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Class 4
Previous class:
• Corrosion
• Concepts
• Prevention
• Monitoring
In this class:
• Scale formation
• Prevention
• Removal
Scales
• Change in solubility
solids precipitate
• Partial pressures
• Total pressure
• Temperature
• pH
• Ion activity
• Saturation rate
Prediction of scale formation
• Specific methods for each compound
• Specific compound
• Concentration
• pH
• Temperature
• Interaction with other salts
Water compatibility
• In many circumstances waters from different sources are
mixed
• Examples:
• Magnetic
• Catalytic
• Electrostatyc
Scale removal
• Scale characterization
• Barium sulphate
• Chelating agents
• Iron compounds
• Chelating and stabilizers after acid treatment
Scale removal
• Cleaning “pigs”
Scale removal
• Downhole cleaning
• Chemical methods
• Exposure of well-face to solvents
• Specific tools
In this class:
• Scale formation
• Scale prevention
• Removal
Next class
• Effects on living beings of PAHs, BTEX, salt and heavy
metals
• Recommended magazines
• The Economist
• Project Syndicate
• Bloomberg
• New York Times
• Provinces conflict of
interests