IMPORTANCE OF ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

In Engineering Profession, it is very essential that the Engineers and

Craftsmen are able to communicate their ideas and facts with each other clearly
and without ambiguity. The verbal communication may be hopelessly inadequate.
The written communication, on the other hand may be very inefficient, lengthy and
boring to create accurate mental and physical impression of an item in the mind of
the reader.
The Engineering Drawing, which is a Graphical Communication of an
accurate and unambiguous description of an object, has proved to be an efficient
communication method. It is a means of organizing and presenting precise
technical directions for items to be produced for the consumers.
Engineering Drawing can supply all the information needed with the
exactness and details required. It is therefore, one of the principal functions of
drawing to convey ideas from the design engineer to the fabricator. Hence, the skill
to interpret and construct engineering sketches and drawings is of paramount
importance.
The engineer may convey his ideas by one or more of the three basic types
of projections namely; Orthographic Projection, Oblique Projection or Perspective
Projection, depending upon the purpose of the drawing and the person to whom he
wishes to convey his ideas. Certain professional areas have different nomenclature
such as Machine Drawing, Architectural Drawing, and Structural Drawing.
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND SHEET LAYOUT
DRAWING BOARD SIZE
DRAWING SHEET LAYOUT
DRAWING SHEET SIZE

TITLE BLOCK OF DRAWING SHEET

LINES, LETTERING AND DIMENSIONING

SPECIFICATION OF “A” TYPE LETTERING:

SPECIFICATION OF “B” TYPE LETTERING:

ALIGNED DIMENSION UNIDIRECTION DIMENSION

GENERAL DIMENSION
GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS

The construction of plane figures such as triangle, circles, and polygons etc.,
used in plane geometry is called geometrical constructions.
(i) A Pentagon is that which has five equal sides.
(ii) A hexagon is that which has six equal sides.
(iii) A heptagon is that which has seven equal sides.
(iv) An octagon is that which has eight equal sides.
(v) A nonagon is that which has nine equal sides.
(vi) A decagon is that which has ten equal sides.
(vii) An UN decagon is that which has eleven equal sides.
(viii) A duo decagon is that which has twelve equal sides.
(ix) A diagonal of a polygon is the line joining any two of its angular points.
Bisect the line, Bisect the Arc, and Draw the perpendicular line

To divide a line into any number of equal part and Bisect angle between two
lines
 SCALE

Scale = Size of Drawing / Actual Size

 PLANE CURVES AND INTRODUCTION TO
ORTHOGRAPHIC

PROJECTION (Curves used in Engineering Practices)

Construction of Ellipse, parabola and hyperbola by eccentricity method only.

Construction of CYCLOID, INVOLUTE OF SQUARE AND CIRCLE only.
Drawing normal and tangent to the above curves.

INTRODUCTION TO ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

Principle of 1st angle and 3rd angle projection. Projection of points situated in all
the four quadrants. Problems involving projection of points, projection of two
points situated indifferent quadrants.
Engineering Curves
Construct an ellipse by eccentricity
Construct a parabola by eccentricity
Construct a hyperbola by eccentricity
SPECIAL CURVES
INVOLUTE:

An involute is the locus of a point on a string, as the string unwinds itself from a
line or polygon, or a circle, keeping always the string taut.

INVOLUTE OF A CIRCLE AND SQUARE

CYCLOIDAL:

Cycloid curves are formed by a point on the circumstance of a circle, rolling

upon a line or an another circle. The rolling circle is called the generating circle.
The line on which the generating circle rolls is called base line. The circle on
which the generating circle rolls is called directing or base circle. A cycloid is a
curve traced by a point on the circumference of a circle which rolls without
slipping along a line
EPICYCLOID:

An epicycloids is a curve traced by a point on the circumference of a

circle which Rolls without slipping on the outside of an another circle.
HYPOCYCLOID:

A hypocycloid is a curve traced by a point on the circumference of a

circle when it rolls without slipping on the inside of another circle.
Projection of Points:

A point is simply a space location of infinitesimal size. It may represent the

corner of an object, the intersection of two lines or a designated spot in space. The
projection obtained on vertical plane VP is called the elevation and on horizontal
plane HP, the plan. The intersection line of the vertical plane and the horizontal
plane is known as ground line or reference line.

Position of points:
(i) In front of the VP and above the HP
(ii) In front of the VP and in the HP
(iii) In the VP and above the HP
(iv) Behind the VP and above the HP
(v) Behind the VP and in the HP
(vi) Behind the VP and below the HP
(vii) In the VP and below the HP
(viii) In front of the VP and below the HP
(ix) In the VP and HP
GENERAL PROCEDURE TO DRAW PROJECTION
OF POINTS

1. From given data identify the quadrant

2. Draw the XY line and projection

3. Along this projector mark by dots the distances of the given point form the
HP and VP, on the corresponding side of the XY line, depending upon the
quadrant in which the point lies, to locate the front view and the top view,
respectively.
4. Make the front view and the top view bold and rub off the unwanted length
of the projector to complete the solution.