19/02/2018

Writing Skills Strategies

Ninuk Dian Kurniawati

Malang, 1977
0856 4826 6123
ninuk.dk@fkp.unair.ac.id
Graduated D3 in 1998
Graduated Ners in 2004
Graduated S2 in 2010
Graduated S3 in 2018
Former nurse of RSAL Dr Ramelan
Staf of FKp UNAIR, Critical Care Nursing

1
 19/02/2018

Learning Outcomes
Specific: Able to structure a sentence:
independent clause, dependent clause,
complex sentence, and complex
sentence with adverb

Specific: Able to use correction symbols

General: Understand
written English-Sentences
structure

Activity

Seat with your friend of the same

group

2
 19/02/2018

Discuss:
When will you use your writing skills in
English during your study? Both Bachelor-
Profession

What will be some of the features of

academic writing at University?

Academic writing
• The language has to be clear, concise and
neutral.
• Material is to be well researched.
• Appropriate theories should be used.
• It should be supported by relevant literature.
• All literature should be correctly
acknowledged.

3
 19/02/2018

How is it done?
• Aim for precision. Don’t use unnecessary
words. Get straight to the point. Make every
word count.
• Unless you are a confident writer, it is best to
avoid over-long sentences and to aim for a
mixture of long and short sentences for
variation and rhythm.
• Avoid repeating the same words

What is a sentence?
• A sentence is a group of words beginning with
a capital letter and ending with a full-stop,
exclamation or question mark in written
language, containing a main verb.

4
 19/02/2018

What is a clause?
• A clause is a group of words that contains (at
least) a subject and a verb

• Clauses are the building blocks of sentences

Spot the sentences and clauses

• The woman ate her dinner quickly.
• I cannot move because my back hurts.
• who was running really quickly
• Josie could swim really quickly.
• which was really smelly

5
 19/02/2018

Can you spot some sentences and clauses?

Independent
&
Dependent (Subordinate)
Clause

6
 19/02/2018

An independent clause relies on

nothing else.(It can stand alone)

Expresses a complete thought

S + V + Compement (optional) = Indep. Clause

Example: After I finish bed making, I will go to

the patient’ s rooms.

A dependent clause relies on the rest of the sentence…it

can’t stand alone because it’s “dependent”.
Does not express a complete thought
Is Also called a sentence fragment

Subordinator + S + V + Compement (optional) = Dep.

Clause

Example: After I finish bed

making, I will go to the patient’ s
rooms.

7
 19/02/2018

Subordinator
• After • If • Whenever
• Although • Since • Where
• As, just as • So that • Wherever
• As if • That • Whether
• As soon as • Though • Which
• Because • Unless • While
• Before • Untill • Who
• Even though • What • Whom
• How • When • whose

Types of dependent clauses

1. Adjective Clause *Describes a Noun or

Pronoun

*Describes a Verb,
2. Adverb Clause Adjective, or Adverb

*The clause is used

3. Noun Clause as a Noun

8
 19/02/2018

Adjective Clause:
A dependent clause that describes a noun or
pronoun.

Example: Ms. Jackson had shown slides that

she had taken in Egypt.

How do we know this is a clause and not a phrase?

**It has a subject-she & a verb-had taken**

Why is it an adjective clause?

**Because that group of words is

describing a noun=slides**

HINT

An adjective clause usually

starts with a relative pronoun!

Relative pronouns: that, which, who, whom, whose

9
 19/02/2018

An Adverb Clause:

A dependent clause that describes a

verb, adjective, or adverb.

Example: If it does not rain tomorrow, we will go to

Crater Lake.

Why is this an adverb clause?

Because it is describing a verb (will go) & it has a subject & verb (It does
rain)

NOTICE: When an adverb clause begins a sentence, it is followed by a comma.

An adverb clause is
introduced by a
subordinating conjunction!

Example: If it does not rain tomorrow,

we will go to Crater Lake.

What’s the subordinating conjunction

in that sentence?

If

10
 19/02/2018

A Noun Clause:
A dependent clause used as a noun.

EXAMPLE: Three dollars was what Daniel

offered for the trinket.

This is a predicate nominative….A Noun Clause can

be used as Subject, Predicate Nominative, DO, or an
IO, or as an Object of a Preposition.

Why can’t “three dollars”

be the Noun Clause?
Because that doesn’t have
a subject & verb and a
clause has to have both!

Participation is the Key!

Let’s Try Some!

Identify the Dependent Clause & tell what type it is.

1. My friend found the CD that my sister bought me for my birthday.

Dep. Clause: that my sister bought me for my birthday

Type: Adjective Clause Why? Because it is describing CD,

which is a noun

2. He skateboarded the jump as if he were an expert.

Dep. Clause: as if he were an expert

Type: Adverb Clause

Why? Because it is describing how he skateboarded

11
 19/02/2018

Practice Continued…

3. Did anyone ask her what sort of present she would like
for her birthday?

Dep. Clause: what sort of present she would like for her birthday
Type: Noun Clause Why? Because it is acting as a direct
object in the sentence.

4. Whoever wins the student council election will have a great deal
of responsibility.

Dep. Clause: whoever wins the student council election

Because it is acting as the subject
Type: Noun Clause Why?
in the sentence.

Some More
5. I can’t find my softball and my glove my cousin lent me.

Dep. Clause: my cousin lent me Type: Adjective Clause

Why? Because it is describing softball & glove, which are nouns

6. If you ever wanted to step into the past, you’ll like this
museum.
Dep. Clause: If you ever wanted to step into
the past
Type: Adverb Clause

Why? Because it is describing what

you’ll like, which is a verb

12
 19/02/2018

Kinds of
Sentences

Simple Compound Complex

sentence sentences sentences

One ≥ 2 independent 1 independent

independent clauses joined clauses & ≥1
clause together dependent clause

With a coordinator, a
conjuntive adverb, a semicolon Complex sentences w/ adverb clauses
Complex sentences w/ adjective clauses
Complex sentences w/ noun clauses

Compound Sentences
With a
coordinator

Ways to
joint the
clauses
With a
With a
conjuctive
semicolon
adverb

13
 19/02/2018

Independent
clause
Coordinator
FANBOYS:
for, and, nor,
but, or, yet, so
Independent
clause

Compound sentence with

coordinators

Coordinators (Coordinating Conjuctions)

For to add reason Japanese people live longer than most other
nasionalities, for they eat healthful diets.

And to add a similar, equal idea They eat a lot of fish and vegetables, and they eat
lightly.

Nor to add a negative equal idea They do not eat a lot of red meat, nor do they eat
many diary products.

But to add an opposite idea Diet is one factor in how long people live, but it is
not the only factor.

Or to add an alternative However people should limit the amount of animal

possibility fat in their diets, or the risk getting heart disease.

Yet to add an unexpected or Cigarette smoking is a factor in longevity, yet

surprising continuation Japanese and other long-lived Asians have avery
high rate of tobacco use.
So to add an expected result Doctors say that stress is anothe longevity factor, so
try to avoid stress if you wish to live a longer life

14
 19/02/2018

Punctuation: a semicolon
Conjunctive adverbs before adn a comma after the
conjuctive adverb
Also, besides, to add a similar, equal Rumah Sakit UNAIR offers many services for patients;
furthermore, in idea also/besides/furthermore/in addition, moreover, it prepares
addition, moreover, ass nursing students to transfer to a professional nurse.
In addition to inhibiting natural protective mechanisms, disturbed flow
well, too can augment the production of certain leukocyte adhesion molecules
(eg, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 [ICAM-1]).

However, nevertheless, to add an unexpected The cost of the RS UNAIR out-patient clinic’s services is low;
nonetheless, still or surprising however/nevertheless/nonetheless/still, many patients need
continuation financial aid.

On the other hand, in to add a complete The cost at the outpatient clinic is low; on the other hand/in
contrast contrast contrast; the cost of ICU hospitalisation is extremely high.

Otherwise to add an alternative Students must take final exams; otherwise, they will receive a
possibility grade of incomplete

Accordingly, as a result, to add an expected Patients have different needs; accordingly/as a

consequently, hence, result result/consequently, hence, therefore, thus, nurses have to
therefore, thus perform individual patient’s assessment

For example, for to add an example Most hospitals are equipped with disaster preparation plan;
instance for instance/for example, RS UNAIR has a assembly point
made known to everyone

15
 19/02/2018

Semicolons

Is possible only when the two

independent clauses are closely
related in meaning

Complex Sentences

16
 19/02/2018

What is a Complex Sentence?

• A complex sentence contains both an
independent and a dependent clause.

• A complex sentence may contain more than

just two clauses.

• A complex sentence may be combined with a

compound sentence to form a compound-
complex sentence.

Complex Sentence
• A complex sentence combines both an
independent and dependent clause.

– Although I was tired, I studied for the test.

– I studied for the test, although I was tired.

17
 19/02/2018

Complex sentences with Adjective Clauses

An adverbs clause act like an It describes a noun or
adjective pronoun

Begins with a relative Who, whom, which, whose, or

pronouns that

It follows a noun or pronoun it describes

Who vs. Which vs. That

• Use who (whom, whomever, whose) to add information about
a person or animal.
– My cat, who is 15-years old, likes to lay on the porch all day.
• Use that to add essential information about a thing or animal.
– The animal that I like best is the platypus.
• Use which to add non-essential information about a thing or
animal.
– A platypus, which is my favorite animal, was recently added to
one of the exhibits at the zoo.

18
 19/02/2018

Punctuation Hint
• Use commas to set off non-essential clauses.
– Clauses beginning with which should be non-essential.
• My computer, which is a laptop, crashed.
– Some clauses beginning with who are non-essential.
• My teacher, whom I like a lot, just won an award for Best
Teacher.
• Do not use commas with essential clauses.
– Clauses beginning with that should be essential.
• The classes that I’m taking this semester are Reading and
English.
– Some clauses beginning with who are essential.
• The tutor who is assigned to our class is very helpful.

Complex sentences with Noun Clauses

Begins with a wh-question wors, that, whether, sometimes, if
(rare)

It follows a noun or pronoun it describes

If it acts as a noun, it can be either the subject or an

object ofi the independent clause

Punctuation:
NEVER use a comma to separate a noun clause from the
main clause
If a statement, put a period
If a question, put a question mark

19
 19/02/2018

Complex sentences with Adverb Clauses

An adverbs clause act like an adverb It tells where, when, why, how

It can come before or after an independent clause

Begins with a sub ordinator (Dependent Words): because, although, since,

while, when, unless, if

Punctuating with Dependent Clauses & Subordinating Conjunctions

• When a dependent clause that begins with a subordinating conjunction
falls at the beginning of the sentence, put a comma after the clause. (It
acts as an introductory clause.)
• When it falls at the end, no comma is needed.
– Because I didn’t study, I didn’t pass the exam.
– I didn’t pass the exam because I didn’t study.

Kinds of Adverb Clauses

Clauses Answer the questions
Time When
Place Where
Clauses of manner How
Distance How far
Frequency How often
Purpose For what intention
Results For what effect
Conditional Under what circumstance
Contrast clauses of direct Show how one thing differs from
opposition another
contrast clauses of concession Show an unexpected result

20
 19/02/2018

Activities:

With your groupmates, write

sentences on the following adverb
clauses

topic?

Time Clauses
Time subordinators
When: a specific time Chlamydiae, when present in the arterial plaque, may release
lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) and heat shock proteins that
can stimulate the production of proinflammatory mediators
by vascular endothelial cells and SMCs and infiltrating
leukocytes alike.
Whenever: at any time
While: at the same
time
As soon as: soon after
After: later
Since: from that time
As: at the same tme
Before: earlier
Until: up to the time

21
 19/02/2018

Place Clauses
Place subordinators
Where: a specific Considerable evidence suggests that impaired endogenous
place atheroprotective mechanisms occur at branch points in
arteries, where the endothelial cells experience disturbed
flow.
Wherever: any place
Everywhere: every
place
Anywhere: any place

Distance, Frequency, & Manner

Clauses
Distance, Frequency, & Manner subordinators
as + adverb + as:
distance
as + adverb + as:
frequency
As: manner
as + adverb + as:
manner
As if, as though:
manner

22
 19/02/2018

Reasons Clauses
Reasons subordinators
Because
Since
As

Result Clauses
Result subordinators
So + adjective/adverb +
that
Such a (an) + noun + that
So much/many + noun +
that
So little/few + noun + that

23
 19/02/2018

Purpose Clauses
Purpose subordinators
So that
In order that

Contrast Clauses
Direct opposition clauses

Direct opposition subordinators

whereas
while

Concession (unexpected result) clauses

Concession (unexpected result) subordinators

Although
Even though
Though

24
 19/02/2018

Conditional Clauses
Can come before or after an independent clause

If it rains tomorrow, I will not go to the library

Condition: weather Result: not going to the library

Conditional subordinators
If
Unless

Conditional Clauses
Pattern Verb form in the if clause Verb form in the
Can come before or after an independent clause
independent clause

Present time, true

If it rains tomorrow,Present
I will not go to the library Present
condition If (when) you follow your diet, You achieve your BMI
goal.
Condition:
Future time, true weather
Present Result: not going to the library
Future
condition If you exercise at least 3 times You will achieve your ideal
a week, BMI.
Present or Future Conditional
Simple past subordinators Would+ base form
Iftime, untrue condition If Reny were not so lazy (Reny She would achieve a
Unless is lazy), normal cholesterol level
Past time, untrue Past perfect Would have+past
condition If the exercise had been easier participle
(the exercise was hard), Reny would have gotten a
normal test in cholesterol
level

25
 19/02/2018

Review: Adverb Clauses

ResultAdverb Clause Subordinators
Time When, whenever, while, as soon Whenever I had to see a
as, after, since, as, before, until doctor, I was paralyzed by fear
Place Where, wherever, everywhere,
anywhere
Distance As+ adv+ as
Frequency As+ adv+ as
Manner Ass, As+ adv+ as, as if/as though I tried to act as if I were not afraid
Reason Because, since, as
Purpose So that, in order that
Result So+ adj/adv+that
Sunch a(n)+noun+that
So much/little+noun+that
So many/few+noun+that
Concession (unexpected Although, even though, though
result)
Contrast (direct While, whereas
opposition)
Conditional If, unless

Proofreading Skills

26
 19/02/2018

What is proofreading?
Proofreading is the process of comparing a copy
on screen or paper to the original copy and
marking errors to be corrected.

Proofreader marks are symbols that are used to

mark corrections and changes to a document.

Proofreader marks are found on

the rough draft of a document.

Proofreader Marks/correction symbols

Replace

27
 19/02/2018

Proofreading Steps
1. Use your word processor’s spell check and
grammar check
2. Proofread the soft copy
3. Proofread the hard copy
4. Switch with a partner
5. Edit your document

Step 1: Use Spell Check

Spell check is the word processing feature that checks your
document for incorrectly spelled words. It checks every
word in your document against an electronic dictionary and
identifies any words that it does not recognize.

28
 19/02/2018

Will spell check find all keying errors?

Spell check will not find:
• Homonyms – words that sound the same but have different meanings
– Examples:
• to, too, two
• your and you’re
• their, there, and they’re
• Names and addresses that are not in the computer’s dictionary
• Omitted words – words that have been left out but are needed in
order to make a sentence make sense
• Punctuation and capitalization errors
• Spacing errors

Step 1: Use Grammar Check

Grammar check is a word processing feature that checks your document
for grammatical errors.

Use grammar check to find:

• Incorrect use of homonyms
• Subject/verb disagreement

Grammatical errors found by grammar check can be identified by green

squiggly lines under words/phrases.

Although very helpful, grammar check may not find all grammatical
errors. You still need to proofread your document to make sure that it
makes sense.

29
 19/02/2018

Step 2: Proofread the Soft Copy

• Read the copy on the screen slowly, word by
word.
• Proofread for meaning.
• Things to look for:
– the spelling of names and addresses
– number and capitalization errors
– spacing and punctuation errors

Step 3: Proofread the Hard Copy

• Proofread your document again after printing
it. There may be errors that you find on the
printed copy that were missed on the screen.

• Proofread for:
– meaning
– possible formatting and alignment errors

30
 19/02/2018

Step 4: Switch With a Partner

Peer editing is when someone else proofreads your work
with you.

Allowing someone else to review your work can be helpful

because:
• your partner may find errors that you missed
• your partner may offer helpful suggestions to improve your
document

Step 5: Edit Your Document

Editing is the process of correcting or
making changes to a document.

Editing includes:
• correcting errors
• updating a document to make it visually
appealing

31
 19/02/2018

Grammar Rules: Capitalization

Capitalize:
• the first word of a sentence
• days of the week, months, holidays, and religious days, but not
seasons (Examples: You can expect leaves to start changing in October.
It’s the beginning of fall.)
• proper nouns and the pronoun I
• the name of specific course titles, but not names of school subjects
(Examples: I love language arts! I am registering for Ms. Johnson’s English
101 class in the spring.)
• North, South, East, West when they are in an address, part of a
proper noun, and when they refer to specific regions (Examples: I
live on East Waverly Street. She made a wrong turn going west.)
• titles that precede names but not those that follow names
(Examples: I met President Bill Clinton yesterday. This is Ms. Rose, vice
president of our FBLA chapter.)

Grammar Rules: Subject/verb

Agreement

• A verb must agree with its subject in number

and person.
– The letter S is usually added to a verb to
indicate the third person singular.

• Phrases and clauses between subject and verb

do not affect the number of the verb.

32
 19/02/2018

Grammar Rules:
Subject/Verb Agreement
• Use a singular verb after a phrase beginning
with one of or one of the.

• Use a plural verb immediately after the

phrases one of {the or those people} who and
one of the {items} that because that particular
verb refers to the or those people or items.

Grammar Rules:
Subject/Verb Agreement
• If the subject consists of two words connected
by and or by both….and, the subject is plural
and requires a plural verb.

• If a subject consisting of two nouns connected

by and refers to the same person or thing or is
preceded by each, every, many a, or many an,
a singular verb is used.

33
 19/02/2018

Punctuation Spacing Rules

Punctuation spacing is the distance on either side of
(before or after) a punctuation mark.
• Space once after a comma and a semicolon.
• Space twice after a colon and after punctuation at the
end of a sentence (period, question mark, and
exclamation point)
– Space once after a period used with initials, titles,
and most abbreviations.
– Do not space after a period used within degrees
or geographic abbreviations.

Punctuation Spacing Rules

• Do not space before or after a slash/diagonal,

a hyphen, or a dash.

• Space once before an opening parenthesis; do

not space after it. Space once after a closing
parenthesis () do not space before it.

34
 19/02/2018

Thank You

35