Modelling Procedure

Creating the structural grid

1. Click the File menu > New Model command to access the New Model form.

2. Click the drop-down list in the status bar to change the units to kN,m,C.

3. Click on the Grid Only button to access the Quick Grid Lines form. In that form:
 Type the relevant number of grids in X, Y and Z direction edit box in Number of Grid
Lines area. If replicating is done keep Z grids as 2.
 Fill in the Grid Spacing data.
 Click OK.

Defining the section of frame elements to be used.

1. Click Define Menu > Materials command to access Define Materials form.
2. Click Add New Material button.
a. Provide the material data.
b. Provide a name as the material name.
c. Select Concrete as the material type.
d. Enter the unit weight as the Weight per Unit Volume.
e. Enter the Young’s modulus for the grade used as the modulus of elasticity, 0.2 as
Poisson’s ratio. (Modulus can be entered as 2e10 = 2x1010).
f. Concrete strength can be entered for Specified Concrete Compressive Strength, f’c.
g. Click OK twice to return the model window.
3. Click Define > Section Properties > Frame Sections to define sections for beams and
columns.
 Click the Add New Property button to access the Add Frame Section Property form.
o Select Concrete in the Frame Section Property Type drop-down list.
o Select Rectangular in Click to Add a Concrete Section area.
o In the Rectangular Section dialog box, type a name for typical column (C1) in
Section Name field.
o The material of the section can be changed using the Material drop down box.
o Enter dimensions for the Depth and Width. (Note the local axis)
o Click OK to add section C1.
o Follow the previous steps in the Frame Properties form to define the beam
sections (B1 and B2).
 Click OK.

Clearing columns and beams in shear core area.

 Click Set XY View button and click Move Up in List button to set XY view at Z = 4.0 m
and Select and delete the extra beams.
 Click Set XZ View button and click Move Up in List button to move the planes of the
shear core and remove the columns in shear core area.

Changing the sections of beams.

 Select beams that should have B2 section and go to Assign  Frame  Frame
Sections B2  OK.
Defining the sections of area elements.
 Go to Define  Sections  Area Sections, from Select Section Type To Add drop
down box, select Shell and Click Add New Section.
 Type a name for the shear wall section and select Shell-Thin as the section type.
 Select the material and enter the thickness in both Membrane and Bending thickness
boxes. Click OK.
 Follow the previous steps to add a shell-thin section for floor elements.
 Click Set XZ View button and click Move Up in List button to set XZ view at Y = 15 m
and Click Draw Poly Area button and click the grid points of the shear wall to draw
a large element. Likewise draw the four walls of the core. Make sure to follow a
consistent direction in drawing the elements as the local directions depend on it.
 Set XY view to Z = 4 m and Click Draw Poly Area and click the corners of the floor in
counter clockwise direction.
 Select everything you have drawn then Edit  Edit Areas  Divide Areas Divide
Area Based on Points on Area Edges  Selected Point Objects on Area Edges 
OK.
 Delete the floor elements inside the shear core area.
 Press Esc button to clear any selections.
 Select the shear wall elements and divide them so that you get an adequately refined
mesh.
 Select the floor elements and Assign  Area  Automatic Area Mesh to refine the
floor elements. This should be done to be continuous with the shear core element.
 Select the beam elements and assign them an Automatic Frame Mesh to be continuous
with the area element nodes.
 Click Analyze  Create Analysis Model then Set Display Options  Show
Analysis Model  OK to see the current refinement level. Correct any discontinuities.

Applying diaphragm constraint

1. Select all objects in XY View @ Z=4.
2. Click the Assign menu > Joint > Constraints command to access the Assign/Define
Constraints form. In that form:
a. In the Choose Constraint Type for Add area, click the drop-down list that reads Body
and select Diaphragm.
b. Click the Add New Constraint button to access the Diaphragm Constraint form. In that
form:
i. Type FLOOR1 in the Constraint Name edit box.
ii. Verify that the Z Axis option is selected in the Constraint Axis area.
iii. Click the OK buttons on the Diaphragm Constraint and the Assign/Define
Constraints forms to exit all forms.
iv. Follow same approach to apply diaphragm constraint to all floors.

Defining the types of loads in the model and applying loads on members.
1. Go to Define menu > Load Patterns… to access Define Load Patterns dialog box.
 Click on the text box below Load Pattern Name, erase what is there and type LiveFloor.
 Select LIVE from the Type drop down box
  Make sure Self Weight Multiplier has value ‘0’.
 Click Add New Load Pattern to add the Live load pattern to the list of load types in
the model.
 Follow above four steps to define load patterns
o LiveRoof - type = LIVE
- Self Weight Multiplier = 0
o Wind - type = WIND
- Self Weight Multiplier = 0
o SDLPart - type = SUPER DEAD
- Self Weight Multiplier = 0
o SDLFinish - type = SUPER DEAD
- Self Weight Multiplier = 0
 Click OK.
2. Select all floor elements and Assign > Area Loads > Uniform (Shell).
 Select Live from the Load Pattern Name drop down box.
 Make sure Direction is Gravity.
 Enter 2 kN/m2 as the Uniform Load.
 Click OK.
 Follow the same procedure to add the other types of gravity loads (except for
LiveRoof).

3. Select all elements drawn (frame and area) go to Edit  Replicate Linear Tab dz = 4m
 Increment Data Number = Number of floors -1  OK
 Click Set XY View button and click Move Up in List button to set XY view at Z = 0 m
and select the end nodes of the column elements and assign the correct boundary
conditions by Assign  Joint  Restraints.

4. Apply the roof loads.

5. Select the beams to be applied with wind loading and Assign menu > Frame Loads>
Distributed.
 Select Wind from the Load Pattern Name drop down box.
 Make sure Direction is Y.
 Enter the calculated wind load as the Uniform Load.
 Click OK.
Defining load combinations
1. To define load combinations, go to Define menu > Load Combinations… to access Define
Load Patterns dialog box.
 Click Add New Combo.
 Give a name in the Load Combination Name.
 In Define Combinations of Load Case Results, under Load Case Name select DEAD,
type the relevant Scale Factor and click Add.
 Follow the above step for other types of load types with relevant Scale Factors.
 Follow above steps to define other combinations.

Running Analysis

1. Click the Run Analysis button to access the Set Load Cases to Run form. In that form:Click
the Run Now button.

Viewing results

1. When the analysis is complete, check the messages in the SAP Analysis Monitor window
(there should be no warnings or errors) and then click the OK button to close the window.
2. To view support reactions, click the Display menu > Show Forces/Stresses > Joints
command to access the Joint Reaction Forces form. Click the OK button. If the axes make it
difficult to read the force, click the View menu > Show Axes command to toggle the axes
display off.
 3. Extract the reactions in a tabular format by selecting all support nodes and clicking Display >
Show Tables > Analysis Results > Joint Output > Reactions.
4. To view nodal displacements, click Display menu > Show Deformed Shape…
 Select the load combinations from Case/ Combo drop down box. Click OK.
 Move mouse pointer over nodes to see the displacement values.
 Extract the reactions in a tabular format by selecting all support nodes and clicking
Display > Show Tables > Analysis Results > Joint Output > Displacements.
5. To view frame results, Display menu > Show Forces/Stresses > Frames/Cables
 Select the load combinations from Case/ Combo drop down box.
 Select the load component from Component. Click OK.

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