PCCCV001

COMPLETE REVISION
December 2009
Process Industry Practices

Process Control
PIP PCCCV001
Control Valves Selection Criteria
PURPOSE AND USE OF PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES
In an effort to minimize the cost of process industry facilities, this Practice has
been prepared from the technical requirements in the existing standards of major
industrial users, contractors, or standards organizations. By harmonizing these technical
requirements into a single set of Practices, administrative, application, and engineering
costs to both the purchaser and the manufacturer should be reduced. While this Practice
is expected to incorporate the majority of requirements of most users, individual
applications may involve requirements that will be appended to and take precedence
over this Practice. Determinations concerning fitness for purpose and particular matters
or application of the Practice to particular project or engineering situations should not
be made solely on information contained in these materials. The use of trade names
from time to time should not be viewed as an expression of preference but rather
recognized as normal usage in the trade. Other brands having the same specifications
are equally correct and may be substituted for those named. All Practices or guidelines
are intended to be consistent with applicable laws and regulations including OSHA
requirements. To the extent these Practices or guidelines should conflict with OSHA or
other applicable laws or regulations, such laws or regulations must be followed.
Consult an appropriate professional before applying or acting on any material
contained in or suggested by the Practice.
This Practice is subject to revision at any time.
© Process Industry Practices (PIP), Construction Industry Institute, The University of

Texas at Austin, 3925 West Braker Lane (R4500), Austin, Texas 78759. PIP Member
Companies and Subscribers may copy this Practice for their internal use. Changes or
modifications of any kind are not permitted within any PIP Practice without the express
written authorization of PIP. Authorized Users may attach addenda or overlays to clearly
indicate modifications or exceptions to specific sections of PIP Practices. Authorized
Users may provide their clients, suppliers and contractors with copies of the Practice
solely for Authorized Users’ purposes. These purposes include but are not limited to the
procurement process (e.g., as attachments to requests for quotation/ purchase orders or
requests for proposals/contracts) and preparation and issue of design engineering
deliverables for use on a specific project by Authorized User’s client. PIP’s copyright
notices must be clearly indicated and unequivocally incorporated in documents where an
Authorized User desires to provide any third party with copies of the Practice.
PRINTING HISTORY
October 1995 Issued
March 2003 Complete Revision
December 2009 Complete Revision
Not printed with State funds

COMPLETE REVISION
December 2009
Process Industry Practices

Process Control
PIP PCCCV001
Control Valves Selection Criteria
Table of Contents
1. Introduction................................. 2 4.3 Globe Valves .................................... 8
1.1 Purpose ............................................ 2 4.4 Rotary Valves ................................. 10
1.2 Scope ............................................... 2 4.5 Trim ................................................ 12
4.6 Bonnet ............................................ 13
2. References .................................. 2 4.7 Valve Sizing ................................... 15
2.1 Process Industry Practices .............. 2 4.8 Noise .............................................. 18
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards ........ 2 4.9 Actuators ........................................ 19
2.3 Government Regulations ................. 4 4.10 Positioner/Electro-Pneumatic
Positioners ..................................... 24
3. Definitions ................................... 4 4.11 Accessories .................................... 25
4.12 Marking, Identification,
4. Requirements.............................. 5 and Nameplate ............................... 29
4.1 General ............................................ 5
4.2 Valve Body ....................................... 5
Process Industry Practices Page 1 of 29

PIP PCCCV001 COMPLETE REVISION
Control Valves Selection Criteria December 2009
1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose
This Practice provides requirements for the selection and sizing of control valves.
1.2 Scope
This Practice describes requirements for selection and sizing of pneumatically
actuated control valves, including requirements for body, bonnet, trim, actuator,
accessories, and noise considerations.
This Practice does not cover requirements for motor-operated valves, on-off valves
intended for emergency isolation, or valves with hydraulic actuators.
2. References
Applicable parts of the following Practices, industry codes and standards, and references shall
be considered an integral part of this Practice. The edition in effect on the date of contract
award shall be used, except as otherwise noted. Short titles are used herein where appropriate.
2.1 Process Industry Practices (PIP)

– PIP PCECV001 - Guidelines for Application of Control Valves
– PIP PCSCV001 - Specification of Control Valves
– PIP PCSCV001-D - Control Valves Data Sheet
– PIP PCSIP001 - Instrument Piping and Tubing Systems Specifications
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards
American Society for Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

– Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1
– ASME B16.5 - Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
– ASME B31.3 - Process Piping
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
– A193 - Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for
High Temperature Service
– A269 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel
Tubing for General Service
Fluid Controls Institute Inc. (FCI)
– ANSI/FCI 70-2 - Control Valve Seat Leakage
The International Society of Automation (ISA)
– ISA 20 - Specification Forms for Process Measurement and Control
Instruments, Primary Elements and Control Valves
– ANSI/ISA 75.01.01 - Flow Equations for Sizing Control Valves
Page 2 of 29 Process Industry Practices

COMPLETE REVISION PIP PCCCV001
December 2009 Control Valves Selection Criteria
– ANSI/ISA 75.05.01-2000 (R2005) - Control Valve Terminology

– ANSI/ISA 75.08.01-2002 (R2007) - Face-to-Face Dimensions for Integral
Flanged Globe-Style Control Valve Bodies (Classes 125, 150, 250, 300, and
600)
– ANSI/ISA 75.08.02-2003 - Face-to-Face Dimensions for Flangeless Control
Valves (Classes 150, 300, and 600)
– ANSI/ISA 75.08.04 - Face-to-Face Dimensions for Buttweld-End Globe-Style
Control Valves (ANSI Class 4500)
– ANSI/ISA 75.08.06-2002 (R2007) - Face-to-Face Dimensions for Flanged
Globe-Style Control Valve Bodies (Classes 900, 1500, and 2500)
– ANSI/ISA 75.08.07 - Face-to-Face Dimensions for Separable Flanged Globe-
Style Control Valves (ANSI Classes 150, 300, and 600)
– ANSI/ISA 75.08.08-2001 - Face-to-Centerline Dimensions for Flanged Globe-
Style Angle Control Valve Bodies (Classes 150, 300, and 600)
– ISA 75.17 - Control Valve Aerodynamic Noise Prediction
– ANSI/ISA 75.19.01 - Hydrostatic Testing of Control Valves
– ANSI/ISA 75.25.01 - Test Procedure for Control Valve Response
Measurement from Step Inputs
– ANSI/ISA 75.26.01-2006 - Control Valve Diagnostic Data Acquisition and
Reporting
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
– IEC 60534-8-1 - Industrial-process control valves - Part 8-1: Noise
considerations - Laboratory measurement of noise generated by aerodynamic
flow through control valves
– IEC 60534-8-3 - Industrial-process control valves - Part 8: Noise
considerations - Section 8: Control valve aerodynamic noise prediction method
– IEC 60534-8-4 - Industrial-process control valves -Part 8: Noise
considerations - Section 8: Prediction of noise generated by hydrodynamic
flow
National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE)
– NACE Standard MR0103 - Materials Resistant to Sulfide Stress Cracking in
Corrosive Petroleum Refining Environments
– NACE MR-01-75 - Sulfide Stress Cracking Resistant Metallic Materials for
Oil Field Equipment
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
– 70 National Electrical Code

2.3 Government Regulations
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Code of Federal Regulations

(CFR)
– 40 CFR Parts 60, 61, and 63- Standards of Performance for New Stationary
Sources; National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants; and
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source
Categories
U. S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
– OSHA 1910.95 - Occupational Noise Exposure
3. Definitions
Comment: The terms and their definitions in this section are derived from
ANSI/ISA 75.05.01.
ball valve: A valve with a rotary motion closure member consisting of a full ball or a
segmented ball
butterfly valve: A valve with a circular body and a rotary motion disk closure member,
pivotally supported by its stem
closure member: The movable part of the valve that is positioned in the flow path to
modulate the rate of flow through the valve. Examples include the plug for a plug valve, the
disk for a butterfly valve, and the ball for a ball valve.
control valve: The final control element in the process stream that manipulates a process fluid
to maintain a process variable
eccentric rotary disk: A spherical segment in a rotary motion valve that is not concentric with
the disk shaft and moves into the seat when closing
equal percentage characteristic: An inherent flow characteristic, which, for equal increments
of rated travel, will ideally give equal percentage changes of the existing flow coefficient
(Cv)
flangeless control valve: A valve without integral line flanges, which is installed by bolting
between companion flanges, with a set of bolts, or studs, generally extending through the
companion flanges
full ball: A closure member having a complete spherical surface with a flow passage through
it. The flow passage may be round, contoured, or otherwise modified to yield a desired flow
characteristic.
globe body: A valve body distinguished by a globular-shaped cavity around the port region,
wherein the closure member motion is linear and normal to the plane of the port
lugged body: A thin annular section body with lug protrusions on the outside diameter of the
body, having end surfaces mounted between the pipeline flanges or attached to the end of the

pipeline without any additional flange or retaining parts, using either through bolting and/or
tapped holes
plug valve: A valve with a closure member that may be cylindrical, conical, or a spherical
segment
segmented ball: A closure member that is a segment of a spherical surface, which may have
one edge contoured to yield a desired flow characteristic
travel: The movement of the closure member from the closed position to an intermediate or
the rated full open position
travel cycle: Total movement of closure member from either the open to closed or closed to
open position
wafer body: A thin annular section butterfly body having end surfaces located between the
piping flanges and clamped there by bolts extending from flange to flange
4. Requirements
4.1 General
4.1.1 This Practice, along with PIP PCECV001, PIP PCSCV001 and its associated
data sheet, PIP PCSCV001-D (completed), and the individual control valve
data sheets (i.e., ISA 20 or equivalent), define the minimum requirements for
selection, materials, construction, and installation of control valves.
4.1.2 The owner shall fill out PIP PCSCV001-D, the control valve data sheet, to
define company and location generic requirements for control valves.
4.1.3 The owner shall be notified if portions of this Practice are not in accordance
with referenced codes, standards, and regulations.
4.2 Valve Body

4.2.1 Materials
4.2.1.1 Material, end connections, pressure rating, gaskets, and packing of
valve body shall, as a minimum, be in accordance with the applicable
piping specification.
Comment: Special alloy bodies that differ from the piping
specification may be required in conditions such as high
temperature, severe erosion/corrosion, or for critical
applications such as oxygen.
4.2.1.2 Control valve body and trim material selection shall be performed in
accordance with NACE MR0175 and NACE MR0103 where
applicable. This standard addresses the acceptable limits /
concentration of H2S and chlorides in the process fluid at given
temperatures and pressures.
4.2.1.3 The owner’s materials engineer shall approve any deviation from the
piping specification.

4.2.1.4 Carbon steel shall be the minimally permitted material for control
valve bodies. Cast iron valves shall not be permitted without owner’s
approval.
4.2.1.5 Control valves in flashing water service shall have trim of a hardened
material (e.g., 5 Cr-1/2 Mo).
4.2.1.6 Welding procedures, performance of welders, and welding operators
shall be in accordance with ASME B31.3.
4.2.2 Sizing
4.2.2.1 Ratio of nominal pipe size to body size shall not be greater than 2:1.
4.2.2.2 Control valve body size shall not be greater than the line size.
4.2.2.3 Body sizes 1-1/4, 2-1/2, 3-1/2, 5, or greater odd numbers shall not be
permitted.
4.2.2.4 If valve calculations indicate a requirement for the sizes shown in
Section 4.2.2.3, reduced trim shall be provided in standard size valve
bodies (e.g., NPS 3 valve with 2-1/2-inch trim).
4.2.2.5 Face-to-face dimensions of valve bodies shall be in accordance with
ISA standards and Table 1 of this Practice.
Table 1 - Valve Body Face-to-Face Dimensions
Body Style ISA Standard
Globe-style with integral flanges ISA 75.03 or ANSI/ISA 75.16
depending on ANSI class rating
Globe-style with separable flanges ISA 75.08.07
Flangeless ISA 75.04
Buttweld-end globe ISA 75.08.04 or ANSI/ISA 75.15
depending on ANSI class rating
Globe-style angle flanges ISA 75.22
4.2.3 Connections
4.2.3.1 Valves 1 inch and greater shall not be screwed without owner
approval.
4.2.3.2 Valves with welded end connections shall be approved by the owner.
Comment: Welded valves are often used in high-pressure steam
applications and in high-temperature applications.
4.2.3.3 Flanged connections shall be provided for the following services:
a. Flammable, toxic, and lethal services
b. Service temperature greater than 400 F
c. Deep thermal cycling can occur
d. Steam pressure is greater than 50 psig
e. Fire-safe design is required

4.2.3.4 Flanged connections shall be raised face in accordance with ASME

B16.5.
Comment: Valves flange connections shall match the pipe class
requirements. They are generally RF, however there are
occasions where 125# FF or RJ flanges are appropriate.
Connections shall conform to ASME B16.5.
4.2.3.5 Flanges with tag welds or flanges with partial penetration welding
shall not be permitted.
4.2.3.6 Flangeless valves shall have centering means (e.g., lugs, holes, or
equivalent) to ensure proper alignment of valve and gasket. Valve
body gasket surface areas shall be the same as that of the mating
flanges.
4.2.3.7 Flangeless valves are not recommended for hydrocarbon services.
4.2.3.8 Flangeless and wafer-style valves shall not be used in flammable
services.
4.2.3.9 Separable flanges on control valves shall be approved by the owner.
4.2.3.10 The manufacture of valves with separable flanges that can rotate if
the bolts are loosened shall supply a permanent, yellow tag on the
valves. The tag shall be inscribed with the following statement:
“Warning - This valve has separable flanges and may rotate
when bolts are loosened. The actuator must be supported before
loosening the bolts.”
4.2.3.11 If separable flanges are specified, the flange-retaining ring shall be
zinc-plated or made of stainless steel.
4.2.3.12 The minimum valve body size for hydrocarbon and steam services
shall be 1 inch. The minimum valve body size for air or water
services shall be ¾ inch. Special applications with line sizes ½ inch
or smaller may have a different minimum body size.
4.2.4 Applications
4.2.4.1 Only valves in critical applications that require minimum leakage
shall have ANSI Class VI seat leakage rating.
4.2.4.2 Valves with an ANSI Class VI seat leakage rating shall be approved
by the owner before incorporating the valves into the design.
4.2.4.3 Flow direction, if applicable, shall be permanently marked on the
valve body.
4.2.4.4 Mechanically linked valves shall not be used for split process flows
in lieu of three-way valves.

4.2.4.5 Severe Service

1. Severe service valves (e.g., globe or angle with hardened trim,
specially designed multi-hole/path cavitation trim, or noise
abatement trim) shall be used for applications if conventional
valves (globe, ball, butterfly, etc.) are not appropriate because of
loss of control characteristics over time.
2. Examples of conditions where severe service valves shall be
considered are as follows:
a. Liquid valves
(1) Cavitation potential exists: (P1-P2)/(P1-Pv) > 0.6
(2) Flashing service: P2 < Pv
b. Gas valves
(P1-P2)/P1 > 0.5
Where:
P1 is the upstream pressure
P2 is the downstream pressure
Pv is the vapor pressure of the process fluid at flowing
temperature
3. Severe service valves shall be used in the following service
applications:
a. Intermittent letdown (e.g., high-noise, errosive service) in
daily service
b. Recirculation in daily service if cavitation is expected
c. If high vibration and/or high noise is expected
d. History of valve failures exists
e. Need for severe service trim exists
4. Angle valves installed in flashing service applications shall have
replaceable (sacrificial) outlet liners
4.3 Globe Valves

4.3.1 Globe valves are permitted for all applications and pressure classes listed in
Table 2.
4.3.2 Unless otherwise approved by the owner, single-seated globe valves shall be
provided.
4.3.3 Cage guiding shall not be permitted for applications with suspended solids.

Table 2 - Applications for Valve Body Types

Body Type (Note 1)
Process Valve ANSI
Characteristic Flange Rotary
Globe Globe Wafer Ball and
Rating (Straight) (Angle) Eccentric E-Disc / Plug
Disc Segmental (Note 9)
(Note 2)
Ball
A. Process Gas or Liquid
1. Clean service 150 M,S,O --- M,O M,S,O S,O
(liquid - no 300 M,S,O --- M,O M,S,O S,O
cavitation or 600 M,S,O --- --- M,S,O ---
flashing)
> 900 M,S,O --- --- --- ---
(Note 4)
B. Process Liquid
1. Clean service 150 M,S,O M --- --- ---
(cavitation or 300 M,S,O M --- --- ---
flashing 600 M,S,O M --- --- ---
condition)
> 900 M,S,O M --- --- ---
2. Suspended 150 --- M,S --- M,S S,O
solids (Note 6) (Note 7)
(erosive) 300 --- M,S --- M,S S,O
(Note 3) (Note 6) (Note 7)
600 --- M,S --- M,S ---
(Note 6)
> 900 --- M,S --- --- ---
3. Corrosive 150 M,S,O --- --- M,S,O M,S,O
(Note 8)
300 M,S,O --- --- M,S,O M,S,O
(Note 8)
600 M,S,O --- --- M,S,O ---
> 900 M,S,O --- --- --- ---
4. Viscous or 150 --- --- --- M,S,O M,S,O
nonerosive 300 --- --- --- M,S,O M,S,O
slurry 600 --- --- --- M,S,O ---
> 900 --- --- --- --- ---
Notes:
1. "M" = Valves are acceptable for modulating service;
"S" = Valves are acceptable for shutdown service;
"O" = Valves are acceptable for on/off service.
2. The ANSI flange rating relates to the pipe flanges for flangeless valves.
3. Valve selection for nonerosive suspended solids service is the same as that for process gas or liquid (A1).
4. Utility (steam, air, water) valve selection is the same as that for process gas or liquid (A1 and B1).
5. Control valves used in streams that have a combination of the above process characteristics or process
characteristics not listed shall be selected according to project requirements.
6. Valve shall be installed in accordance with manufacturer's recommendation.
7. Full port valves only.
8. Plug valves are acceptable in corrosive service. Ball valves are not typically available in corrosion-resistant
materials.
9. When using closed-cavity valves like balls and plugs, make sure pipe specification guidelines are adhered to. In
many services like chlorine, HF and peroxide, it is necessary to drill a hole in the down stream side of the ball or plug
to prevent overpressure.

4.3.4 Globe valves shall be used for the following applications, particularly if
cavitation, flashing, or noise is design considerations:
a. High-pressure-drop
b. Low-flow
c. Clean liquid and gas service (corrosive and non-corrosive)
d. Clean liquid service
4.3.5 Unless otherwise approved by the owner, globe valves with split bodies shall
not be permitted.
4.3.6 To reduce the exit velocity of the valve and to dissipate energy, control valve
bodies in the following applications shall not be less than one size less than
line size, and the proper reduced trim size shall be specified:
a. To reduce the valve body liquid flow velocity below a maximum of
33 ft/sec
b. To reduce the valve body gas/vapor outlet velocity below a maximum of
0.3 Mach
c. If the calculated noise, not including special noise trim or other noise
reduction methods, is greater than the maximum continuous operating
noise level specified on owner’s control valve data sheet,
PIP PCSCV001-D.
Comment: Velocity must be less than 0.3 Mach for effective noise
treatment.
d. Choked flow services
e. Flashing services
f. Erosive services maximum velocity shall not exceed 20 ft/sec.
4.3.7 The recommended installation for globe valves installed in a horizontal line
is with the actuator in the vertical up position.
4.4 Rotary Valves

4.4.1 Rotary valves include all types of ball or plug valves (e.g., ball, segmented
ball) and butterfly valves (e.g., eccentric disk). Rotary valves are permitted
for all applications and pressure classes listed in Table 2.
4.4.2 For applications where cavitation or high-noise conditions are present, rotary
valves shall be approved by owner.
Comment: Applications where cavitation or high-noise conditions are
present typically use a globe valve.
4.4.3 Flangeless Valves
4.4.3.1 Flangeless valves shall have centering guides to ensure proper
alignment of valve and gasket.
4.4.3.2 Flangeless and wafer-style valves shall not be used in toxic and/or
highly corrosive services.

4.4.3.3 Flangeless valves that have a body width greater than 5-1/2 inches
shall be approved by owner.
4.4.3.4 Lugged body flanges shall be through-bolted.
4.4.3.5 Threaded lugged body flanges shall be approved by owner.
4.4.4 Unless otherwise specified, valve shafts shall be oriented in the horizontal
plane.
4.4.5 Rotary valves shall be designed such that a mechanical failure cannot expel
the shaft of the stem from the valve body.
Comment: If the stem breaks and is expelled from the valve, a leak path can
develop equal to the cross section of the stem. This failure
scenario has caused considerable damage to processing facilities.
4.4.6 Because the actuator may be removed while the system is under pressure, the
preferred mechanism to retain the stem should be independent of the
actuator. If the actuator is used to retain the stem, the valve shall have a tag
that states this possibility as a warning statement.
4.4.7 The actuator end of the valve stem shall be the spline design. Shear pins shall
not be permitted. Rotary valve shafts to actuator connection shall be of a
splined design to reduce/eliminate hysteresis.
4.4.8 Shafts shall be made of one piece.
4.4.9 The shear safety factor for shafts shall be 150% minimum at the specified
shutoff-pressure-drop condition.
4.4.10 Valve stem bearings shall be designed to prevent stem guide bushings from
rotating in the valve bodies.
4.4.11 Valve stem bearing material shall be selected to prevent galling of the
bearing and valve stem.
4.4.12 Valve shaft bearings shall be designed to prevent shaft guide bushings from
rotating in the valve bodies.
4.4.13 Valve shaft bearing material shall be selected to prevent galling of the
bearing and valve shaft and to operate at the maximum and minimum process
temperatures.
4.4.14 Valve disks and shafts for lined, carbon steel, and stainless steel valves shall
be made of stainless steel. Valve shafts and trim parts shall be made of
stainless steel as a minimum or of a material in accordance with process
requirements.
4.4.15 Because disks in wafer-style valves may project beyond the valve body
during part of disk rotation, clearance shall be maintained between disks and
pipe walls, particularly if a pipe is of heavy wall construction.

4.5 Trim
4.5.1 The maximum allowable control valve seat leakage shall be in accordance
with the control valve data sheet, PIP PCSCV001-D.
4.5.2 For individual control valves, the maximum allowable seat leakage
ANSI/FCI 70-2 Class shall be shown on the individual control valves’ data
sheets.
4.5.3 For control valves that shall provide a tight shutoff (TSO), the valves shall be
in accordance with ANSI/FCI 70-2 Class V minimum. The actual seat
leakage rates shall be approved by owner.
4.5.4 Section 4.5.3 does not apply to isolation valves and safety valves. Allowable
seat leakage requirements for these valves shall be defined individually by
process requirements.
4.5.5 Because of close tolerances between cages and plugs, cage trim valves shall
be used only in clean liquid, vapor, or gas service.
4.5.6 Cage-guided trim in dirty services shall be approved by owner.
4.5.7 The minimum trim material for cage-guided control valves shall be 17-4 PH.
4.5.8 For valves in services that contain erosive or solids-bearing fluids, trim shall
be hardened with a hardness of 38 Rockwell C minimum.
4.5.9 Trim material shall be in accordance with Table 3 minimum.
Table 3 - Hardened Trim Materials Applications
Flowing dP psid Gases Steam Water HC Liquids
0-100 1 2 1 1
100-200 1 2 4 2
200-400 1 2 4 4
500-600 1 3 4 4
600-800 1 3 4 4
800-up 1 3 4 4
Where:
1 = Manufacture’s standard valve trim; however, 316 or 400
series stainless minimum
2 = 400 series stainless minimum
3 = Stellite trim alloy 6 or 316/alloy 6 overlay for the seat ring
and plug
4 = Standard trim 400 series stainless or hard-faced stellite;
however, if valve is cavitating or flashing use the
following trim materials:
a. If cavitating use anti-cavitating trim or hardened trim
in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendation.
b. If flashing use hardened trim (e.g., stellite, 440C, or
Colmonoy® 6) or angle bodies.
4.5.10 Valve stem and plug shall be screwed, pinned and welded or of one-piece
design.
4.5.11 Except for seat rings, threaded trim parts shall be pinned or spot-welded to
supplement the threaded attachment.

4.5.12 For erosive or corrosive services, self-flushing valves shall be preferred

instead of permanent flushing connections built into the control valve.
Permanent flushing connections shall be approved by owner.
4.5.13 Valves requiring cavitation or noise trim shall be approved by owner.
4.5.14 Small passage cavitation/noise trim shall not be permitted for processes
containing particulates, solids, or plugging material.
4.5.15 To avoid plugging, conical strainers shall be considered for installation
upstream of valves with anti-noise or anti-cavitation trim.
4.5.16 For operating temperature greater than 600°F, guide post areas and rings
shall be hard-faced stellite or equivalent.
4.5.17 Valve trim and body sizes for valves in cavitating or flashing service
applications (usually due to high pressure drops/velocities) shall be sized in
accordance with valve manufacturer's recommendations and verified by the
valve manufacturer.
4.6 Bonnet
4.6.1 General
4.6.1.1 Bonnets shall have a bolted design.
4.6.1.2 Extended or finned bonnets shall be used for service temperatures
less than 0 F and greater than 750 F.
Comment: Extended bonnets may be avoided in processes with
temperatures greater than 400 F and less than 750 F if
graphite-based or other high-temperature packing is
used.
4.6.1.3 Bonnet bolts shall not be used for attaching actuators or mounting
brackets.
4.6.2 Gaskets
4.6.2.1 Default bonnet gasket material shall be in accordance with the
control valve data sheet, PIP PCSCV001-D.
4.6.2.2 Bonnet gaskets shall be compatible with the process, the maximum
temperature, and maximum pressure.
4.6.2.3 Bonnet gasket material shall be in accordance with the piping
specification.
4.6.2.4 Gaskets containing asbestos shall not be permitted.
4.6.2.5 For control valves required to be fire safe, the following gasket
materials shall be considered fire safe:
a. Metal
b. Flexible graphite

4.6.3 Packing
4.6.3.1. Materials
1. Packing material shall be in accordance with piping
specification.
2. Packing shall not require lubrication.
3. The cooling effects from use of an extended bonnet shall not be
considered when selecting the packing.
4. Packing material containing asbestos shall not be permitted.
5. For applications in temperatures greater than 750 F, extended
bonnets shall be used to protect positioners and actuators from
heat.
6. Packing types for non-fugitive emissions and fugitive emissions
versus process temperatures shall be in accordance with the
control valve data sheet, PIP PCSCV001-D.
7. Packing shall be in accordance with packing manufacturer’s
sizing and selection criteria for the process temperature/pressure
curves.
8. For fire-safe applications, graphite-based packing shall be used.
4.6.3.2 Limiting Fugitive Emissions
1. Packing shall limit fugitive emissions of any substance
containing greater than 5% by weight of volatile hazardous air
pollutant as defined in EPA 40 CFR, Part 63, in accordance with
the applicable local regulation or to 500 parts per million
maximum, whichever is less.
2. Determination of leaks and leak monitoring requirements shall
be in accordance with EPA 40 CFR, Parts 60 and 61,
respectively.
Comment: Methods of meeting the requirements of EPA 40
CFR, Parts 60 and 61, include application of twin
packing designs, live-loaded packing, and bellows
seals. Bellows seals, while relatively expensive,
should be considered for cases where leakage across
the stem cannot be tolerated or for cases where
excessive packing friction causes unreasonably high
packing friction forces.
Comment: Concern for limiting packing leaks causes continued
development of new packing materials and methods.
Valve manufacturers offer increasingly more
effective designs, and should be consulted for
recommendations on specific fugitive emission
control applications.

Comment: To meet fugitive emissions requirements, the valve

stem should be finished to 8 microinches RMS
maximum. Smooth finish assists in reducing fugitive
emissions over service life of control valve.
3. Packing design shall be approved by the owner before
implementation.
4. Bellows seals shall be approved by owner.
5. Control valves shall be designed, selected, and installed to
permit easy access of monitoring packing areas prone to fugitive
emissions without removing equipment or devices.
6. If specified on the control valve data sheet, PIP PCSCV001-D,
fire-safe packing shall be provided.
7. Control valve testing shall be in accordance with the control
valve data sheet, PIP PCSCV001-D.
4.6.4 Bolting
4.6.4.1 Unless otherwise specified by owner, control valve manufacturer’s
recommended bonnet bolts shall be used.
4.6.4.2 Valve bonnets shall be bolted type with a retained-type gasket.
4.6.4.3 Plated bolting material shall not be used for pressure-containing
parts.
4.6.4.4 The following valve components shall be 304 or 316 SS minimum:
a. Gland studs and nut (e.g., packing bolts)
b. Packing flange and follower
4.6.4.5 Packing glands and followers shall be bolted for valves greater than
1 inch.
4.6.4.6 Carbon steel screwed packing followers shall not be permitted.
4.7 Valve Sizing

4.7.1 General
4.7.1.1 Valve-sizing procedure shall consider the full range of expected flow
conditions.
4.7.1.2 Appropriate differential pressure shall be applied as load changes.
4.7.1.3 Flow equations specified on the control valve data sheet,
PIP PCSCV001-D, shall be used.
4.7.1.4 Only the characteristics of the plug shall be considered for an
accurate understanding of the plug stroke at the various conditions.
4.7.1.5 A positioner with characterization such as equal percentage may be
used on trim with an inherent linear characterization to enhance
control.

4.7.1.6 If the pressure drop across the valve does not vary greater than 20%
between maximum flow and minimum flow (i.e., dP(max. flow) –
dP(min. flow)/dP(min. flow)<20%), linear trim design shall be
preferred. Use of a linear trim valve in this case typically achieves an
installed linear characteristic.
4.7.1.7 If a linear trim valve does not have sufficient rangeablilty to meet the
minimum and maximum flow conditions, an equal percentage valve
shall be preferred.
4.7.1.8 If sizing for a two-phase, liquid-vapor mixture, the valve
manufacturer shall be consulted.
4.7.1.9 Valve trim and body sizes for valves in cavitating or flashing service
applications (usually due to high pressure drops/velocities) shall be
sized in accordance with valve manufacturer's recommendations and
verified by the valve manufacturer.
4.7.1.10 Final valve sizing shall be confirmed by valve manufacturer and
approved by owner.
4.7.2 Body Outlet Velocity
4.7.2.1 Body outlet velocity (i.e., fluid velocity at the discharge flange of a
control valve) shall not be greater than the following:
a. 0.3 Mach for gas, vapor, and steam services except for vacuum
services
b. 0.4 Mach for infrequent services (i.e., services where the control
valve is closed greater than 4 hours during an 8-hour shift, e.g.,
emergency vent and emergency depressurizing services)
c. 33 ft/sec for liquid services other than water
d. 18 ft/sec for water service
e. 20 ft/sec for erosive fluid (e.g., fluid containing errosive
particles)
Comment: To be in accordance with the velocity limits
specified in Section 4.7.1.10, oversized control valve
bodies with reduced trim may be required.
4.7.2.2 If valve manufacturer’s plug guiding or construction governs
maximum allowable body outlet velocities, manufacturer’s
recommended lower velocities shall be used.
4.7.3 Pressure-Drop
4.7.3.1 For nonpumped systems, control valves shall be sized for a pressure
drop of 20% minimum of the variable system pressure drop,
excluding pressure drop across the control valves.
4.7.3.2 For pumped systems, the control valve pressure drop shall be
adequate to provide control at all process conditions including start-
up.

4.7.3.3 For pumped systems, a primary control valve shall have a minimum
pressure drop that is the greater of the following:
a. 15 psi
b. 30% of the total system pressure drop (i.e., system frictional pipe
losses) excluding the pressure drop across the control valve at
pump-rated flow
4.7.3.4 For pumped systems, secondary control valves (e.g., temperature
control valve at inlet to exchanger) shall have a minimum pressure
drop that is the greater of the following:
a. 5 psi
b. 20% of exchanger pressure drop in fouled condition at maximum
operating flow rate
Comment: A secondary control valve is the valve that
individually controls sub-systems of a major system
(e.g., streams to multiple exchangers, streams to
multiple heaters or boilers). Typically, primary and
secondary control valves are located in series with a
header or similar configuration (e.g., the main pump
discharge feeds into a header via a primary control
valve, and the flow is split into multiple streams via
secondary control valves).
4.7.4 Operating Range
4.7.4.1 Operating ranges for linear motion valve types shall be in accordance
with the following:
a. In cases where high rangeability (design minimum flow occurs at
less than 20% of valve travel), or high capacity is required, two
control valves in parallel shall be used, and owner’s approval
shall be required.
b. If high rangeability is required, the smaller valve shall be sized
using the minimum process design flow as the maximum flowrate
of the valve. The larger valve shall be sized in accordance with
this Specification. Owner’s approval shall be required.
c. For most operating conditions, the Cv of a control valve shall be
sized to operate within 20% through 80% of maximum rated Cv
for the control valve.
d. For normal design flow conditions, valve travel shall be within
40% through 65%.
4.7.4.2 Operating range for rotary valves (except butterfly valves) shall
comply with the following:
a. Operating Cv through all sizing conditions shall be sized to
operate within 15 degrees to 70 degrees of control valve stem
rotation.

b. Normal flow Cv shall be sized to operate within 30 degrees to 60

degrees of control valve stem rotation.
4.7.4.3 Butterfly and eccentric disc valves shall have a minimum through
maximum operating range of 20 degrees through 40 degrees of disc
rotation. If the butterfly valve is a “high performance” type, then the
minimum through maximum operating range shall be 20 degrees
through 60 degrees of disc rotation.
4.8 Noise
4.8.1 Noise level produced by control valves shall be in accordance with the limits
specified on the control valve data sheet, PIP PCSCV001-D.
4.8.2 The noise level shall be based on 1 meter downstream and 1 meter from the
surface of attached piping.
4.8.3 Control valve noise calculations shall include all process conditions as stated
on PIP PCSCV001-D, the data sheet for maximum, normal, and minimum
flow.
Comment: OSHA 1910.95 defines a maximum allowable equivalent noise
dose, which is based on the noise level and the length of
exposure time to this level during an operating shift.
4.8.4 Control valve noise calculations shall be performed for all control valves.
4.8.5 The valve noise prediction calculation shall not include a built-in reduction
allowance or acoustical noise attenuation.
4.8.6 For aerodynamic noise of gases, steam, or vapor, noise calculations shall be
in accordance with IEC 60534-8-3.
4.8.7 For hydrodynamic noise, noise calculations shall be in accordance with valve
manufacturer’s method or IEC 60534-8-4.
4.8.8 For noise calculations to be valid, the maximum valve body exit velocity
shall be less than 0.3 Mach.
4.8.9 Noise emissions shall not be greater than the limits specified on the control
valve data sheet, PIP PCSCV001-D, for the following conditions:
a. Continuous (i.e., Noise occurrence is greater than 2 hours per shift.)
b. Infrequent (i.e., Each noise occurrence is less than 30 minutes in
duration. Total cumulative effect of each occurrence is less than 2 hours
per year, e.g., emergency and relief conditions.)
c. Intermittent (i.e., Each noise occurrence is less than 2 hours per shift or
includes startups and shutdowns.)
d. Remote (i.e., areas (e.g., tank farm, flare line) in which personnel are not
normally present during periods of higher noise emission)
e. Normally Attended (i.e., fence line areas to publicly travel areas, areas
bordering residential areas, and normally traveled areas within the plant)

Comment: More stringent noise criteria may need to be applied to

normally attended areas on a case-by-case basis.
4.8.10 The owner shall be notified if the calculated noise level exceeds the 85
dB(A) value.
4.8.11 Calculated control valve noise level shall not exceed 110 dB(A).
4.8.12 The control valve manufacturer shall be consulted to verify that the control
valve is designed to perform correctly for the expected duration without
damage at noise levels greater than 100 dB(A).
4.8.13 Control valve noise shall be treated at the source except for the following:
a. Low-noise multipath-multistage trim designs shall be used because these
designs reduce noise at multiple operating points.
b. Diffusers, baffle plates, and silencers, either inside the valve body or
downstream of the valve, shall not be permitted for the following
applications without owner approval:
(1) Process control/feed regulation
(2) Continuous letdown
(3) Intermittent letdown in daily service
(4) Recirculation in daily service
For other applications, special attention shall be given to the possible
limited flow ranges of these devices. For example, noise reduction from
these devices is generally reduced at low-flow conditions.
4.8.14 Noise generated by diffusers or baffle plates shall be calculated in
accordance with ISA 75.17 or IEC 60534-8-3 as a separate system from the
valve trim and included in the overall noise source.
4.8.15 The noise level for a diffuser shall be calculated at half the design flow.
4.8.16 Hardened materials in trim design shall be used to assist in prolonging the
life of the control valve.
4.9 Actuators
4.9.1 General
4.9.1.1 Unless otherwise specified, control valve actuators shall be
pneumatic diaphragm-type or piston-type.
4.9.1.2 For rotary-type valves, vane and other type actuators may be used if
appropriate.
4.9.1.3 For special applications, particularly if pneumatic power is not
available or if very high thrust forces are required, electric motor or
electro-hydraulic actuators may be considered.
4.9.1.4 The actuator shall drive the valve to a safe position on loss of signal
or motive power.

4.9.1.5 Valve failure position shall be in accordance with owner-approved

P&IDs and the individual control valve data sheet.
4.9.1.6 The actuator shall have an enclosed spring to cause fail-safe action.
Comment: Actuators having an enclosed spring design provide the
most reliable fail-safe operating parameters.
4.9.1.7 For sizing an actuator spring, the process pressure shall not be
considered if this pressure assists in reaching the fail-safe position.
4.9.1.8 If fail-safe position cannot be ensured by an enclosed spring, volume
tanks may be used with prior owner approval to provide the
necessary motive power.
4.9.1.9 An actuator shall be sized in accordance with the control, shutoff,
and leakage classes at the minimum instrument air pressure specified
on the control valve data sheet, PIP PCSCV001-D.
4.9.1.10 Valves that are required to shut off against reverse flow shall be
identified on the individual control valve data sheet, and the
actuator shall be sized appropriately.
4.9.1.11 The shutoff criteria for valves on the loss of motive force (e.g., air
supply) shall be in accordance with the control valve data sheet,
PIP PCSCV001-D, and as follows:
a. The shutoff classification shall be met with spring force only.
The spring shall be sufficient to maintain shutoff classification at
maximum delta P on loss of motive force.
b. On loss of motive force, the valve shall return to required end
position using spring force only. Air assistance may be used in
conjunction with spring force to maintain shutoff classification at
maximum delta P.
c. On loss of motive force, the valve shall return to required end
position using spring force only. Process pressure assistance may
be considered in conjunction with spring force to maintain
shutoff classification at maximum delta P.
4.9.1.12 Sufficient actuator thrusts, tubing diameter, and accessories sizes
shall be provided to minimize the dead band, hysteresis, frequency
response, and speed of response at all process conditions.
4.9.1.13 Unless otherwise specified on the control valve data sheet,
PIP PCSCV001-D, actuators shall be sized for positioning the
closure member against a minimum of the maximum differential
pressure at all process conditions.
4.9.1.14 For control valve sizing, maximum differential pressure shall be the
maximum upstream pressure with the control valve fully closed and
downstream pressure at atmospheric pressure.
4.9.1.15 If there is a vacuum on the control valve outlet, the maximum
vacuum pressure on the valve outlet shall be used to determine the
maximum differential pressure.

4.9.1.16 If a control valve is in a service that causes the valve stem to stick,
the actuator shall be sized using a 1.25 design factor.
4.9.1.17 For rotary valve actuators, the control valve manufacturer shall
confirm the breakout torque requirements and the maximum
percentage opening limit for stable operation.
4.9.1.18 The actuator case shall be rated for the maximum available
pneumatic supply pressure.
4.9.1.19 The actuator material of construction shall be the valve
manufacturer’s standard material.
4.9.1.20 Unless otherwise specified on the individual control valve data
sheet, valve yokes shall be ductile iron, high-tensile-strength cast
iron, or steel.
4.9.1.21 Springs, internal parts, fasteners, and hardware shall be resistant to
the corrosive effects of the environment.
4.9.1.22 Unless otherwise specified, actuators exteriors shall be painted with
the valve manufacturer’s standard paint and color.
4.9.1.23 Sliding stem actuators shall have valve position indicators that show
position of valve stems against a full travel linear scale.
4.9.1.24 For rotary valves, a travel indicator, graduated in opening
percentages, shall be attached to the actuator end of the shaft.
4.9.1.25 An actuator and associated accessories shall be assembled, piped,
and mounted on the control valve and aligned, tested, and shipped
as a complete unit.
4.9.1.26 Installation and orientation of valve accessories shall be coordinated
with the valve manufacturer before final assembly and shipment.
4.9.1.27 Piping and tubing specifications shall be in accordance with
PIP PCSIP001.
4.9.1.28 Tubing shall be sized in accordance with the required valve stroke
response time.
4.9.1.29 Actuators shall have permanently attached stainless steel tags. Tags
shall be stamped with valve manufacturer’s standard data and the
owner’s item number.
4.9.1.30 Valve manufacturer shall provide filter or filter/regulator,
whichever is applicable in accordance with the control valve data
sheet, PIP PCSCV001-D.
4.9.1.31 Instrument air supply pressure shall be verified and regulated to
prevent exceeding torque, thrust, and actuator case pressure
specifications.

4.9.2 Diaphragm Actuators

4.9.2.1 Nominal diaphragm spring ranges shall be 3 to 15 psig or 6 to 30
psig.
Comment: Although some applications permit the use of actuators
that stroke over the input range of 3 to 15 psig, higher
diaphragm pressures often are required. Typically, the
valve should be specified to control and provide the
necessary shutoff force with a 6- to 30-psig diaphragm
pressure range.
4.9.2.2 If a control valve is not provided with a positioner, instrument air
supply shall be regulated in accordance with the following:
a. Instrument air supply shall be 10 psi minimum greater than
spring range (bench set) of actuator.
b. If additional instrument air supply pressure can reduce actuator
size or provide more force to achieve the ANSI-class leakage
shutoff requirement, the 10-psi minimum instrument air supply
pressure may be increased.
c. All devices in the instrument air loop for control valve assembly
shall be rated/designed for the instrument air supply regulated
pressure, including air supply filter, air supply regulator, I/P,
diaphragm, actuator housing, and solenoid valves.
d. If 10 psi greater than spring range is greater than rated/designed
pressure of any component, pressure for instrument air shall be
regulated at the design pressure of the component having the
lowest design pressure.
4.9.2.3 If a control valve is provided with a positioner, instrument air supply
shall be regulated in accordance with the following:
a. Instrument air supply shall be 5 psig minimum greater than the
actuator-required pressure to achieve fully open or closed
positions (e.g., if actuator requires 6-30 psig, the supply pressure
shall be set at 35 psig minimum).
b. All devices in the instrument air loop for control valve assembly
shall be rated/designed for 50 psig including air supply filter, air
supply regulator, I/P, positioner, diaphragm, actuator housing,
and solenoid valves.
c. If 50 psig is greater than rated/designed pressure of any
component, pressure for instrument air shall be regulated at
design pressure of the component having the lowest design
pressure.

4.9.2.4 The minimum bench set range for non-critical control valve
applications such as level and temperature loops shall conform to the
following:
a. 4 psig for an instrument air supply pressure to actuator of 3 psig
to 15 psig
b. 8 psig for an instrument air supply pressure to actuator of 6 psig
to 30 psig
4.9.2.5 The minimum bench set range for critical control valve applications
such as flow and pressure loops shall conform to the following:
a. 6 psig for an instrument air supply pressure to actuator of 3 psig
to 15 psig
b. 12 psig for an instrument air supply pressure to actuator of 6 psig
to 30 psig
4.9.3 Piston and Vane Actuators
4.9.3.1 Piston and vane actuators shall be provided for the following
applications:
a. Valve stem or shaft loading is high
b. Fast valve action response is required
c. Compact physical installation is required
4.9.3.2 Actuators shall be designed in accordance with control and shutoff
requirements with the minimum available air supply.
4.9.3.3 Air exhaust connections shall be oriented and/or equipped to exclude
or minimize the entry of water, dirt, and insects.
4.9.3.4 Valves with piston operators shall be sized for minimum instrument
air pressure specified on the control valve data sheet,
PIP PCSCV001-D. Only a filter shall be provided.
4.9.3.5 All devices in the instrument air loop for the control valve assembly
shall be rated/designed for instrument air header pressure, including
the required air supply filter regulator, positioner, actuator housing,
actuator internals, and solenoid valves.
Comment: Typically, the I/P requires a separate filter/pressure
regulator set at a pressure compatible with the device.
4.9.3.6 If the instrument air header pressure is greater than rated/designed
pressure of any component of a control valve (e.g., solenoid valve),
pressure for instrument air shall be regulated at design pressure of
the component having the lowest design pressure.
4.9.4 Volume Tanks
4.9.4.1 Volume tank applications shall be approved by owner.
4.9.4.2 A volume tank shall be sized to fully stroke the valve through two
travel cycles.

4.9.4.3 If a volume tank, by virtue of size, pressure rating, or local regulation

is required to be in accordance with ASME Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Code Section VIII, Division 1, Part U-1, the capacity tank
shall be ASME Code stamped and equipped with a pressure relief
device.
4.9.4.4 Volume tanks shall be equipped with the proper accessories (e.g.,
tubing, fittings, pressure transmitters, solenoid valves, etc.) to ensure
that the valve fails in the safe position.
4.9.4.5 A pressure transmitter shall be provided on a volume tank only if
specified on the control valve data sheet, PIP PCSCV001-D.
4.9.4.6 The installed system shall enable on-line testing to ensure that the
system is operational as designed.
4.9.4.7 Volume tank materials and/or coatings shall be designed and selected
for corrosive applications to eliminate the effections of corrosion.
Stainless steel or hot-dipped galvanized volume tanks are preferred.
Material selection for items such as tubing, fittings, devices,
components, etc., shall be corrosion resistant for the application.
4.10 Positioner/Electro-Pneumatic Positioners

4.10.1 A positioner (i.e., digital controller positioners, electro-pneumatic positioner,
or combination of positioner and/or pneumatic controllers) shall be used on
all valves. Local pneumatic loops do not require a positioner.
Comment: General industry practice is moving toward the use of electro-
pneumatic or using digital valve controllers.
4.10.2 Positioners shall not be required for local pneumatic loops.
4.10.3 Positioners shall be mounted on a valve or plates or bosses provided for that
purpose.
4.10.4 Positioners shall be mounted, piped, and aligned by the valve manufacturer
to provide complete control valve assemblies.
4.10.5 Unless otherwise specified, positioners shall be provided with the
manufacturer’s standard supply, input, and output gauges.
4.10.6 Positioner bypasses shall be provided only if specified by the owner.
4.10.7 Pneumatic boosters shall be used in conjunction with positioners in
appropriate applications (e.g., pressure control to achieve required response
time).
4.10.8 Positioners shall be in accordance with the following:
a. Use two-wire loop power
b. Provide pneumatic output signal in the range required by actuator
c. In accordance with electrical area classification where installed

4.10.9 Digital positioners shall be in accordance with the following:

a. Use standard digital communication and/or 4-20 mA input signal,
Foundation Fieldbus, Profibus, or HART
b. Provide diagnostic functions and information through hand-held
communicator, laptop computer, or computer console
4.10.10 Pneumatic controller valve positioners for all services shall be calibrated for
an input of 3-15 psig. Instrument air output signal shall be the range required
by the actuator as specified previously for each control valve application.
4.10.11 Pneumatic controller valve positioners shall be provided with a bypass
except on split ranges, reverse-acting positioners, or if the input and output
signal ranges differ.
4.10.12 Valve positioner cases shall be epoxy-painted aluminum, stainless steel, or
fiberglass.
4.10.13 Fasteners shall be stainless steel.
4.11 Accessories
4.11.1 Handwheel Operators
4.11.1.1 Handwheels shall be provided if manual operation of the valve is
required by the process and HAZOP reviews. Handwheels require
company approval.
4.11.1.2 Handwheel operators shall be continuously connected and shall be
operable through an integral declutching mechanism.
Comment: Declutching mechanisms are shaft-mounted worm
gears that can be detached from the power of the
actuators.
4.11.1.3 Handwheel operators may be side mounted, lockable, and/or screw
or gear driven if accessibility is not a consideration.
4.11.1.4 For rotary valves, handwheel operators shall be mounted directly on
the shaft. The clutches shall be declutchable.
4.11.1.5 Unless otherwise approved by owner, top-mounted jacks or
handwheels shall not be permitted.
4.11.1.6 Valve-to-open direction arrows shall be permanently marked on
handwheels.
4.11.1.7 Handwheels shall not be used to eliminate block and bypass valves.
4.11.1.8 Handwheels shall not be used as limit stops.
4.11.2 Limit Switches and Solenoid Valves
4.11.2.1 General
1. Positioners, solenoid valves, limit switches and all other
electronic devices shall be approved for the electrical area
classification requirements by the appropriate governing
agencies.

2. Unless otherwise specified, solenoid valves and limit switches

shall be mounted and tubed by the valve manufacturer.
3. For instruments without terminal strips, valve manufacturer
shall provide terminal strips and housing.
4. Bug screens shall be installed on the exhaust ports of all
pneumatic instruments.
5. Accessories to be installed on the control valve shall be
mounted and piped with seamless 316 stainless steel tubing and
fittings that conforms to ASTM A269.
6. Accessories not mounted directly on the valve shall be mounted
on 316 stainless steel mounting plate. The mounting plate shall
be bolted to the actuator/valve assembly with 316 stainless steel
bolts.
4.11.2.2 Limit Switches and Position Transmitters
1. Unless otherwise specified, limit switches shall be hermetically
sealed.
2. Unless otherwise specified, limit switches shall be proximity
types.
3. Limit switches shall be enclosed in watertight, dust-proof
housings.
4. Position switch metallic parts shall be stainless steel.
5. Position switches shall be snap-acting and have a minimum of
two single-pole, double throw (SPDT) contacts.
a. The minimum contact rating shall be 10 amps at 120 VAC,
or 5 amps at 120 VDC.
b. The minimum contact rating shall be 3 amps in 24 VDC
applications.
6. Switches shall actuate on proximity (i.e., open during valve
travel).
4.11.2.3 Solenoid Valves
1. Solenoid valves shall be rated for continuous duty and shall
have a minimum of Class F high-temperature encapsulated
coils. Class H coils are preferred.
Comment: Where low wattage solenoids are required, the coil
wattage ratings shall be as follows:
a. Less than 3 watts for DC rated coils.
b. Less than 5 watts for AC rated coils.
c. Less than 2 watts for non-incendive or
intrinsically safe wiring methods.
2. Solenoid coils shall be molded in epoxy.

3. Solenoid coils shall be rated for continuous duty.

4. A solenoid valve for tripping a control valve shall be between
the positioner and actuator or in the tubing that provides the
motive power to the actuator.
5. Tripping a solenoid valve shall provide sufficient capacity to
exhaust the actuator chamber air volume within the time
required to permit the control valve to fail in a safe position.
6. If manual reset is specified, the pilot relay valve or solenoid
valve shall be supplied with a manual reset handle that will
allow the valve to be reset. The reset shall function in a fail safe
manner (e.g., no voltage release).
a. The manual handle shall latch when resetting the valve. No
locking device shall be allowed.
b. Manual reset solenoids or pilots shall be remotely mounted
when the valve accessory mounting plate is not easily
accessible.
c. For solenoids equipped with a latching reset, the reset shall
be installed so that the latching device is located in the
vertical and upright position.
7. If solenoid valve Cv is not sufficient, a “quick exhaust” valve
shall be provided that operates in conjunction with the tripping
solenoid valve.
8. If open to the atmosphere, a solenoid valve vent port shall have
a bug screen.
9. Solenoid valves shall be capable of switching under conditions
of maximum and minimum operating differential pressure.
10. Instrument air supply piping shall be sized to stroke the control
valve within the time specified.
11. Diaphragm type solenoid valve shall require review of
diaphragm material (e.g., Viton, Teflon, Buna-N). Buna-N
material is acceptable for oil-free instrument air applications or
non-hydrocarbon applications.
12. Solenoid valves and pneumatic pilot relay valves shall have
failsafe action to position the valve in the fail safe manner if the
electric signal or instrument air signal is lost.
13. Pilot operated valves require a minimum differential pressure
across the valve to operate.
4.11.2.4 Boosters and Quick Exhaust
1. Boosters shall be provided if required to achieve the specified
stroke time.
2. Volume boosters shall be used only if approved by owner.

3. Instrument air supply piping to boosters shall be sized to not

limit the supply to the boosters. Piping size calculations shall
also include pressure drops across filters and regulators.
Comment: Typically, pipe is used for air supplies. Larger pipe
may be required for extensive pipe runs.
4. Air flow through boosters shall not be restricted.
Comment: In some cases, connections in the actuators need to
be enlarged.
5. If a control valve is required to move rapidly in one direction
but slower in the other, this may be achieved by selectively
restricting one side of a booster(s).
4.11.2.5 Airsets/Regulators and Auxiliary Equipment
1. If mounting pads are provided, air sets for control valves shall
be rigidly mounted to valve yokes.
2. Pressure gages provided with positioners that are not enclosed
in positioner housing shall have stainless steel cases.
3. If approved by owner, auxiliary solenoid valves, position
switches and transmitters, and pneumatic relays associated with
control valves may be integrally mounted on control valve.
4. Air sets shall not be supported by pipe nipples from positioners.
5. Air sets for positioners may be bolted to control valve yokes.
6. Where the instrument air supply to the control valve assembly is
required to be regulated, the pneumatic instruments on control
valve assemblies shall be supplied with a filter regulator. If the
control valve assembly does not have another instrument with a
pressure gauge that provides the same pressure measurement,
then the filter regulator shall be provided with an output
pressure gauge.
7. Airset body pressure rating shall be designed and selected to
withstand maximum inlet pressure resulting from blocked in
downstream conditions.
8. The airset shall have both an integral filter and internal relief.
9. Airset metallurgy shall comply with the following:
a. As a minimum the following components of the airset shall
be stainless steel: bolting, adjusting screw, locknut, filter
retainer, and drain valve. The control spring shall be
Inconel.
b. As a preferred alternative: The body and spring case
(CF8M/CF3M), and all other hardware and components
shall be stainless steel.
4.11.3 All control valves shall be provided with local position indicators.

4.12 Marking, Identification, and Nameplate

4.12.1 Direction of flow shall be marked on control valves. The flange rim of a
three-way valve shall be marked.
4.12.2 The trim position of a rotary valve shall be engraved on the shaft end.
4.12.3 Permanently fastened (e.g., by stainless steel rivets) stainless steel
nameplates, showing the following information, shall be provided on control
valves:
a. Tag number specified on the individual control valve data sheet
b. Manufacturer’s name, model number, and valve serial number
c. Body material, valve size, and flange rating
d. Trim material, trim size, and Cv
e. Trim characteristic type
f. Stem travel distance in inches
g. Actuator model, size, and bench set and actuator serial number
h. Actuator failure position
i. Actuator maximum allowable case pressure
j. Operating range (i.e., air signal to operator with valve under pressure)
k. For diaphragm-actuated valves, bench setting (i.e., air signal to operator
with no pressure in valve body)

PCCCV001

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

PCCCV001

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

COMPLETE REVISION

Process Industry Practices

This Practice is subject to revision at any time.

© Process Industry Practices (PIP), Construction Industry Institute, The University of

Not printed with State funds

Process Industry Practices

Process Industry Practices Page 1 of 29

2.1 Process Industry Practices (PIP)

American Society for Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

Page 2 of 29 Process Industry Practices

– ANSI/ISA 75.05.01-2000 (R2005) - Control Valve Terminology

Process Industry Practices Page 3 of 29

2.3 Government Regulations

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Code of Federal Regulations

Page 4 of 29 Process Industry Practices

4.2 Valve Body

Process Industry Practices Page 5 of 29

Page 6 of 29 Process Industry Practices

4.2.3.4 Flanged connections shall be raised face in accordance with ASME

Process Industry Practices Page 7 of 29

4.2.4.5 Severe Service

4.3 Globe Valves

Page 8 of 29 Process Industry Practices

Table 2 - Applications for Valve Body Types

Process Industry Practices Page 9 of 29

4.4 Rotary Valves

Page 10 of 29 Process Industry Practices

Process Industry Practices Page 11 of 29

Page 12 of 29 Process Industry Practices

4.5.12 For erosive or corrosive services, self-flushing valves shall be preferred

Process Industry Practices Page 13 of 29

Page 14 of 29 Process Industry Practices

Comment: To meet fugitive emissions requirements, the valve

4.7 Valve Sizing

Process Industry Practices Page 15 of 29

Page 16 of 29 Process Industry Practices

Process Industry Practices Page 17 of 29

b. Normal flow Cv shall be sized to operate within 30 degrees to 60

Page 18 of 29 Process Industry Practices

Comment: More stringent noise criteria may need to be applied to

Process Industry Practices Page 19 of 29

4.9.1.5 Valve failure position shall be in accordance with owner-approved

Page 20 of 29 Process Industry Practices

Process Industry Practices Page 21 of 29

4.9.2 Diaphragm Actuators

Page 22 of 29 Process Industry Practices

Process Industry Practices Page 23 of 29

4.9.4.3 If a volume tank, by virtue of size, pressure rating, or local regulation

4.10 Positioner/Electro-Pneumatic Positioners

Page 24 of 29 Process Industry Practices

4.10.9 Digital positioners shall be in accordance with the following:

Process Industry Practices Page 25 of 29

2. Unless otherwise specified, solenoid valves and limit switches

Page 26 of 29 Process Industry Practices

3. Solenoid coils shall be rated for continuous duty.

Process Industry Practices Page 27 of 29

3. Instrument air supply piping to boosters shall be sized to not

Page 28 of 29 Process Industry Practices

4.12 Marking, Identification, and Nameplate

Process Industry Practices Page 29 of 29

S-ar putea să vă placă și