What is a sore throat?

A sore throat (also known as pharyngitis or tonsillitis) is a symptom of a disease affecting

the pharynx or the area around the tonsils. It can be the result of an infection by a virus or
bacteria. A sore throat may be symptomatic of the condition itself or one of a number of
symptoms realting to a wider illness such as flu and glandular fever.

The disease is most commonly seen in children and young people but it can occur at any
age. The characteristics of the symptom are throat pain and trouble swallowing. If the
sore throat is due to bacterial infection it can be treated with antibiotics. Usually there are
no complications.

How do you contract a sore throat?

By being infected by a virus or bacteria.

Infection by a virus causing a sore throat may come from a variety of sources, including
the common cold virus, influenza and the Epstein-Barr virus – the cause of glandular
fever. Viral infection originates from airborne droplets from coughing and sneezing and
from not washing hands that can carry the infection from person to person.

Among the bacteria that cause sore throats, the streptococcus group A is the most
common. The incubation period between picking up the infection until the disease breaks
out, is up to four days.

Good advice

• If signs of a sore throat persist for more than a few days or are severe with marked
difficulty in swallowing, high fever, a rash or vomiting, then your GP should be
consulted.
• Warm drinks and soft food may ease swallowing problems.
• Drink plenty of fluids.

What are the signs of a sore throat?

• Pain in the throat and difficulty in swallowing.
• Pain may spread to the ears.
• The throat is reddish, the tonsils are swollen and may be coated.
• Possibly a high temperature.
• Swollen lymph nodes under your jaw and in your neck may occur.
• If the sore throat is due to a viral infection the symptoms are usually milder.
Usually they are connected to the common cold.
• If the sore throat is due to the Coxsackie virus, small blisters may develop on the
tonsils and in the soft palate. The blisters erupt in a few days and are followed by
a scab which may be very painful.
 • If the sore throat is due to a streptococcal infection, the tonsils often swell and
become coated and the throat is sore. The patient runs a temperature, has foul-
smelling breath and may feel quite ill.

How does the doctor make a diagnosis?

The doctor usually makes the diagnosis from the symptoms of the disease, but
occasionally a swab of the secretions of the throat and possibly a blood sample are
required to identify the cause.

What complications may arise?

Usually a sore throat causes no trouble and only lasts about a week, but the following
complications may arise:

• a secondary infection may occur in the middle ear, sinuses or chest.

• if the sore throat is due to a streptococcus infection, there may be a rash (scarlet
fever).
• an uncommon complication is a throat abscess that usually occurs only on one
side.
• in very rare cases, diseases like rheumatic fever or a particular kidney disease
(glomerulonephritis) may occur.

How is a sore throat treated and which medication may

help?
In the vast majority of cases, a sore throat caused by a virus infection need only be treated
with paracetamol (eg Calpol, Panadol) or ibuprofen, (egNurofen for children) to bring the
temperature down.

In a small minority of patients, a sore throat caused by bacteria is treated with penicillin,
or erythromycin (eg Erythroped) in cases of penicillin allergy.

The symptoms of a sore throat can be relieved by using over-the-counter medicines, such
as sprays containing antiseptics and anaesthetics to numb the sore area, or antiseptic
gargles. These can be bought without a prescription and your doctor or pharmacist will be
able to advise you about them.

Polyurethane paints and lacquers

Polyurethane paints and lacquers fall into the following three categories:
1. Urethane oils and urethane alkyds (e.g. polyurethane varnishes):
Urethane oils and alkyds contain no residue of free unreacted isocyanate and thus the handling and use
of these products is no different to normal solventbased paints.
2. Blocked isocyanates (e.g. some soldering fluxes):
Blocked isocyanate coatings also contain no residue of free unreacted isocyanate, and thus the
application of these materials poses no problems from that viewpoint. However, phenolic solvents may
be present in the formulated paint and additional phenolic material may be released during heat curing
processes. In these circumstances appropriate precautions for phenols must be taken. These must
include protection (adequate ventilation and/or respiratory protection against inhalation of phenolic
containing vapours and suitable protective clothing to prevent skin contact).
3. Polyisocyanates (e.g. one pack moisture-cured and two-pack iIsocyanate containing paints):
The great majority of industrial-used polyurethane coatings contain polyisocyanates. This section is
concerned with precautions to be observed in the handling and application of these materials. The two
most important isocyanates are toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and 4.4.1 diphenylmethane diisocyanate
(MDI).