Mindset for IELTS, Book 3, Unit 6, Reading, p.

94
Science and technology

mindset a set of attitudes or fixed ideas that somebody has and that are often difficult
to change
SYNONYM MENTALITY
a conservative mindset
the mindset of the computer generation
Outcomes
Teacher’s notes
- In this unit students will learn how to complete summary tasks, with and without
options and diagram labelling tasks .
These tasks involve locating the parts of a text that contain specific pieces of
information and completing either a summary or a diagram with relevant
information from the text.
This task often involves paraphrasing information by using a different part of
speech to that used in the text.
Students will also consider future tense use in IELTS reading texts and how the
different use of tenses may affect the meaning of a question in a summary or
diagram-labelling task.
locate somebody/something to find the exact position of somebody/something
The mechanic located the fault immediately.
Rescue planes are trying to locate the missing sailors
Lead-in
lead-in an introduction to a subject, story, show, etc.
He told an amusing story as a lead-in to his speech.
01
Teacher’s note
- You could begin with some brief discussion of questions about Science and
Technology based on the text to get students thinking about the topic.
How often do you use social media?
What positive and negative effects has social media had on society?
Give students about five minutes to briefly discuss these questions, then ask them
to compare their ideas with the text.
Finally, ask them to read through the text and identify ten places where the
writer has used the incorrect part of speech.
Explain that using the correct part of speech is important when completing
summaries and diagrams, which students will practise later in the unit.
social media [uncountable, plural] websites and software programs used for social
networking
Companies need to invest in social media to make it work for them.
social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter
later on (informal) at a time in the future; after the time you are talking about
I'm going out later on.
 Much later on, she realized what he had meant.
Answers
greatly adv (formal) (usually before a verb or participle) very much
People's reaction to the film has varied greatly.
a greatly increased riskYour help would be greatly appreciated.
1 life lives
considerable adj (rather formal) great in amount, size, importance, etc.
SYNONYM SIGNIFICANT
The project wasted a considerable amount of time and money.
Damage to the building was considerable.
2 researches research
conduct something (formal) to organize and/or do a particular activity
to conduct an experiment/an inquiry/a survey
The negotiations have been conducted in a positive manner.
3 in particularly in particular
in particular especially or particularly
He loves science fiction in particular.
widespread adj existing or happening over a large area or among many people
widespread damage
The plan received widespread support throughout the country.
existence [countable] a way of living especially when this is difficult or boring
The family endured a miserable existence in a cramped apartment.
We led a poor but happy enough existence as children.
4 imaginable unimaginable
imaginable adj possible to imagine
These technological developments were hardly imaginable 30 years ago.
unimaginable adj (formal) impossible to think of or to believe exists; impossible to
imagine
unimaginable wealth
This level of success would have been unimaginable just last year.
5 developed development
social media [uncountable, plural] websites and software programs used for social
networking
Companies need to invest in social media to make it work for them.
social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter
6 popularly popular 7 innocence innocent
innocent adj not intended to cause harm or upset somebody
SYNONYM HARMLESS
It was all innocent fun.
It was a perfectly innocent remark.
extension (of something) U C the act of increasing the area of activity, group of
people, etc. that is affected by something
the extension of new technology into developing countries
a gradual extension of the powers of central government
 interaction (between A and B) | interaction (of A) (with B) U C the act of
communicating with somebody, especially while you work, play or spend time with
them
the interaction between performers and their audience
8 noticeably noticeable
noticeable adj easy to see or notice; clear or definite
a noticeable improvement
Her scars are hardly noticeable now.
noticeable in somebody/something This effect is particularly noticeable in
younger patients.
noticeable that… It was noticeable that none of the family were present.
noticeably adv in a way that is easy to see or notice; clearly or definitely
Her hand was shaking noticeably.
Marks were noticeably higher for girls than for boys.
extreme the greatest or highest degree of something
extremes of cold, wind or rain
the climatic extremes of the mountains
9 substituted substitute
platform the type of computer system or the software that is used
a multimedia platform a mobile gaming platform
substitute a person or thing that you use or have instead of the one you normally use
or have
a meat substitutea substitute family
substitute for somebody/something Paul's father only saw him as a
substitute for his dead brother.
The course teaches you the theory but there's no substitute for practical
experience.
10 employment (is) employed
bully to frighten or hurt a weaker person; to use your strength or power to make
somebody do something
bully somebody My son is being bullied at school.
bully somebody into something/into doing something I won't be bullied into
signing anything.
aggressively adv in a way that is angry and threatening
‘What do you want?’ he demanded aggressively.
intimidate somebody (into something/into doing something) to frighten or threaten
somebody so that they will do what you want
They were accused of intimidating people into voting for them.
She refused to be intimidated by their threats.
02
Teacher’s note
- Once students have identified the words with the incorrect part of speech, ask
them to complete the table with the correct version.
once conj as soon as; when
 We didn't know how we would cope once the money had gone.
The water is fine once you're in!
version a form of something that is slightly different from an earlier form or from
other forms of the same thing
There are two versions of the game, a long one and a short one.
the latest version of the software package
the de luxe/luxury version
Answers
Incorrect Correct
2 researches (noun, countable) research (noun, uncountable)
3 in particularly (adverb) in particular (adjective)
4 imaginable (adjective, positive) unimaginable (adjective, negative)
5 developed (verb, past or adjective) development (noun)
6 popularly (adverb) popular (adjective)
7 innocence (noun) innocent (adjective)
8 noticeably (adverb) noticeable (adjective)
9 substituted (verb, past or adjective) substitute (noun)
10 employment (noun) (is) employed (verb, past participle to form the passive)
Summary completion with options
Bullet box
skim [intransitive, transitive] to read something quickly in order to find a particular
point or the main points
skim through/over something He skimmed through the article trying to find
his name.
skim something I always skim the financial section of the newspaper.
scan [transitive, intransitive] to look quickly but not very carefully at a document, etc.
scan something (for something) I scanned the list quickly for my name.
scan through something (for something) She scanned through the
newspaper over breakfast.
Teacher’s note
- Explain to students that there are two types of summary completion tasks: one
that has a box containing possible answers and one that does not.
Explain to students that they will be looking at both types of summary, but that
they will begin by looking at the type with a box of answers.
03
Teacher’s note
- Ask students to read the text carefully and answer the questions about it.
Tell them not to complete the summary yet, as they are going to first learn some
strategies for completing summaries, with options more effectively.
Explain that it is important to notice features of the text, such as the parts of
speech, acronyms, whether there are more options than answers, and so on.
feature C something important, interesting or typical of a place or thing
An interesting feature of the city is the old market.
Teamwork is a key feature of the training programme.
 acronym a word formed from the first letters of the words that make up the name of
something, for example ‘AIDS’ is an acronym for ‘acquired immune deficiency
syndrome’
Answers
virtual reality U images and sounds created by a computer that seem almost real to
the user, who can affect them by using sensors
1 All the words are adjectives. There are more options than gaps, so there are
distractors.
2
a It is about the future of VR.
b The acronyms ‘HMDs’, ‘CDs’ and ‘PDAs’, plus the date ‘2030’, are all useful when
scanning the passage to locate the correct places in the text where the answers will be
found.
Although the acronym ‘VR’ is mentioned twice, it is the topic of the whole passage and
is included in this form throughout and so is not very helpful for locating the eight
paragraphs to scan.
head-mounted display (abbreviation HMD) a device worn on the head containing a
small computer that allows the user to see a virtual world
This head-mounted display can take pictures, record videos and transmit data
via wi-fi.
CD (also disc) the abbreviation for ‘compact disc’ (a small disc on which sound or
information is recorded. CDs are played on a special machine called a CD player).
His albums are available on CD and online.
Personal digital assistant is a term for a small, mobile, handheld device that provides
computing and information storage and retrieval capabilities for personal or business
use, often for keeping schedules, calendars and address book information handy.
plus prep as well as something/somebody; and also
We have to fit five of us plus all our gear in the car.
Opposite minus
scan [transitive, intransitive] to look quickly but not very carefully at a document, etc.
scan something (for something) I scanned the list quickly for my name.
scan through something (for something) She scanned through the
newspaper over breakfast.
c paragraph A (To what extent ... part of our lives ...)
head-mounted display (abbreviation HMD) a device worn on the head containing a
small computer that allows the user to see a virtual world
This head-mounted display can take pictures, record videos and transmit data
via wi-fi
to ... extent used to show how far something is true or how great an effect it has
To a certain extent, we are all responsible for this tragic situation.
To what extent is this true of all schools?
establish somebody/something/yourself (in something) (as something) to hold a
position for long enough or succeed in something well enough to make people accept
and respect you
 By then she was established as a star.
He has just set up his own business but it will take him a while to get
established.
integral adj being an essential part of something
Music is an integral part of the school's curriculum.
integral to something Practical experience is integral to the course.
d Paragraph H
CD (also disc) the abbreviation for ‘compact disc’ (a small disc on which sound or
information is recorded. CDs are played on a special machine called a CD player).
His albums are available on CD and online.
Personal digital assistant is a term for a small, mobile, handheld device that provides
computing and information storage and retrieval capabilities for personal or business
use, often for keeping schedules, calendars and address book information handy.
in connection with somebody/something for reasons connected with
somebody/something
A man has been arrested in connection with the murder of the teenager.
I am writing to you in connection with your recent job application.
head-mounted display (abbreviation HMD) a device worn on the head containing a
small computer that allows the user to see a virtual world
This head-mounted display can take pictures, record videos and transmit data
via wi-fi.
Tip 04
correspond [intransitive] to be the same as or match something
SYNONYM AGREE, TALLY
Your account and hers do not correspond.
correspond with something Your account of events does not correspond with
hers.
correspond to something The written record of the conversation doesn't
correspond to (= is different from) what was actually said.
gain [transitive] to obtain or win something, especially something that you need or
want
gain something to gain entrance/entry/access to something
gain somebody something Her unusual talent gained her worldwide
recognition.
04
Teacher’s note
- Before asking students to complete the summary task, ensure that they read the
tip box, which explains how to enter their answers (using letters, not numbers).
Ask students to begin by identifying the parts of the text which contain the
information in the summary, and then try to select the correct letter for each
space.
Before students do this exercise, ask them to read the Tip box.
Advice
A summary task differs from a note completion task in that it consists of complete
sentences that are connected grammatically.
Students therefore need to do the following to complete the task.
- carefully read and understand the summary.
- decide what type of word is needed to complete each gap in the summary.
- locate and carefully read the relevant part of the passage.
- choose the word or phrase (either from a box of answers or from the passage)
that accurately fills each gap.
Answers
virtual reality U images and sounds created by a computer that seem almost real to
the user, who can affect them by using sensors
interactive adj (computing) that allows information to be passed continuously and in
both directions between a computer and the person who uses it
interactive systems/video an interactive whiteboard
The program is fully interactive.
operational adj [usually before noun] connected with the way in which a business,
machine, system, etc. works
operational activities/costs/difficulties
debate (on/about/over something) U C an argument or a discussion expressing
different opinions
a heated/wide-ranging/lively debate
the current debate about tax
There had been much debate on the issue of childcare.
1 A mainstream
mainstream adj [usually before noun] considered normal because it reflects what is
done or accepted by most people
mainstream culture/politics mainstream economists/journalists
the mainstream press/media
predominantly adv (also less frequent predominately) mostly; mainly
She works in a predominantly male environment.
niche adj (of products, services or interests) appealing to only a small section of the
population
Enthusiast markets will always exist but they are niche.
a niche market/product
the development of niche marketing (= aiming products at particular groups)
area (of something) C a particular subject or activity, or an aspect of it
the areas of training and development
Finance is Mark's area.
The big growth area of recent years has been in health clubs.
(on the one hand…) on the other (hand)… used to introduce different points of
view, ideas, etc., especially when they are opposites
On the one hand they'd love to have kids, but on the other, they don't want to
give up their freedom.
2 I conceivable
 conceivable adj that you can imagine or believe
SYNONYM POSSIBLE
It is conceivable that I'll see her tomorrow.
a beautiful city with buildings of every conceivable age and style
Opposite inconceivable
head-mounted display (abbreviation HMD) a device worn on the head containing a
small computer that allows the user to see a virtual world
This head-mounted display can take pictures, record videos and transmit data
via wi-fi
go [intransitive] + adv./prep. used to talk about how well or badly something makes
progress or succeeds
‘How did your interview go?’ ‘It went very well, thank you.’
Did everything go smoothly?
3 E outmoded
outmoded adj (disapproving) no longer fashionable or useful
an outmoded attitude
This organizational structure was now outmoded.
CD (also disc) the abbreviation for ‘compact disc’ (a small disc on which sound or
information is recorded. CDs are played on a special machine called a CD player).
His albums are available on CD and online.
Personal digital assistant is a term for a small, mobile, handheld device that provides
computing and information storage and retrieval capabilities for personal or business
use, often for keeping schedules, calendars and address book information handy.
console a flat surface which contains all the controls and switches for a machine, a
piece of electronic equipment, etc.
G incapable
incapable adj not able to do something
incapable of something incapable of speech
incapable of doing something The children seem to be totally incapable of
working by themselves.
cope [intransitive] to deal successfully with something difficult
SYNONYM MANAGE
I got to the stage where I wasn't coping any more.
cope with something He wasn't able to cope with the stresses and strains of
the job.
virtual reality U images and sounds created by a computer that seem almost real to
the user, who can affect them by using sensors
thus adv as a result of something just mentioned
SYNONYM HENCE, THEREFORE
He is the eldest son and thus heir to the title.
We do not own the building. Thus, it would be impossible for us to make any
major changes to it.
enthusiastic adj feeling or showing a lot of excitement and interest about
somebody/something
 an enthusiastic supporteran enthusiastic welcome
enthusiastic about somebody/something You don't sound very enthusiastic
about the idea.
enthusiastic about doing something She was even less enthusiastic about
going to Spain.
5 D reluctant
reluctant adj hesitating before doing something because you do not want to do it or
because you are not sure that it is the right thing to do
reluctant agreement
reluctant (to do something) She was reluctant to admit she was wrong.
endure [transitive] to experience and deal with something that is painful or
unpleasant, especially without complaining\
SYNONYM BEAR
endure something They had to endure a long wait before the case came to
trial.
endure doing something He can't endure being defeated.
endure to do something He can't endure to be defeated.
resultant adj [only before noun] (formal) caused by the thing that has just been
mentioned
the growing economic crisis and resultant unemployment
side effect (usu plural) an extra and usually bad effect that a drug has on you, as well
as curing illness or pain
The drug has few side effects.
Side effects include skin rashes and nausea.
Tip 05
paraphrase (something) to express what somebody has said or written using
different words, especially in order to make it easier to understand
Try to paraphrase the question before you answer it.
05
Teacher’s note
- Draw students’ attention to the Tip box, which explains that some answers can
be found directly in the text, while others may require synonyms or paraphrases
to be used.
Tell students that they, therefore, need to be careful not to include words in the
summary just because they appear in the text.
Ask students to check their answers to Exercise 4 in the text, writing S next to
words that are the same and P next to ideas that have been paraphrased or use
synonyms.
Answers
1 mainstream = P (integral part of our lives; move from niche technology to common
usage)
mainstream adj [usually before noun] considered normal because it reflects what is
done or accepted by most people
mainstream culture/politics mainstream economists/journalists
 the mainstream press/media
integral adj being an essential part of something
Music is an integral part of the school's curriculum.
integral to something Practical experience is integral to the course.
niche adj (of products, services or interests) appealing to only a small section of the
population
Enthusiast markets will always exist but they are niche.
a niche market/product
the development of niche marketing (= aiming products at particular groups)
2 conceivable = P (possible)
conceivable adj that you can imagine or believe
SYNONYM POSSIBLE
It is conceivable that I'll see her tomorrow.
a beautiful city with buildings of every conceivable age and style
Opposite inconceivable
3 outmoded = P (consigned to history)
outmoded adj (disapproving) no longer fashionable or useful
an outmoded attitude
This organizational structure was now outmoded.
consign somebody/something to something to put somebody/something somewhere
in order to get rid of them/it
I consigned her letter to the wastebasket.
What I didn't want was to see my mother consigned to an old people's home.
4 incapable = P (the vast majority of computers and consoles available for the home
market lack the required processing power)
incapable adj not able to do something
incapable of something incapable of speech
incapable of doing something The children seem to be totally incapable of
working by themselves.
vast adj extremely large in area, size, amount, etc.
SYNONYM HUGE a vast area of forest
a vast crowd a vast amount of information
At dusk bats appear in vast numbers.
console a flat surface which contains all the controls and switches for a machine, a
piece of electronic equipment, etc.
process something (computing) to perform a series of operations on data in a
computer
5 reluctant = P (unwilling)
reluctant adj hesitating before doing something because you do not want to do it or
because you are not sure that it is the right thing to do
reluctant agreement
reluctant (to do something) She was reluctant to admit she was wrong.