Chapter 9: Sources of the magnetic field

9.1 The Biot–Savart Law

9.2 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel

Conductors
9.3 Ampère’s Law

9.4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid

9.5 Magnetic Flux

9.6 Gauss’s Law in Magnetism

9.7 Faraday’s law

 ady current. 30.1 The B
h the complex processes that occur in magnetic The magnetic
ude of dB is proportional to the current and to the magnitude ds of the
ent ds.
9.1 The Biot–Savart Law (1)
atter can be explained on the basis of atomic the Biot–Sava
rom the orbital motion of electrons and from an due to a giv
ude
as of dB is proportional to sin !, where ! is the angle betweend Bthe P conductor. D
spin.
The
nd r̂.
magnetic field dB at a point P out
field with an
associated with a length element ds may be applie
netic Field
vations are summarized in the mathematical expression known todayr
of a wire carrying a steady current I from some ot
art law:
aw r̂
I
θ ds
whereField
agnetic !0 is a constant
#0 called r̂ permeability of free space:
I d s !the
1819 that a compass d B " needle is 2deflected by a (30.1) Biot–Savart l
4$ r r̂ ×P′
aptiste Biot (1774–1862) and Félix Savart &7
!0 # 4$ % 10 T'm/A d Bin
e experiments on the force exerted by an
wheretheir
et. From !0 isexperimental
a constant called
results, permeability
theBiot and of free
Figure space:
30.1 The magnetic field
Note
pression that
that thethe
gives field d B in Equation
magnetic field at some30.1 is dB
theatfield
a pointcreated
due to thebycurrent
the current
I
ntsmall
that length
produces element d s That
the field. !0 # 4$is%To
of theexpression
conductor. 10through
&7 T ' m/A
find a length
the element ds isfield B
total magnetic
given by the Biot–Savart law. The
l some point by
observations fora the
current of finite
magnetic field size,
d B atwea must sum up
direction contributions
of the field is out of thefrom a
ment d sNote
elements of Ia that the
s that
dwire makeda B
field
carrying inthe
steady
up Equation
current
current. 30.1 is
I That the
page
The total magnetic field B created at some point by a current of is,atfield
we
P and created
must by the
evaluate
into the page Bcurren
at P%. by in
Equation 30.1: element d s of the conductor. To find the total magnetic field B
small length
finite size
oth some
to ds point
(whichby a current
in the of finite size, we must sum up contributions from

!▲
points direction of the
elements
irected d s that
from dsI toward P. make up the current. d s !is,r̂we must evaluate B by
! 0I That
Equation 30.1: B# PITFALL PREVENTION
2 4$
proportional to r , where r is the distance from r2
30.1 The Biot–Savart Law
 tion 1, the angle u between ds and is zero (Fig.
ther̂ current along29-7b); soaway di
fro
arc)
full length of the wire. However, the application of
theEq.
:
Thus, entire length
is di
no magnetic field atcreate yoa
3 can be simplified9.1 by The Biot–Savart Law (2)
Eq. 29-1 gives us contributes
: C:
evaluating B separately for the Net
# 0 i ds sin % # 0 i ds sin 0 B1 ! 0. di
ee distinguishable sections4$of the
dB 1 !
r wire
2 i 4—
!
$ namely,
2
r i
! (1) the
0.
i mor
Find the magnetic field of the wire The same situation prevails in straig cu
com
ight section at the
Thus,left, (2) the
the current straight
along the entiresection
length
1the angle at the
of straight
u between ds right,
section
and 12 any mag
r̂ for curr
fie
:

like the schemacontributes

beside. no magnetic fieldisat180°. 3
(3) the circular arc. C: Thus, mag
B1 ! 0. R B2 ! 0. of th
wi
aight sections: For any current-length element in sec- th
arc of current The same situation prevails in straight section 2, where
B
n 1, the angle u between ds and r̂ is zero (Fig.C 29-7b); so
the angle u between
: ds and r̂ for any current-length element
:
ar
is 180°. Thus,
c:29-1 gives us of the Biot – Savart lawB to
Application evalu- (a ) is
The
! 0.
2 plan
netic field at the center of a circular arc
Fig.leads
29-7to(a) A wire consists of two
! m 0 if/4pR). #
Here ds sin
0 i the % angle
central # 0 fiofdsthe sinarc
0 i Ne
dB1 ! ! ! 0.
and carries current i
i. (b) For a current-le
4$ r 2
4 $
us from Eq. 29-9, the magnitude of the r 2
r̂ ismagnetic
Current
1
zero. (c) Determining
directly toward
theCdirection m
3 not o
o
away from does
e arc’s center C is circular arc; the field is into
create anythe
fieldpage co
R the
there.
us, the current along the entire length of straight section 1 m
tributes no# i($ /2)
magnetic
0 #
fieldi
0 at C: i i Additional
i example
B ! 3 ! . ˆr C m
4$ R 8R 1
3
2 ds
(a )
: B1 ! 0. R r of
he direction of B3, we apply the right-hand rule Fig. 29-7 (a) A wire c
and carries current i. (b) F
 r a an expression in which th
(a) the mago
where ! d s ! r̂ ! represents the magnitude
Because r̂ the
9.1 The Biot–Savart magnitude
is a Law
unit of the ma
(3)the magnitude
vector, ing Equ of
r̂ ing Equation (4) over a
r̂ θ y angles r
θ P x a angles range from !1 to !
Consider a thin, straight x
wire carrying ⎜d s ⎜ = dx P
ds

"
d sconstant Ocurrent I and placed O along the x '0
' 0I ! B"
axis. Determine the x magnitude and Idirection 2
x I B" r sin ! d! " 4$
of the magnetic field at (a) point P due to this 4$a !1 a

current.(a) r̂ We
We can use this resul
θ
θ2 straightx
θ1 straight d s current-carrying
O
P hence
I
th
(a) AP thin, straight wire carrying a current I. hence the angles ! 1 and x
infinitel
The magnetic field at point P due to the infinitely long, straight
(a)
30.3b be
current in each element ds of the (b) wire is 30.3b become infinitely for leng
lo
out ofFigure
the page, so the net field at point P for length
30.3 (Example 30.1) (a) A thin, straight wire carrying
P elements rang
a %
x"&
is alsocurrent
out of I.theThe magnetic field at point Px due
page. " &to%. theBecause (cos ! 1
currentEquatio
in
each element ds of the wire is outθ2of the Equation
page, so the 30.4net becomes
field at
(b) The angles θ θ
θ1 point P is1 and 2 used
also out forpage.
of the determining
(b) The angles ! 1 and ! 2 used
the netforfield. When the
determining the wire is infinitely
net field. When the wireθis infinitely long, θ2
1
long ! 1 " 0 and ! 2 " 180°. B"
 ne of the page, they all produce a magnetic field From the geom
he magnitude
out of the page of at ds,point which
P. Thus,is thewe length
where ! d s !the
have r̂ ! represents the magnitude o

oofEquation
the magnetic 30.1 field gives9.1atInteractive
The
pointBiot–Savart
P, and we needLaw (4)
Because r̂ is a unit vector, the magnitude of

the
Taking magnitude.
the origin Taking
at O andthe origin
letting pointatP O be and y
S ECTI O' I •dxThesin
N 300.1 !
Biot–Savart Law 929 ⎜d s ⎜ = dx P
int (dB) k̂the"of
P
magnitude
" along be along the
ds, which
positive positive
y axis, thek̂ length
y
is with axis, with k̂ being
kˆ being a unit a Because tan !
4of
$ the page, r 2
r pointing
quation
vector30.1 out
gives
pointing out of the page, we see wethat
see that 30.3a (the neg
nt
r elements' 0I dx sin !produce a magnetic
Interactivefield r
a negative
a valu
dB) d sk̂ ! r̂ " ! d s ! r̂ ! k̂k̂ " (dx sin !) k̂
n, let" us 4 $ restrict r 2 our attention to the r̂
imply the magnitude of ds, which is the length θ
field
selements
! r̂due
!
ionFollowing to one
representsthe30.1
produce
into Equation current
the
Bio-Savart
agives element,
magnitude
magneticlaw: field which
of ds is
! r̂ . x
ds Taking the der
r̂etisusa unit vector, the
restrict our attention to the magnitude of the cross O

d B " (dB) k̂ "

' 0'I0I dx sin! !k̂
dx sin x I
due to dBone"current 4$ element,
r 22 which is (a)
4$ y r Substitution o
current elements
I dx sin
'=0dx produce
! a magnetic field
⎜d s ⎜
dB " let us P
xpression,
irection, 4$ we must
r 2 relate
restrict the variables
our attention to the !, P
of the field
roach is todueexpress
to one current
x and element, which isof
r in terms !. (4) d
ession,
To we must this
integrate relate the variables
expression, we ,
!must relate the
yhinis(1)
Figure 30.3a,
to express
' 0we have
dB "x ,and
I dx sin
r in
!
variables angle
r 4x,
$ and r.2 terms of !.
a r an expression
Figure 30.3a, we a have θ2
r " we must
e this expression, " arelate
csc !the variables !,
θ 1 the magnitude
r̂ is sin
ne approach a to express
! x and r in terms of !. ing Equation
 From the geometry
a in Figure 30.3a, we have
lie
nd(2)r. (2) r"r. rOne
Onex, approach
and "isapproach
to
sin" a "isato
csc
express
!
csc
x
! ! r inx and
express
and r inof!terms
terms
where d!s. ! r̂of! represents
!. the magnitude o
eld From the
m the geometry sin !
ingeometry 9.1 The Biot–Savart Law (5)
in Figure
Figure 30.3a, 30.3a,
we have a we haveBecause r̂ is a unit vector, the magnitude of
he ! " a/(# x) from
n (2) the right r " triangle " ain cscFigure
!
"
ed a/(# x) from the (2)
right
a r" triangle
sin
a ! in
"
Figure
a csc ! y
negative
ative
nd sign
(2)
sign istan is necessary
necessary r " because
because " a csc
dsin d
!
sthe
is s is located
! located at at
Because ! " a/(# sinx)! from right triangle ⎜d sFigure
in ⎜ = dx P
value of x), we
ge aof x), Because have
tan we "have
tan ! " a/(# x) from the right triangle in Figure
ause30.3a !(the negative
a/(# x) from signtheis necessary
right trianglebecause ds is located at
in Figure
30.3a (the negative sign is necessary because ds is located at
a (the negative
a negative x#a" cot
sign
x "value #a !cot
isofnecessary
x), ! have
because d s is located at
a negative value of x),we
we have r
gative value of x), we have a
derivative
ivative
Taking of this
of this
the expression
expression
derivative xx" "gives
gives
of this#a cot!!
cot
#aexpression gives
r̂ . x " #a cot2! r̂
(3) (3)thedx "dxa "csca2ofcsc d!
Taking the derivative of this! expression gives
oss Taking derivative !this
d ! expression gives θ
ng the derivative of this expression gives 2 ! d! x
nEquations
of Equations (2) (3) (3)(3)
and dx " a csc
into Equation 2 (1)
Substitution (2)
(3) and
into (3)
dx
the "into
dB a cscdx
Equation
2 !" d ! d ! gives
a csc(1)! gives ds O
Substitution of Equations (2) and (3) into Equation (1) gives x I
Substitution aof 2
Equations (2) and (3)
titution
' of
I 0Icsc
'Equations
a 2csc
! (2)
sin ! !sin
and
d !I
!(3)
a
dcsc
!into2'! I ' 0Id!into(1)
Equation
sin
Equation
gives
I
(1) gives
B" dB "0 (4) dB
2 "
'
2
0
" "0 sin !sin!
" d ! !0d!sin ! d!
' (a)

4$ 4$ ' a 20Icscaa csc

2csc
!'24
0!I$!sin
a csc
! a4
d!22$ csc
! a 42 $
sin!'a!
0I d! 4$a'0I
4) (4)dB " 4$dB " a 2 csc 2 ! 2 " 24$a sin"! d! sin ! d!
on an
in which
n which
expression
the the
only only in 4variable
variable$ is !a.isWe
which the only cscvariable
!. now
We ! now is ! .
obtain
We4$a
now
obtain obtain P
the magnitude of the magnetic field at point P by integrat-
ude
ofan of
xpression
the the magnetic
in which
magnetic thefield field
only at at point
variable
point isP !by Pintegrat-
. We bynow integrat-
obtain
expression
Takinging Equation
the in which
(4)
integration over theall only
elements, variable
where is !. We
the now obtain
subtending
on
(4)the(4)
magnitude
over over of all
the elements,
magnetic
all elements,
angles range of from field
!1where where
at point
thefield
to !2 as defined the P subtending
by
subtending
in at
integrat-
Figure 30.3b:
Equation magnitude
(4) over the
alldefined magnetic
elements, where the point
subtending P by integrat-
ge from ! to ! as in Figure 30.3b:
"
omrange 1! as 2defined
tofrom
!1 Equation
ing in all Figure 30.3b:
es 2 '!1I to(4)!!22 asover
defined elements,
in
' Figure
I where the subtending
30.3b:

" "
0 0 θ2
B" sin! ! to
d! " (cos !1in#Figurecos !2) 30.3b:
(30.4) θ
!2angles range 4$a from !' I 1 ! 2 as4 defined
$ a 1
I ! d! "' 0I 0
1
0I
! ' (cos
!##cos ) !!2))(30.4) (30.4)
' 0sin 2
sin ! d! "sin ! d! " (cos ! (cos
! 1 #!1cos1 2 ! cos
2 (30.4)
" !1B "
' 0I
" !2
sin4!$da! "
' Iwhere 1
0
(cos !1 # cos !2)
2 the magnitude of d s ! r̂ .
! d s ! r̂ ! represents
(30.4)
Because r̂ is a unit vector, the magnitude of the cross
4$a !1 9.1 The 4Biot–Savart
$a Law
y
(6)
n use this result to find the magnetic ⎜d s ⎜ = dx fieldP of any
We can usewire
rrent-carrying this ifresult to findthe
we know thegeometry
magnetic field and of any
straight current-carrying wire if we know the geometry and
angles ! 1 and ! 2. Consider the special r case a of an
hence the angles ! 1 and ! 2. Consider the special case of an
ong, straight
infinitely long,wire. If we
straight let Ifthe
wire. we wire in Figure
r̂let the wire in Figure
θ
me infinitely long, we see that
30.3b become infinitely long, we see ! 1 thatand
" 0 ! 1 " ! 20 "
and$ !x 2 " $
ds
elements ranging between positions
for length elements ranging between positions x x
" #O
%x and
"
I # % and
ecause
x " & %.(cos ! 1 # cos
Because (cos !!21)#"cos(cos! 2)0" #(cos cos(a)0$#)" cos2,$) " 2,
Equation
0.4 becomes 30.4 becomes
P

' 0 IB " '0I

B" 2$a (30.5) (30.5)
2$a
θ2
θ1
Equations 30.4 and 30.5 both show that the magnitude of
30.4
the and 30.5 both
magnetic field show that the magnitude
is proportional of and
to the current
 Chapter 9: Sources of the magnetic field

9.1 The Biot–Savart Law

9.2 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel

Conductors
9.3 Ampère’s Law

9.4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid

9.5 Magnetic Flux

9.6 Gauss’s Law in Magnetism

9.7 Faraday’s law

 ach other. Such forces can be used as the basis for defining the
omb. 9.2 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel
g, straight, parallel wires separatedConductors
by a distance(1)a and carrying
the same direction, as in Figure 30.8. We can determine the force
Consider two long, straight, parallel !
due to the magnetic field set up by the other 1wire. Wire 2, which
wires separated by a distance a and I1
d is identified arbitrarily as the source wire, creates a magnetic field
carrying currents I and I in the same B2 to wire 1, as
ire 1, the test wire. The direction of B2 is perpendicular
1 2

direction. We can determine the force F1! ofa

According to Equation 29.3, the magnetic force on a length
exerted on one wire due to the 2
B2. Because " is perpendicular to B2 in this situation, the magnitude I2
magnetic field set up by the other wire.
cause the magnitude of B2 is given by Equation 30.5, we see athat

F1 ! I 1!B 2 ! I 1! ! " 0I 2
!
2#a "
" 0I 1I 2
2#a
! (30.11)
Active Figure 30.8 Two parallel
wires thatIfeach
s toward wire 2 because " ! B2 is in that direction. the carry
field aset
steady
Parallel conductors
is calculated, the force Fcarrying
acting currents
on wire 2in current
is the
found exert
same
to a equal
magnetic
direction
be in force on
attract
2
each other, and parallel conductors each other.
carrying The field
currents in B2 due to th
opposite
site in direction to F1. This is what we expect because
current in wire
Newton’s
2 exerts a magneti
1
eyed.directions
When therepel each other.
currents are in opposite directions (that is, when
force of magnitude F1 ! I1!B 2 on
reversed in Fig. 30.8), the forces are reversed wireand the force
1. The wiresisrepel
attractive if the
parallel conductors carrying currents incurrents the same direction
are parallel (as shown)
and repulsive if the currents are
 Chapter 9: Sources of the magnetic field

9.1 The Biot–Savart Law

9.2 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel

Conductors
9.3 Ampère’s Law

9.4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid

9.5 Magnetic Flux

9.6 Gauss’s Law in Magnetism

9.7 Faraday’s law

to anetic field with considerably less effort. This law, which can be derived from the
current-length
Biot – Savart we
elements.Again
(1775 – 1836),
9.3
law, has traditionally Ampère’s
been credited Law (1)
to André-Marie Ampère
for whom the SI unit of current is named. However, the law actually
ever, if the distrib-
was
w to advanced
find the mag- by English physicist James Clerk Maxwell.
derivedAmpere’s
Ampere’sfrom law
the lawisis

!
ré-Marie Ampère ! !
er, the law actually "∫BB.d
: = µ#0ii
! ds:s " 0 enc (Ampere’s law). (29-14)
:
The loop on the integral sign means that the scalar (dot) product B ! ds: is to be
integrated around a closed loop, called an Amperian loop. The current ienc is the
Only the currents
net current encircled by that closed loop.
(29-14) encircled
: by the
To see the meaning of the scalar product B ! ds: and its integral, let us first
loop are used in
apply
: Ampere’s law to the general situation of Fig. 29-11. The figure shows cross
uct B ! ds is to be
:
Ampere's law.
sections of three long straight wires that carry currents i1, i2, and i3 either directly
current ienc is the
into or directly out ofAmperian
the page. An arbitrary Amperian loop lying in the plane of
the page encircles two loop
of the currents but not the third. The counterclockwise
ntegral, let us first i1
direction marked on the loop indicates the arbitrarily
θ
chosen direction of integra-
figure
tionshows
for Eq.cross
29-14.
i 3 B
ds
d i3 either directly
To apply Ampere’s law, we mentallyi 2 divide the loop into differential vector
ingelements
in the plane of are everywhere directed along
ds: that the oftangent to the loop in the
Direction
counterclockwise integration
rection of integra- Fig. 29-11 Ampere’s law applied to an
 we obtained in Example 30.1, in which we applie
the Biot–Savart 9.3
law Ampère’s
to the same Lawsituation.
(2) To analyze th
problem, let us choose for our path of integration circle
in Figure 30.12. From symmetry, B must be constant i
A long, straight wire of radius R carries a steady current I that is
magnitude and parallel to ds at every point on this circle
uniformly distributed through the cross section of the wire. Calculate
Because the total current passing through the plane of th
the magnetic field a distance r from the center of the wire in the
regions r R and r R.

1 I

R
2

r
ds

Figure 30.12 (Example 30.4) A long, straight wire of radius R

carrying a steady current I uniformly distributed across the
 gree of
d Created by a Long Current-Carrying Wire
roblem. '0I 9.3'Ampère’s
0 I Law (3)
eesresult
a steady currentBwhich
& I is circle B &is I,(for
identical inr !form
Ampère’s R) gives
law to (30.14)
(for Equation
r ! R) 30.5. Note h
(30.14)
2%r
the cross much
section of easier it is2% tor use Ampère’s law than to use t
" "
applied
rying Wire
he The magnetic
magnetic field field
a at any point can be calculated from Ampère’s law
Biot–Savart law. ThisB#ds is often
yze the & B the ds &case B(2%in r) &highly
' 0I symmet
,sin using
Ampère’s
identical alaw
the regions circular
r ! R path of radius r, concentric with the wire.
gives
in form to in Equation
circlewhich situations.
1 is identical form to30.5. EquationNote how 30.5. Note how
easier
svart"
tant much
B #dsThis
law.
onceptualize
has
circle.
Biot–Savart
a high
& "
init iseasier
to use
B wire
Here
the
degree
Now

of
it Ampère’s
isdsoften
&
the
to uselaw
isconsider
B(2current
r) &case
the
%
the than
Ampère’s
' 0II $in
interior
highly
passing
law. This is often the case in highly symmetric
to law
use the
'0I of than
symmetric
B & through
2 % r
the wire, to use
(forplane
the
where ther "
(30.14)2
r ! R) of circle
ns.
empère’s
ofsituations. less than the total current I. Because the current is unifo
thelaw problem.
w consider the over'0Iinterior
the cross
which ofsection
isthe wire,
identical of the
inwhere wire,
form rthe
to " R.
fraction
Equation of the
30.5. Note curre
how
e at the Now B & consider (for
same result the r !interior
R) of
(30.14) the wire, where r " R.
e which
current we I $applied
passing
2%r
enclosed through
by circle
much easierthe 2itplane
must
is to use of circle
equal the2 ratio
Ampère’s is law than
of the areathe%
to use
n the Here total the current
current I. I $ passing
Because
Biot–Savart thelaw.
through
current
This is
the
is
often
plane
uniform
the case
ofhighly
in
circlesymmetric
2 2is
ation. To enclosed by circle 2 to the cross-sectional area %R of t
analyze the
eof crosslesssection
identical than
integration the
in circle
form total
of 1the
3to current
situations.
wire,
Equation the I. Note
Because
fraction
30.5. of the
how the current is uniform
current
wire:
dmust
asier over
by itbe the 2cross
is constant
circleto use in section
Ampère’s
must equal
Now
law ofthan
the the wire,
consider
to
ratio use
of the
thethe
the fraction
interior
area
of the
% r 2of wire,
the current
where r " R.
yartpoint
law.on Thisthis
is circle.
often Hereinthe
the case current
highly I $ passing 2through
symmetric the plane of circle 2 2 is
dugh enclosed
bythe circle by circle 2 must equal the ratio
I $ %RI.%Because 2 of the area %
rof thethe current is uniform r
ns. plane2oftothe the cross-sectional
less than the total area current
& 2 of the
enclosed by
consider the interior of overcircle 2 to
the the
wire, the
cross cross-sectional
section
where r"I ofR.the%wire, 2 area % R
R the fraction of the current
wire:I3$ passing through
e current enclosed
the plane by ofcircle
circle2 2mustis equal the ratio of the area % r 2
the total current I. Because I $ enclosed
the
% r 2 by circle
current is uniform 2
2 to the rcross-sectional area %R 2 of the
I
cross section of the wire, the &wire: 3
fraction of the current I $2 & 2 I
by circle 2 must equal I the % R of the area r% r 2 R
ratio
2 I $ %
&
 magnitude and parallel to d s at every point on this circle. Here the cur
enclosed Because
by circle 2 must
the total current equal the ratio
passing through of of
the plane thethearea r 2 the
less%than
9.3 Ampère’s Law (4)
enclosed by circle 2 to the cross-sectional area %R 2 of over the cros
the
enclosed by
wire:3 enclosed by
1 I
wire:3
I$ %r 2
&
I R %R 2
2

rr 2
I $ & 2 d sI
R Following th
Figure 30.12 (Example 30.4) A long, straight wire of radius R Ampère’s law
carrying a steady current I uniformly distributed across the
Followingcrossthe same procedure asfieldfor circle 1,be we apply
"
section of the wire. The magnetic at any point can
Ampère’scalculated
law to fromcircle 2: law using a circular path of radius r,
Ampère’s
concentric with the wire.

3
" B # d s & B(2%r) & ' 0I $ & ' 0
2
# r2
2 I$
R the current
Another way to look at this problem is to realize that
2
enclosed by c
equal the product of the current density J & I/%R and the area %r of this circle.
 Chapter 9: Sources of the magnetic field

9.1 The Biot–Savart Law

9.2 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel

Conductors
9.3 Ampère’s Law

9.4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid

9.5 Magnetic Flux

9.6 Gauss’s Law in Magnetism

9.7 Faraday’s law

 9.4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid (1)

The A solenoid is a long wire wound in

the form of a helix. SECTION 30.4
Exterior

×
w
×
× 2
×
×
1 3 !
×
× Figure 30.19 Cross-sectional view of an ideal solenoid,
× 4 where the interior magnetic field is uniform and the
exterior field is close to zero. Ampère’s law applied to
×
the circular path near the bottom whose plane is
× perpendicular to the page can be used to show that
× there is a weak field outside the solenoid. Ampère’s law
applied to the rectangular dashed path in the plane of
the page can be used Interior
to calculate the magnitude of the
interior field.

Figure 30.17
If we consider the amperian loop perpendicular Thepage
to the magnetic field30.19
in Figure
of wire outside the first layer, with the current carried along the
9.4 The
the opposite direction Magnetic
compared to the firstField of athe
layer. Then Solenoid
net (2)
is zero. B
The contribution along side 3 is zero
ère’s law to obtain a quantitative expression for the interior
because
deal the Because
solenoid. magnetic thefield linesis are
solenoid ideal, B in the interior
perpendicular
d parallel to thetoaxis,
the pathandinthe
thismagnetic
region. field lines in the×
The around
circles contributions from sides
the solenoid. and 4 of these circles are× w
The2 planes
are Consider
page. both zero,theagain becausepath
rectangular B ofis length ! and width× 2
0.19. We can apply
perpendicular Ampère’s
to ds law to
along these this path by evaluating×
paths,
s over
both each
insideside
andofoutside
the rectangle. The contribution along×
the solenoid.
1 3
auseSidethe1 magnetic field lines are
gives a contribution perpendicular to the
to the ×
!
The contributions
integral because from
alongsidesthis 2path
andB4 isare both zero, again×
dicular
uniform s along
to dand these
parallel paths,
to ds. The both inside and outside the× 4
integral
aover
contribution to the
the closed path isalong this path B is×
integral because
rectangular
l to d s. The integral over the closed rectangular path is×
therefore
×

! B!ds " "

path 1
B!ds " B "
path 1
ds " B!
B !d s "
gular
"
bounded
The
bounded
path 1
by
right the
side
B !d s " B
path
"
9.4path
equals
by the
path
of
The
path
the
1
of
ds " B!
integration.
Ampère’s
Magnetic
law
In Field
current through
of integration.
In
involves this
the
ofthe
each
this case,
case,
total
aturn
the
Solenoid
total
current I
current (3)
totalmultiplied
curr
thro
by
throu
gular
N is thepathnumber
equals theofcurrent
turns in through each turn
the length multiplied
!, the by the numb
total current thro
ère’s
N islaw
theinvolves
number the total incurrent
of turns I through
the length the current
!, the total area through the re
Therefore,
gration. Ampère’s
In this case, the total lawcurrent
applied to thisthepath
through gives
rectan-
Therefore,
If Ampère’s
N is the number of law applied
turns in the to this path
length , thegives
total current through the

! !
t through
rectangleeach turn
is NI. multiplied
Therefore, by the number
Ampère’s of turns.
law applied to thisIf path gives
the length !, the total current throughB!d "B!d
B!s""# 0is
thes rectangle NINI.
B! " # 0NI
plied to this path gives

! B !d s " B! " # 0NI N

B " # 0B " I#" #N0nII "
! 0 #0nI
!
where nB""N/! N the number of turns per unit length.
is
#0 I " # nI (30.17) Magnetic fiel
where n " N/! ! is the0 number of turns per unit length.

r of turns per unit length.

 Chapter 9: Sources of the magnetic field

9.1 The Biot–Savart Law

9.2 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel

Conductors
9.3 Ampère’s Law

9.4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid

9.5 Magnetic Flux

9.6 Gauss’s Law in Magnetism

9.7 Faraday’s law

 B !that passes
A Quantitative Treatment
through a loop. In Chapter 23, in a
gnetic flux through the element is B ! dA, where dA is a vector that is perpendicular
Assurface
he a special
and hascase
Closing theofswitch
Eq.equal
a magnitude 30-1, to the 9.5 Magnetic Flux (1)
suppose that theFaraday’s
To put
area dA. Therefore,
late the amount
loop
the totallies
of
law in a plane
to work,
magnetic
electric field
andathat
we need
that
way toth
passes
c
th
nsider
netic the
field
"B through special
the
causes acase
issurface is of a in
perpendicular
current plane to of
thearea A inthat
plane ofa the
uniform
loop.
passes : B
field
Then
through that makes
we In
a loop.
: can an 23,
write
Chapter thein ados
# within
dA. The
Closing the switch
magnetic flux through electric
the plane flux
latein this
the " !isEof!electric
!Eamount
case dA. Here field we
thatdefine
passes am
thro
duct
n
Base
Eq.
on
30-1
the
as
way
B
we
B can be brought out
dA
the left-hand loop. cos
"defined
in
B $
0°
B!d
front
the left-hand
!
causes a current in
an
A
of
loop.
B
an
dA.
area !
A
electric
the
"B $ BA cos #
If
is
the
placed
electric
flux
integral
flux
magnetic
!
sign.
E in
" a
!
The
E !
field
magnetic
:
dA
(30.18)
:

remaining
is also
. Herefield
!
(30.19) dA
:
uniform
:
B . Then
we define a ma
the

!!
An ammeter registers a cur- an area A is placed in a magnetic field B . Then t
s justFig.
the30-2area An A of the loop.
ammeter registersThus,
a cur- Eq. 30-1 reduces to
magnetic
eft-hand
Consider
Then field
wire
thethe is
loop
special parallel
magnetic a to
just as switch
case of planethe
flux plane,
of area
through A as
in ain Figure
uniform
the loop 30.21a,
field
is B thatthen
! makes
" #$ an 90°
: and
B ! dA
: the
(magnet
le # rent
with dA. inThe
the magnetic
left-hand flux
wirethrough
loop justthe as plane
switchin this case is B
! "
:
B
:
dA
hrough
o turnS onthethe plane is zero.
current inthe If the field is perpendicular
the : to the plane, B as in Figure
! (magnetic
is closed (to turn on #Bturn !current
BA in the :
(B ! is area A, B uniform). (30-2)
, then
wire loop)
# $ 0
or and
opened the flux
(to through
" $
right-hand wire loop) or opened (to turn
B BA the
cos #plane BA (the maximum value).
(30.19)
2, which is defined as a weber : :
as inAs in30.21a,
Chapter # 23, dA is asquare
avector of magnitu
magn
e
he
unit
ntmagnetic
in theof
off the magnetic
right-hand
current
field
flux
loop).
in the
is parallel
is
theNo
right-hand
to
T ! m
plane,loop). No
Figure As inthenChapter
$ 90° 23,
anddA
(Wb);
theis 1 Wb $
vector of
From
2. Because
Eqs. the
30-1 SI
and unit 30-2, for we magnetic
see that flux
the is
SI
differential
the
unit
area
tesla
for
dA.
–
magnetic meter,
flux is th
coilsmotion
ethrough isthe of theiscoils
involved.
plane is involved.
zero. differential
If the field is perpendicular to thearea
plane,dA.
as in Figure
a21b,
– square
which
then # $ is meter, the which
called
0 and the
flux is called
weber
through the
(abbreviated
the plane weber
is BA (abbreviated
Wb): value). Wb):
(the maximum
The unit of magnetic flux is T ! m2, which is defined as a weber (Wb); 1 Wb $
! m2. 1 weber ! 1 Wb ! 1 T " m2. dA (30-3
With the notion of magnetic flux, we can state Faraday’s law in a mor
ntitative and useful way: dA

dA
B
The magnitude
dA of the emf ! induced in a conducting loop is equalBto the rate at
ich the magnetic flux #B through
B that loop changes with time.
B
(a) (b)
you will
Figure seeMagnetic
30.21 in (a)
the flux
next section,
through thelying
a plane induced (b)
emf field.
in a magnetic ! tends to oppose the flu
9.5 Magnetic Flux (2)
 Chapter 9: Sources of the magnetic field

9.1 The Biot–Savart Law

9.2 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel

Conductors
9.3 Ampère’s Law

9.4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid

9.5 Magnetic Flux

9.6 Gauss’s Law in Magnetism

9.7 Faraday’s law

 between the wire and the closest side of the loop is

ngular loop of width a9.6 andGauss’s

length b is Law in Magnetism (1)
wire is parallel to the long side of the loop. Find th
located near
magnetic fluxa throughThe factor
the loop 1/r
due to the indica
current
wire.
ire carrying a current I (Fig. 30.22). The distance and Figure 30.22 sho
n the wire and the
A rectangular closest
loop side of
of width the loop
a and lengthis bc. isThe
Solution located
From page
near
Equation ata the
30.14, long
we location
know that the o
wire
tude of the magnetic field created by the wire at a dis
parallel to the long side of the loop. Find
carrying a current I. The distance between thethetotal
from theis wire
wire at and
any point within th
the closest
tic side
flux through theisloop
of the loop duewire
c. The to the current to
is parallel in thethe longareasideelement dA is
ofI the loop.
" 0
B!
2#r
Find the total magnetic flux through the loop due to the current in the
$B !
wire.
on From Equation 30.14, we know that the magni- dr
S ECTI O N 3 0.6 • Gauss’s Law in Magnetism × × 941× × × ×
theThe
magnetic field created by themagnetic
wire at a distance
field r × To ×integrate, we
magnitude of the × × × fi
×
he wire is
created by the wire at a distance r from the × × region
× ×in Fig.
× 30.22)
×
op wire is Interactivevariable in the integra
" 0I × × × × × ×
B! I r
2#r b× " 0×Ib
The factor 1/r indicates that the field varies over the ×loop,
× × ×
$B !
and Figure 30.22 shows that the field is directed into× the × × × × 2#×
Because
page at theBlocation
is parallel
ofdrthetoloop.
dA Because
at any Bpoint
is parallel to dA
× × × × × ×
within the× loop,
at any ×point within
× the
the magnetic
loop,
× the× flux through
magnetic × flux through an
area
an element
area dA isd A is
element c a " 0Ib
× × (1)
× × !
× ×
× × × × × ×
# # Figure 30.22
2#
(Example 30.8) The magnetic field due to t
"0I
$B ! B dA ! dA carrying a current I is not uniform over the rectangular loo
× × × × × 2#r ×
The page at the location of the loop. Because B is parallel to dA
otal 9.6 Gauss’s
at any point within Law
the loop, the in Magnetism
magnetic flux through an (2)
the area element dA is

$B ! # B dA !
gni-To integrate, we first express the area
# "0I
dA
2#r element as dA = b.dr.
ce rBecauseTor isintegrate,
now the we
only variable
first expressinthe
thearea
integral, we(the
element havetan
region in Fig. 30.22) as dA ! b dr. Because r is now the only
variable in the integral, we have

$B !
" 0Ib
2#
#
c
a%c dr
r
!
" 0Ib
2#
ln r
a%c

$
c

(1) !
" 0Ib
2#
ln ! a%c
c "! " 0Ib
2#
ln 1 % !
a
c "
What If? Suppose we move the loop in Figure 30.22 very
far away from the wire. What happens to the magnetic flux?

Answer The flux should become smaller as the loop moves

 Chapter 9: Sources of the magnetic field

9.1 The Biot–Savart Law

9.2 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel

Conductors
9.3 Ampère’s Law

9.4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid

9.5 Magnetic Flux

9.6 Gauss’s Law in Magnetism

9.7 Faraday’s law

 Figure 30.23, the number of lines entering the surface equals the number leaving the
9.6 Gauss’s Law in Magnetism
surface; thus, the net magnetic flux is zero. In contrast, for a closed surface surrounding
one charge of an electric dipole (Fig. 30.24), the net electric flux is not zero.
Gauss’s law in magnetism states that
Gauss’s law in magnetism states that the net magnetic flux through
theany closed surface
net magnetic is always
flux through any closedzero:
surface is always zero:

42 C HAPTE R 3 0 • Sources of the942

MagneticC HAPTE
% B&d A ! 0
Field R 3 0 • Sources of the Magnetic Field
(30.20) Gaus

The magnetic field The electric field

lines of a bar magnet lines surrounding
form closed loops. an electric dipole
Note that the N net N + begin+ on the
magnetic flux through positive charge and
a closed surface terminate on the
surrounding one of the negative charge.
poles (or any other –
The –electric flux
closed surface) is zero. through a closed
S S
(The dashed line s u r f a c e
represents the surrounding one of
intersection
Figure 30.23 The magnetic fieldof lines
Figureof athe
bar magnet
30.23 The magnetic Figure
form field lines of a 30.24 The electric
bar magnet form field lines surrounding
Figure
the charges is not
an electric field lines surrounding an electric
30.24 The
losed loops. Note that the net magnetic
closed flux through a closed dipole begin on the positive chargedipole
and terminate
begin on on
thethe negative
surface
urface surroundingwith the
one of the polespage.)
(or
loops.
any
Note that
other closed
the net magnetic
surface)
flux
charge.
through
The
a closed
electric flux through
surface surrounding one of the poles (or any other closed surface) a closed surface zero.
positive
surrounding
charge and terminate on the negat
one a closed surface surrounding
charge. The electric flux through
s zero. (The dashed line represents
is the intersection
zero. (The dashedof the
linesurface
represents of
thethe charges is of
intersection notthe
zero.
surface of the charges is not zero.
 Chapter 9: Sources of the magnetic field

9.1 The Biot–Savart Law

9.2 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel

Conductors
9.3 Ampère’s Law

9.4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid

9.5 Magnetic Flux

9.6 Gauss’s Law in Magnetism

9.7 Faraday’s law

 9.7 Faraday’s law

a. Faraday’s Law of Induction

b. Motional emf

c. Lenz’s Law

d. Induced emf and Electric Fields

e. Maxwell’s Equations
 shown in Figures 31.1 and 31.2 have one thing in common: in
.
nduced 9.7through
in the circuit when the magnetic flux Faraday’s law law
the circuit
ments Faraday’s
shown in Figures 31.1 and 31.2 have one thing in common: in
general, a. Faraday’s Law of Induction (1)
mf is induced in the circuit when the magnetic flux through the circuit
me. In general,
n a The emf
circuit induced
is directly in a circuit
proportional is directly
to the time rateproportional
of change of to the time rate of
hrough the circuit.
change of the magnetic flux through the circuit.
ced in a circuit is directly proportional to the time rate of change of
fluxThis
through the circuit.
statement, known as Faraday’s law of induction, can be written
n as Faraday’s law of induction, can be written

d !B
$ " % law of induction, can be written (31.1)
known as Faraday’s
dt θ

s the magnetic flux through the d !B (See Section 30.5.)

circuit.
If consisting
coil the circuitof is
N a
$ " %
coilallconsisting
loops the sameofarea
of dt N loops
and if all
!B of
is the
(31.1)
h onetheloop,
same area
an emf and in
is induced if every
B is loop.
the The
magnetic flux
loops are in series,
s,! dA
the total
is theinduced emfflux
magnetic in the coil
through is given by the expression
theinduced
circuit. (See θ
through one loop, an emf is in Section
every 30.5.)
Loop of
it isloop.
a coilThe
consisting ofd !Ninloops
loops are all of the same area and if !B is the
B series, so their emfs add; area A
hrough one loop, $ "an%N (31.2)are in series,
emfdtis induced in every loop. The loops
thus, the total induced emf in the coil is given by
d; thus, the total induced emf in the coil is given by the expressionB
the expression
Equations 31.1 and 31.2 is of important physical significance, as
31.3. d !B
$" %N
op enclosing an area A lies in a uniform
dt magnetic field B,
Figure 31.3 (31.2)
as in
A conducting loop
that encloses an area A in the
 Example 31.1
9.7 Faraday’s law
One Way to Induce an emf in a Coil
a. Faraday’s Law of Induction (2)
A coil consists of 200 turns of wire. Each turn is a square of You should b
A coil consists
side 18ofcm,200
and aturns of magnetic
uniform wire. Each turn is perpendic-
field directed a square of side 18
cm, and a ular to the plane of the coil is turned on. If the field changes
uniform magnetic field directed perpendicular to theWhat plane If? W
linearly from 0 to 0.50 T in 0.80 s, what is the magnitude of the induced
of the coilthe
is induced
turned emf
on.inIfthe
the
coilfield
whilechanges
the field islinearly
changing?from 0 toCan
0.50youTansw
in 0.80 s, what is the magnitude of the induced emf in the 2
coil while
the field isSolution
changing?The area of one turn of the coil is (0.18 m) !
0.032 4 m2 . The magnetic flux through the coil at t ! 0 is
Answer If
circuit, the
t
a
zero because B ! 0 at that time. At t ! 0.80 s, the magnetic zero! (Charge
The flux through
magnitude of theone turn is "emf
induced is ! (0.50 T)(0.032 4 m2) !
B ! BA cannot move
0.016 2 T # m2. Therefore, the magnitude of the induced emf for a steady
is, from Equation 31.2, connected to
is connected
%"B (0.016 2 T # m2 & 0)
$
& &! N
%t
! 200
0.80 s
coil and the

! 4.1 T # m2/s ! 4.1 V

Example 31.2 An Exponentially Decaying B Field

A loop of wire enclosing an area A is placed in a region exponentially

where the magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of as a function
 Figure 974 A straight
Fe 31.9 1 • Faraday’s
C H A P T E R 3electrical Law
conductor of law
length ! moving
9.7 Faraday’s
× with
× a velocity
× v Figure
through31.9 a uniform
Ab. magnetic
Motional
straight emf
electrical (1)B directed
field
conductor of length ! m
FB
–perpendicular v. Due
towith to thevmagnetic
a velocity through aforce on electrons,
uniform the B direc
magnetic field
× ends of the
×
×straight conductor
perpendicularbecome tooppositely
v. Due to charged.
the This
magnetic establishes
force on Bin
electron
The E conductor of length is moving +
× × + × ×
an electric
with field
constant in theofthrough
ends
velocity conductor.
the conductor In steady
become
a uniform state, the electric
oppositely and This
charged. es
× magnetic
× v
× forces an
on electric
an field
electron in
in the
the conductor.
wire are In steady
balanced. Fe the elect
state,
−
magnetic field directed into the page.
− ×
magnetic forces on an electron in the × are ×balanced.
wire ×
! – FB
The
Let charges
consider accumulate
the negative at bothat ends
charge the until the downward
he conductor.
n center
charges The
remaining charges
in theaccumulate
conductor at both
is
× ends
×
balanced until
×
by E the
×
the do
c force of theon
qvB conductor.
chargesOn this chargeinactthe conductor is balanced
remaining
q E.twoAtforces:
this point,
electricelectrons
and magneticmove onlyIt with random
forces. × × − thermal
× × v
electric force q E. At this point, electrons move only with − random
for equilibrium
is balanced when: requires that
The condition for equilibrium requires that
q E ! qvB or E ! vB
Bin
q E ! qvB E ! inside
orvB the conductor. T
× × × × magnetic force qvB on
duced
ctricThe inelectric
field the conductor
field in
produced is conductor
produced
the related
in theto conductor
the
is potential
related difference
isto related
the toforce
the di
potential
× × × ×
upward electric q
heconductor
potential
ends according
difference
of the conductor to the
across therelationship
ends to
according the "V
of the ! E ! (Eq.
conductor
relationship
motion. The
25.6).
according
"V ! Eto! (Ef
condition
m condition,
r thetheequilibrium
relationship condition,
U=× El.
× Thus,
× ×for the equilibrium condition,
FB v
R
! ! E× ! !
"V × B !v
× ×
"V ! E ! ! B !v (31.4)
Fapp The electric field produ
× × × ×
 A experience
conduct- a magnetic force directed along the length of the bar. appThis force s
tic force
city v along directed along the
experience a magnetic force length
9.7 of the
Faraday’s
directed bar.
alonglaw This force
the length of the setsbar.upThi
an induced current because the charges are free to move in the closed cond
rbecause
the thean charges are
induced current free toofMotional
because move in flux
the charges the closed
are (3) conducting
free to move in the close
path.
Fapp. TheIn this case, the rate of change b. magnetic emf through the loop and the
es the path.
rate of change In this case, the rate of change of magnetic flux through the loop
sponding inducedofmotional
magnetic emfflux through
across the loop
the moving bar and
are the Bin corre-
proportional
Consider sponding
a induced
circuit motional
consist- ing emfofacrossa the moving × × bar× are× propo
motional
ckwise emf
change in area change
across
of the the
loop.ofIfthe
in area
moving
theloop.
bar is bar
If pulled
the barto
are proportional
the right
is pulled withright
to the a constantto the
veloc
e loop. × × ×with× a consta
conducting
ediagram
loop.
work If the
done bybar
bar
work the of
done
length
isapplied
pulled
by the
sliding
to
force the alongwith
right
appears
applied
twoa constant
forceasappears
internal as energy
internal velocity,
in the resistor
energy in the
the R
re
× × × ×
Section
rtpplied
(a). 27.6.)
fixed parallel
force conducting
appears
Section rails.
27.6.) as internal energy in the resistor F R . (See v
R B
Because theBecause
area enclosed
the areabyenclosed
the circuit
by at any
the circuit at instant
anyis instant
!x, where
! ××
is ×x× where
!x, is the px
ures link Fapp
Because
of the
m, you bar, the
the
of area
magnetic
the bar, enclosed
theflux by
through
magnetic the
fluxthatcircuit
area
through is at
that area is × × × ×
enclosed by is
any instant
force,
thex, circuit
where xatis any instant is
the position thewhere x is× theI position
of!x, ×
etic flux # ! B !x# ! B !x
thethrough
magneticthat
fluxarea is that area is
d the B B
bar, through
effects on Usinglaw,
Faraday’s law, and
Using Faraday’s and noting thatnoting that xwith
x changes changes
timewith
at atime
ratex atdx/dt
a rate
! dx/d
v, w
that the
that the induced
# B !
induced
motional
B !x
motional
emf is emf is
(a)
and noting that x changes dwith
#$ time
d #at a rate
B !% d B !%
d dx/dt dx ! v, dx
we find
The induced motional $emf
!% is ! % dt (B !x) ! (B !x)
%B ! ! %BI !
tional emf is dt dt dt dt dt

d #B $d! %B !v$ ! % B !v
dx
$! %the
Because Because
dt
!the
resistance
Because the resistance ofdt
(Bthe
of !x)
%resistance !
the%B
ofcircuit !is isR,R ,the
circuit
dt
the circuit is R, the magnitude
the magnitude
magnitude of of
the the
Rof the induced induced c
current i
induced current is &$& B !v ⎪ε⎪= B !v
$! % B !v &$& I ! B !v ! (31.5)
I! ! R R
R R
 9.7 Faraday’s law
b. Motional emf (4)

A conducting bar of length rotates with a constant

angular speed about a pivot at one end. A uniform
magnetic field
976 BC HAPTE
is Rdirected perpendicular
31 • Faraday’s Law to the plane
of rotation. Find the motional emf induced between the
ends of the bar. Bin sp
× × × × × × × em
v the
× × × ×
An
× × × r × × tha
dr us
× × ! × ×
kn
Ta
× × × × ×
O wh
× × × × × × × the
an
× × × × × × ×
 Figure 31.11 (Example 31.4) 9.7 AFaraday’s
conductinglaw Table 29.1
bar rotating
× × × × ×
around a pivot
O at one end in b. aMotional
uniform magnetic Interactive
emf (5) field that is mig
wheel
perpendicular to the plane of rotation. A motional Interactive
emf the
is period
× × × × × × ×
Consider
theinduced
a segment
across
emf induced the endsof
in this ofthe bar
the bar.
segment is
of length dr having a
angular sp
thevelocity
emf induced in this
v. The segment isof the emf induced in this
magnitude
× × × × × × ×
segment
31.11 is 31.4) A conducting
(Example d " ! bardr
Bv rotating
of the bar: d " !magnetic
Bv dr field that is

!
a pivot at one end in a uniform
icular to the plane of rotation. A motional emf is Assuming
Because every
Because
across theevery $
segment of the
of the bar.of the !
ends segment
barmoving
bar isBv
isdrmoving perpendicular
perpendicular
horizontal
B, B,
to to an an
emfemf " of the
d "dof the same same
formform is generated
is generated across
across eacheach
ular to the
segment.
segment. Summing
Summing the the
emfs emfs induced
induced across
across all all segments,
segments,
To integrate this expression, note that the linear speed v of
ar: which
which anare
are
in in
element
series,
series, gives
gives
is related the the total
emfemf
totalangular
to the
between the
between
speed #the through
$
endsends
the
!

!
relationship v ! r# (Eq. 10.10). Therefore, because B and # !
$
are constants,!we findBv drthat
This is a t

grate this expression, !

$ ! Bnotev drthat! the
B# linear!
!
r dr speed
! 12 Bv#of
ment is related to the angular speed0 # through the
!2
lightbulbs
An ad
you could
 9.7 Faraday’s law
c. Lenz’s Law
The induced current in a loop is in the direction that
creates a magnetic field that opposes the change in
magnetic flux through the area enclosed by the loop
 tionary charges.emptyWe space.
can illustrate this point by considering a con
dius r situated in
by stationarya uniform
Thisunlike
induced
magnetic
charges. 9.7
electric Faraday’s
Wefield
field
can law that
illustrate
isfield
nonconservative,
is perpendicu
this unlike
point
is nonconservative,
sp,r situated in a uniform d. Induced the
magnetic electrostatic
emf field that
and Electric produced
is perpendicular
Fields (1) with to
as in Figure radius
by 31.19.
r
stationary situated If the
charges. in magnetic
aWeuniform
can field
magnetic
illustrate changes
this field
point that
by tim
co
illustrate
as in Figure this31.19.
point If by theconsidering
magnetic a field
conductingchanges loopwith oftime, th
aday’s law (Eq.
An electric radius
loop, 31.1),
field r situated
as in an
Figure emf
isperpendicular
created ! in
in a31.19.
ay’s law (Eq. 31.1), an emf ! " # d $B/dt is induced in the loop
magnetic field that is
"the#
uniform to
d$
If B/dt
conductor
magnetic
the
the
is field
magnetic
plane
induced
as the
of athat
result
field inFigu
is per
ch th
a
he current
of the
magnetic inFaraday’s
the loop
loop,
changing
field as implies
inlaw Figure
magnetic
changes (Eq.
with the
31.19.
flux.
31.1),presence
time, Ifthen,
theemf
an of an"induced
!
magnetic
according #field
d$
to elec
changes
/dt of ra
is
urrent in the loop implies the presence of an induced electric B field fie
tangent
mf ! "
ngent to #
to
thed$
Faraday’s
the
ofloop
Ba/dt
loop
current law
because
is induced
because
(Eq. 31.1),
in this
theinloopthis
isthe
the
an
is the
implies
loop.
direction
!
emf direction
The
" # d$Bin
the presence
induction
in which
/dtwhich
is indut
ofthe
the an
cha
ve in
The response
work ofdone
a current
to the
by thein the
electric loop
electric force.implies
field Thein the
work
moving presence
done a of
by
test antheindu elefi
esinthe presence
response beto of an
tangent
the induced
electric to the electric
force. loopThe field
because
work E,done which
this by ismust
the
the directio
electricelec
tharge
charge
charge
se thisq is q
once q
the
be tangent
once
once
move around
around
direction
around
move in
to the
theinloop
in response
response
the loop
the
which
loop is
loop
toisto
because
the
the
equal
the
is equal
to q !
equal
charges
electric
electric
this
to to
force.
! q
in
is the
force.
. Because . direction
Because
Because
the wire
TheThe the work
work
the
electri
done
ine
dire db
charge is qE, the work done by the electric field in moving circth
ric
harge force.
theiselectricThe
q E, test
the work
testforce
charge
work
charge
doneacting
qqonce
done by
once the
byon the electric
theelectric
around
around charge field
thethe field
loop
in
isloopqE, moving
isthe
isinequal equal
moving to
a
workqthe
! !
qcha.
to. Beca
oploop
loop is qisis
done E(2qE(2
equal
by r),
%the
the%to r),q!
where where
charge
electric
charge . Because
2% 2qE,
rqE,
isisfield r in
is%the
the is circumference
the
the thework
moving
work circumference
electric
donedone force
the by
by charge
theof theof
acting
the
electric the
on
loop.
electric
once loop.
These
field fiel
in m
neethe bywork
work the
around doneelectric
done
the
the must
the field
must
loop
loop
loop beisisisin
be
equal;
qE(2
qE(2 moving
equal;
%therefore,
%r),,r), the
where
where
where charge
therefore,
2% we
2r %issee once
we
rthe that
isis see
the around
that
circumferenc
circumference
the of t
r is the circumference ofdone the loop. These twotherefore,
expressions
circumference for
ual; therefore, we see that
the
for theofwork work the done loop. qmust ! !
must be
"q be equal;
qE(2 equal;
" %qE(2
r) % therefore,
r) we see wethatsee
q! "
!
q " qE(2%r) E"E"
! ! ! q qE(2 " qE(2 ▲
%r) %r)
2%r 2%r E " ! ! 31.
E "
! E2" %r
ngthisthisresult,result, along
2%ralong withwith Equation Equation 31.1 31.1 and the andfact thethat fact2% rB "
$that
 ed electric field theischarge
nonconservative, !
is qqE," theqE(2work
unlike done
%r)the by the electric
electrostatic field in moving the charge onc
field produced
!
!!
q " qE(2%r) Bin
charges. We can theillustrate
loop is qE(2 %r), where
this point ! 2%9.7
by considering Faraday’s
r is the circumference
a conducting law
loopofofthe loop. These 31.2twoInd ex
Ed. E equal;
" ! Figure 31.19 A condu
ed in a uniform formagnetic
the workfield done "
that Induced
must is
2%r E be
perpendicular
" emf
2 % r and
to theElectric
therefore, we seeofthat
plane
E" Fields
the (2) r in a uniform
of radius
Fie
gure 31.19. If the magnetic field changes with 2%time,
r then, according 2%r to
Along with ! and
g this result, along with BEquation 31.1 and theB fact that $B " the fact !
q " qE(2%r)
that 2 for a
The chang
field perpendicular
circular 2
to
s
(Eq.result,
31.1),along
an with
emf Equation
" # d$ /dt31.1 is and
induced the infact
the that
loop. $ The " BA
induction
" % r B fortheBA
aloop. B rchanges
If %
"does B fo
not ne
result, along Using
thewith this
Equation result, along
31.1 with
and Equation
thecan !
fact 31.1 and
that the fact
"asBA
$Belectric that $is% " 2 BA
r loca
B
nlarthe
op, loop
we
loop, implies
find we
wethat
find the
find presence
induced
that
that the
the of an induced
electric
induced
induced field electric
can
electric
electric be fieldfield
expressed
field E,
canwhich
asbe
be must
expressed
expressed as at"the
field Binduce
the loop because circular
this is the loop, we find
direction that the
in which the
E "
induced
charges electric
in field can
theexpressed
wire be expressed
direction tangent toas
electric fieth
op, we find that the induced
1 d $B electricr dB field can 2 % be
r as
circumference
nse to the electric force. E"# The work done "1 by
# thed $electric
B r 1in
field dBmoving
d $B a (31.8) r dB even of the l
a loop
once around the Usingloopthisis equal
2% Eto
result, r "along
q!
dt
#. Becausewith2 the dt "
EquationE "##31.1
electric force and
acting the"onfact
# that $B magnetic " BA "(31 %fi r
1 2%r d $dtB r22%dB rdt dt 2 dt
eE,variation
the work of circular
donethebymagnetic
the E"
loop, we
electric #find
field fieldisthat the induced
specified,
in moving we
the #electric
" charge
can easily field
oncecalculate
aroundcan be theexpressed
in- an asinduced (
e(2 time
ctric
%r),field variation
where from If circumference
of
2% rEquation
is the the31.8.
the time
magnetic 2%ofr the
variation fielddt
of the
loop. magnetic
is specified,
These1 two
2d $expressions
dtwe iscan
field specified,
r easily we
dB
can
calculate easily
another the ca
duced electric field from Equation 31.8. B Figure 31.8
done
mf must
for
electricany be equal;
closed
field therefore,
path
from can be
Equation we see
expressed that
31.8. as Ethe" #
line integral of"E# & ds over that
e! E variation
The
& d s.
emf
In moreof general
for the
any The magnetic
closed emfEpath
cases, for
may field
any can
closed
not be is constant,
be specified,
path2%can
r dt
expressed we
as the
be expressed
and the can
path
2 line
mayeasily
dtas
▲ integral
the
not calculate
line (ifofthe
integral
PITFALL E
PREVofswth E
he emf for any closed
ctric dsfield from
! !
q "path
Equation
qE(2%can
" !E
r) be expressed as the line integral of E &though
31.8.
ds over the th
e. Hence,
! over that
If thepath:
Faraday’s
" ! E & d s.
path:
time
In more
law of variation
induction,
general
& of !
ds.theIn "
cases,
more
magnetic
# d$ general
E may31.8. B field
/dt, cases,
can is be
notofbeinduction,
E may
specified,
written
constant, and
not we
inbe constant,
can
the
31.2
easily
Induced
and
calculat
region of
the
Ele
th
rm duced be a circle.
electric !
field Hence,
from Faraday’s
Equation law ! " # the pathcan
d$B /dt, may be n
mf for any
circle. Hence, closed path
E " can be expressed as the line integral of Fields
! E & ds ove
The emf for any closed path can be expressedBas the line integral of E &in
Faraday’s law of induction, d /dt, can be written ds t
"
general form
2 % r " # $
!Eform
In& ds. Inpath:
more"general cases, d $BE may not be constant, and The the path ma
"
ral more general ! cases,
!E E& ds.
d s
E
In may
more not
general be cases,
constant,E may and
not bethe path
constant,
(31.9)
may
changing
and notpath
the
ma
ult, along with Equation 31.1 and the fact & " # that $B " BA " %r B for da$B does not need to bel
2 Faraday’s
dt !
"
e.
we Hence,
be athat
find Faraday’s
circle.
be
the aHence, law
circle.electric
induced Faraday’s
Hence, ofFaraday’s
field induction,
canlaw of induction,
law
be expressed "#
of induction,
as E&dd$ !
s "B # /dt,
" # d$ can be location
Bat/dt,
thecan
written
be writte
of
i
d $B dt
rm general form E& d s " # electric field. In(31 F
nduced electric field 1E ind $ Equation r 31.9
dB is a nonconservative field that

"
dtE satisfies

"
B
ted by a changing E " # magnetic The "
induced # The
field. electric
field field
E that in Equation (31.8)31.9 31.9
Equation even
is a a loop outside t
nonconservat
2%r dt 2 dt d $ B magnetic field will
In the general is generated
form: by a changing d E&d
$ s
magnetic
B " # field.
dt The field E that satisfies
magnetic field is E&d
specified, s we"
he induced electric field E in Equation 31.9 is a nonconservative field th
riation of the #
can easily calculate the in- an induced electric (
field from Equation 31.8. dt another example,
nerated by a changing magnetic field.E inThe field E31.9 thatissatisfies FigureEquation 3fi
or any closed pathThe can be induced
expressed electric
as the field
line integral Equation
of E & ds over that a nonconservative 31.8. The ligh
& ds. In more generalis generated cases, Eby maya not changing
be constant, magnetic
and thefield.path The may notfield E (if thatthe switchEqua
satisfies is
nsider
ry we see an that
external
the point
magnitude of E is constantE(2
and take r) " ' %r 2 (3)" %r 2 & 0nIEmax
on%this "#s
ntegral Etoisbetangent
d thatExample a circletoofit.radius
The r
magnetic
9.7flux
Faraday’s
through
law dt
d,enclosed
as illustrated in 31.8 31.20.
Figure Electric
d. Induced
By Field
2 emf Induced
and by aFields
Electric Changing (3) Magn
by this path is BA " B%R ; hence, Equa- & 0nI max#
magnitude of E is constant on this (3) E" This shows
r sin #that
t the am
(for r
9 gives
nt to it. 2
A The long magnetic
solenoidflux through
of radius R has n turns ofinside
wire thepersolenoid
unit by

!
path is BA " B%Rd2; hence, Equa-
length
E!d s " '
sinusoidally
and carries
2
(B%R ) " ' %R
dt as I " I
a 2 dBshows that the
time-varying
This
#dtt, the
cosinside
the solenoid
current
amplitude
iswith
solenoid by the
where I
that increases
of thevaries
electric
time. magnetic flu
changing
the maximum
fiel

!current source (Fig. 31.20).

max the solenoid max linearly with r and varies s
increases
d dB
current and # is the angular frequency of the alternating
(B%R 2 ) " ' %R 2 2 dB with time.
dt E!d s " E(2%r) " ' %R
dt
dt
dB Path of
%r) " ' %R 2 integration
magnetic field
dt inside the
(A) Determine a long solenoid isofgiven
magnitude by
the induced electric field
nnside a)
30.17, Determine
B "solenoid the
& 0nI. When magnitude of the
webysubstitute the expres- R
outside the solenoid at a distance r $ R from its long central
a long is given
I.I max coswe
induced
When #t substitute
into this equation
electric thefield for B and
outside
expres- thethen substi-
result
this
axis.
into Equation
solenoid
equation foratB a
and (1),
then we
distance find
r > that
substi- R from
ion (1),its we
longfind that axis.
central
Solution First
2 let d consider an external point and take
us
E(2%r) " d ' %R &0 nI max (cos #t) r
2 & nI
0 the
max path (cos #for
t) our line dt integral to be a circle of radius r
dt
b) What is the magnitude of the
centered
" %R & 2 on0 nIthe
max #solenoid,
sin #t as illustrated inI Figure cos ω t
31.20. By I m
0nImaxinduced
# sin #t electric field inside the max
symmetry we see that the magnitude of E is constant on this
solenoid, a distance r from its axis?
path
2 and
& nIthat#E R 2is tangent to it. The magnetic
Figure 31.20 (Example 31.8)
flux
Figure A
through
31.20
long (Example
solenoid carryi
max#R 0 max 2
E "
thesinarea #t enclosed sin
(for r $ Rby # t
) this path (for r
varying is $ R
BA "
current) B%byRI varying
given "; Ihence,
max cos #t.Equa-
current
An given byfi
electric
 pathsymmetry
for our the line
we integral
see
path that
for symmetry
ourto
the line we
bemagnitude see that
aintegral
circle of
toof the
radius
be E magnitude
a is r
constant
circle ofon
of radius E is r constan
this (3)
path
teredpath
on the andthethat
solenoid,path
centered
for
E isas
on
our line
tangent
path
illustrated
the and
solenoid, 9.7
to integral
it.
that
in Faraday’s
The
Figure
as is be a law
totangent
magnetic
Eillustrated
31.20. circle
influx
toFigure
By of
Theradius
it.through r
magnetic
31.20. By flux
and that
centered E is
ond. tangent
the solenoid, to it.
asBA The
illustratedmagnetic2inhence,
Figureflux through
31.20. By
mmetry we thesee
areathat enclosed by
the magnitude
symmetry we Induced
the
see thisthatpath
areaoftheE emf
is
enclosed
is and
"by
constant
magnitude BElectric
RonE; this
%this
of path Fields
Equa-
is BA
is 2constant (4)
on
"(3)B %RThis
this 2; henc
E
sh
the area
tion E31.9 enclosed
symmetry
gives we bysee
EThe
tion
this
that
is 31.9
path
the is
magnitude
gives
BA " of BE % R
is ; hence,
constant on Equa-
this
magnetic flux through inside (t
h and that is path
tangentand tothatit. tangent
magnetic to it.flux
Thethrough
E is

!
tion 31.9 path
gives and thatan tangent point to2it. The magnetic 2; flux through

!
a) First let
area enclosedthe usthe consider
area
by area enclosed
this enclosed
path is BA external
by this path
B%path
R ; is isand
hence,BA take
" B
Equa-% the
R path
hence, forEqua-
our line
d " dB 2; hence, Equa- the sole

! !!
by this 2 BA " 2Bd% R This shows dB
that Thisth
integral
n 31.9 gives to tiontion
be a31.9 31.9
E!d
circlegives
s of
" radius
' (Br % R )
centered " '
E!d s " ' on% R the solenoid
(B%dB 2 2
R ) " ' %R withinsid This
gives dt d dt dt inside the soleno tim
dtinsid
! E!d s"' 2 2
(Bd%R dB) 2" ' %R 2 dB the solenoid incre
! !
d the
E!d s " ' (B % E!d
R 2 )s "dt '
" d
' %R (B 2 %R 2 dB) " ' %R2 dt dB dB the
with
s

! !!
E!d E!d s" %r)'"dtdt'(B R s )""E(2
2 ' %%Rr) "dt' %
(1) dt s " (1) E(2 %%Rdt
E!d
dt dB dt R 2 time. with
with
dt
! 2 dB
(1) (1) E!d s " E!d E(2s "% r)
dB"
E(2 %r)' "%'R%R22 dB
) Thes(1)
E!d magnetic
" E(2%r) " field
E!d 's%Theinside
2
R E(2
" %ar)long
magnetic " ' %solenoid
R dtdt
field inside is given
a longbysolenoid is
dt dt
Equation 30.17, B "Equation & 0nI. When 30.17, we B substitute
" & 0nI. the expres-
When we substitute the
The The magnetic field inside a long solenoid is given by
sion I "magnetic
Ifield
Thecos #t field
magnetic into inside
this
field equation
inside a long
a#for
long Bsolenoid
and
solenoid then isgiven
given
issubsti- byB by
The magnetic Equation 30.17, B " & 0nI. When we substitute the expres- and the
max inside sion
a I
long " I
solenoid
max cos t
is into
given this by equation for
uationEquation
30.17, " 30.17,
tute theBEquation
result
sion
into
nI.
&I0" B
30.17,
Equation
When
I max
" tute &B we
cos #
"nI.
0the When
0nI.
(1),
&substitute
t intoresult When
this into
we
weequation
find substitute
wethatsubstitute
Equation
the expres-
for B and (1),thetheexpres-
we
then
expres-
find that
substi-
n I " sion I "#
I max cos sion
Itute
tmax I"
into I max
cos
this tcosinto
#equation #t into
thisforthis equation
equation
B and then for
for BB and
substi- and then
then substi-
substi-
the result into Equation (1),
d we find that d
tute the result into Equation (1), (cos
we find 2that
e the tute
resultthe
intoresultE(2 %r)
Equationinto
"(1),' %R we2 &
Equation 0 nI
find (1),
that
E(2
max %r) we ' %#Rt)that
" find &0 nI max (cos #t)
dt d dt
E(2%r) " ' %R22 &0 nI max d (cos #t)
E(2%r) 2" ' d %R &0 nI maxd dt (cos #t)
E(2%r) " E(2 ' %% 2&
R r) " %
nI R & nI (cos # # sin
t) #
" t %dtR 2 & nI max # sin #t
0 '
" max %Rdt02 &max nI (cos 0 #t)
" %R 20& nI max
max dt # sin #t
" %R 2 & 00nImax # sin #t
" %R 2 & 0nImax
& #nIsin
2 ##t R 2 2 Figure
" % R
0 &
max nI # sin &#0nI
t max# R
(2) E" (2)&00nImax sin #t
#ER22" (for r $ R
sin) #t (for r
varying
Figu
(2) 2r max
E " & 0nI max#R sin #t 2r (for r $ R ) Figur
vary
 9.7 Faraday’s law
d. Induced
Solution For an interior emf(rand
point ( RElectric Fields
), the flux (5) an
through
integration loop is given by B% r 2. Using the same proce-
b) For an interior point (r < R)
dure as in part (A), we find that
dB
E(2%r) " ' %r 2 " %r 2 & 0nImax # sin #t
dt

& 0nI max#

(3) E" r sin #t (for r ( R )
2

This shows that the amplitude of the electric field induced

inside the solenoid by the changing magnetic flux through
the solenoid increases linearly with r and varies sinusoidally
with time.

Path of
integration
 ! !
" 9.7 s"#
d (B
E%dFaraday’s
dt
law
e. Maxwell’s Equations
(31.9

where E is the nonconservative electric field that is produced by the changin

magnetic flux.
We conclude this chapter by presenting four equations that are
When used
regarded withbasis
as the the Lorentz F " magnetic
force law, and
of all electrical q E $ q v !phenomena.
B, Maxwell’s equation
describe all electromagnetic phenomena:

!S
E% d A "
q
'0
(31.12

!
S
B %d A " 0 (31.13

! E%d s " #
d (B
dt
(31.14

! B %d s " &0I $ '0&0

d (E
dt
(31.15