UNIT : 440

TASK : 01

STUDENT ID : 506604 ENR NUMBER : XVC6644

CANDIDATE NAME : ASJAADH SALEETH BATCH : 646
DATE OF SUBMISSION : 16.10.2018

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  Acknowledgement
First of all I would like to thank the Almighty for giving me the opportunity and
the ability to work with this project. Next up I would thank Skills College of
Technology and my lecturer for giving me the adequate knowledge and support
of completing the project. At last but not at least, I would thank my parents, my
friends and all other individuals who were a part of pushing me forward to work
with the project.

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Contents
 Acknowledgement .......................................................................................................................... 2
 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 4
 LINEAR SURVEYING TERMINOLOGY .................................................................................... 5
Various technical terms used in connection with the network triangle in surveying: ..................... 6
Principles of Chain Surveying: ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
 THE EQUIPMENTS USED TO COMPLETE LINEAR SURVEYING ..................................... 10
A Chain: ............................................................................................................................................ 10
Ranging Poles: .................................................................................................................................. 10
Arrows: ............................................................................................................................................. 10
Pegs: .................................................................................................................................................. 10
 PERFORMED LINEAR SURVEYS ............................................................................................ 11
Apparatus and Instruments: .............................................................................................................. 11
Procedure: ......................................................................................................................................... 11
 FIELD NOTES ............................................................................................................................. 12
 SUMMARY OF COMPLETED SURVEY .................................................................................. 13
REFERENCES: .................................................................................................................................... 14

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  INTRODUCTION
Surveying plays a major role in the process of construction. This is a
report prepared about Chain Surveying. This includes the definition for the
terminology Chain Surveying, the equipments used, and the methodology of the
process of a chain survey performed by me and my colleagues.

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 LINEAR SURVEYING TERMINOLOGY
 Linear Surveying also known as Chain Surveying is the simplest form of
detail surveying.
 In this method the lengths of lines are marked on the fields are
measured.
 It is a method of surveying that is suitable for small areas with simple
details, whereas is not applicable with large areas and difficult countries.

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Various technical terms used in connection with the network triangle in
surveying:

 Station: Station is a point of important at the beginning or at the

end of a surveying.
 Main-Station: The end of lines, which command the boundaries
of the survey.
 Subsidiary Station: The station selected on main-lines to run
secondary lines for the purpose of locating the interior details.
 Base line: The most important line and the longest line. Main
frameworks of survey lines are built on it as it fixes up the
directions of all other lines. The base line should be laid off on
the ground level as much as possible since the accuracy depends
on the accuracy of the base line.
 Detail – line: The secondary lines that run by selecting station on
main lines in case if the objects are far away from the main lines
and the offset are formed large.
 Check lines: The lines connecting Main station to a subsidiary
station on opposite site are connecting to subsidiary station. Also
known as group lines.
 Tie lines: The line which joins some fixed points called
“stations” on the main survey lines.
 Offsets: The measures of details like corners of buildings, roads,
fences, etc., included within the sketch of the survey measured by
lateral measurements with respect to main survey lines. Offsets
are categorized into two types as;
1. Perpendicular Offsets: The most common method of
locating objects. Perpendicular Offset can be defined as
the perpendicular distance measured from a known
chainage point on the main line to the object.
2. Oblique Offsets: Oblique Offsets are defined as the
measurements which are not made at right angles to the
survey lines are called “tie-line offsets” or “oblique
offsets”.

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 LINEAR SURVEYING TERMINOLOGY
 Linear Surveying also known as Chain Surveying is the simplest form of
detail surveying.
 In this method the lengths of lines are marked on the fields are
measured.
 It is a method of surveying that is suitable for small areas with simple
details, whereas is not applicable with large areas and difficult countries.

7
Various technical terms used in connection with the network triangle in
surveying:

 Station: Station is a point of important at the beginning or at the

end of a surveying.
 Main-Station: The end of lines, which command the boundaries
of the survey.
 Subsidiary Station: The station selected on main-lines to run
secondary lines for the purpose of locating the interior details.
 Base line: The most important line and the longest line. Main
frameworks of survey lines are built on it as it fixes up the
directions of all other lines. The base line should be laid off on
the ground level as much as possible since the accuracy depends
on the accuracy of the base line.
 Detail – line: The secondary lines that run by selecting station on
main lines in case if the objects are far away from the main lines
and the offset are formed large.
 Check lines: The lines connecting Main station to a subsidiary
station on opposite site are connecting to subsidiary station. Also
known as group lines.
 Tie lines: The line which joins some fixed points called
“stations” on the main survey lines.
 Offsets: The measures of details like corners of buildings, roads,
fences, etc., included within the sketch of the survey measured by
lateral measurements with respect to main survey lines. Offsets
are categorized into two types as;
1. Perpendicular Offsets: The most common method of
locating objects. Perpendicular Offset can be defined as
the perpendicular distance measured from a known
chainage point on the main line to the object.
2. Oblique Offsets: Oblique Offsets are defined as the
measurements which are not made at right angles to the
survey lines are called “tie-line offsets” or “oblique
offsets”.
 The offsets should be short.
 As few lines as possible should run without run offsets.
 Avoid obstacle to ranging and chaining as far as possible.
 The lines should lie on ground level as far as possible.
 A line should be drawn at one side of the road in lines lying
along a road.

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 The main station should be inter-visible and the main
principle of surveying should be strictly observed.
 The lines should be measured in an order avoiding
unnecessary walking between stations.

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 THE EQUIPMENTS USED TO COMPLETE
LINEAR SURVEYING
A Chain:
 Chains are 20m, 25m, 30m, or 50m long and are divided into 100
or 150 links.
 Depending on the materials are classified into three as;
1. Linen tapes (1cm accuracy)
2. Glass tapes (2mm accuracy)
3. Steel tapes (1mm accuracy)

Ranging Poles:
 Wooden/ Aluminum poles with a pointed steel shoe at one end
for planting in the ground.
 Generally circular in section and painted in alternate bands of
colours (red and white, red, black and white or black and white).
 Bands are either 200m or 500m and the colours are for sighting
purpose.

Arrows:
 Made of steel wire, one end is curved into a ring and the other is
made pointed.
 Used to mark up the chain lengths.

Pegs:
 Made of wood, metal or concrete.
 Wooden pegs can be made for a cross section of 10x10mm or
50x50mm and with a height of 150mm or 600mm.

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  PERFORMED LINEAR SURVEYS
Apparatus and Instruments:

 A chain
 2 tapes (a fiber tape and a steel tape)
 4 poles
 Field book

Procedure:
 We started with a preliminary survey of the area and selected a
suitable Benchmark and stations.
 We measured all the chain lines once in each direction using the
direct measurement method.
 We then measured the ties from every necessary point on the
detail to the corresponding base line.
 We also measured on the details.
 Besides that, we then recorded all the information and
measurements properly in the field book.
 Finally we drew all the details in a suitable scale to produce a
detailed map of the area.

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 FIELD NOTES

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 SUMMARY OF COMPLETED SURVEY
 Chain surveying is the simplest way of detail surveying. In this method
we measured and marked the lengths of lines on the field, while
measuring the details by offsets and ties from these lines. We were
expected to submit a descriptive report besides the final plan of the area
surveyed.

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REFERENCES:
CHAIN SURVEYING. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com.

http://surfcivil.blogspot.comCIVIL ENGINEERING CHAIN SURVEYING. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://surfcivil.blogspot.com.

CIVIL ENGINEERING SURVEYING. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/.

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