Virtual Reality based Kidney Simulator

By

Muhammad Bin Aqeel

MSCSF17M003

Supervised by

Dr. Faisal Bukhari

Assistant Professor, PUCIT

(June, 2018)

Punjab University College of Information Technology,

University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.

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 Virtual Reality based Kidney Simulator
A THESIS
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
DEGREE OF
MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE

By
Muhammad Bin Aqeel
MSCSF17M003

Supervised by
Dr. Faisal Bukhari
Assistant Professor, PUCIT

(June, 2018)

Punjab University College of Information Technology,

University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.

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 Evaluation of M.Phil. Thesis

We have evaluated the M.Phil. thesis titled

Virtual Reality based Kidney Simulator

Submitted by Ms. Muhammad Bin Aqeel, MSCSF17M003, session 2018-

2019 in partial fulfillment of the M. Phil. degree in Computer Science. We have also
assessed the candidate through viva-voice.
We are satisfied with the thesis and performance of the candidate in the exam-
ination and are of the opinion that she fulfills the requirements as set in the rules
and regulations for the M.Phil. degree in Computer Science at the University of the
Punjab.

Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Faisal Bukhari

Assistant Professor
Punjab University College of Information Technology
University of the Punjab, Lahore

Principal of the College: Dr. Syed Mansoor Sarwar Principal,

Punjab University College of Information Technology
University of the Punjab, Lahore

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 UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB

Author: Muhammad Bin Aqeel

Title: Virtual Reality Simulator for Laparoscopic Surgery
Department: Punjab University College of Information Technology
Degree: M. Phil. (Computer Science)

Permission is herewith granted to University of the Punjab to circulate and to have

copied for non-commercial purposes, at its discretion, the above title, upon the re-
quest of individuals or institutions.

Signature of the Author

THE AUTHORS RESERVE OTHER PUBLICATION RIGHTS, AND NEITHER THE

THESIS NOR EXTENSIVE EXTRACTS FROM IT MAY BE PRINTED OR OTHER-
WISE REPRODUCED WITHOUT THE AUTHORS WRITTEN PERMISSION.
THE AUTHORS ATTEST THAT PERMISSION HAS BEEN OBTAINED FOR THE USE
OF ANY COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL APPEARING IN THIS THESIS (OTHER THAN
BRIEF EXCERTS REQUIRING ONLY PROPER ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IN SCHOL-
ARLY WRITING) AND THAT ALL SUCH USE IS CLEARLY ACKNOWLEDGED.

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Dedicated to my mother

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 Abstract
Keywords: Virtual Reality training, Surgical training, Surgical simulation, Kidney
Cancer Surgery Modelling

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Acknowledgements

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Contents

1 Introduction 11
1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2 Problem statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.4 Assumptions and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5 Research Study Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2 Related Work 12
2.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2 Future Work and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3 Methodology 14

4 Experiments and Results 15

5 Conclusion 16

A Figures 17

B Tables 19

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List of Figures

A-1 Logo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

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List of Tables

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Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Background

1.2 Problem statement

1.3 Objective

1.4 Assumptions and Limitations

1.5 Research Study Outline

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Chapter 2

Related Work

2.1 Background
In 1998 a 3D physical model was developed to train surgeons for laparoscopy at McGill
University. This model was also used for evaluation of laparoscopic skills. McGill scientists
and doctors selected 42 volunteers, and made them perform seven designed tasks. These
tasks were pegboard patterns, pattern cutting, clip application, placement of ligating loop,
mesh placement over defect, intracorporeal knot and extracorporeal knot. These tasks were
for training purpose and evaluation of surgeons skills through mathematical scoring [1].
These seven tasks required basic skills like ambidexterity, eye-hand coordination and depth
perception. All of these seven tasks were scored by difference of time to completion with
a cutoff time, and a penalty score was subtracted from the score to compute total value.
Penalty was used for unprecise movement of laparoscopic surgeon.

task score = cutoff time − time to completion − penalty

A year later Derossis et al [2] published a paper for the evaluation of McGill Laparoscopy
Stimulator study [1]. They selected three tasks out of seven which were performed by
McGill study. In McGill study, four tasks showed significant correlation between scores and
level of residency training. Out of these four tasks, three are chosen to be the evaluators of
laparoscopic surgical skills. these three tasks are pegboard, pattern cutting and intracor-
poreal suturing. A score for each task was calculated by a difference of time to complete

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the task and time taken to complete the task. Then a penalty was subtracted from score
for precision measure. task score = TTC TTTC penalty If a negative value appears, 0
is assigned to a task score instead of negative value. Basically this evaluation was used to
test the laparoscopy skill of surgeons after two years of residency training.

2.2 Future Work and Challenges

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Chapter 3

Methodology

14
Chapter 4

Experiments and Results

15
Chapter 5

Conclusion

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Appendix A

Figures

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Figure A-1: Logo

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Appendix B

Tables

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Bibliography

[1] A. M. Derossis, G. M. Fried, H. H. Sigman, J. S. Barkun, and J. L. Meakins,

“Development of a model for training and evaluation of laparoscopic skills 1,”
The American journal of surgery, vol. 175, no. 6, pp. 482–487, 1998.

[2] A. M. Derossis, M. Antoniuk, and G. M. Fried, “Evaluation of laparoscopic

skills: A 2-year follow-up during residency training,” Canadian journal of surgery,
vol. 42, no. 4, p. 293, 1999.

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