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Geotechnical Investigation of Black Cotton Soils

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 International Journal of Advances in Engineering Sciences Vol.5, Issue 2, April, 2015
Geotechnical Investigation of Black Cotton Soils
Vinayak Kaushal
BTech. Final Year Student, Deptt. of Civil Engineering
Jawaharlal Nehru Government Engineering College
Sundernagar, India
E-mail:vinayakkaushal4449@gmail.com
Abstract— Black cotton soils for the study were derived from
Indrasagar Rockfill Dam, Polavaram, Andhra Pradesh (India)
from a depth of 1m, 1.2 m and 1.5 meters. Physical and
geotechnical properties of the soil samples were studied in the
laboratory. The tests conducted were grain size analysis, specific
gravity, atterberg’s limits, standard Proctor compaction,
consolidation and direct shear test. Results as obtained were
compared with the Indian standard code. Further, relationships
of plasticity index with liquid Limit and optimum moisture
content, compression index with liquid limit, optimum moisture
content and plasticity index, angle of internal friction with
plasticity index were also derived. The test results have shown
that increase in the clay content in the black cotton soil attributes
an increase in the plasticity index. Beside this, with the increase
in optimum moisture content, an increase in the plasticity index,
compression index, liquid limit were also observed. The study
reveals that increase in the plasticity index induces decrease in
the angle of internal friction. The empirical models with the help
of regression analysis were also suggested for the benefit of field
engineers for prediction of geotechnical properties of black
cotton soil.
Keywords- black cotton soil, geotechnical, specific gravity,
atterberg’s limit, dry density, plasticity index.
I. INTRODUCTION
[1] In India, Black cotton soils form a major soil group and
cover approximately 20% of the total area and are most
commonly available soil at all places Seehra (2008). It is
mostly found in central and western parts in India. Black
cotton soil is characterized as medium to high
compressibility and plasticity, high shrinkage and swelling
properties. Black cotton soil is also referred as expansive
soils with this reason; therefore its geotechnical properties
are required to be investigated before allowing any
construction above it. The mineralogy of this soil is
dominated by the presence of montmorillonite which is
characterized by large volume change from wet to dry
seasons and vice versa. [2] Rajakumar (2014). Black cotton
soil also facilitates compaction for obtaining the desired
density with comparatively less compactive effort. Due to
peculiar characteristics of Black Cotton Soil, it forms a
very poor foundation material for road construction. The
black cotton soils also possess low strength and undergo
excessive volume changes, making their use in
Print-ISSN: 2231-2013 e-ISSN: 2231-0347 © RG Education Society (INDIA)
Dr. S.P.Guleria
Head, Deptt. of Civil Engineering
Jawaharlal Nehru Government Engineering College
Sundernagar, India
E-mail:spguleria@yahoo.com
constructions very difficult. The properties of the black
cotton soil may be altered in many ways viz, mechanical
thermal, chemical and other means. Therefore, it becomes
very important to investigate the physical and engineering
properties associated with the black cotton soil especially
involved as a construction material and for foundation
purposes. In the present study, three black cotton soils
specimens derived from depth of 1 to 1.5 m were studied in
the laboratory for investigation of physical and engineering
properties. The various tests like grain size analysis, specific
gravity, atterberg’s limits, standard proctor compaction,
consolidation and direct shear test were conducted on the
soil specimens. Further, results were compared with the
Indian Standard Code. Empirical models with the help of
regression analysis developed in this study can improve the
understanding of parameters involved for describing the
characteristics of black cotton soil having medium plasticity
and its use as construction material in roads and foundation
purpose for the site engineers.
II. BACKGROUND
[3] Chen (1975) concluded in their studies that expansive
soils or Black Cotton Soils are normally found in semi –
arid regions of tropical and temperate climate zones. They
further highlighted that such soil exist in abundant in those
areas, where the annual evaporation exceeds the
precipitation.It was further stressed in the study that sticky
plastic nature of black cotton soils particles causes them to
pack up under wheels, animal’s feet and clog cultivation
implements. They make the soil extremely difficult to
extract or dislodge.The cracks measuring 70 mm wide and
over 1 m deep were observed. The study has shown that
these cracks can extend up to 3m or more in case of high
deposits. [1]Seehra (2008) highlighted in his study that high
swelling and shrinkage characteristics of the Black cotton
soils are a challenge to the highway engineers. [4]Al-
Khafaji and Andersland (1992) concluded that the liquid
limit can be considered to be a measure of the quantity of
water attracted by these particles for a given value of
undrained shear strength thus making it possible to correlate
this parameter with the compressibility.Study has also
revealed that the black cotton soil is very hard when dry, but
loses its strength completely, in wet condition. Study has
shown that 40 to 60% of black cotton soil has a size less
than 0.001 mm. Compaction characteristics are very much
15
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering Sciences Vol.5, Issue 2, April, 2015

essential for the field considerations. [5]Similar trend for placed in the polythene covers. The various laboratory tests
clays was observed by (Terzaghi and Peck 1967, Bowles as mentioned in the Table 2 as per Indian standard code
1996)[6] and Pal and Ghosh (2011) in case of fly ash[7]. were conducted on the soil specimens.
Plasticity index of any soil depends up on the water
TABLE II. IS Codes Used
attraction capacity of that soil.
Tests Performed IS Code Used
III. SOIL USED AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Grain Size Analysis IS:2720 (Part 4)-1985
The black cotton soil for the present study was procured
from Indrasagar Rockfill Dam, Andhra Pradesh, India. The Atterberg’s Limit Test IS:2720 (Part 5)-1985
Table 1 shows the codification for the soil used in study.
Further, Fig.1 (a,b,c) shows the photograph of the soil Specific Gravity IS:2720 (Part 3)- 1980
specimens derived from the depth of 1m, 1.2 m and 1.5 m,
respectively. Standard Proctor Compaction IS:2720 (Part 29) -1975
TABLE I. Codification of Soil Used in the Study Test
Soil Depth
Direct Shear Test IS:2720 (Part 13) -1986
A 1.0 m
B 1.2 m
Consolidation IS:2720 (Part15) -1965
C 1.5 m

Classification and IS:1498-1970

Identification of Soils for
General Engineering
Purposes[14]

(a) (b)
(c)
Fig.1. (a), (b), (c) shows the photographs of samples of black cotton soils
A,B,C.
The specimens were extracted from the ground with the help
of auger. Further, to avoid any change in moisture content
arising due to increase or decrease in the atmospheric
temperature, the specimens as derived were immediately
IV. RESULTS
1. Physical Properties
1.1 Grain Size Analysis
[8]Grain Size Analysis Test was conducted as per IS:
2720 (Part 4)-1985 Fig.2 shows the particle size distribution
of A, B and C soils. Fig.2 reveals that at point W
(observation at 0.003 mm), close lines corresponding to soil
specimens A, B and C were observed. It reveals that all the
soil specimens almost retain almost same percentage of clay
particles. Further, at point X (corresponding to point 0.006),
the percentage of silt retained was on higher side in case of
Soil A and lowest in case of Soil C. As we move further at
point Y (corresponding to pont 0.6), maximum percentage
of fine sand has been found in soil C and minimum for Soil
A. Beside that at point Z (corresponding to point 3.1),
percentage of medium sand retained was maximum for Soil
B and minimum for Soil A. The results of particle size
present in Soil A, B, C have also been shown in the Table3
.Further, investigation of Black Cotton Soils A, B and C
was carried out with the help of Atterberg’s limit tests and
are discussed in section 1.2.

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 International Journal of Advances in Engineering Sciences Vol.5, Issue 2, April, 2015

the recommended values of LL is between 35-50%,PL is

below 40 % and PI greater than 10 %.Therefore, the values
of atterberg’s limits found in Table 4 are within the
permissible limits.

TABLE IV. Observed and Recommended Values of Atterberg’s limit for

Black Cotton Soils A, B, C
Atterberg’s Soil A Soil B Soil C Recommended
Limit values as per IS
1498-1970

Liquid Limit 48.66 40.8 38.2 35-50

Plastic Limit 26.61 20.3 18.2 Less than or equal

to 40

Plasticity Index 22.08 20.5 20 Greater than 10

1.3 Specific Gravity

[10]Specific Gravity Test was carried as per IS: 2720 (Part
3)- 1980. Table 5 shows the values of specific gravity for
Fig.2. Particle Size Distribution Curve for three black cotton soils A, B, C
the soil A, B and C. A close examination of Table 5 reveals
TABLE III. Results of Particle Size Analysis of Black Cotton Soils that the observed value of specific gravity was on higher
Particle Size Soil A Soil B Soil C side for Soil A as compared to the values for soil
specimens B and C .For example, value of specific gravity
for soil A was found to be 2.76 for soil A, whereas the
Medium Sand 0.1 2.6 0.8 observed values of specific gravity for soil specimens B and
C was found to be 2.70 and 2.68 respectively. As per IS
Fine Sand 15.31 6.4 16.9 1498-1970), the recommended value of specific gravity is
2.72.Therfore,the values of specific gravity found in Table 5
for soil samples A,B and C are within the permissible limits.
Silt 58.5 48.4 52.6
TABLE V. Observed and Recommended Values of Specific Gravity for the
Black Cotton Soils.
Clay 26.1 32.6 29.7 Property Soil A Soil B Soil C Recommended
Values as per IS
1498-1970

Specific 2.76 2.70 2.68 2.72

1.2 Atterberg’s Limit
[9]Atterberg’s Limit Test was carried out as per IS:2720
(Part 5)-1985.Table 4 shows the observed and
recommended values of Atterberg’s limit corresponding to
the soil specimens A, B, C. A close examination of Table 4
reveals that value of liquid limit was on higher side for the
soil specimen A than B and C. For example, value of liquid
limit for soil A was found to be 48.66 %, and for B and C as
40.8 and 38.2 respectively. Further examination of Table 4
reveals that plastic limit was on higher side for the Soil A.
For example, value of plastic limit for soil A was found to
be 26.61%, and for B and C as 20.3 and 18.2 respectively.
Further, Table 4 reveals the corresponding values of Plastic
Indices (PI) for the soil sample A, B and C. For example,
for soil A, value of PI was found to be 22.08 and for soil B
and C to be 20.5 and 20 respectively. As per IS 1498-1970,
Gravity
2. Engineering Properties
2.1 Standard Proctor Compaction
[11] Standard Proctor compaction test was carried out as
per IS:2720 (Part 29) -1975for different percentage of
moisture content. The corresponding values of dry density
were observed for the 10 %, 12%, 14%, 16% and 18%
moisture content in the soil specimens A, B and C. Table 6
shows the values of maximum dry density corresponding to
the optimum moisture content for the soil A, B and C. A
close examination of Table 6 reveals that value of maximum
dry density corresponding to optimum moisture content was
higher for the Soil specimen A than B and C. For example,
the corresponding value of maximum dry density for soil A

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 International Journal of Advances in Engineering Sciences Vol.5, Issue 2, April, 2015

was specimen 1.92 g/cc in comparison to 1.71g/cc and 1.67
g/cc for soil specimens B and c, respectively. Further
examination of Table 6, reveals that optimum moisture
content was on higher side for the soil A than B and C. For
example, corresponding optimum moisture content of soil
specimen for Soil A was 19.6 %, whereas for soil specimens
B and C the values of corresponding moisture content were
17.7 % and 17.2 %, respectively. The variation of maximum
dry density corresponding to optimum moisture content in
respect of Soil specimens A, B and C is also shown in Fig.3.
As per IS 1498-1970, the recommended values of OMC and
MDD is 21 % and 1.92 g/cc respectively. Therefore, the
values of OMC and MDD for soil samples A,B and C
found in the Table 6 are within the permissible limits.
observed to be 28.800 and 26.400 respectively. Further,
Table 7 reveals that value of cohesion was on higher side for
the soil specimen A as compared to soil B and soil C. For
example, a value of cohesion of soil specimen A was 18,
whereas for the soil specimens B and C the values were
observed to be 16.2 and 14.5 respectively. As per IS 1498-
1970 the recommended range for the values of angle of
internal friction and cohesion are 25-35 and 12-24
respectively. Therefore, the values of angle of internal
friction and cohesion for soil samples A, B and C found in
the Table 7 are within the permissible limits.
TABLE VII. Observed and Recommended Values of Angle of Internal
Friction (ɸ) and Cohesion (C) for Black Cotton Soils A,B,C
Property Soil A Soil B Soil C Recommended
Values as per IS
1498-1970

Angle of 26.400 28.800 30.200 25-35

Internal
Friction
(degree)

Cohesion 18 16.2 14.5 12-24

(KN/m2 )

2.2 Consolidation
[13] Consolidation Test was carried out as per IS:2720
(Part15) -1965. Table 8 shows the values of compression
index for the soil samples A, B and C. A close examination
of Table 8 reveals that values of compression index (Cc) for
soil specimen A was on higher side as compared to the soil
specimens B and C. For example, value of compression
Fig.3. Relation between Dry Density (g/cc) and Moisture Content (%) of
Black Cotton Soils A, B and C index for soil A was observed to be 0.338, whereas the
values for soil B and C were recorded to be as 0.2772 and
TABLE VI. Observed and Recommended Values of Optimum Moisture 0.2538, respectively. Further, as per IS 1498-1970, the
Content and Maximum Dry Density for Black Cotton Soils A,B,C recommended range for the values of compression index is
Property Soil A Soil B Soil C Recommended
Values as per IS between 0.225-0.360. It shows that the observed values of
1498-1970 compression index are within the permissible limits.

Optimum 19.6 17.7 17.2 Up to 21% TABLE VIII. Observed and Recommended Values of Compression Indices
Moisture for Black Cotton Soils A,B,C
Content Property Soil A Soil B Soil C Recommended
Values as per IS
1498-1970
Maximum 1.92 1.71 1.67 1.92
Dry Density Compression 0.3380 0.2772 0.2538 0.225-0.360
Index

2.2Direct Shear Test

[12] Direct Shear Test was carried out as per IS: 2720 (Part
13) -1986. Table 7 shows the values of angle of internal
friction and cohesion for the soil specimens A, B and C. A
close examination of Table 7 reveals that value of angle of
friction was on higher side for the soil specimen C than B
and A. For example, value of angle of internal friction for
soil C was 30.200 whereas for Soil B and A the values were
V. DISCUSSION
It can be concluded from above that soil specimens A, B
and C retain almost same percentage of clay particles and
have medium range of plastic indices. Further, as observed
liquid limit of soil specimen A was found to be higher than
the soil specimen B and C. On similar lines, it was also
observed that plastic limit of soil specimen A was higher

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 International Journal of Advances in Engineering Sciences Vol.5, Issue 2, April, 2015
than B and C. It reveals that increase in liquid limit
attributes increase in the plasticity index for the black cotton
soils. The specific Gravity and dry density of the soil
samples A was found to be higher than soil sample B and C.
Contrary to this, the value of value of angle of internal
friction of soil specimen C was observed to be higher than
soil specimens B and A. Whereas, cohesion and
compression index were observed to on higher side for the
soil specimen A than B and C.
VI. CORRELATIONS OF PARAMETERS
1. Relationship between Plasticity Index (PI) and Liquid
Limit (LL) of Soil
In this study, empirical relationship through regression
analysis was derived to predict Plasticity Index (PI) on the
basis of known liquid limit (LL) values for the soil. The
STATICA software was used to drive the empirical
relationship. The Equation 1 shows the relationship between
optimum moisture content (OMC) with the variation of
liquid limit (LL)
PI = 0.199 LL + 12.37 Eq. (1)
The corresponding value of coefficient of determination
(R2) was 0.999. Further, in order to validate the results of
model, the predicted values were computed with the help of
empirical model. The Fig.4 shows the plot between
predicted values of plasticity index with experimental values
for the soil specimens A, B and C. It can be seen from the
Fig.4 that the predicted values of plasticity index as
computed with the help of suggested empirical model are
very close to the experimental value. For example, from
Fig.4, for soil specimen A, the predicted value of plasticity
index as computed with the help of empirical model was
22.053% in comparison to an experimental value of 22.08%.
Similar close values as evident from Fig.4 were also
observed for the soil specimens B and C.
Fig.4.Experimental and Predicted Value of Plasticity Index (PI) for Soils A,
B and C
2. Relationship between Optimum Moisture Content
(OMC) and Plasticity Index (PI) of Soil
Print-ISSN: 2231-2013 e-ISSN: 2231-0347 © RG Education Society (INDIA)
In this study, empirical relationship through regression
analysis was derived to predict Optimum Moisture Content
(OMC) on the basis of known Plasticity Index (PI) values
for the soil. The STATICA software was used to drive the
empirical relationship. The Equation 2 shows the
relationship between optimum moisture content (OMC)
with the variation of plasticity index (PI).
OMC = 1.163 PI- 6.111 Eq. (2)
The corresponding value of coefficient of determination
(R2) was 0.998. Further, in order to validate the results of
model as obtained, the predicted values were computed with
the help of empirical model. The Fig. 5 shows the plot
between predicted values of Optimum Moisture Content
(OMC) for the soil specimens A, B and C. It can be seen
from the Fig.5 that the predicted values of Optimum
Moisture Content (OMC) as computed with the help of
suggested empirical model were very close to the
experimental value. For example, from Fig.5 for soil
specimen A, the predicted value of optimum moisture
content (OMC) as computed with the help of empirical
model was 19.56 % in comparison to an experimental value
of 19.6 %. Similar close values as evident from Fig.5 were
also observed for the soil specimens B and C.
3. Relationship between Compression Index (Cc) and
Liquid Limit (LL) of Soil
In this study, empirical relationship through regression
analysis was derived to predict Compression Index (Cc) on
the basis of known liquid limit (LL) values for the soil. The
STATICA software was used to drive the empirical
relationship. The Equation 3 shows the relationship between
compression index (Cc) with the variation of liquid limit
(LL)
Cc=0.008 LL-0.049 Eq. (3)
Fig.5. Experimental and Predicted Value of OMC for Soils A, B and C
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 International Journal of Advances in Engineering Sciences Vol.5, Issue 2, April, 2015

The corresponding values of coefficient of determination as computed with the help of empirical model was 0.334 in
(R2) was 0.999.Further, in order to validate the results of comparison to an experimental value of 0.338. Similar close
model as obtained, the predicted values were computed with values as evident from Fig.7 were also observed for the soil
the help of empirical model. The Fig.6 shows the plot specimens B and C.
between predicted values of Compression Index (Cc) for the
soil specimens A, B and C. It can be seen from the Fig.6
that the predicted values of Compression Index (Cc) as
computed with the help of suggested empirical model are
very close to the experimental value. For example, from
Fig.6 for soil specimen A, the predicted value of
Compression Index (Cc) as computed with the help of
empirical model was 0.3402 in comparison to an
experimental value of 0.338. Similar close values as evident
from Fig.6 were also observed for the soil specimens B and
C.

Fig.7. Experimental and Predicted Value of Compression Index( Cc) for

Soils A, B and C

5. Relationship between Compression Index (Cc) and

Fig.6. Experimental and Predicted Value of Compression Index(Cc) for
Soils A, B and C
4. Relationship between Compression Index (Cc) and
Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) of Soil
In this study, empirical relationship through regression
analysis was derived to predict Compression Index (Cc) on
the basis of known Optimum Moisture Content (OMC)
values for the soil. The STATICA software was used to
drive the empirical relationship. The Equation 4 shows the
relationship between compression index (Cc) with the
variation of optimum moisture content (OMC).
Cc=0.034 OMC- 0.332 Eq. (4)
The corresponding values of coefficient of determination
(R2) was 0.994.Further, in order to validate the results of
model as obtained, the predicted values were computed with
the help of empirical model. The Fig. 7 shows the plot
between predicted values of Compression Index for the soil
specimens A, B and C. It can be seen from the Fig.7 that the
predicted values of compression Index as computed with the
help of suggested empirical model are very close to the
experimental value. For example, from Fig.7 for soil
specimen A, the predicted value of Compression Index (Cc)
Plasticity Index (PI) of Soil
In this study, empirical relationship through regression
analysis was derived to predict Compression Index (Cc) on
the basis of known plastic index (PI) values for the soil. The
STATICA software was used to drive the empirical
relationship. The Equation 5 shows the relationship between
compression index (Cc) with the variation of plasticity
index (PI)
Cc=0.041PI-0.569 Eq.(5)
The corresponding values of coefficient of determination
(R2) was 0.991.Further, in order to validate the results of
model as obtained, the predicted values were computed with
the help of empirical model. The Fig.8 shows the plot
between predicted values of compression index for the soil
specimens A, B and C. It can be seen from the Fig.8 that the
predicted values of compression index as computed with the
help of suggested empirical model are very close to the
experimental value. For example, from Fig.8 for soil
specimen A, the predicted value of Compression Index (Cc)
as computed with the help of empirical model was 0.336 in
comparison to an experimental value of 0.338. Similar close
values as evident from Fig.8 were also observed for the soil
specimens B and C.

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 International Journal of Advances in Engineering Sciences Vol.5, Issue 2, April, 2015
Fig.8. Experimental and Predicted Value of Compression Index(Cc) for
Soils A, B and C
6. Relationship between Angle of Internal Friction (ɸ)
and Plasticity Index (PI) of Soil
In this study, empirical relationship through regression
analysis was derived to predict angle of internal friction (ɸ)
on the basis of known plastic index (PI) values for the soil.
The STATICA software was used to drive the empirical
relationship. The Equation 6 shows the relationship between
angle of internal friction (ɸ) with the variation of plasticity
index (PI)
ɸ= -1.821PI+66.61 Eq.(6)
The corresponding values of coefficient of determination
(R2) and error as in case of soil specimen B was 0.999 and
1.635 respectively. Further, in order to validate the results of
model as obtained, the predicted values were computed with
the help of empirical model. The Fig. 9 shows the plot
between predicted values of angle of internal friction for the
soil specimens A, B and C. It can be seen from the Fig.9
that the predicted values of angle of internal friction as
computed with the help of suggested empirical model are
very close to the experimental value. For example, from
Fig.9 for soil specimen A, the predicted value of angle of
internal friction as computed with the help of empirical
model was 26.4020 in comparison to an experimental value
of 26.40. Similar close values as evident from Fig.9 were
also observed for the soil specimens B and C.
Print-ISSN: 2231-2013 e-ISSN: 2231-0347 © RG Education Society (INDIA)
Fig.9. Experimental and Predicted Value of Angle of Internal Friction
(degree) for Soils A, B and C
VII. CONCLUSIONS
Black cotton soils for the study were derived from
Indrasagar Rockfill Dam, Polavaram, Andhra Pradesh
(India) from a depth of 1m, 1.2 m and 1.5 meters. Physical
and geotechnical properties of the soil samples were studied
in the laboratory. The test conducted were grain size
analysis, specific gravity, atterberg’s limits, standard Proctor
compaction, consolidation and direct shear test. Results as
obtained were compared with the Indian standard code.
Further, relationships of plasticity index with liquid Limit
and optimum moisture content, compression index with
liquid limit, optimum moisture content and plasticity index,
angle of internal friction with plasticity index were also
derived.
Based on the above test results and discussions the
following conclusion can be derived:
1. The increase in the clay content and liquid limit in
the black cotton soil attributes an increase in the
plasticity index.
2. Soil specimens A, B and C retain almost same
percentage of clay particles and have medium
range of plastic indices.
3. Liquid limit, Plastic limit, Specific Gravity and Dry
Density of soil specimen A was found to be higher
than the soil specimen B and C.
4. The value of value of angle of internal friction of
soil specimen C was observed to be higher than
soil specimens B and A. The value of cohesion and
compression index was observed to on higher side
for the soil specimen A than soil specimens B and
C.
5. Predicted values of the parameters viz. Plasticity
index (PI), Optimum Moisture Content (OMC),
Compression Index (Cc) and Angle of Internal
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 International Journal of Advances in Engineering Sciences Vol.5, Issue 2, April, 2015

Friction (ɸ) for the soil specimens A, B and C from

empirical models derived through regression
analysis were observed to be very close to the
experimental values.
6. The increase in the optimum moisture content
attributes an increase in the plasticity index,
compression index and liquid limit.
7. Increase in the plasticity index induces decrease in
the angle of internal friction and the compaction
Characteristics were observed to be fair with fair
workability as construction material for black
cotton soils.
VIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors are thankful to the Director Central Soil and
Materials Research Station (CSMRS), New Delhi, India for
every support and services provided.
REFERENCES
[1] Seehra (2008) “Practical Problems of Highway Construction
in Black Cotton Soil Areas and In-Place Remedial Measures:”
A Case Study
[2] Rajakumar (2014) “California bearing ratio of expansive Sub
grade stabilized with waste materials” International Journal
of Advanced Structures and Geotechnical Engineering Vol.
03, No. 01, January 2014
[3] Chen, F. H. (1975) Foundations on Expansive Soils, Elsevier
Scientific Pub. Co. Amsterdam.Adeniji, F. A. (1991)
“Recharge function of vertisolic vadose Zone in sub-sahelian
Chad Basin”. Proceeding Ist International Conference on Arid
Zone Ideology Hydrology and water resources, Maduguri, pp.
331 – 348.
[4] Al-Khafaji, A. W. N., and Andersland, O. B. (1992).
“Equations for compression index approximation,” Journal of
Geotechnical Engg., ASCE, 118(1), 148–153.
[5] Terzaghi, K. and Peck R.B. (1967) “Soil mechanics in
engineering practice” 2nd edn. Wiley, New York.
[6] Bowles, J. E. (1996). “Physical and geotechnical properties of
soils,” McGraw-Hill international editions.
[7] Pal, S.K and Ghosh, A (2011) “Compaction and hydraulic
conductivity characteristic of Indian fly ash,” Indian
geotechnical conference, December 2011, Kochi, P-773-776
[8] IS:2720 (Part 4)-1985 “Code of practice for Grain Size
Analysis”
[9] IS:2720 (Part 5)-1985 “Code of practice for Determination of
Liquid and Plastic Limit”
[10] IS: 2720 (Part 3) -1980 “Code of practice for determination of
Dry Density”
[11] IS: 2720 (Part 29) -1975 “Code of practice for Standard
Proctor Test”.
[12] IS: 2720 (Part 13)-1986 “Code of practice for Direct Shear
Test”
[13] IS: 2720 (Part 15) - 1965 “Code of practice for Determination
of Consolidation Properties”.
[14] IS:1498-1970 “Classification and Identification of Soils for
General Engineering Purposes”

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