Elements of RADAR

• Antenna
• Transmitter
• Duplexer
• Receiver/Signal Processor
RADAR ANTENNAE
 Functions: RADAR Antenna

• Focuses energy in desired direction in the space

• Collects back scattered energy from object
• Spatial filter
• Space coverage
• Converts guided wave energy to free space waves and
vice versa
• Establishes angle of arrival
• Establishes range
 Features: Antenna For RADAR

• Large Gain
• Desired Radiation Pattern
• Bandwidth
• Withstand Weathering
 RADAR Antennas

• Reflector Antenna
• Phased Array Antenna
• Dielectric Lens Antenna
Ray Diagram: Parabolic Reflector Antenna

Parabolic

Wave-front
surface

Vertex
or apex Focus Beam axis
 Front Fed Parabolic Reflectors

Dipole

Parasitic
reflector

Half-wave dipole Feed Horn Feed Horn

with disc
Offset Fed Parabolic Reflector

Parabola

Horn Feed
 Cassegrain Feed

Parabolic Parabola
reflector

Hyperbola
Hyperbolic
Feed sub-reflector Feed F

Real focal
point Virtual
focal point
Polarization-twist Cassegrain antenna
Main reflector with
polarization twister (twist
reflector)

Vertical
Polarization

Sub-reflector with
polarization dependent
surface

Aperture blocking is reduced with this design

 Phased Array Antenna
• Antenna Element; gain, bandwidth, scan loss
• Antenna Array
– Type: Linear, Planar; rectangular, square, circular
– Pattern Multiplication, Scan loss
– Grids
– Mutual Coupling
– Amplitude (aperture) distribution; FSLL reduction
– Phase distribution; scanning
– Array Feed
– Shaped radiation pattern
– Grating lobes
 Antenna Element

• Dipole Antenna: cylindrical, metal strip, printed

• Slot Antenna: waveguide, flat plate
• Open Ended waveguide
• Microstrip Antenna
• Notch antenna in strip line
 Beam Scanning

ϴ0 ϴ0
d sin ϴ0
d sin ϴ0

2
1 d 1 2
Time delay= (d/c) sin ϴ Phase shift=
2π(d/λ) sin ϴ

(a) (b)
 Phase Shifter
Digital phase shifter with four-bit diode-switched line lengths with
λ/16 quantization. Particular arrangement shown gives 1350 of phase
shift (3/8 wavelength)

λ /16 λ /8 λ /4 λ /2
Hybrid coupled phase bit

Input Output
1 2

3 4

Diode Switches

∆l/2
Short circuits
Periodically loaded-line phase shifter

λ/4 λ/4 λ/4

Input Output

Susceptances
Diode switches
 Phased Array Antenna
• Array Feed
1. Series Feed
a. Centre Fed
b. End Fed

2. Parallel Feed
(a) Parallel-feed
ϕ 2ϕ 3ϕ 4ϕ
(b) Series end fed
(c) Series centre fed

(a)

ф ф ф ф

(b)

(c)
 Phased Array: Corporate (Parallel) Feed
Linear array with equal lengths of transmission lines between each antenna
element and the antenna output

Incoming signal
1
1
ϴ ϴ
1
2 3 N

d d d
E2 EN
E1

Ea
 Planar array for scanning in two angular coordinates

ϕ11 ϕ21 ϕ31 ϕN1

ϕ12 ϕ22

ϕ13

ϕ1N
ϕNN
 T/R

Subarray
Subarray
T/R

T/R
Low-power
transmit
signal

T/R
High –power Duplexer
transmitter

Subarray
Output to T/R
Subarray signal proc.

T/R

Receiver &
sig. proc.
T/R

Subarray
T/R
Subarray

T/R

(a) (b) Active aperture

High-power phase shifter
RADAR TRANSMITTERS
 RADAR TRASMITTER
Functions

i. Generate Sufficient Power (Energy) with high

efficiency, Peak & Average Power
ii. Produce desired Waveform
iii. Generate Stable Signal
iv. Minimum Noise
v. Reliable Operation
 RADAR TRASMITTER
Sub-systems/Components

• Active Device
• Power-Supply, Modulators
• Safety Interlocks
• Control and display
• Cooling/Power dissipation
 Radar Transmitter Generic Diagram

Waveform Power Transmit

Exciter
Generator Amplifier Microwave

To/from
Antenna
Commn
STALO
COHO

Modulator Duplexer
Microwave

Frequency Timing Receiver To Receiver

Generator Generator Microwave
 RADAR TRASMITTERS
Active Components for Various Frequency Bands

1. VHF/ UHF : SSA, Triode, Tetrode

2. Microwave : SSA, Klystron, TWT, CFA,

Magnetron

3. MM Wave : Gyrotron
VHF/UHF Triode Transmitter
Grounded Grid Configuration
VHF/UHF Transmitter System
 Solid State Transmitter

1. BJT

2. GaAs FET

3. Gunn Diode

4. IMPATT/TRAPATT Diode
 Microwave Transmitter Types

MW Radar
Transmitters

Power Oscillators
Coherent Amplifiers

Multi-cavity Traveling Cross Field Solid State Magnetron

Klystron Wave Tubes Amplifiers Amplifiers Oscillators
 Microwave Transmitter Characteristics
Klystron TWT Linear Reentrant Solid Magnetron
CFA CFA State
Gain High High Very low Low Moderate (a)
Bandwidth Narrow Wide Wide Wide Wide (a)
Noise Very low Very low Moderate Moderate Low Moderate/
output High
DC High High Moderate Moderate Low Moderate
voltage
Efficiency Low Low Moderate Moderate Moderate High
X-Rays High High Low Low None Low
Relative Big Medium Medium Small Medium Small
size (b)
Relative Heavy Medium Medium Light Medium Light
weight (c) (b)
 Microwave Transmitter Characteristics

a) A magnetron is an oscillator and as such has no

gain nor bandwidth.
b) Solid state devices and circuits are themselves
small and light because a large number is
required to achieve high RF power. Solid state
transmitters tend to be large. Exceptions are
active arrays.
c) Gridded TWTs, often found in aircrafts, are
smaller and lighter than conventional TWTs
because the modulator for gridded tubes is
simple and small
Multi-Cavity Klystron Schematic Diagram

Focusing Solenoid electromagnetic

Input Cavity Output Cavity

Signal Input Signal Output

Electron gun

Collector

Intermediate cavity (ies)

Focusing Solenoid electromagnetic

Simplified Schematic Diagram of Traveling
Wave Tube (TWT)
Focusing Solenoid electromagnetic

Signal Input Slow Wave Structure (SWS) Signal Output

Electron gun

Collector

Attenuator/Sever

Focusing Solenoid electromagnetic

TWT Bias Connections and Body Current Meter

Signal Signal
Input Output

Heater
Collector
Cathode
current
current
Control meter
meter
grid Body current meter
_

Depressed collector only

 Linear CFA Concept (without signal)
DC Ground
Signal Input Signal Output
RF Choke

Anode and Slow-Wave Structure

Collector

Magnetic
field Cathode (also called Sole)

Negative Operating Potential

Heater (DC if CW, DC pulse if pulsed)
Multi-Cavity Magnetron Internal Structure

Cavity
Cavity

Cathode Output
 Solid State Transmitter Configuration
Active Aperture Concept

Power amplifiers

Phase Transceiver
Drive

Divider/Combiner
Power Combiner Shifter module
Power Divider

input
Power
output to To/from Phase Transceiver
duplexer Duplexer Shifter module

Phase Transceiver
Shifter module
Array
Elements
Phase Transceiver
Shifter module

Divider/combiner configuration Active array configuration

 Active Aperture Concept
T/R module configuration, with a power amplifier on transmit and a low noise amplifier (LNA) on receive

Pwr Transmit
ampl

Phase Transmit/ Transmit/

shifter receive
receive switch
switch

LNA
Receive
 Active Aperture Concept
TR Module
Driver Amp
Power Amp Antenna

SPDT SW
Phase T/R SW
shifter
Blanking
LNA Switch
From/To
Devider/Combiner
er F R
Tx Power
Detector
O/P

Control signals from TSG

 TR Module
TX path Antenna
RF input/ D P
output/ 0
S 30

Directional Digital Phase Directional

TX switch
Coupler Attenuator Shifter Coupler
F R
RF Limiter
1:2 PD

LNA RF Limiter
Sim Signal in RF
Detectors

VSWR
Trigger generator,
interlock
Command generation,
Data processing
Duplexer
 Duplexer
Functions

• The switch, which enables the use of single

antenna for Transmission and Reception
• Fast switching time; decides lowest range of
the RADAR
• High Isolation between ports
• Protects Receiver from high power
Transmission
 Duplexer
Types

• Three port circulator & Series combination

• Four Port Circulator
• TR Switch
• PIN Diode Duplexer
Four Port Circulator Duplexer

Transmitter

4 2 Antenna

Receiver
 Dual TR Duplexer
TRANSMITTER

RECEIVER
DUAL TR

DUMMY
3dB HYBRID LOAD
ANTENNA COUPLERS
High Level (transmit) condition
TRANSMITTER

RECEIVER
DUAL TR

DUMMY
3dB HYBRID LOAD
ANTENNA COUPLERS
Low Level (receive) condition
 TR Leakage

Spike
TR Leakage

Flat

Time
High Power Duplexer
High Power Duplexer with Increased
Isolation
 CIRCULATOR AND DUPLEXER

Antenna

Rx

NC
Tx +72dBm
BS LNA
+72dBm

16kW
DUPLXER

LOAD
 Diode Signal Limiter

RF In

Limited RF Out
 Circulator, Duplexer and Limiter

Antenna
LOAD

Rx

NC
Tx +55dBm
LIMITER BS LNA
+72dBm

16kW ~ 300W
DUPLXER
RADAR RECIEVER
 RADAR RECIEVER
Functions
• Amplification
• Filtering Function
• Matched Filtering to maximize SNR
• Demodulation
• Processing
• Pulse Compression
 Basic Functional Receiver Block Diagram

Gain Control

Signal
from Band-select Signal
Amplify Match Filter Demodulator
antenna Filter out

Bandwidth/Response
Control
 RADAR RECIEVER
Parameters

• Signal to Noise Ratio SNR

• Noise Figure, Noise temperature
• Selectivity
• Sensitivity
• Dynamic Range
 Homodyne Receiver

Pulse
Transmit
Directional
Antenna
Coupler
Transmit Pulsed Transmit
Oscillator (if pulsed) Amplifier

Receive
Antenna
Video Video Mixer Receive RF
Out Amplifier (or I/O) Amplifier
 Superheterodyne Receiver

From Transmitter

RF Signal I/O
Mixer IF Amplifier Demodulator
Processor
Duplexer

To SSB Local
Transmitter Modulator Oscillator

COHO
Double-Conversion Superheterodyne Receiver
From Transmitter

RF Signal
Mixer 1 IF Amp 1 Mixer 2
Processor
Duplexe
r

Loc Osc 1 IF Amp 2 Demodulator I/Q

SSB Mod 1 Loc Osc 2

SSB Mod 2 COHO

To
Transmitter
 Envelope Demodulator

Video
IF Amplifier
Amplifier
 Synchronous Demodulator

Low-pass Demodulator
IF Amplifier X
Filter output

COHO
 I, Q Detector

Low pass I(t)=a(t)cosΦ(t)

Mixer
filter

Reference sin 2π f0t

oscillator

a(t) sin[2 2π f0t + Φ(t) ] π/2

Q(t)= a(t) sin Φ(t)
Low pass
Mixer filter
 Doppler signal processor

Phase A/D Digital Digital

detector converter memory processor

Coho

A/D
(I2 +Q2 )1/2 converter
From
IF π/2
amplifier

Phase A/D Digital Digital

detector converter memory processor
 Concept of Matched Filter
(a) A perfectly rectangular pulse of sine wave of width τ & frequency fo .
(b) Frequency response function of matched filter, where H(f)=S*(f)=S(f);
(c) Output of matched filter.
(d) Envelope of matched-filter output

Matched filter
Frequency response Output of
Input signal function matched filter Envelope of
M.F. output
2/τ

2τ
τ fo 2τ
(a) (b) (c) (d)