait/delay 0.25s)
N.B. If a candidate uses the wrong

1
symbol type then no mark, if they
repeat the error for the same
symbol allow FTE.
page 18
National
Qualifications
2016
Higher
The information in this publication may be reproduced to support SQA qualifications only on a
non-commercial basis. If it is to be used for any other purposes written permission must be
obtained from SQA’s NQ Assessment team.
Where the publication includes materials from sources other than SQA (secondary copyright),
this material should only be reproduced for the purposes of examination or assessment. If it
needs to be reproduced for any other purpose it is the centre’s responsibility to obtain the
necessary copyright clearance. SQA’s NQ Assessment team may be able to direct you to the
secondary sources.
These Marking Instructions have been prepared by Examination Teams for use by SQA Appointed
Markers when marking External Course Assessments. This publication must not be reproduced
for commercial or trade purposes.
©
General Marking Principles for Higher Engineering Science
(a) Marks for each candidate response must always be assigned in line with these General
Marking Principles and the Detailed Marking Instructions for this assessment.
detailed Marking Instructions, and you are uncertain how to assess it, you must seek
guidance from your Team Leader.
reasoning.
(e) All units of measurement will be presented in a consistent way, using negative indices

(g) Unless a numerical question specifically requires evidence of working to be shown, full
(h) A mark can be awarded when a candidate writes down the relevant formula and
(i) Credit should be given where a labelled diagram or sketch conveys clearly and correctly
coding is clear.
(l) Where a question asks the candidate to “explain”, marks should only be awarded where
Page 02
Marking Instructions for each question
Section 1
Question Expected Answer(s) Max Additional Guidance

Mark
1. (a) I = P/V = 3/6 = 0.5A 2 1 for intermediate
value
R = V/I 6/0.5 = 12 Ω 1 answer and unit
Correct answer and

Alternative working unit with no working
P=V2/R – Full marks
Correct answer with

no unit or working –
no marks
(b) Rt = 12 + 0.5 = 12.5 Ω 2 1 for intermediate
value
I = V/R = 6/ 12.5 = 0.48A 1 answer and unit
If I=P/V (6/3) is used

no marks
(c) P= I2R = 0.482 × 0.5 = 0.115 W 1 answer and unit 1
Page 03
Mark
2. UCS FOR Aluminium 4 1 mark 300Nmm-2
alloy= 300Nmm-² (data book)
Safe stress = UCS  FOS

= 300  4
= 75Nmm-2 1 mark 75Nmm-2
Area= Force  Stress

= 100 000 N  75Nmm-²
= 1333mm² 1 mark 1333mm2
D = 4a ÷ π
= 4×1333 ÷ 3 14
= 1698
1 mark 41.2mm
= 41·2mm
(Answer with unit)
Candidates should be
given credit when
using Ulitmate Stress
and Ultimate Load.
Page 04
Mark
3. (a) _ 3 _
(A. B ) + C = Z 1 mark (A.B)
1 mark for NAND
1 mark +C
Alternative answer Alternative answer
(A.B.C)+ (A.B.C)+ (A.B.C)+ (A.B.C)+ (A.B.C)+ Candidate answers

from the truth table
(A.B.C)+ (A.B.C)= Z marks are awarded
as follows
1 out of 2 marks for

4 out of 7 terms
2 out of 2 marks for
7 out of 7 terms
1 mark for OR
operators
Max 3 marks
(b) 3 1 mark D
A B C D E Z 1 mark E
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 mark Z
0 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 1

Mark
4. ∑M=0 3 1 mark for
calculating
(500 × 1·25) + (140 × 2) = Rb × 2·5 UDL(500N)
Rb = 362N 1 mark for

substitutions
1 mark for
calculating Rb with
unit
Page 05
Mark
5. It supports the weight of the bike while allowing 2 1 mark for any two
the wheel to rotate. relevant cause and
effect responses
Reduces contact surface area and therefore
energy loss. ‘Reduces friction’
without explanation
Reduces contact surface area so reduces not accepted
friction.
Reduces friction and therefore saves wear on

the shaft.
Replace the worn bearing instead of the parent

part.
Page 06
Section 2

Mark
6. (a) Any of the following statements will receive 1 8 Appropriate
mark up to a maximum of 8 marks. terminology must be
1. Pressing either valve A or B will actuate evident throughout.
valve C.
2. When C is actuated cylinder 1 instrokes and
actuates D.
3. D will actuate E which will cause cylinder 2
to instroke.
4. The system will remain in this state until F
or G is actuated.
5. When F or G is actuated E will change state
and outstroke cylinder 2.
6. When F or G is actuated H will change state
causing main air to reach J.
7. When cylinder 2 actuates J a pilot signal
actuates C.
8. When C is actuated cylinder 1 outstrokes
and actuates valve K causing H to actuate.
9. Stating or implying that H cuts off the
supply of air to J or C.
10. Valve H prevents two pilot signals trying to
acutate C at the same time.
(b) Valves A, B, F and G would be replaced by 2 1 mark for identifying
electronic switches. the need for solenoid
actuators (or valves).
Solenoid actuators would be required on C and 1 mark for identifying
E. the need for
electronic switches at
Microcontroller/Programmable circuit to control inputs.
the valves.
(c) Skills statements such as: 3 1 mark for each valid
 Use nodal analysis to determine the forces point relevant to the
inside the members of the structure. context.
 Use stress calculations to determine
appropriate dimensions for each member. No marks awarded
 Performing virtual stress analysis on when describing gears
computer modelled designs. and drive systems as
 Perform force calculations to determine the this is not in context
required size of cylinders and air pressures. of question.
 Use a sum of moments calculation to
determine the reaction forces at the banks. If candidate refers to
 Designing of a pneumatic circuit. it in the machinery
Knowledge statements such as: involved in the
 Use knowledge of material properties to construction; then
select those most appropriate. marks can be
awarded.
 Knowledge of pneumatic components.
Page 07
Mark
(d) Civil engineer would assess the area around the 2 1 mark for each
canal to determine the most suitable location or valid statement
whether the bank would need to be relating either to
strengthened. particular branches
Project engineer will be required to time of engineering. Any
manage, cost analyse, liaise with clients and branch of engineer is
engineers. acceptable so long
as relevant specialist
role statements are
made.
If candidate gives
two engineers,
marks can only be
awarded to one
engineer (which ever
has greater number
of marks).
Page 08
Mark
7 (a) START 8 1 mark – is master
switch high decision
box including loop to
start
1 mark – up switch
high decision box
1 mark – down
box
1 mark – down limit

box AND yes looping
1 mark – Relay B on
and off and down
limit switch high AND
no looping
1 mark – upper limit

box
1
1 mark – Relay A on
and off limit switch
high AND no looping
1 mark – looping
from relay A and B
back to the very
1 start of program
Page 09
Mark
(b) 3
1 mark for error detector (must show negative error)

1 mark for feedback (Brake Sensor)
1 mark for Brake Actuator or Driver/Transistor/MOSFET
7. (c) (i) Electrical/Electronic 2 1 mark for any
Specialist Knowledge: relevant information
Understand how microcontrollers function up to a max of 2
Understand interfacing marks.
Function of a relay
Programming knowledge.
Energy audits.
(ii) Electrical/Electronic 2 1 mark for any
Specialist skill: relevant information
Plan programmes up to a max of 2
Design interfaces marks.
Test programme function
Design switching circuits
Write code
Page 10
Mark
8. (a) (R.M)+(P.M) = Z 3 1 Mark (R.M)
1 Mark (P.M)
1 Mark for OR
Other acceptable
answer for full
marks:
M.(R+P) = Z
(b) 4 2 Marks for both AND
gates NAND
equivalents
1 Mark OR gate
NAND equivalent.
1 Mark for
simplification.
(c) T=F×R 2 1 Mark for correct
T = (62 × 9·8) × (0·22/2) substitution.
T = 66·8Nm 1 Mark for correct
answer with unit.
(d) Material A has the highest UTS, it is the 4 One property cannot
strongest and the largest Young’s Modulus. receive more than
one mark.
Material B is the most brittle and has a lower
UTS than A.
Material C has the largest plastic range, is the

most malleable, is the most ductile and has the
lowest UTS.
Materials A & B are more elastic than C.

(e) Strain = 0·7/100 = 0·007 4 1 Mark for strain
Stress = 202 × 103 × 0·007 = 1414 1 Mark for stress (no

unit required)
Area = 3·14 × 152/4 = 176·6
1 Mark for area (no
Load = Stress × Area = 1414 × 176·6 = 249·7kN unit required)
1 Mark for final

answer with unit.
Page 11
Mark
(f) Environment effects 3 1 Mark for each
correct or relevant
Crude oil used to make mineral oil lubricants answer.
will become exhausted due to being finite.
Biodegradable vegetable oil is protecting the

environment.
Reduces crop surplus as fields are used to

produce natural oil yielding plants.
Using vegetable oil increases the longevity of

machines due to their superior lubricity.
Safer than mineral oils. Non-toxic and does not

damage skin tissue.
Very high viscosity index which makes vegetable

oil’s viscosity stable over a wide range of
temperatures.
Economic Effects
Biodegradable oils are becoming cheaper for

specific applications.
Reduced clean-up costs should spillages occur.
More economically sustainable than petroleum

related lubricants.
Often grants and incentives available for the use

of experimental chemicals.
Alternative option for farmer to boost income.
Page 12
Mark
9. (a) V1 = 5v - 0·8v 2 1 mark for finding
4.2v
V1 R1 4 2 R
   1
V2 R2 0  8 250 1 mark for correct
answer (or FTE) with
 4·2  250 = 0·8  R1 units.
Full marks for

1050
  R1 correct answer and
08 units with no
working shown.
 1312·5 Ω
Acceptable answer:
1·31 kΩ = R1
Alternative solution
I=V/R
I=0.8/250 = 3.2mA
R= V/I = 4.2/3.2x10-3
= 1.31k Ω
(b) (i) Non inverting 1
Difference
(b) (ii) V0 4 1
AV   5
V1 0  8
(b) (iii) 2 1 mark for diagram
Diagram must
include:
- 0V, and Vi/Vo or
0.8V/4V
+
i 1 mark for any

0V resistor pair in the
Rf ratio of 4:1
AV = 1 + ie 4k(Rf) 1k(R1)
R1
if Difference Amp is
Rf used resistors will
=5–1=4
R1 have a 5:1 ratio
Page 13
Mark
9. (c) Solution using 2 inverting op amps 3 1 mark for Diagram
(either inverting or
Any resistor values – difference)
Diagram must
include:
Vi/Vo
Intermediate voltage
is not required.
 R f Vi Rf 1 1 mark for any

V0  
Ri Ri 2 resistor value in the
ratio 1:2
 R f 4v
2v  1 mark for second
Ri
op amp ratio 1:1
Any resistor values
Rf V0 = -Vi
05 
Ri
OR
OR
1 mark for correct

Rf substitution
V0  V2  V1 
Ri
1 mark for any
resistor values in
Rf Rf 1
2  4  0   1
Ri Ri 2 ratio 1:2
2
Page 14
Mark
(d) P = VI 3 1 mark for 690 W
= 230  3 = 690W
1 mark for 584W
P = 2nT revs per sec
300 1 mark for 84.6%
= 2  3·14  5  18·6 5
60
No units required for
= 584W
marks
Power out 584
Efficiency (ƞ) =   84  6% Accept 85%
Power in 690
(e) 8
AC = 12·9kN (Tie)
BC = 1·1kN (Strut)
BD = 13·6kN (Strut)
AB = 15kN (Strut)
Node A
AB Sin 30°
AB
AC AB Cos 30°
A
AC
7·5
7500N
1 mark for
ƩFv = 0 ƩFM = 0 magnitude AB
AB Sin 30° + 7500 = 0 AB Cos 30° = AC
AB Sin 30° = -7500 15000  0·866 = AC 1 mark for nature
7500 AB
AB = 12990·38N = AC
Sin 30
7500 1 mark for
AB = AC = (12·9kN) TIE magnitude AC
05
AB = 15kN (Strut)
1 mark for nature
AC
Page 15
Mark
(e) Node B Either solution for
Node B acceptable
+
1 mark for vertical
7.5 BD
+ (BD sin30)
1 mark for correct

ƩFV = 0 substitution of Fv
1·25 + 0·5BD = 7·5 + 0·55
8  05  1 25 1 mark magnitude of
BD =
05 BD
BD = 13·6kN Strut
1 mark for nature of
________________________________________ BD
ƩFH = 0 1 mark for

AB Cos 30 = 1·1 Cos 30 – BD Cos 30 horizontal BD
11 75 (BD cos30)
BD =  13  6kN Strut
6  866 1 mark for correct
substitution of FH
1 mark magnitude of
BD
1 mark for nature of

BD
Page 16
National
Qualifications
2015
New Higher
The information in this publication may be reproduced to support SQA qualifications only
on a non-commercial basis. If it is to be used for any other purposes written permission
must be obtained from SQA’s NQ Assessment team.
Where the publication includes materials from sources other than SQA (secondary
copyright), this material should only be reproduced for the purposes of examination or
assessment. If it needs to be reproduced for any other purpose it is the centre’s
responsibility to obtain the necessary copyright clearance. SQA’s NQ Assessment team
may be able to direct you to the secondary sources.
These Marking Instructions have been prepared by Examination Teams for use by SQA
Appointed Markers when marking External Course Assessments. This publication must not
be reproduced for commercial or trade purposes.
General Marking Principles for Higher Engineering Science
(a) Marks for each candidate response must always be assigned in line with these General
Marking Principles and the Detailed Marking Instructions for this assessment.
(c) Where a candidate makes an error at an early stage in a multi-stage calculation, credit
reasoning.
(d) All units of measurement will be presented in a consistent way, using negative indices
(e) Answers to numerical questions should normally be rounded to an appropriate number of
(f) Unless a numerical question specifically requires evidence of working to be shown, full
(g) A mark can be awarded when a candidate writes down the relevant formula and
(h) Credit should be given where a labelled diagram or sketch conveys clearly and correctly
(i) Marks should be awarded regardless of spelling as long as the meaning is unambiguous.
(j) Candidates may answer programming questions in any appropriate programming language.
coding is clear.
(k) Where a question asks the candidate to “explain”, marks should only be awarded where
(l) Where separate space is provided for rough working and a final answer, marks should
Note: point (e) mark should only be applied when reducing the significant figures does not
seriously affect the answer and there is clear evidence where the rounding occurred.
Rounding errors may also lead to a slightly different answer than the one given but can be
credited so long as there is clear evidence that the answer resulted from correct steps.
Page two
Marking Instructions for each question
Section 1

Mark
1. (a) Young’s Modulus of Elasticity 1 Accept Young’s modulus or (E)
(b) Material A − brittle 2 Accept for A − Elastic, strength,

for B − plastic , malleability or
Material B − ductile other acceptable answer

Mark
2. (a) Advantage − allows user to 2 Connect/disconnect without

connect/disconnect drive to explanation (1)
change gears, make adjustments,
control speed, etc
(b) Disadvantage − may be complex 2 We are looking for an explanation

and have more parts to go wrong of the advantage disadvantage
or require regular maintenance as not just a one or two word
it will wear, or more expensive statement
due to more parts and
replacements. Can slip, use up
energy as it slips

Mark
3. When the voltage on the gate is 3 Some form of words to convey

below gate threshold, there is in understanding of these points
effect no channel, no current flow taken from schematic diagram or
source drain graph.
Above the gate threshold voltage a Any three of these for 3 marks
channel is produced connecting
the drain and source, producing a
drain current.
The greater the gate voltage, the

better the device conducts, the
bigger the drain current
At saturation the MOSFET

performs at its best, lowest
source/drain resistance, highest
drain current.
Page three
Mark
4. Analogue − 3 Skills must be specialist to that

 Calculate expected values area and not too general
at points in circuit. (Controlling devices using logic
 Design driver circuits using gates is not acceptable whereas
using truth tables, Boolean
transistors expressions to design logic circuits
 Design signal processing would be). Generic skills all
circuits using op-amps and engineers and others have should
transistors not be accepted (communication,
IT, problem solving, prototyping,
testing etc )
Digital
 Design logic circuits The expected answers are
Boolean, gates, truth examples there will be other
tables NAND conversion etc acceptable answers
 Design digital sensing
circuits If candidates have given
 Design control systems acceptable skills for more than
using microcontrollers one specialism eg digital and
analogue then allocate the marks
to the specialism which will give
Programming them most marks
 Plan programs for a
required sequence
 Write programs for
microcontrollers
 Calculate PWM values for
required outputs
Power
 Design power supplies
 Ensure Building circuits are
compatible with Oven
 Connect correctly to safety
trip switch within
consumer unit
Page four
Mark
5. Civil Engineer – undertake analysis 2 Marks are allocated for two

of existing structure, grounds work aspects of an appropriate
required, produce plans for new engineering role. No marks are
build, design new parts of allocated for stating a type of
structure. engineer or simply listing
knowledge or skills without
relating these to this application.
Electrical Engineer – undertake 2 These are examples any

analysis of current and future appropriate branch of Engineering
electrical requirements, produce Structural, Electronic, Energy,
plans for electrical modifications. Environmental, mechanical etc
would be acceptable so long as
their role was suitably described.

Mark
6. Power = VI 3 Potential for follow through errors

here the most common one will be
Power = 75 × 110 = 8250 W (1) subtracting 5% this will give an
answer of 7837·5W 7·84kW
Recognise that due to efficiency
the generator power is 95% of the Answer should to 3 significant
diesel engine power figures. Though if not and you can
clearly see where rounding
Input = Output/efficiency occurred from working then give
mark.
8250 ÷ 0·95 (1)
Power = 8684·2 W or 8·68 KW
Answer and unit (1)
Page five
Section 2

Mark
7. (a) (i) Z = A.(B + C̄) 3 Brackets are required to show OR

condition
1 for correct AND Z = (A.B) + (A. C ) also correct if
1 for correct OR given
1 for correct inversion 2 out of 3 given where one mistake
is evident
1 out of 3 given where two
mistakes is evident
(ii) 4 NOT with connections drawn as

NAND (1)
Or with connections drawn from
NANDs (1)
AND with connections drawn from
NANDs (1)
Removing the two NOT gates in
series (1)
(follow through from Boolean must
still include correct NAND
conversion or simplification to
achieve the mark)
A 1 - AND
1 - OR
Z
B
1 for simplify
1 - NOT
Page six
Mark
(b) (i) Comparator (1) 2 Do not accept Differential for

difference.
Difference (1)
(ii) The Comparator: provides On/Off 4 The language will vary if in your
control. Motor is either fully on or view it conveys understanding of
off depending on the feedback signal the point then give the mark. The
The camera will be driven to the exception being the mark for
required position (1) difference.
The Difference amplifier: provides

proportional control (output varies
with error in some wording). When
the camera lens approaches the
correct position the camera lens
movement slows down and therefore
the camera lens is able to stop in the
exact position with no overshoot. (1)
Difference amplifier (1)
Proportional control will take the

camera lens accurately to the correct
position and stop it there (1)
Or the other way round they could
say Comparator control will cause the
camera to overshoot. It never stops in
the exact position.
(c) By changing the MARK/SPACE 2 Any two of these three. The

ratio.(1) Bigger MARK is compared to descriptions of the ratio imply
SPACE the faster it will go. (1) Bigger each other so only one of the two
SPACE is compared to MARK slower it is required. They do have to state
will go. (1) that speed depends on the size of
MARK or SPACE value.
Page seven
Mark
8. (a) Volume of tank = l × b × h 4 Units are not required for the

= 3 × 3 × 1·5 mark for intermediate steps
= 13·5m3
Therefore mass = 13·5m3× 1000kg
= 13500Kg (1)
Therefore Force = mass × gravity

= 13500kg × 9·8
= 132300 N (132·3 KN)
(1)
If there are four beams the total force

will be divided by four
132300 ÷ 4 (Beams) = 33075 N

or 33·08 KN (1)
If the load is uniformly distributed across

3 metres therefore Accept 11036Nm−1 if they use
33075 ÷ 3m = 11025 Nm−1 9·81 for gravity
11025 Nm−1 or 11·03kNm−1

answer and unit (1)
Page eight
Mark
(b) (i) 58·8KN 3 For nature tension/compression

Node C or force arrows on members or
B node acceptable
60°
A Tie
Strut
Node C
A
58·8 KN 58·8 KN
B
B FB
60° FA cos 60°
A
F
FA sin 60°
ƩFv = 0 ƩFh = 0
58·8KN = FA sin 60º FB = FA cos 60º

58·8KN = FA × 0·866 FB = 67·9KN × 0·5
67·9 KN = FA (STRUT) FB= 33·95 KN(Tie)

Answer and unit (1) Answer and unit(1)
nature of BOTH members (1)
Page nine
Mark
(ii) 3 Units are not required for the

100mm mark for intermediate steps.
Common error is using 85 × 85

as this internal size this gives an
15mm 100mm answer of 24·5 Nmm−2 for
2 marks
δ=F/A
Area 1 = 100 × 100 = 10000mm²

Area 2 = 70 × 70 = 4900mm²
both values (1)
Total shaded area = A1 − A2

= 10000mm² − 4900mm²
= 5100mm² (1)
Force = 67900N (from b(i))

= 67900N ÷ 5100mm²
= 13·3Nmm−2 answer and unit (1)
(c) Potential Energy = mgh (output Energy) 5 Units are not required for the
Mass from (a) mark for intermediate steps.
= 13500kg × 9·8 × 6
Ep = 793800 J (1) They may use another mass
value common one is 4500kg,
Eff= Eo ÷ Ei therefore Ei = Eo ÷ Eff this produces a correct follow
= 793800 ÷ 0·75 through answer of 102 seconds.
= 1058400J (1) They may also multiply the
electrical energy value by 0·75
Ee = VIt therefore VI = 230 × 15 giving
= 3450W (1) 2587·5W which earns the
efficiency mark.
t = Ep ÷ VI
= 1058400 ÷ 3450 (1)
= 306·8 seconds
Answer and unit (1)
Page ten
Mark
9 (a) Social – improved journey times, less 3 Any acceptable answer for each
frustration stuck in traffic, provides jobs aspect for 1 mark
and training. (any for 1)
Economic – jobs workers will spend some

salary locally, contractors will provide
materials and services, attract larger
numbers to the area, make it easier for
businesses to cross the forth (any for 1)
Environmental – Will reduce emissions

caused by traffic jams, reduce
environmental damage caused by
deteriorating suspension bridge, provide
habitats for wildlife (any for 1)
(b) (i) 4/7ths of 5 V = 2·85V (1) 2
wind speed = 2·85/0·07 = 40·8 ms−1

answer and unit (1)
(ii) 5·5/7ths of 5V = 3·93V (1) 2
wind speed = 3·93/0·07 = 56·1 ms−1

answer and unit (1)
(c) Voltage over Base protection resistor 4 Units are not required for the
= 5 − 0·7 = 4·3V (1) mark for intermediate steps
IB = V/R = 4·3/1·5 × 103 If they use 5V they will get 93·3

= 2·866 × 10−3 A (1) award 3 marks.
IC = P/V = 1·4/5 = 0·28 A (1)
Gain = IC/IB = 280/2·866

= 97·7 answer and no unit (1)
Page eleven
Mark
(d) V gauge = 120·5/240·5 *12 = 6·01247 V (1) 4 Units are not required for
the mark for intermediate
V ref = 6 V therefore difference = 0·01247 V (1) steps
Gain required from difference amp

= 5/0·01247 = 401 (1)
Difference amp circuit with correct resistor

values for a gain of 401 (1)
401k
401k
(e) Area of strand = π D2/4 = 3·14 × (132/4 ) 5 Units are not required for
= 132·7mm2 (1) the mark for intermediate
steps
UTL = FoS x 4·7 x106 = 47 × 106 (1)
If they use yield stress do
UTS mild steel from Data booklet 430 N/mm−2 not give mark they will get
(1) 1601 strands as a follow
through for 4 marks
Total area = total F/SWS = 47 × 106/ 430 Rounding down to 821

= 109 ×103 mm2 (1) strands is incorrect.
No of strands = 109 × 103 / 132·7 = 821·4

822 strands. (1)
Page twelve
Mark
10. (a) As cylinder B has to out-stroke and then in- 2 This will be worded in many
stroke while cylinder A remains out-stroked ways 2 marks are awarded for
the air to valve 2 and valve 3 must be an understanding of the need
controlled (1) to prevent them both for group air. and 1 mark for
signalling cylinder Bs 5/2 valve at the same some understanding not
time.(1) deserving of
2 marks.
Or when B out-strokes Its 5/2 valve will
have both pilots active (1) so cylinder B
will be locked in its present state (1)
Page thirteen
Mark
(b) When the technician presses the button 7 The language will vary as may
Group 1 air the order of description. If in
your view it conveys
Sends a pilot signal (1) to make Cylinder A understanding of the function
outstroke (1) then give the mark.
Valve 2 then sends a pilot signal to make

Cylinder B outstroke (1)
Roller trip valve 4 then changes the supply

to group 2 air (1)
This sends a pilot signal to make Cylinder B

in-stroke again (1)
Then valve 3 makes Cylinder A in-stroke (1)
Valve 1 returns the supply to Group 1 air (1)
(c) In the exhaust line for B outstroke (x) (1) 3
Because the speed will be reduced by

restricting the cylinder exhaust out flow (1)
Without compromising the force exerted or

the smoothness and lack of jerkiness of the
stroke (1)
Page fourteen
Mark
(d) See flowchart below 8 Marks given for decision boxes

include the associated lines. Yes,
No labels if missing can be
interpreted from the line. The
first instance of using the wrong
flowchart syntax should lose the
mark subsequent occasions should
gain the mark if the information
is correct. Writing code or an
algorithm is wrong technology at
higher − zero marks
START
MARK = 10ms
1
SPACE = 3ms
1
Button1 N
pressed 1
?
Button2 N
Y pressed
Signal on ?
Delay 320 ms Y
1
Signal on
Signal off 1
Delay MARK
Signal off
1
Delay SPACE
MARK = MARK − 1
1
SPACE = SPACE + 1
1
Repeated N
10 times?
OR stop as not Y
stated it
should repeat
STOP
Page fifteen

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FOR OFFICIAL USE

Fill in these boxes and read what is printed below.

Full name of centre Town

Forename(s) Surname Number of seat

1. A mechanical engineer completes a tensile test on a material to identify its

A second material was tested by the engineer. It was found to have a

(b) Calculate the strain energy stored in the material. 1

Calculate the magnitude of the force R. 3

page 03 [Turn over

1∙0 m 2∙5 m 2∙5 m 1∙0 m

270 N 270 N 270 N

(a) Calculate, by taking moments, the reaction force, RA. 3

(b) Describe an economic and an environmental impact of this technology. 2

In circuit A, a change in temperature produces a change in the gate voltage.

Gate voltage (VGS) Current (IDS)

(b) Calculate the resistance of the lamp. 3

page 07 [Turn over

INPUT PIN OUTPUT

(a) Draw a flowchart to show how the ride is operated. 9

page 09 [Turn over

to the track for maintenance.

(b) Calculate the magnitude and direction of the reaction at node A. 5

weather conditions. The logic diagram shows a part of that system.

(c) Complete the Boolean equation for the logic diagram. 3

(d) Draw a NAND equivalent for the logic diagram. 3

The use of couplings features in the design of the drive shaft.

(a) Explain why couplings are used in the design. 2

Required Fuel Drive Actual

(b) Complete the diagram. 3

The car is also designed with air conditioning.

(c) Describe how proportional control is used to maintain a steady

page 13 [Turn over

engineers wish to use in the new car.

(d) Calculate the efficiency of the KERS system. 3

system while travelling at 31 ms−1. This transferred an additional 390 kJ of

(e) Calculate the mass of the car’s brake discs. 4

The Kelpies, The Helix

(ii) Describe two roles that an environmental engineer would have

Detail from a proposed design for one of the

Node N1 is in static equilibrium.

(c) (i) Calculate the required diameter of each bolt. 4

page 19 [Turn over

(a) Describe, with reference to all of the components in the pneumatic

page 21 [Turn over

1∙5 kΩ OA1 Signal to

(c) Calculate the base current to transistor T1 when op-amp OA1 is

page 23 [Turn over

(d) Calculate the required current gain of transistor T1. 1

[END OF QUESTION PAPER]

Fill in these boxes and read what is printed below.

Full name of centre Town

Forename(s) Surname Number of seat

Attempt ALL questions

Calculate the magnitude of the force R, and the angle θ, to maintain

Page 03 [Turn over

Calculate, by taking moments about B, the vertical reaction at A. 3

A circuit diagram of the system is shown below.

(b) Calculate the current flowing through the variable resistor. 1

(c) Calculate the base current flowing into the transistor. 1

5. Driverless vehicles are an example of an emerging technology that may have

(a) Describe two economic impacts of driverless vehicles. 2

(b) Describe two social impacts of driverless vehicles. 2