INDEX

ABCD matrix, 211 anisotropic impedance matched media, 716

Abel’s integral equation, 572, 574, 902 anisotropic medium, 12
absorption coefficient, 667 anisotropy factor, 667, 751
absorption cross section, 320 antenna pattern synthesis, 299
absorption efficiency, 320 antenna temperature, 591, 599
absorptivity, 594, 644 aperture distribution, 602–603
acoustic Brewster’s angle, 715 aperture integral equations, 427
acoustic reflection, 50 aperture synthesis, 607
acoustic scattering, 344 apertures, 473
acoustic wave, 262 Appleton–Hartree formula, 238
active radar, 625 Archie’s law, 807
adiabatic process, 260 array factor, 297
Airy disk, 180 atomic polarization, 234
Airy integral, 826 attenuation constant, 37
Airy pattern, 180 axial dipole near a conducting cylinder, 364
ambiguity function, 644 axial resolution, 676
Ampère’s law, 7 azimuthal waveguides, 119
analytic continuity, 408
analytic function, 873 Babinet’s principle, 433, 435
analytic signal, 106 back projection of the filtered projection, 559
Anderson localization, 789 backscattering cross section, 319, 324, 389
angle of incidence, 39 backscattering enhancement, 612
angular momentum, 263 backward lateral waves, 698, 704
angular spread, 760 backward leaky wave, 53

Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, Radiation, and Scattering: From Fundamentals to Applications,

Second Edition. Akira Ishimaru.
© 2017 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc. Published 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

929
930 INDEX
backward scattering alignment, 627
backward surface wave, 703
backward wave, 97
bandwidth–distance product, 114
beam spot size, 186
beam waves, 183
Bessel functions, 832
Bethe–Salpeter equation, 792
bi-anisotropic media, 272
bianisotropic nongyrotropic mediums, 692
biomedical tissue optics, 623
bistatic cross section, 322
bistatic radar cross section, 319
blackbody, 590, 596
blue color of the sky, 329
body wave, 813
Bojarski’s identity, 567
Boltzmann’s equation, 613
Booker’s relation, 439
Born approximation, 345, 753
Bosma theorem, 648
boundary conditions, 15
branch cut, 862
branch points, 520, 859
Bremmer series, 72
Brewster’s angle, 45, 51, 712
brightness, 588, 639
brightness distribution, 588, 603
brightness spectrum, 588
Bruggeman model, 810
canting angle, 636
Casimir force, 622
Cauchy principal value, 844
Cauchy–Riemann equation, 873
cavities, 85
cavity resonators, 120
channel capacity, 619–620
channel transfer matrix, 619
characteristic impedance, 32
chiral media, 12, 272, 274
circular arrays, 297
circular complex Gaussian random variables,
617
circular microstrip antenna, 122
cladding, 109
Clausius–Mossotti formula, 235
closed region, 92, 146
coda, 614, 812, 815
codirectional coupler, 225
coherence bandwidth, 762
coherence length, 675
coherence time, 623, 675
coherency matrix, 626
coherent backscattering, 785, 789
cold plasma, 259
communication in the forest, 536
communication by lateral wave, 536
complete set, 93
complex dielectric constant, 13
complex effective height of the antenna, 576
complex envelope, 106
complex Gaussian variables, 905
complex Poynting vector, 19
complex visibility function, 605
complex waves, 51
compressibility, 30–31
compressibility fluctuation, 677
computed tomography scanner, 555
conducting cylinder, 357
conducting knife edge, 444
conducting wedge, 390
conductivity, 13
conservation of charge, 9
constitutive relations, 11
continuity equation, 23
contradirectional coupler, 226
cooling function, 661
Coulomb gauge, 23
coupled-mode theory, 224
coupling into a thin film, 56
creeping waves, 376
critical temperature, 278
cross sections for objects with complex
shapes, 325
CT scanner, 555
current distribution of a wire antenna, 313
current generator, 618
currents in dielectric layers, 496
curved wedge, 463
cutoff wave number, 87
cyclotron frequency, 247
cylindrical cavity, 121
cylindrical waveguides, 100
Darcy’s law, 811
dark soliton, 806
Debye relaxation equation, 240

degree of coherence, 605, 623, 646
degree of polarization, 342
delta function, 835
density fluctuation, 677
density function, 301
detectable temperature, 600
Dick receiver, 601
dielectric constant of water, 240
dielectric cylinder, 361
dielectric layers, 473, 492
dielectric waveguides, 85
differential reflectivity, 634
differential scattering cross section, 319
diffracted rays, 444
diffraction coefficient, 444
diffraction coefficient for a knife edge, 452
diffraction by a slit, 447
diffraction by slits and ribbons, 439
diffraction tomography, 561
diffusion equation for the temperature, 660
diffusion of neutrons, 613
dipole polarization, 234
dipoles slots and loops, 292
direct problem, 555
directivity, 285
Dirichlet’s and Neumann’s conditions, 89
disordered medium, 785
dispersion, 235
dispersion of graded-index fibers, 116
dispersion of a pulse, 106
dispersive medium, 15
dispersive parameter, 109
displacement vector, 908
divergence factor, 458
divergence theorem, 9
DORT, 731, 734
double negative medium, 686
double-passage effect, 612, 617
duality principle, 25
Dyson and Bethe–Salpeter equations, 615
Dyson equation, 792
echo width, 422
edge conditions, 847
edge diffraction for a point source, 457
effective medium models, 809
EFIE, 406
eigenfunction, 89
eigenvalue, 89
INDEX 931
eigenvalue equation, 59
elastic solid, 907
electric current density, 139
electric dipole and magnetic dipole, 137
electric field integral equation (EFIE), 401
electric Hertz vector, 24
electric polarization, 14
electric susceptibility, 235
electromagnetic energy density, 19
electron density, 237
electron plasma frequency, 238
electronic polarization, 234
elliptic polarization and Stokes parameters,
338
elliptically polarized, 39
emissivity, 594, 644
enhanced backscattering, 623, 782, 785
enhanced backscattering in turbulence, 786
epicenter, 813
equation of conservation of mass, 30
equation of motion, 30
equation of motion for an electron, 235
equation of transfer, 613
equivalence theorem, 197, 302
equivalent conductivity, 237
equivalent height, 257
essential singularities, 520
Euler’s transformation, 333
evanescent wave, 47
Ewald–Oseen extinction theorem, 173
exact hybrid solution, 491
excitation of a conducting cylinder, 159
excitation of a conducting sphere, 163
excitation of a rectangular waveguide, 157
excitation of waves in a vertically
inhomogeneous medium, 481
exponential correlation function, 679
extended boundary condition method, 173,
408
extinction coefficient, 667, 751
extinction cross section, 320
extinction efficiency, 320
extinction matrix, 638
extinction theorem, 173
extraordinary wave, 250
far field, 142
far zone, 142
Faraday rotation, 253, 263, 626
932 INDEX

Faraday rotation and circulators, 267 Goos–Hanchen effect, 187

Faraday’s law, 7
fast wave, 95
Feynman diagram, 615
fictitious magnetic current density, 25
field along the surface, 517
filtered projection, 558
finite-difference time-domain method, 441
first London equation, 276
flank wave (flankenwelle), 535
Floquet’s theorem, 202
fluid–fluid interface, 909
fluid–rigid wall interface, 909
fluid–vacuum interface, 909
fluids and solids, 30
flux density, 588
Fock function representation, 375
focusing function, 651
forbidden region, 209
forward scattering alignment FSA, 627
forward scattering theorem, 325, 855
forward tomography, 565
forward wave, 97
Fourier transform, 155
Fourier transform (spectral) representation,
182
fractal, 811
fractional volume, 241
Franz formula, 197
Fredholm integral equation of the first kind,
880
Fredholm integral equation of the second
kind, 880
free-space Green’s function, 171
frequency-independent antennas, 439
Fresnel diffraction, 179
Fresnel diffraction formula, 179
Fresnel formula, 42, 44
Fresnel number, 186
fringe visibility function, 606
gain, 285
gain function, 286
Gauss’s law, 9
Gaussian spectrum, 747
general properties of cross sections, 322
geometric optical representation, 375, 545
geometric optical solution, 538
geometric theory of diffraction (GTD), 443
Goubau lines, 51
graded-index fibers, 110
graded index optical fibers (GRIN), 77
graphene, 622
Green’s first identity, 831
Green’s function, 140, 155
Green’s second identity, 832
Green’s theorem, 832
group delay, 107
group velocity, 107
GTD, 455
gyrator, 263
gyromagnetic response frequency, 265
half-plane, 394
Hartree harmonic, 203
headwave (kopfwelle), 535
heat diffusion in a biological medium, 660
heat diffusion in tissues, 657
hematocrit H, 663
hemolyzed blood, 665
Henyey–Greenstein formula, 679
Henyey–Greenstein phase function, 751
Hermite polynomials, 193
Hermitian matrix, 853
Hertz vector, 24
Hesse’s determinant, 884
heterogeneous elastic solid, 812
higher-order beam-wave modes, 191
Hilbert transform, 560, 899
hollow waveguides, 85, 95
holographic inverse source problem, 570
holographic inversion, 571
homogeneous media, 12, 35
homogenization, 689
Huygens’ principle, 169
hydraulic fracturing, 808
hypocenter, 813
image dipole, 145
image of a horizontal electric dipole, 145
image of a vertical magnetic dipole, 145
images for a conducting plane, 477
improper integral, 877
improper Riemann surfaces, 521, 887
improper wave, 53
incompressible, 30
induced current, 11
 INDEX 933

infinite conducting cone, 349 linear medium, 14

inhomogeneous bodies, 418, 423
inhomogeneous medium, 24
integral equation for the magnetic field, 327
integral equation for a soft body, 402
integral equations for a hard body, 403
integral representation of the Bessel
function, 359
interfacial polarization, 234, 240
intermodal dispersion, 115
inverse problem, 555
inverse Radon transform, 556, 560
isothermal, 260
isotropic, 11
Lippmann–Schwinger integral equation, 753
lithosphere, 812
localization, 612
London equations, 276
Lorentz condition, 23
Lorentz–Lorenz formula, 235
Lorentz reciprocity theorem, 28
Lorentz reciprocity theorem for anisotropic
media, 270
loss tangent, 13
low coherence interferometry, 657
low coherence light, 672
low-frequency scattering, 467

jansky, 589 magnetic current density, 139

magnetic current dipole, 144
k–β diagram, 203 magnetic current in front of the ground
KdV equation, 800 plane, 294
Keller’s GTD, 465 magnetic field integral equation (MFIE), 401
Kennelly–Heaviside layer, 238 magnetic Hertz vector, 26
Kirchhoff approximation, 176, 302 magnetic material, 13
Kirchhoff approximation for magnetic moment, 263
electromagnetic waves, 198 magnetic polarization, 14
Kirchhoff’s law, 596 magnetic rotation, 255
Kolmogorov spectrum, 747 magnetoionic theory, 244
Kronecker delta, 420 magnetoplasma, 238
Marshall–Palmer distribution, 750
Lambert–Beer law, 664 matched antennas, 322
Lambertian surface, 596 matched filter function, 651
Laplace’s sound velocity, 261 material dispersion, 114
Larmor precessional frequency, 264 matrix, 807
lateral wave, 517, 535 matrix algebra, 851
lateral waves branch cut integration, 528 maximum gain of a dipole antenna, 293
lateral waves and waveguide modes, 550 Maxwell–Garnett mixing formula, 242, 696
law of reflection, 41 Maxwell’s equations, 7
law of thermodynamics, 269 MCF, 616
Laws–Parson distribution, 750 medium with prescribed profile, 80
layered media, 35 Meissner effect, 276–277
leaky wave, 54 memory effects, 623, 779
leaky waves, 51 memory line, 782
leaky waveguides, 56 method of separation of variables, 90
left-handed circular polarization, 39 method of stationary phase, 867, 872
left-handed medium, 686 method of steepest descent, 869
Legendre function, 127 MFIE, 407
Leontovich impedance boundary condition, microstrip antennas, 307
18 Mie scattering, 382
light fluence rate, 668 MIMO, 619
linear arrays, 297 minimum detectable signal, 601
934 INDEX
mismatch factor, 322
mixing formula, 241, 622
mode dispersion, 114
mode and lateral wave representation, 545
mode volume formula, 60
modified saddle-point technique, 891
moment method, 350
moment theorem, 905
monochromatic wave, 10
Mossotti field, 235
Mueller matrix, 626
multi-physics, 621
multiple integral, 881
multiple reflected waves, 478
multistatic data matrix, 732
Mushiake relation, 439
MUSIC pseudospectrum, 740
mutual coherence, 605
mutual coherence function, 754
Nakagami-m distribution, 787
Nakagami–Rice distribution, 764
natural light, 341
natural rotation, 255
near field, 142
near zone, 142
necessary and sufficient boundary
conditions, 17
negative Goos–Hanchen shift, 698
negative index material, 686
negative index of refraction medium, 686
negative refraction, 698
Newton cooling law, 661
Newton’s sound velocity, 261
nonradiating source, 572
nonspherical particles, 625
nonviscous, 30
null field theorem, 173
OCT, 672
Ohm’s law, 13
one-way line, 268–269
open region, 92, 146
optical activity, 255
optical coherence tomography, 657
optical depth, 594
optical distance, 749
optical theorem, 325, 855
optical windows, 602
optimization of polarization, 578
optimize power transfer, 740
orthogonal, 92
orthogonal matrix, 853
oxygen content in blood, 663
p-polarization, 40, 43
P-wave, 812
P-wave and S-wave, 615
P-wave, longitudinal wave, 907
packing factor, 666
parallel polarization, 43
paraxial approximation, 183
Parseval’s theorem, 371, 373
partial polarization, 341
pass band, 203, 212
passive sensors, 625
patches, 473
Pauli matrices, 626, 629
penetrable homogeneous body, 404
penetration distance, 277
percolation theory, 622, 811
Percus–Yevick packing factor, 666, 681
perfect lens, 708
periodic Green’s function, 845
periodic layers, 209
periodic sinusoidal surfaces, 416
permeability, 811
phase constant, 37
phase function, 319, 593, 751
phase function scattering matrix, 639
phase height, 257
phase velocity, 96
phase-conjugate mirror, 723, 728
phase-matching condition, 41
phasor field, 10
photon density waves, 657, 670
physical optics approximation, 178, 302, 347
physical optics inverse scattering, 567
planar dielectric layers, 473
plane of incidence, 39
plane of scattering, 342
plasma, 238
plasma frequency, 237
plasma sheath, 238
plasmons, 65
Pocklington equation, 352
Pocklington integral equation, 314
Poincaré sphere, 341

Poisson’s sum formula, 300, 380
polarimetric radars, 625
polarimetric weather radar, 632
polarizability, 234–235
polarization signature, 581, 626
polarization vector, 234
Polder–van Santen mixing formula, 243
Polder–van Santen, 810
pole (isolated singularity), 520
pores or voids, 807
porosity, 622, 807
porous medium, 622, 807
positive and negative Goos–Hanchen shifts,
707
potential function, 753
power dissipation, 20
power law spectrum, 679
Poynting vector, 19
projection slice theorem, 557
propagation constant K of the coherent wave,
243
propagation through the ionosphere, 239
propagation in magnetoplasma, 248
proper and improper waves, 53
proper Riemann surface, 521, 887
properly posed, 269
Pruppacher and Pitter, 635
PTD, 465
pulse broadening, 108, 762
pulse propagation through random media,
612
quasi-static approximation, 489
radar cross section, 319
radar equations, 321
radar polarimetry, 575
radial and azimuthal waveguides, 116
radiance, 588
radiation condition, 140
radiation from a buried antenna, 538
radiation field using the saddle-point
technique, 516
radiation from a horizontal dipole, 538
radiation in layered media, 541
radiation from microstrip antennas, 305
radiation resistance, 143, 145
radiative transfer, 592
radio windows, 602
INDEX 935
radiometry, 587
Radon transform, 556
radon transform and tomography, 555
rain fog smog and cloud particles, 317
random heterogeneous earth, 615
Rayleigh equation, 330
Rayleigh hypothesis, 219, 766
Rayleigh mixing formula, 242
Rayleigh parameter, 777
Rayleigh scattering, 323, 328
Rayleigh surface wave, 615, 812–813, 907,
909
Rayleigh wavelength, 224
Rayleigh–Debye scattering, 334
Rayleigh–Jeans law, 590
reaction, 29
reactive component, 311
reactive power, 20
real power flow, 20
receiver noise temperature, 599
receiving cross section, 286, 322
reciprocity relations for the radiative
transfer, 613
reciprocity theorem, 28
rectangular aperture, 303
redness of the sunset, 329
reflection boundary, 447
reflection coefficient, 444
reflection tomography, 565
refractive index surface, 258
relative dielectric constant, 12
relative permeability, 12
remote sensing of the earth, 625
residue series representation, 375
residue theorem, 875
resistive component of the input impedance,
311
Riccati equation, 69
Richmond form, 314
Richter scale, 813
Riemann surfaces, 702, 859
Riemann surfaces for the Sommerfeld’s
problem, 886
right-handed circular polarization, 39
rough surface scattering, 613
Rytov approximation, 562, 901
s-polarization (senkrecht), 40
S-wave, 812
936 INDEX
S-wave, transverse wave, 907
saddle-point technique, 368, 867
SAR, 659
saturation magnetization frequency, 265
scalar acoustic problems, 30
scalar function, 32
scalar potential, 22
scattering amplitude, 318
scattering coefficient, 667
scattering cross section, 319, 389
scattering cross section of a conducting
body, 346
scattering cross section per unit volume, 752
scattering cross section per unit volume of
the turbulence, 744
scattering efficiency, 320
scattering by an ellipsoidal object, 336
scattering by a homogeneous sphere, 336
scattering matrix, 627
scattering operator, 618
scattering from a randomly oriented object,
338
Schumann resonance, 130
scintillation index, 612, 787
seismic acoustic pulse, 613
self and mutual impedances of wire
antennas, 308
Sellmeier equation, 237
sensitivity, 601
shadow boundary, 447
single mode, 113
singularities of the integrand, 519
singularity expansion method, 441
skew-Hermitian, 853
skin depth, 17, 37
skylight at right angles to the sun, 329
slope diffraction, 454
slope diffraction and grazing incidence, 463
slot antenna, 437
slow wave, 95
slow-wave solution for the TE mode, 62
small apertures, 430
small ellipsoidal object, 330
small loop, 295
smoothed diagram method, 614
Snell’s law, 41
solid–fluid interface, 909
solid–solid interface, 909
solid–vacuum interface, 909
soliton, 797
Sommerfeld dipole problem, 509
Sommerfeld poles, 523
Sommerfeld radiation condition, 18, 140
Sommerfeld’s solution, 885
source current, 11
source flux density, 589
source temperature, 590
space harmonic, 203
space–time correlations, 625
space–time radiative transfer, 639
spatial dispersion, 274
specific absorption rate, 21, 657
specific group delay, 107
specific heat, 660
specific intensity, 639
spectral broadening, 760
spectral index, 679
spherical arrays, 297
spherical Bessel functions, 126
spherical earth and the ionosphere, 128
spherical harmonics, 128
spheroidal raindrops, 635
SRR, 689
statistical signal processing, 621
statistical wave theories, 612
steepest descent contour, 370
steering function, 734
steering vector, 651
step-index fiber, 109
stochastic Green’s function, 614
stochastic wave theories, 612
Stokes differential equation, 827
Stokes parameters, 628
Stokes’ theorem, 7
Stokes vector radar equation, 580
stop band, 203, 212
strain tensor, 908
Stratton–Chu formula, 195, 839
stress tensor, 908
strip lines, 473, 485
strip lines embedded in dielectric layers,
500
super resolution, 708, 730
superconductors, 276
superfracking, 808
surface flattening transform, 721
SVD, 739
symmetry and unitarity of the T-matrix, 414

synthesize a desired radiation pattern, 298
system noise temperature, 599
T-matrix, 411
T-matrix method, 173, 408
tangent approximation, 178
target decomposition theorem, 630
TE (transverse electric) modes, 87
TE mode, 102
TEC, 655
TECU, 655
TEM modes, 104
temperature diffusion equations, 621
tensor permeability for the ferrite, 263
theory of distribution, 837
thermal conductivity, 660
three-dimensional dielectric bodies, 426
time-averaged electric and magnetic stored
energy densities, 20–21
time-harmonic wave, 10
time-reversal, 723
time-reversal matrix, 732
time-reversal mirror, 723, 728
TM mode, 102
total ABCD matrix, 49
total cross section, 319–320
total power receiver, 600
transformation electromagnetics, 720
transition operator, 618
transition region, 447
transmitting and receiving patterns, 286
transport coefficient, 667
transport cross section, 669
transverse electric (TE) mode, 86
transverse electromagnetic (TEM) wave, 36
transverse magnetic (TM) mode, 86
transverse spot size, 676
trapped surface wave, 51, 54, 57
true height, 256
turning point, 825
two-antenna interferometer, 604
two-dimensional Green’s function,
150
two-fluid model, 278
two-frequency mutual coherence function,
612
two-frequency radiative transfer,
641
two-frequency specific intensity, 640
INDEX 937
UAT, 465
ultraviolet transparency, 238
unequally spaced arrays, 299
uniform geometric theory of diffraction, 455
uniqueness theorem, 17, 27
unitary matrix, 853
universal constant for a lossless matched
antenna, 288
unpolarized waves, 39
UTD, 465
validity of the WKB solution, 71
van Cittert–Zernike theorem, 605, 625, 646
variational expression for the impedance,
309
variational expression for Z, 310
variational form, 846
variational form for the propagation
constant, 207
vector Green’s second identity, 195
vector Green’s theorem, 195
vector potential, 22
vector radiative transfer, 639
vector radiative transfer theory, 344
velocity potential, 32
vertex and surface diffraction, 466
vertical dipole above the earth, 510
viscous medium, 30
visibility function, 647
Volterra integral equation, 880
warm plasma, 259
Watson transform, 373, 375
wave equations for warm plasma, 261
wave impedance, 42, 87
wave train, 815
wave vector surface, 258
waves excited by electric and magnetic
currents, 491
waves excited by transverse electric and
magnetic currents, 492
waves in inhomogeneous media, 66
waves in layered media, 47
waves radiated from apertures, 169
waves in spherical structures, 123
weak Anderson localization, 785
wedge, 392
wedge diffraction for a point source, 461
whistler, 253
938 INDEX

Wiener–Khinchin theorem, 678 X-ray tomography, 555

Wigner distributions, 625, 641
wire antenna, 437 Yasuura’s method, 441
WKB method, 68
WKB solution for the turning point, 76 Zenneck wave, 51, 53, 65, 509, 712
Wronskian, 153 Zenneck waves and plasmons, 63