Lecture-7(a)

Bearings

©2014 Mechanical Engineering Design, MCB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

 COURSE OUTCOMES
CO# CO Description POs Addressed

Design the basic mechanical components

CO1 PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4
in engineering systems.

Apply materials selection in the design of

CO2 PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4
mechanical systems.
Apply Geometric Modeling & Simulation
CO3 PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4
Technique in mechanical design.
Develop engineering models of the
CO4 PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4
components / systems.

Apply failure modes and effects analysis

CO5 PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4
(FMEA) on the mechanical system design.

Apply fault tree analysis on the mechanical

CO6 PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4
system design.

©2014 Mechanical Engineering Design, MCB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

 CONTENT

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Types of Bearings

1.3 Bearing Selection

1.4 Worked Examples

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 Nomenclature

Introduction

Types of
Bearings

Bearing
Selection

Worked
Examples

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Introduction
• Essential parts of a bearing:

Types of – outer ring, the inner ring, the balls or rolling

Bearings elements, and the separator.

• The spherical-roller thrust bearing is useful where

Bearing heavy loads and misalignment occur.
Selection
• Needle bearings are very useful where radial space is
limited.
Worked
Examples • Tapered roller bearings combine the advantages of
ball and straight roller bearings.

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 Types of ball bearings
Introduction

Types of
Bearings

Bearing
Selection

Worked
Examples

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 Types of ball bearings
Introduction

Types of
Bearings

Bearing
Selection

Worked
Examples

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 How do you select
a bearing?
Introduction
Procedure:
– Calculate the maximum radial force (FD),
Types of
– Acquire rotational speed (nD),
Bearings
– Acquire bearing desired reliability (RD),

Bearing – Acquire bearing desired life (LD),

Selection
– Acquire application / load factor (af),

– Identify the type of bearing to be selected,

Worked
Examples – Make calculation for catalogue rating (C10), and

– Use the calculated value of catalogue rating to select a

closest rating bearing from standard tables.

©2014 Mechanical Engineering Design, MCB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

 How do you select
a bearing?
Introduction
Catalogue rating life:

Types of
Bearings

Where, the xD is the dimensionless rating given by:

Bearing
Selection
L10 = 106 revolutions

Recommended values for the constants:

Worked
Examples Company
x0 = 0.02, ( - x0) = 4.439, and b = 1.483 Dependent

©2014 Mechanical Engineering Design, MCB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

Introduction

Types of
Bearings

Bearing
Selection

Worked
Examples

©2014 Mechanical Engineering Design, MCB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

Introduction

Types of
Bearings

Bearing
Selection

Worked
Examples

©2014 Mechanical Engineering Design, MCB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

 Example-1
A certain application requires a ball bearing with the inner ring
Introduction
rotating, with a design life of 25 kh at a speed of 350 rev/min. The
radial load is 2.5 kN and an application factor of 1.2 is appropriate.
Types of The reliability goal is 0.90. Choose a 02-series deep-groove ball
Bearings
bearing from Table 11–2.

Solution:
Bearing
Selection

Catalogue rating:
Worked
Examples

©2014 Mechanical Engineering Design, MCB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

Introduction

Types of
Bearings

Bearing
Selection

Worked
Examples

©2014 Mechanical Engineering Design, MCB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

 Example-2
An angular-contact, inner ring rotating, 02-series ball bearing is
Introduction required for an application in which the life requirement is 40 kh at
520 rev/min. The design radial load is 2745N. The application
factor is 1.4. The reliability goal is 0.90. Choose a bearing.
Types of
Solution:
Bearings

Bearing
Selection
Catalogue rating:

Worked
Examples

©2014 Mechanical Engineering Design, MCB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

Introduction

Types of
Bearings

Bearing
Selection

Worked
Examples

©2014 Mechanical Engineering Design, MCB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

 Bearing Life

Introduction
• When the ball or roller of rolling-contact bearings rolls,
contact stresses occur on the inner ring, the rolling element,
and on the outer ring.
Types of
Bearings • Common life measures are:

– Number of revolutions until the first tangible evidence of fatigue

Bearing – Number of hours of until the first tangible evidence of fatigue

Selection

• Under ideal conditions, the fatigue failure consists of spalling

of the load-carrying surfaces. The American Bearing
Worked Manufacturers Association (ABMA) standard states that the
Examples failure criterion is the first evidence of fatigue. The fatigue
criterion used by the Timken Company laboratories is the
spalling or pitting of an area of 0.01 in2.

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 Bearing Life

Introduction
• The rating life of a group of nominally identical ball or roller
bearings is defined as the number of revolutions (or hours

Types of at a constant speed) that 90 percent of a group of

Bearings bearings will achieve or exceed before the failure criterion
develops also termed as minimum life, L10 life, and B10 life.

Bearing • The most commonly used rating life is 106 revolutions.

Selection
• Timken Company rating uses a different rating: at 3000hrs
and 500rev/min
Worked
Examples => L10 = 90(106) revolutions.

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 Bearing Load Life at
Rated Reliability
Introduction
• The load-life function at 0.90 reliability using a regression
equation is
Types of
Where, a = 3 for ball bearings, and a = 10/3 for roller
Bearings
bearings (C10,cylindrical and tapered roller)

Bearing
Selection

Worked
Examples
• A catalog load rating is defined as the radial load that
causes 10 percent of a group of bearing to fail at the
bearing manufacturer’s rating life.

©2014 Mechanical Engineering Design, MCB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

 • In selecting a bearing for a given application, it is
necessary to relate the desired load and life requirements
Introduction to the published catalog load rating corresponding to the
catalog rating life.

Types of
Bearings

Bearing
Selection
• The expression for a catalog load rating as a function of
the desire load, desired life, and catalog rating life is then

Worked
Examples

• It is sometimes convenient to define xD = LD / LR as a

dimensionless multiple of rating life.

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 Bearing Survival :
Reliability Versus Life
Introduction
• If the life measure is expressed in dimensionless form as x
= L /L10, then the reliability can be expressed as

Types of
Bearings
Where, R = reliability
x = life measure dimensionless variate, L/L10
Bearing x0 = guaranteed, or “minimum,’’ value of the variate
Selection θ = characteristic parameter corresponding to the
63.2121 percentile value of the variate
b = shape parameter that controls the skewness
Worked • An explicit expression for the cumulative distribution
Examples function is based on Weibull

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 Relating Load, Life, and Reliability
• The desired load is not the manufacturer’s test load or catalog entry. The
desired speed is different from the vendor’s test speed, and the reliability
expectation is typically much higher than the 0.90 accompanying the
catalog entry.
• For example, the catalog information is plotted as point A, and the design
point is at D, the designer must move from point D to point A via point B.

• Along a constant reliability contour

• Along a constant load line (AB )

• Substitution and including an application factor af with the

design load,

• Shafts generally have two different bearings. If the bearing reliability of the shaft
with its pair of bearings is to be R, then R is related to the individual bearing
reliabilities RA and RB by

©2014 Mechanical Engineering Design, MCB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

 Lubrication
• Elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHD) is the
Introduction
phenomenon that occurs when a lubricant is introduced
between surfaces that are in pure rolling contact.
Types of
• The purposes of an antifriction-bearing lubricant may be
Bearings
summarized as follows:

Bearing – To provide a film of lubricant between the sliding and

Selection rolling surfaces

– To help distribute and dissipate heat

Worked
Examples – To prevent corrosion of the bearing surfaces

– To protect the parts from the entrance of foreign

matter

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 Lubrication
Introduction • Either oil or grease may be employed as a lubricant.

Types of
Bearings

Bearing
Selection

Worked
Examples

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 Mounting and Enclosure
• The most frequently encountered mounting problem is
Introduction
that which requires one bearing at each end of a shaft.

Types of
Bearings Common bearing
mounting

Bearing
Selection

Worked
Examples Alternative bearing
mounting

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 Mounting and Enclosure

Introduction • A very common solution is that the inner rings are backed
up against the shaft shoulders and are held in position by
round nuts threaded onto the shaft. Alternatively, the inner
Types of
races are backed up against the shaft shoulders as before
Bearings
but no retaining devices are required.

Bearing
Selection

Worked
Examples

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 Mounting and Enclosure

Introduction
• It is frequently necessary to use two or more bearings at
one end of a shaft to obtain additional rigidity or increased
load capacity or to cantilever a shaft.
Types of
Bearings

Bearing
Selection

Worked
Examples

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 Example #3
The figure shown is a geared countershaft with an overhanging
Introduction pinion at C. Select an angular contact ball bearing from Table
11–2 for mounting at O and a straight roller bearing from Table
11–3 for mounting at B. The force on gear A is FA = 2670 N, and
the shaft is to run at a speed of 420 rev/min. Solution of the
Types of statics problem gives force of bearings against the shaft at O as
Bearings RO = -1722j + 2078k N, and at B as RB = 1406j − 7187k N.
Specify the bearings required, using an application factor of 1.2, a
desired life of 40 kh, and a combined reliability goal of 0.95.
0.9
Bearing 50kh
480
Selection

Worked
Examples

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 Solution:

Introduction

Types of
Bearings

Bearing
Selection

Worked
Examples

©2014 Mechanical Engineering Design, MCB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

 Solution:

Introduction

Types of
Bearings

Bearing
Selection

Worked
Examples

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 Example #4
The figure is a schematic drawing of a countershaft that
Introduction supports two V-belt pulleys. The countershaft runs at 1500
rev/min and the bearings are to have a life of 60 kh at a
combined reliability of 0.98. The belt tension on the loose side
of pulley A is 15 percent of the tension on the tight side. Select
Types of deep-groove bearings from Table 11–2 for use at O and E,
Bearings using an application factor of unity.

Bearing
Selection

Worked
Examples

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 Solution:

Introduction

(270-50)x150

Types of
Bearings

Bearing
Selection

Worked
Examples

©2014 Mechanical Engineering Design, MCB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

Introduction

Types of
Bearings

Bearing
Selection

Worked
Examples

©2014 Mechanical Engineering Design, MCB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

 Assignment #3
A gear-reduction unit uses the countershaft depicted in the figure.
Introduction Find the two bearing reactions. The bearings are to be angular-
contact ball bearings, having a desired life of 50 kh when used at
300 rev/min. Use 1.2 for the application factor and a reliability
goal for the bearing pair of 0.96. Select the bearings from Table
Types of 11–2. Also design the shaft using von Misses stress theory.
Bearings

Bearing
Selection

Worked
Examples

Submission date: 14th Nov. 2014, before 5:00PM

©2014 Mechanical Engineering Design, MCB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

 Thank You!

©2014 Mechanical Engineering Design, MCB3083 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS