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Abstract: The use of steel reinforcement has been the most common construction technique in civil
engineering structures. However with the advancement of technology the industry is now moving towards the
fibre reinforcement methods. Carbon Fibre Reinforcement Polymers (CFRP) and Glass Fibre reinforcement
Polymers (GFRP) are used as effective substitutes in structures. In case of GFRP, they are light in weight and
advantageous in corrosive environments. But they are brittle in compression although they have excellent
tensile capacity. Therefore the details of the reinforcement bars is critical when designing for FRP. Even
though the industry is now moving towards CFRP in constructions the use of GFRP in still hesitated upon due
to lack of accurate details. Among other specifications, the bond and anchorage of GFRP bars are paid more
attention as in structural design it is important that the anchorage properties of the reinforcement are properly
understood so that the pull out failures could be avoided. The type of surface of the GFRP bars as sand coated
or ribbed, the type of anchorages as straight or hooked could have a considerable influence on the anchorage
properties of the reinforcement. And the existing design manuals for the design of GFRP bars has not been
able to predict the capacity of the structures accurately as for steel designs. Therefore the research addresses
the problem of finding better anchorage mechanism by comparing the anchorage properties of CFRP bars and
GFRP bars in normal weight concrete.
Keywords: GFRP; CFRP; Anchorage; Bond; Reinforcement
(Sulaiman, et al., 2017). Therefore in order to coating process during the pultrusion of the bar.
understand the anchorage properties of GFRP and Lastly, Bar Type B has a ribbed bar surface that
CFRP bars, there have been many experiments is cut into the rod after curing is completed. (Vint
conducted all or some of these parameters. & Sheikh, 2014)
3. Bond and Anchorage
2. Properties of GFRP and Types The interaction between ribbed bars and
surrounding concrete known as bond resistance is
GFRP is a category of plastic composite that
made up of three different components:
specifically uses glass fibre materials to
mechanically improve the strength and stiffness (i) Chemical adhesion
of plastics. (Landesmanna, Serutia, , & Batistaa,
(ii) Friction
2015) When investigating the properties of
GFRP, the attention must be paid to starting from (iii) Mechanical interlocking between bars
the manufacturing process of the bars. GFRP and concrete.
consists of glass fibres as load carrying elements For plain bar, only adhesion and friction
and resin which transfers and distributes the load mechanisms are contributed into the bond
among the fibres. Microstructural patterns of the strength resistance. Although these two
fibres and resin play a crucial role in mechanisms can be considered similar, they exist
understanding the GFRP behaviour. Different in different scales. For ribbed bar, adhesion and
manufacturing parameters (such as pulling speed friction play a minor role. As the bar is tensioned,
and dye temperature) lead to various GFRP the adhesion effects quickly disappeared between
microstructural patterns including the presence of bars and surrounding concrete; leaving the
voids and defects at various locations of GFRP tension load being transferred through the ribs of
cross-section. (Gooranorimi, Suaris, Dauer, & the bars or ribs interlocking. The tensile force
Nanni, Microstructural investigation of glass transferred from a ribbed bar to surrounding
fiber reinforced polymer bars, 2016) concrete resulted in the development of bearing
GFRP bars have relatively low stiffness in stresses, which can be divided into longitudinal
comparison with steel, which results in large and radial component. (Sulaiman, et al., 2017)
deflections. They show a brittle behaviour than When the traditional steel reinforcement is taken
the traditional steel reinforcements. This often as an example, initially the steel train and
makes the limit of deflection and crack width at concrete strain are in equilibrium. When a point
service loads the governing criteria in design of load is applied on the structure, first flexural
members. (Kharal & Sheikh, Tension Stiffening cracks starts forming. In order to achieve an
and Cracking Behavior of Glass Fiber- equilibrium state, the reinforcement must transfer
Reinforced Polymer-Reinforced Concrete, 2016) the stresses across the crack where a portion of
As mentioned above, it is important that the bars tensile stresses is transferred to concrete via
are properly manufactured as to avoid premature bonding between flexural cracks. Later hear and
failures. All two bar types are manufactured using lateral cracks occurs. As the shear crack
similar pultrusion processes for the GFRP bar happened, a sudden increment of tensile force
core. The difference is in the manufacturing inside reinforcement in the shear span is occurred.
process for the bars’ surface profiles. Bar Type A To overcome the problem, a certain transmission
has a sand-coated surface that is applied using an length for anchorage is needed in order to transfer
in- the tensile force to surround concrete by bond
line stresses. (Sulaiman, et al., 2017)
There are three types of anchorage regions force
A mechanism transfer inside reinforced concrete
which are:
(1) End region
(2) Cut-off region
B
(3) Splice region.
This model anchorage theory assumed that the standard tests could be identified through the past
bond stresses at ultimate limit state are distributed researches on the subject. The use of ASTM
equally along anchorage length and even to bond E488-96 standards when designing the test
strength, fb. Also, it assumed that the pull-out specimens is the standard for the experimental
failure is decisive for anchorage and splitting analysis on the subject. The traditional cylindrical
failure is pivotal for splicing with the same basic specimen are expected to be casted with a
design equation for anchorage and splicing. diameter of 0.3 m and length 2m. A total number
(Sulaiman, et al., 2017) of 24 cylinders to test for each bar and anchorage
type. They are to be tested for their anchorage
The efficiency of the anchorage systems used to
properties using pull-out test, four-point bending
enhance bond performance depends on two
test and cyclic uniaxial flexure under constant
components:
axial load test.
(1) The strength of the anchorage system,
Different design codes give different opinions on
which is affected by specimen’s material and
the design of GFRP reinforcement. However
dimension; and,
since the design code specifications are more
(2) Bond strength between the GFRP bar well- defined when using CFRP bars the aim is to
and the anchorage, which is dependent only on use the properties of CFRP and compare the
the anchorage length. (Oskouei, Asharafi, & validity of existing design theories for GFRP bars
Bazli, 2017) as well.
Malver investigated the bond characteristics of
FRP bars by using four different CFRP bars, all
7. Acknowledgements
with different surface deformations, embedded in
lightweight concrete. The results obtained for The author would like to express her gratitude to
different levels of confining pressure indicate that research supervisor Dr (Mrs) J.C.P.H. Gamage
surface deformation with a height of at least 6% for her guidance through the research. And also
of the nominal bar diameter, and deformation to her colleagues who did research on GFRP
spacing of less than three times the bar diameter, materials parallel this research area. Special
were sufficient to yield maximum bond stresses thanks goes to the department of Civil
of up to twice the concrete tensile stress. (Malvar, Engineering of university of Moratuwa for
1995) providing resources and facilities for conducting
the research.
6. Conclusion
When the past studies in the matter are observed References
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it could be concluded that a research gap exists (1999). Pull-out, flexural rotation capacity
between the existing literature of GFRP bars and and creep tests using hybrid composite rods
their anchorage properties in comparison with and CFCC rods for reinforcement in
CFRP bars. GFRP bars are advantageous in concrete. Göteborg: Division of Building
normal weight structures if its properties are Technology,Chalmers University of
given a wider perspective. By comparing the Technology.
results from the CFRP bars it is expected that the
anchorage properties of GFRP could be Gooranorimi, O., Suaris, W., Dauer, E., & Nanni, A.
understood and predicted as CFRP is a common (2016). Microstructural investigation of glass
reinforcement mechanism than the GFRP. fiber reinforced polymer bars. Composites
Researches have been already conducted Part B Engineering.
regarding the different anchorages available for
GFRP in normal weight concrete but the Kharal , Z., & Sheikh, S. (2016). Tension Stiffening
comparison with CFRP and related predictions and Cracking Behavior of Glass Fiber-
are not yet covered. Since the use of GFRP in Reinforced Polymer-Reinforced Concrete.
normal weight concrete could be advantageous in ACI Structural Journal, 299-310.
designs, the research gap between the two areas
Landesmanna, A., Serutia, , C. A., & Batistaa, E. d.
are to be covered through the research.
(2015). Mechanical Properties of Glass Fiber
The types of tests to be conducted of bars to be Reinforced Polymers Members for Structural
tested and the specimen dimensions on the
CE 4902A02 – 2017 – Literature Review 4
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