PMS Report

Wireless Patient Monitoring System
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter gives the brief description about the need for wireless patient
monitoring system and its importance. This chapter also gives the brief description about
scope of the project and design methodology.
Patient Monitoring System is a process where a surgeon can continuously

monitor more than one patient at a time in remote place.
1.1 Proposed Work
Some severe diseases and disorders e.g. heart failure needs close and continual
monitoring procedure after diagnosis, in order to prevent mortality or further damage as
secondary to the mentioned diseases or disorders. Monitoring these types of patients,
usually, occur at hospitals or healthcare centers. Heart arrhythmias for instance, in many
cases, need continual long-term monitoring. However, the patients are often too early
released, owing to need of hospital bed for another patient on the waiting list, who needs
to be hospitalized immediately.
1.2 Scope of the Work
Long waiting time for hospitalization or ambulatory patient monitoring/treatment,

are other well-known issues for both the healthcare institutions and the patients. This
project provides healthcare authorities to maximize the quality and breadth of healthcare
services by controlling costs. As the population increases and demand for services
increases, the ability to maintain the quality and availability of care, while effectively
managing financial and human resources, is achieved by this project. The use of modern
communication technology in this context is the sole decisive factor that makes such
communication system successful.
Dept. of ECE, GSSSIETW, Mysore. 1

1.3 Design Methodology
In transmitter circuit the Temperature is sensed by a Temperature sensor and Heat

Beat is measured by LED and LDR, then it is applied to the microcontroller, which
displays it over an LCD display and sends it to encoder. The encoder will encode it and
transmit using AM transmitter. If the measured temperature or heart beat is not within the
normal range, buzzer is switched ON.
The receiver circuit receives the signal by AM receiver, then it is applied to the
decoder. The decoder decodes the signal and sends it to the microcontroller. The
microcontroller will display it over an LCD display. If the received signal is not within
the normal range, buzzer is switched ON.
1.4 Organization of the Report
The coming chapters provide literature survey that includes matters from
papers/journals and other sources. The System description includes block diagram of both
transmitter and receiver. Hardware description includes features of each component used
in this system and detailed explanation about the circuit diagram implemented practically.
Software description includes flowcharts for transmitter and receiver. System
implementation includes the PCB layouts for transmitter and receiver. The Result
obtained is tabulated and analyzed for different conditions of patient. Finally conclusion
has been done with respect to existing result.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Microcontroller Based ECG Monitoring System
The project aims at solving the ECG problem using a microcontroller, giving a
“System on a Chip” implementation of an ECG Monitoring System. This project gives a
brief overview of the heart and its pumping operation, and then describes the advantages
of a microcontroller based ECG monitoring system over the traditional analogue filter
based ECG monitoring system. 8051 Code Architecture is used in this system.
2.2 Remote Patient Monitoring
This project details with design, construction, and theory behind a wireless
electrocardiogram (ECG). This system is arranged in such a manner as to follow a
patient’s cardiac signal from its initial detection by the ECG amplifier, its progression
through the various subsystems, and ultimately culminating in its final wireless
transmission to a PC.
In this project, wireless transmission of the digital heart signal to a computer is

done through Bluetooth. A serial-to-Bluetooth adapter from Air Cable was used to
complete this task. A/D Converter has been used.
2.3 Blood Pressure Monitor
This project is developed using software in C by just interfacing ADC 0831.
2.4 Wireless Electrocardiogram Monitor
The wireless ECG monitor was able to detect and transmit the basic elements of
an ECG waveform, such as the QRS-complex and the T-wave. This project employs a
multichannel digital transmission to transmit data. Sigma delta converter is used to
convert voltage to frequency.

2.5 Implementation of Wireless Protocol for Patient Monitoring System
In spite of the improvement of communication link and despite all progress in

advanced communication technologies, there are still very few functioning commercial
wireless monitoring systems, which are most off-line, and there are still a number of
issues to deal with.
Therefore, there is a strong need for investigating the possibility of design and
implementation of an interactive real-time wireless communication system. In this
connection, a generic real-time wireless communication system has been designed for
short and long term remote patient-monitoring, using wireless protocol. The primary
function of this system is to monitor the temperature and Heart Beat of the Patient. The
Data collected by the sensors are sent to a Microcontroller at the transmitting end. The
Microcontroller feeds the signal to encoder then it is transmitted via AM transmitter over
the air.
At the receiving end a receiver is used to receive the data and it is decoded and fed
to another Microcontroller, which is then displayed over the LCD display. If there is any
deviation in any parameter in the patient's status, an alarm is sounded to alert the
concerned doctor or the attendant.
In our project the following changes are implemented

• Wireless communication using software protocols.
• AT89C2051 Microcontroller Based System.
• Heart Beat, Temperature and pulse parameters are monitored.
• No manual operator is required.
• Bluetooth and converters are not required.

CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Embedded systems are one of the emerging technologies which are touching
every nook and corner of the mind. “It is impossible to live without these embedded
gadgets”-says ELECTRONICS magazine. From the above statement, the liveliness of
embedded system can be understood. Data communications is one of the most rapidly
growing commercial market areas today, especially “wireless communications”. In the
past few years, wireless data communications has grown from an obscure and expensive
curiosity into a practical and affordable communication and networking technology.
The convenience of wireless is very appealing as not to deal with running cables
to and from devices in order to interconnect them, and wireless devices can be moved to
any location within the transmission range, while still being able to communicate and
broadcast data. Due to this, it is expected that wireless data communications will become
even more popular and more extensively used in the medical field. Currently the most
popular method of wireless communications is radio frequency transmission. As these
devices have a very low power consumption and power output, perhaps more importantly
devices can achieve good data transmission rates.

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM
SENSORS MICROCONTROLLER TRANSMITTER
DISPLAY MICROCONTROLLER RECEIVER
Figure 3.1: Block Diagram
In the block diagram shown above, the microcontroller AT89C2051 receives the
signal from the sensors and is transmitted through the transmitter. The receiver then
receives the transmitted signal and is fed to the microcontroller. Microcontroller displays
the received signal. Here AM is used for transmission and reception of signals. The
sensors include temperature sensor and heart beat sensor. LCD display is used for
displaying the data.
3.3 TRANSMITTER SECTION
HEART BEAT
SENSOR LCD
DISPLAY
MICRO
CONTROLLER
AM
TEMPERATURE ENCODER TRANSMITTER
SENSOR
Figure 3.2: Transmitter Block Diagram

3.3.1 HEART BEAT SENSOR
This block is used to sense the heart beat with the help of an LED and an LDR. A
continuous light from the LED should fall on the LDR and the finger of the patient is to
be placed in between the LED and LDR.
The slight variation in the skin due to the heart beat is read by the LDR. The LDR
output is fed to an operational amplifier to the digital level (0 and 5) which is then fed in
to the microcontroller.
3.3.2 TEMPERATURE SENSOR
This sensor is used to read the temperature of the patient’s body. This is done by
using a temperature sensor IC which incorporates a temperature sensor, an Analog-to-
Digital converter and a serial converter.
3.3.3 MICROCONTROLLER
A microcontroller reads the pulses from the heart beat sensor and temperature
from the temperature sensor. These two parameters are displayed over an LCD display as
well as transmitted to a distant location.
3.3.4 ENCODER
This block is used to convert the data signals (digital signals) from the
microcontroller to an analog stream.
3.3.5 AM TRANSMITTER
This module gets an analog signal from the encoder and transmits it over a
frequency of 433 MHz.
3.3.6 LCD DISPLAY
A display consists of two polarizing transparent panels and a liquid crystal surface

is sandwiched in between. The Voltage is applied to certain areas, causing the crystal to
turn dark. A light source behind the panel transmits through transparent crystals and is
mostly blocked by dark crystals. It can display 16 characters per line and it has two lines.
3.4. RECEIVER SECTION
LCD
DISPLAY
AM
RECEIVER DECODER MICRO
CONTROLLER
ALARM
Figure 3.3: Receiver Block Diagram
3.4.1 AM RECEIVER
This is used to receive an AM signal of frequency 433 MHz and to produce the
output to the decoder circuit.
3.4.2 DECODER
The decoder gets an analog signal from the receiver and converts it into digital
data which is fed into the microcontroller.
3.4.3 MICROCONTROLLER
The microcontroller AT89C2051 is used to get the data from the decoder and
displays the data over an LCD display.
3.4.4 LCD DISPLAY
A display consists of two polarizing transparent panels and a liquid crystal surface

is sandwiched in between. The Voltage is applied to certain areas, causing the crystal to
turn dark. A light source behind the panel transmits through transparent crystals and is
mostly blocked by dark crystals. It can display 16 characters per line and it has two lines.
3.4.5 ALARM
In a microcontroller program, a set value for heart beat and body temperature is
given. The Alarm is used to give an audio sound, when the heart beat or body
temperature goes beyond a preset value.

CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
4.1 MICROCONTROLLER
The AT89C2051 is a 20 pin DIP, low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit

microcomputer with 2 Kbytes of flash programmable and erasable read only memory
(PEROM).
4.1.1 Features of AT89C2051
• Compatible with MCS-51 Products

• 2 Kbytes of Reprogrammable Flash Memory
• Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
• 2.7 V to 6 V Operating Range
• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
• Two-Level Program Memory Lock
• 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM
• 15 Programmable I/O Lines
• Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters
• Six Interrupt Sources
• Programmable Serial UART Channel
• Direct LED Drive Outputs
• On-Chip Analog Comparator
• Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes
4.1.2 Description
The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory

technology and is compatible with the industry Standard MCS-51 instruction set and pin

out. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel
AT89C2051 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost
effective solution to many embedded control applications.
4.1.3 Flash Memory
Flash memory is a type of EEPROM, which has a grid of columns and rows with
a cell that has two transistors at each intersection. A thin oxide layer separates the two
transistors from each other. One of the transistor is known as the floating gate and other
as the control gate.
The floating gate’s only link to the row, or ‘word line’, is through the control gate.
As long as this link is in place, the cell has a value of ‘1’. This value can be changed to
‘0’ using the Fowler-Nordheim tunneling process.
Tunneling is used to alter the placement of electrons in the floating gate. An

electrical charge, usually 10-13 volts, is applied to the floating gate. The charge comes
from the column, or bit line, which enters the floating gate and drains to ground. This
charge causes the floating gate transistor to act like an electron gun. The excited electrons
are pushed through and trapped on the other side of the thin oxide layer, giving it a
negative charge. These negatively charged electrons act as a barrier between the control
gate and the floating gate.
A special device called cell sensor monitors the level of the charge passing
through the floating gate. If the flow through the gate is greater than 50 percent of the
charge, it has a value of ‘1’. When the charge passing through the gate drops below the 50
percent threshold, the value changes to ‘0’. A blank EPROM has all of the gates fully
open, giving each cell a value of ‘1’.
The electrons in the cells of a flash memory chip can be returned to the normal ‘1’
state by application of an electric field (a higher-voltage charge). Flash memory uses in-
circuit wiring to apply the electric field to the entire chip or to the predetermined sections
known as blocks. The targeted area of the chip is erased, which can be rewritten. Flash
memory works much faster than traditional EEPROMs because instead of erasing one
byte at a time, it erases a block or the entire chip and then rewrites it.

An ideal memory sub-system is one which has high density, can be read fast and
preserve data in non-volatile condition, and is easy to program/reprogram and cost-
effective. Different memory technologies meet one or more of these requirements very
well, but have certain limitations that prevent the product from becoming a genuine
solution, especially in newer applications.
Flash memory is a non-volatile memory combining the advantages of

EPROM/EEPROM, ROM, and DRAM. There may be differences between the specific
technologies used by different manufacturers but their basic principle is same. For
example, Intel Flash memory use NOR gates, while Samsung memory uses NAND gates.
The technology used by Intel is further classified based on the core memory cell.
The first technology is the original single-bit/cell flash memory which allows a single bit
of information to be stored in each cell (1=erased and 0=programmed).
The second and the most recent technology uses a multi-level cell structure, for
example, Intel Strata Flash memory. This technology allows two bits of information to be
precisely stored in a single transistor. Programming a cell (charge placement) and reading
(sensing) must be precisely controlled in order to have four states within a single
transistor. According to Intel, the multi-level cell flash memory employs a reliable NOR-
based architecture and is ideally suited for high-density applications.
4.1.4 Pin Configuration
Figure 4.1: Pin configuration of AT89C2051

4.1.5 Block Diagram
Figure 4.2: Block Diagram of AT89C2051

4.1.6 Pin Description of AT89C2051
VCC
Supply voltage.
GND
Ground.
Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port. Port pins P1.2 to P1.7 provides internal
pull-ups. P1.0 and P1.1 requires external pull-ups. P1.0 and P1.1 also serves as the
positive input (AIN0) and negative input (AIN1), respectively, of the on-chip precision
analog comparator. The Port 1 output buffers can sink 20 mA and can drive LED displays
directly. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they can be used as inputs. When pins P1.2 to
P1.7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current because of
the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives code data during Flash programming and
program verification.
Port 3
Port 3 pins P3.0 to P3.5, P3.7 are seven bidirectional I/O pins with internal pull-
ups. P3.6 is hard-wired as an input to the output of the on-chip comparator and is not
accessible as a general purpose I/O pin. The Port 3 output buffers can sink 20 mA.
When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups
and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will
source current because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special
features of the AT89C2051 as listed in the table 11.1 [refer Appendix]. Port 3 also
receives some control signals for Flash programming and programming verification.
RST
Reset input. All I/O pins are reset to 1’s as soon as RST goes high. Holding the
RST pin high for two machine cycles, while the oscillator is running will reset the device.
Each machine cycle takes 12 oscillator or clock cycles.

XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.
XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
4.2 TEMPERATURE SENSOR
The Temperature Sensor used here is DS1820. It is a 16 pin DIP IC but only 3
pins are used for making connections (VDD, DQ and GND).
4.2.1 DS1820
The DS1820 Digital Thermometer provides 9–bit temperature readings, which

indicates the temperature of the device. Information is sent to/from the DS1820 over a 1–
Wire interface, so that only one wire (and ground) needs to be connected from a central
microprocessor to a DS1820. Power for reading, writing, and performing temperature
conversions can be derived from the data line itself with no need for an external power
source. Because each DS1820 contains a unique silicon serial number, multiple DS1820s
can exist on the same 1–Wire bus. This allows for placing temperature sensors in many
different places. It finds wide applications in HVAC environmental controls, sensing
temperatures inside buildings, equipment or machinery, and in process monitoring and
control.
4.2.2 Features of DS1820
• Unique 1–Wire interface requires only one port pin for communication.
• Multidrop capability simplifies distributed temperature sensing applications.
• Requires no external components.
• Can be powered from data line.
• Zero standby power required.

• Measures temperatures from –55°C to +125°C in 0.5°C increments. Fahrenheit

equivalent is –67°F to +257°F in 0.9°F increments.
• Temperature is read as a 9–bit digital value.
• Converts temperature to digital word in 200 ms (typ.).
• User–definable, nonvolatile temperature alarm settings.
• Alarm search command identifies and addresses devices whose temperature is
outside of programmed limits (temperature alarm condition).
• Applications include thermostatic controls, industrial systems, consumer products,
thermometers, or any thermally sensitive system.
4.2.3 Pin Configuration
Figure 4.3: Pin Diagram of DS1820
4.2.4 Detailed Description

Figure 4.4: Block Diagram of DS1820
The Figure 4.4 shows the block diagram of DS1820.It consists of three main data
components. They are:
1) 64–bit lasered ROM

2) Temperature sensor, and
3) Nonvolatile temperature alarm triggers TH and TL.
The device derives its power from 1–Wire communication line by storing
energy on an internal capacitor during periods of time when the signal line is high and
continues to operate off this power source during the low times of 1–Wire line until it
returns high to replenish the parasite (capacitor) supply. As an alternative, the DS1820
may also be powered from an external 5 volts supply. The communication to the DS1820
is done via a 1–Wire port. With 1–Wire port, the memory and control functions will not
be available before the ROM function protocol has been established.
The master must provide one of the five ROM function commands:
1) Read ROM
2) Match ROM,
3) Search ROM
4) Skip ROM or
5) Alarm Search.
These commands operate on 64–bit lasered ROM portion of each device and can
single out a specific device if many are present on 1–Wire line as well as to indicate the
Bus Master how many and what types of devices are present. After a ROM function
sequence has been successfully executed, the memory and control functions are
accessible and the Master may then provide any one of the six memory and control
function commands. One control function command instructs the DS1820 to perform a
temperature measurement. The result of this measurement will be placed in the DS1820’s
scratchpad memory, and may be read by issuing a memory function command, which

reads the contents of the scratchpad memory. The temperature alarm triggers TH and TL,
consists of one byte EEPROM each.
If the alarms search command is not applied to the DS1820, these registers may
be used as general purpose user memory. Writing TH and TL is done using a memory
function command. Read access to these registers is through the scratchpad. All data is
read and written with least significant bit first.
4.2.5 Operation
Figure 4.5: Temperature measuring circuitry
The DS1820 measures temperature through the use of an on–board proprietary

temperature measurement technique.
A block diagram of temperature measurement circuitry is shown in Figure 4.4.

The DS1820 measures temperature by counting the number of clock cycles that an
oscillator with a low temperature coefficient goes through during a gate period
determined by a high temperature coefficient oscillator. The counter is preset with a base

count that corresponds to –55°C. If the counter reaches zero before the gate period is
over, the temperature register, which is also preset to the –55°C value, is incremented,
indicating that the temperature is higher than –55°C. At the same time, the counter is then
preset with a value determined by the slope accumulator circuitry.
This circuitry is needed to compensate for the parabolic behavior of the oscillators
over temperature. The counter is then clocked again until it reaches zero. If the gate
period is still not finished, then this process repeats. The slope accumulator is used to
compensate for the non–linear behavior of the oscillators over temperature, yielding a
high resolution temperature measurement. This is done by changing the number of counts
necessary for the counter to go through for each incremental degree in temperature. To
obtain the desired resolution, therefore, both the value of the counter and the number of
counts per degree C (the value of the slope accumulator) at a given temperature must be
known. Internally, this calculation is done inside the DS1820 to provide 0.5°C resolution.
The temperature reading is provided in a 16–bit, sign–extended two’s complement
reading. Table 4.1 describes the exact relationship of output data to measured
temperature. The data is transmitted serially over 1–Wire interface. The DS1820 can
measure temperature over the range of –55°C to +125°C in 0.5°C increments. For
Fahrenheit usage, a lookup table or conversion factor must be used. Note that temperature
is represented in DS1820 in terms of a 0.5°C LSB, yielding the following 9–bit format:
MSB LSB
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 = –25°C
The most significant (sign) bit is duplicated into all of the bits in the upper MSB
of the two–byte temperature register in memory. Higher resolutions may be obtained by
the following procedure. First, temperature is read, and 0.5°C bit (the LSB) from the read
value is truncated. This value is TEMP_READ. The value left in the counter may then be
read. This value is the count remaining (COUNT_REMAIN) after the gate period has
ceased. The last value needed is the number of counts per degree C (COUNT_PER_C) at
that temperature. The actual temperature may then be calculated by the user using the
following:
TEMPERATURE = TEMP_READ – 0.25_
(COUNT_PER_C – COUNT_REMAIN)

COUNT_PER_C
Table 4.1: Temperature data relationship
4.3 212 SERIES OF ENCODERS (HT12E)
The HT12E encoder is a 18 pin DIP IC. The 212 encoders are a series of CMOS
LSIs for remote control system applications.
4.3.1 Features
• Operating voltage
o 2.4V~12V for the HT12E
• Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology
• Low standby current: 0.1_A (type.) at VDD=5V
• Minimum transmission word
• Four words for the HT12E
• Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor
• Data code has positive polarity
• Minimal external components
• Pair with Holtek’s 212 series of decoders
• 18-pin DIP, 20-pin SOP package

4.3.2 Applications
• Burglar alarm system

• Smoke and fire alarm system
• Garage door controllers

• Car door controllers
• Car alarm system
• Security system
• Cordless telephones
• Other remote control systems
4.3.3 General Description
They are capable of encoding information which consists of N address bits and
12_N data bits. Each address/data input can be set to one of the two logic states. The
programmed addresses/ data are transmitted together with the header bits via an RF or an
infrared transmission medium upon receipt of a trigger signal.
The capability to select a TE trigger on the HT12E or a DATA trigger on the

HT12E further enhances the application flexibility of the 212 series of encoders.
4.3.4 Pin Diagram of HT12E

Figure 4.6: Pin Diagram of HT12E
4.4 212 SERIES OF DECODERS (HT12D)
The HT12D decoder is a 18 pin DIP IC. The 212 decoders are a series of CMOS
Large Scale Integrations for remote control system applications. They are paired with
Holtek’s 212 series of encoders.
4.4.1 Features
• Operating voltage: 2.4V~12V

• Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology
• Low standby current
• Capable of decoding 12 bits of information
• Binary address setting
• Received codes are checked 3 times
• Address/Data number combination
• HT12D: 8 address bits and 4 data bits
• Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor

• Valid transmission indicator

• Easy interface with an RF or an infrared transmission medium
• Minimal external components
• Pair with Holtek’s 212 series of encoders
4.4.2 General Description
A pair of encoder/decoder with the same number of addresses and data format
should be chosen for proper operation. The decoders receive serial addresses and data
from a programmed 212 series of encoders that are transmitted by a carrier using an RF or
an IR transmission medium. They compare the serial input data three times continuously
with their local addresses. If no error or unmatched codes are found, the input data codes
are decoded and then transferred to the output pins.
The VT pin also goes high to indicate a valid transmission. The 2 12 series of
decoders are capable of decoding information that consists of N bits of address and 12_N
bits of data. Of this series, the HT12D is arranged to provide 8 address bits and 4 data
bits.
4.4.3 Pin Diagram of HT12D

Figure 4.7: Pin Diagram of HT12D
4.5 WIRELESS TRANSMITTER MODULE TX1-433.92MHZ
The Wireless Transmitter is a 4 Pin Compact size module. It can be directly

used on PCB, with Fixed Code and Rolling Code Encoders or directly with
microcontrollers.
4.5.1 Features
• Complete RF Transmitter Module, no external components and no tuning

required.
• High Performance SAW Based Architecture with a Maximum Range of 100 feet
at 4800 bps data rate.
• Interface directly to Encoders and Microcontrollers with ease.

• Low Power Consumption suitable for battery operated devices.
4.5.2 Pin Diagram of the Transmitter Module

Figure 4.8: Pin Diagram of the Transmitter Module
4.5.3 Pin Details of the Transmitter Module
PIN 1 RF OUT
PIN 2 DATA IN
PIN 3 GROUND
PIN 4 VCC
Table 4.2: Pin Diagram of Transmitter Module
4.6 RECEIVER MODULE (RX-3304)
This is the radio frequency receiver module, which can facilitate the OEM
designers to design their remote control applications in remote control in the quickest
way. The circuit is designed with SMD components and the module size is small enough
to be able to be fitted in almost any application.
4.6.1 Pin Diagram of Receiver Module

Figure 4.9: Pin Diagram of Receiver Module
4.6.2 Pin Details of Receiver Module
PIN 1: GND
PIN 2: Digital Output
PIN 3: Linear Output (For Testing)
PIN 4: VCC (5V DC)
PIN 5: VCC (5V DC)
PIN 6: GND
PIN 7: GND
PIN 8: ANT

4.7 TRANSMITTER CIRCUIT
Figure 4.10: Transmitter Circuit
Dept. of ECE, GSSIETW, Mysore. 27

4.7.1 CIRCUIT EXPLANATION
The Microcontroller AT89C2051 is used to sense the heart Beat & the body
temperature. The temperature was sensed by using a temperature sensor IC DS1621; it
has an inbuilt temperature sensor circuitry and analog to digital converter. The
Microcontroller also displays the Heart beat & Body temperature on an LCD display. The
Body temperature and heart beat was splitted into nibbles and fed to the encoder IC. The
encoder IC will send the data to the transmitter.
Two sensors are used for sensing heartbeat and temperature.LED and LDR are
used as Heartbeat sensing in the circuit .
The Red high intensity light emitted by led initially falls on LDR .This is the
condition where the heartbeat is calibrated to zero using resistor R16. When a patient
places his finger in between LED and LDR the light is restricted by the finger .The
intensity of light penetration decreases if the blood is pumped into the finger .If the blood
is not pumped then the light intensity is high .This high and low light intensity helps to
measure heartbeat .Actually light falling on LDR cuts due to blood movement .The
duration of light disturbed is measured which gives the time duration of each heart beat
pulse ,inverse of this time gives the heartbeat count per minute .This signal is amplified in
two stages using dual operational amplifiers.R17 resistor is used to adjust the square wave
pulse obtained, C4 is used as feedback capacitor .The output after amplification is
obtained at pin number 7 of OP-AMP and fed to microcontroller.
DS1820 is the temperature sensor .It uses onboard proprietary temperature

measurement technique for temperature measurement. When a patient holds his finger
around DS1820 the temperature is sensed in 200ms and that temperature is converted into
its equivalent current and fed to microcontroller.
Microcontroller uses program which helps to display the heartbeat and

temperature over an LCD. LCD displays both temperature and heartbeat in 2 lines.
Resistor R2 used for brightness control of LCD.
Microcontroller uses capacitor C1 and resistor R1 for resetting the

microcontroller. The Crystal oscillator used here with 2 capacitors U1,U2 is of
11.0952MHZ. Microcontroller also checks for data within the range heartbeat(65 to 85 )
and temperature (25 to 400C).If the condition is not satisfied the buzzer of 12V is
switched ON using a driver transistor. Microcontroller sends the data of Temperature and
heartbeat to HT12E for encoding data and transmitting. The Body temperature and heart
beat was splitted into nibbles and fed to the encoder IC .Then AM transmitter uses this
signal in parallel form and convert into serial form . This serial data is transmitted via
Antenna to Receiver where Antenna is an Arial.

4.8 RECEIVER CIRCUIT
Figure 4.11: Receiver Circuit

4.8.1 CIRCUIT EXPLANATION
At the receiver end the AM receiver will receive the data signal and it was fed to
the decoder IC. The decoder IC decodes the data into digital Nibbles (4 bits). This data is
fed to the microcontroller. The Microcontroller will get these signals through the ports
and display the heart beat & temperature over the LCD display.
The microcontroller will also compare the heart beats and temperature with the
predefined values and if any one of them goes abnormal the buzzer is switched on until
the reset button is pressed.
This serial data is received via Antenna at Receiver where Antenna is an Arial.
This gives the serial data converted into parallel ones .then fed to the decoder HT12D.
The decoder IC decodes the data into digital Nibbles (4 bits). The Decoding takes place
and fed to the microcontroller.
Again at receiver a program is stored which checks whether the data is within the
specified range .If the Reading is out of this range a buzzer switched ON with the help of
a driver transistor . the need for this drive transistor is because the voltage supplied to the
buzzer is 5V but actually the buzzer needs 12V.Hence a Driver transistor is needed. The
same data is displayed over an LCD Display using LCD .The potentiometer is placed to
vary the intensity of the LCD. As at Transmitter, receiver also include R 4 resistor and C1
Capacitor for resetting microcontroller. 11-0592MHZ frequency is provided by crystal
oscillator.

4.9 HEART BEAT SENSOR
D 1
+5V
R5 D3
330E
100n
C4
8 4
IC2
7 5
R11
10K
LM 358
220E
R10
3 6
D2
C5
470n
2 1
R12
R17
D1
100K
330E
1K
R16
R13
R18
47K
100K
R15
Finger
RED LED
R14
100K
High Intensity
Figure 4.12: Heart Beat Sensor
The heart beat is sensed with help of an LED and LDR arrangement. The LED is a
high intensity type LED. Here the LDR is the sensor. As Sensor, a photo diode or a photo
transistor can be used. The skin may be illuminated with visible (red) or infrared LEDs
using transmitted or reflected light for detection. The very small changes in reflectivity or
in transmittance caused by the varying blood content of human tissue are almost invisible.

Figure 4.13: Pulse Diagram
The various noise sources may produce disturbance signals with amplitudes equal
or even higher than the amplitude of the pulse signal. Valid pulse measurement therefore
requires extensive preprocessing of the raw signal. The new signal processing approach
presented here combines analog and digital signal processing in a way that, both parts can
be kept simple but in combination, they are very effective in suppressing disturbance
signals.
The setup described here, uses a red LED for transmitted light illumination and a
LDR as detector. With only slight changes in the preamplifier circuit the same hard- and
software could be used with other illumination and detection concepts. The detectors
photo current (AC Part) is converted to voltage and amplified by an operational amplifier
(LM358).

4.10 POWER SUPPLY
+12V
+5V
IC1
D1
1 3
C1 LM7805
L1 C2
D2
1000uF/25V2
1N4007 47uF/16V
230V 1N4007
AC D3
230/0-12V 1N4007
D4
1N4007
Figure 4.14: Power Supply
The 230 V from the ac mains is converted into 12 V by using a step down
transformer. The output of the transformer is converted into dc by the bridge rectifier and
is given to the voltage regulator .The voltage regulator (LM7805) is used to maintain a
constant output voltage of 5 V which is applied to the circuit.

CHAPTER 5
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
5.1 FLOWCHART FOR TRANSMITTER
Figure 5.1: Flowchart of Transmitter circuit

5.2 FLOWCHART FOR RECEIVER
Figure 5.2: Flowchart of Receiver circuit

CHAPTER 6
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
6.1 Transmitter PCB Layout
Figure 6.1: PCB layout of Transmitter

6.2 Receiver PCB Layout
Figure 6.2: PCB layout of receiver

CHAPTER 7
RESULT
Wireless Patient Monitoring System measures Heart Beat and Temperature of a patient.
Along with measuring, a variation in the reading is alarmed. Implementing this system through
AC mains is not a tedious job because 230 volts power supply is easily available. Along with
this, the conversion of 230volts to 5volts is done which prevents hazardous harm to human
beings.
Temperature is measured using DS1820, which gives temperature to current conversions

in 200ms and it does not require any external circuitry. Hence it is simple and easy to measure
temperature. This measured temperature is displayed over an LCD display via microcontroller.
Heart Beat is measured by passing an high intensity red light through a finger which is collected
by LDR, amplified and displayed over an LCD display via microcontroller.
These two measured parameters are encoded and transmitted via AM transmitter. The
AM Receivers receives the signals, decoder decodes these signals and displays it over an LCD
display through microcontroller.

CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
Biomedical engineering (BME) is the application of engineering principles and

techniques to the medical field. It combines the design and problem solving skills of engineering
with medical and biological sciences to improve patient’s health care and the quality of life of
individuals.
A medical device is intended for use in the diagnosis of disease, or in the cure, treatment,
or prevention of diseases.
Thus in Implementation of Wireless Protocol for Patient Monitoring System, the heart
beat and body temperature are successfully sensed. Temperature is measured using DS1820,
where it follows onboard proprietary temperature measurement technique. Heart beat is
measured using LED, LDR and HA71358 dual operational amplifier. Hence both parameters are
displayed on a LCD display. Then both the parameters are transmitted and displayed in a distant
location via AM Transmission.
This project will eventually reduce man power in the very near future.

CHAPTER 9
FUTURE SCOPE
• EEG, ECG and other health parameters can also be monitored.
• Continuous monitoring and future diagnosis can be performed via the same system
(TELEMEDICINE).
• More than a single patient at different places can be monitored using single
system.

CHAPTER 10
REFERENCES
[1] “THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER ARCHITECTURE,

PROGRAMMING AND APPLICATIONS”. KENNETH .J.AYALA
(Second Edition).
[2] “THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS”

MUHAMMAD ALI MAZIDI, JANICE GILLISPIE MAZIDI,
(Fourth Edition).
WEBSITES
www.alldatasheets.com
www.atmel.com
www.electronicforu.com
www.8052.com

CHAPTER 11
APPENDIX
11.1 Pin Details of AT89C2051 Port3
Table 11.1: Pin details of AT89C2051 Port3
11.2 Pin Description of HT12D

Table 11.2: Pin Description of HT12D
11.3. Pin Description of HT12E
Table 11.3: Pin Description of HT12E

11.4 Specifications of Wireless Transmission Module
PARAMETER MINIMUM TYPICAL RANGE UNITS

Modulation method ON-OFF KEYED (OOK) Modulation
Voltage 2.7 3 5.2V DC
Supply Current 5 5.5 mA
Stand by Current 3 micro A
Output power into
-2 0 0 dB m
50ohms
Overall frequency
-250 250 KHz
accuracy
Data input low 0 0.8 Volts
Data input High >0.8 Vcc Volts
Operating temp. range 0 70 Deg. Cel
Operating frequencies 433.67 433.92 434.17 MHZ
Max. Data rate 2400 Bps
Antenna External1/4 Wave Whip, Helical or PCB Trace
Package SMD
Table 11.4: Specifications of Wireless Transmission Module
11.5 Pin Description of DS1820

Table 11.5: Pin Description of DS1820
Chapter 12

INSTRUCTION SET





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Wireless Patient Monitoring System

Patient Monitoring System is a process where a surgeon can continuously

1.1 Proposed Work

1.2 Scope of the Work

Long waiting time for hospitalization or ambulatory patient monitoring/treatment,

Dept. of ECE, GSSSIETW, Mysore. 1

1.3 Design Methodology

In transmitter circuit the Temperature is sensed by a Temperature sensor and Heat

1.4 Organization of the Report

Dept. of ECE, GSSSIETW, Mysore. 2

2.1 Microcontroller Based ECG Monitoring System

2.2 Remote Patient Monitoring

In this project, wireless transmission of the digital heart signal to a computer is

2.3 Blood Pressure Monitor

This project is developed using software in C by just interfacing ADC 0831.

2.4 Wireless Electrocardiogram Monitor

Dept. of ECE, GSSSIETW, Mysore. 3

2.5 Implementation of Wireless Protocol for Patient Monitoring System

In spite of the improvement of communication link and despite all progress in

In our project the following changes are implemented

Dept. of ECE, GSSSIETW, Mysore. 4

Dept. of ECE, GSSSIETW, Mysore. 5

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

SENSORS MICROCONTROLLER TRANSMITTER

DISPLAY MICROCONTROLLER RECEIVER

Figure 3.1: Block Diagram

3.3 TRANSMITTER SECTION

Figure 3.2: Transmitter Block Diagram

Dept. of ECE, GSSSIETW, Mysore. 6

3.3.1 HEART BEAT SENSOR

3.3.2 TEMPERATURE SENSOR

3.3.6 LCD DISPLAY

Dept. of ECE, GSSSIETW, Mysore. 7

3.4. RECEIVER SECTION

Figure 3.3: Receiver Block Diagram

3.4.4 LCD DISPLAY

Dept. of ECE, GSSSIETW, Mysore. 8

Dept. of ECE, GSSSIETW, Mysore. 9

The AT89C2051 is a 20 pin DIP, low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit

4.1.1 Features of AT89C2051

• Compatible with MCS-51 Products

The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory

Dept. of ECE, GSSSIETW, Mysore. 10

4.1.3 Flash Memory

Tunneling is used to alter the placement of electrons in the floating gate. An

Dept. of ECE, GSSSIETW, Mysore. 11

Flash memory is a non-volatile memory combining the advantages of

4.1.4 Pin Configuration

Figure 4.1: Pin configuration of AT89C2051

Dept. of ECE, GSSSIETW, Mysore. 12

4.1.5 Block Diagram

Figure 4.2: Block Diagram of AT89C2051

Dept. of ECE, GSSSIETW, Mysore. 13

4.1.6 Pin Description of AT89C2051

Dept. of ECE, GSSSIETW, Mysore. 14

Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

4.2 TEMPERATURE SENSOR

The DS1820 Digital Thermometer provides 9–bit temperature readings, which

4.2.2 Features of DS1820

Dept. of ECE, GSSSIETW, Mysore. 15

• Measures temperatures from –55°C to +125°C in 0.5°C increments. Fahrenheit

4.2.3 Pin Configuration

Figure 4.3: Pin Diagram of DS1820