1 Introduction “Making the Nation on the Margins ‘Andrew Canessa We a ca et ont: se atone bce Agenda oo eee cages gs pen naa ee dere eg ee eae Pees pare ene pekeen deer eon Ltrd “cad en uns ou eng es Sc Ste Salona oa ie Soret cymes oe itp impeded seal oon cag sot bret can ore hoe ak wy inns ies wat Sane agnp Sinan areuswal ster Glnes roa cesta tie eon es po Th can en th ton ee son gs a Seige Tanta a ee Tech thee na enna acouionges nl ie igs en esd ntnper cate heen ra emenes5 Scbebe est agd anceps vn Secs ceeettane ee (Siifnausarotyettans ate sera cha sce are aa ‘i ig cdf ‘ert ef nan dno Depo ediihcttet ey sr asereama ts eis nysnon as anvil ‘Sine‘Winigenous people srggle to assert and elebrae their iden i Isle the ee that dominant national imaginings may incade much ‘havi indigenous, Thisincavon ofndian imagery ia naiona ideology Is however fin at fa remove fom the cular pracices of coren- porary inane ends to be onthe ee ofthe fallorie racer than 2 Tied cule The elasonship between indians and thesis simply cone of local or even national concer, ice by the begining of he new mlenaiam "The Indian’ has become an international commodity and Indians are widely rece around the lobe fr dhe "radiona” Me styles and as garda ofthe natural envionment. Anthropologists may be ita by this pion of he “hyper inian” (Ramos 1994) and it lack of conespondence with the Ine of al peopl; bu these images te ted sraeealy by many active and ie Docmes apc sue for groups that deal with international touriam deel, as Bye Zoss cssyin this wlume shows “The Yobalation and commediication of an image of indannes ad es atwaton to ours ae well x NGOs (which in eent yeas, Ihave been specifically targeting “indigenous communis”), impacs on imetoplitandicoumes they co-opt Indigenous eure as exhibiting ‘ualtes tat undetine the uniquenes ofthe nadonal culture. At the ‘hos rv eve, oui can buy indigenous handicraisas souvenis in very Andean interationalsipore a pial” and sueasc” national Souvenirs. The parcculy of indigenous clr and language an be prevented a marking the genuinely national even as itserves asthe onic ‘ater of social and acl infer n Bolivia ody the abit speak tm indigenous ngage sigh valued among educated urban people tse auf passpor to job wth an NGO; speaking an indigenous language as rural and uneducated pero serves a marker of oni feror sca status, Chewing coe in ural esis silat amare fn Serio indians, bat when iis done nj basin La Pritis “col” ‘Such image of ndigeny,colral and exo, belie resemblance to the ies of rel people; moreover, they ca sere to dicate to Indians the paramere of thet own Met by defining wha propery” n- tian o indigenous, Tey ae, farthermore,ofen a sharp variance with polis indgenou group such asthe EZLN in Mexico, the Movimien: to Maya in Guntemala, CONALE in Ecuador, and the vrousKacarta troupe in Bovis who direc challenge the nation-state and present a- fernatve vison ofthe present and future. The sae we of nd bie lnaon around thse concep aes place In he content of the lbaliae (Andon Ca tion ofthe concep ofndigenly ite (Hodgon 2002), which, intr, Infos active’ undereandings and politcal mancuveig Indies embrace of contest the vations images and languages of indannes and Indigent in highly sophisticated ways (Waste and Jackson 2002) As Gow and Rappaport (2002) have noted, hit may produc «stg cursive malilingualsm in avis they peak he intentional n= ‘gage of indigenous rights to governments and nongovenmental org nizations (NGOs) whise alveting those they represent in a dieren, locly sine, language Ite thetefore important wo understand not only the words of pole eader: dreced 0 outside audiences but deo how those without a polit oie undeneand hee Wenty within & tational ont, epecially snc mot people do not organize pital Many ofthe people represented in this bok show acerin ambivalence to che nation. which ean be seen at modern but sulle cin ‘bu ark indie themselves can view indian culture and practices a ‘rackward even they offer meaning “This volume looks at how meopolitan ideas of ation, those images and conceps employed by poticans bythe medi nd though schol ing, are produced, reproduce, and conested by thor who, scording we the dominant nationale dizoane, are onthe geographical and 0 cial margins of the nation, namely, she people who poplat the sa Andes and have long been roared as ehnialy and scaly tne, fiom mote calkurly European urban nationals. These people mathe 1s peripheral these aves are shown to be atively engaged with che ‘dex ofthe nation: they ae making the ation in her wn communities tnd in hee own sls. Ths points the irony contained in thet of this volume: dominant national dicouss do oe afford much space for tive people wo be actively involved in making the nation —i imply not hee place—yet indigenous people are signfcant inthe ways they ‘onsttute and reproduce the nation. OF couse, “aa” and “nation” ‘share «common toot and on one level ie ishard o undead how na tive people could not be absluely centrale the idea of wha conettes the nation. Neverthe, the dominant dicoune has long been one that Ins puted indigenous peoples to she concep rings of the nao: Indeed, indigent appear amon 0 be defined by its marily fom ‘the dominant menopolanealue. ‘Many ofthe her esas In the volume echo Thug’ thoughe hat “ruher than thinking ofthe border asthe Farchermost extension of an ‘metal Ken preading fom acore, [ve should] thnk insta of Idanthe bontril tha core. idem rele saisfhing sii be ‘auc of the effervescence ofthe continuously sexual border, because ‘ofthe rrbulens for, seul nd pra chat she border not 0 much ‘contain emia” (1993151 in Seler 1995207), One could ade that this so because it specie on the border ha the maul impli ing yad of alert and dey ate crested (Casa 2000), Tn the pags that follow I give an overview f some of he een era ture on rics gender and dhe mation-tate and are fora lsc analysis ofthe che, This i flloned by 2 lok a nineteenth and evens envary Andean hiory and the ways in which nian and indian sues hae akernatielylrpted or been ered fom the nainal concious res of ites and also how indians themsdis and in theron fhion fave engaged withthe deaf the nason-tate during his prod Fal, Teonsder some cent themes ofthe ook, suchas the body ad prfor- ‘mat, an iceginted ana of gender, Wenity, andthe nation-state fiom the pespectv of thos tt supposed pepe, through which ‘ech ofthe conubutors address the main concerns ofthe volume. ‘Subjects on the Margins Indians ceresinly have lng ben dered to havea problematic ration ‘ship to the atone and Wis often and widly sumed tha they do tot embrace of embody the nation a completly a people more obvi aly adepe a metropolitan culture; bee noe simply in mewopalian regions tha the nation-state reproduced, as hegemonic ies reach the ‘ery ice lives of pope + Foucaldian analyses have shown Japardena 1986, Morse 1985, McClintock 199; Stoler 1995) How. ver choi ha arly been devored o examining how rationalist ‘courses re eproded inthe alles of people on the “periphery” ofthe nation, Even in tudes, cha thor of McClintock (1895) and Stes (1995), thc examine in depeh the concen for subahern racine bois, line space devoted ko how hegemonic ides ae reproduced by racial salen people chemsches is much more common to Jnvetigte how idea of ne and geader are inceralne by the colonizers rather than the cololzed. “The "margins" however, genet thee own dicouses about natin identi, which may engage suongl with thove emanating from the “enter” but eqully may provide very diferent underandngs of who Indian or national. At the ue ie utban eller may lene with nd 6 Aare Cas sono ma sl pari alan te plan and ‘Cin a cnn coping ech detec ume nes pw sey on on ‘pay neemrathow ey endovd teva pao ence Arn lao wod mon an 199) as women snes te mpi” 3) Kop wae Wh Sil etoyeanple fn ne Aneta ae tence ‘atin ma mang py el oc ttevtons Te naj nt apn ae ren Minette ey spk ngs ceo fiom ic footy. 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