CHAPTER 4

NORMAL CURVE

The presentation in the form of numbers in the form of a single distribution or group
distribution, while in the form of a picture can be a histogram, polygon, and the curve. In the
presentation of the data is seen the tendency of certain that the frequency of occurrence of
data or high score is always amid or around the average count. The spread of the frequency
that is the spread which follows the normal distribution assumption.

In fact there are several kinds of spread, but the spread of the most important in the field of
statistics is the spread or normal distribution normal. Distribution is a mathematical concept
that idealized. A score spread really normal that in accordance with the concept of the
idealistic actually rarely found in other words, the spread of the spread of the scores on the
generally in accordance with the normal distribution assumption.

A. About The Normal Curve

Image of the normal curve resembles genta (bell) that uniform, in the sense that the
symmetric between the tail of the right and the left and reflect the general characteristics
of the population from which the samples were taken. The curve normal depending on
two parameters, namely  and . If both parameters have known, curve normally can
easily described. The equation of normal curve is as follows:
2
x−x́
1 1 /2 ( )
Y= e σ
s√2 π
Y : Ordinate for a value of X having a limit

 : Constant value: 3,1416

e : Constant Numbers: 2,7183

x́ : Average count

s : Standard deviation

Normal curve has some characteristics, namely : (1) Graph the curve is always above the
flat axis X, (2) Mode, namely point on the axles horizontally to create the function of
maximum, occurs on x = , (3) Parts of the right and left of the central point is the
 symmetric, to the right x́ 3 s and to the left x́ 3 s , (4) The wide area of the curve
above the flat axis is equal 1.

The high and low ordinate of a curve will depend on the magnitude of the average count
( x́ ) and standard deviation (s). Two curves can have the same number of counts, but
with different standard deviations. Besides, two normal curves can also have the
possibility of having the average count or standard deviation is not the same. In general
the spread of measurement result data or the result of observation results can be
explained by the normal curve as long as the average count and standard deviation is
known. The concept of a normal curve is a very important concept in explaining various
statistical problems.

B. The Area of Normal Curve

The whole area of normal curve has a wide 1 (stated in proportion) or 100 (stated in
percent). In the midpoint of the curve is the location of the average count, and on the
right and left of the x́ is the standard deviation which is positive (if the value above
the average count) and negative (if under the average count). Normal curve is symmetric
to the x́ , wide area under and above x́ is the same great each 0.5 or 50%.
In the distribution of the normal raw material, the midpoint of the normal curve is where
is equal to 0 ( x́=0 ) and standard deviation is equal to 1 (s = 1). If the layout of the
point x́ is equal to 0, the spread of the Standard deviation to the right and to the left
becomes symmetric, namely each become +1s, +2s, +3s, and -1s, -2s, -3s. The number of
all objects are measured or observed in one area of the normal curve theoretical spread to
the right and to the left of the central point in a balanced.
1. Z-Score
Z-Score is a concept of the numbers that many used to troubleshoot various problems
statistics. He shows the comparison of an X score from the average count ( x́ )
against the standard deviation (s). Z-Score is the default value that have x́=0 and
s = 1. The formula to calculate the Z-Score is as follows:

( X− X́ )
Z=
s

2. T-Score
Sometimes people want to avoid the negative or decimal numbers generated by Z-
Score calculations. For that, statistics also provide a way out, which is by
 transforming the z-score into a T-score. The formula for calculating T-scores is as
follows:
T =50+10 z (50∧10 constant )
Or, we can calculate it directly by:
X− X́
T =50 × ×10
s

C. Probability Concept
In the inferential statistics, inferences are made based on data from samples from the
sample based on the statistical techniques employed and the concept of probability. The
probability problem is a concept problem, to explain the principle of probability, the usual
classic example taken is for example the currency slack currency having two sides,
namely head (K), and tail (E).

Throwin Probability (P)

g Order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
K K K K E E E E
K K E E K K E E
K E K E K E K E

Likewise, if the currency is thrown 4 times or whatever it will give different possibilities.
The more the number of blobs done, the chance of the occurrence of an event will be
smaller.

So, in this case we see the principle of equilibrium, that the emergence of the frequency
of a symptom or symptom will be equal or equal to its frequency with other symptoms or
events. It is essentially no different from Ho (the null hypothesis), i.e. that there is no
difference between the first, second, third, or so on.

The probability of occurrence of a symptom or occurrence is usually indicated by the

letter P (probability) expressed in terms of proportion or percent. The possibility of
occurrence of the events mentioned above is theoretical, while in fact not necessarily so
because of the frequent intervention of chance factors.

D. Z-Score for Hypothesis Testing

Quantitative research is generally intended to test the developed hypothesis. The type of
statistics used is inferential statistics. Hypothesis is an inherent in quantitative research
although not all quantitative research requires hypotheses, especially descriptive ones.

To determine the limits of the significance of observations and statistical tests, i.e. the
acceptance or rejection of a hypothesis, there are provisions that are used, that is called
the level of significance. In basic statistics the acceptance or rejection of the hypothesis is
to use probability theory as discussed above the probability principle in question relates to
the question of how much opportunity for the possibility of a symptom and or event
occurring under certain conditions. A hypothesis is declared acceptable or otherwise
rejected if the symptom and or event to be commended it can appear in a count of a
certain amount in accordance with predetermined requirements. If the frequency of
occurrence of the occurrence of symptoms and or it meets the prescribed requirements
and it is supported by empirical evidence, the result of the research, the proposed
hypothesis e.g. ( H a ) is declared acceptable. Otherwise if the frequency of occurrence
3

of symptoms and or events that do not meet the requirements of the proposed hypothesis
is rejected.

As set forth in the possibility of the occurrence of a phenomenon and or event such as
marked by a letter p expressed in units of proportion or percent. Usually, to indicate the
possibility of acceptance or rejection of the hypothesis is used the code P = 0.05 or
P=0.01 (statement in proportion), or the significance level of 5% and 1% (in percent). In
many books the code used for P is alpha (α). As previously stated, the normal curve area
encompasses all the measured data or all data symbolized by X. Whatever the amount of
data is how high the data is reflected by the average count, and however the size of the
distribution reflected by the standard deviation is not all question. All the data will occupy
their respective areas according to the size of the z-score they have. Theoretically the z-
score has the area in the normal curve area calculated by the standard deviation from the
average count, either the area above or below it. The area for each z-score can be seen
from the table of the normal curve area.

The 5% significance level means the entire case studied, 95% of the members are
acceptable (e.g., having a relationship for relationship test and different for the difference
test), and only an unacceptable 5% proportion. Or, if the event is a possibility of
acceptable cases, symptoms, and cannot be as much as 0.95 and only 0.05 which has a
 probability of H a , acceptable. If the hypothesis tested is
3 H a , that means at a
significance level of 5% or P=0.05. The same is true for a significance level of 1% (P=
0.01), i.e that of all the cases studied, 99% of members are acceptable, and only 1% is
beyond the possibility of acceptance. If the hypothesis tested is H a , it means that H or
3

significant at the significance level of 1% or P=0.01.

E. Normality Test
The interval-scale data as a result of measurement generally follows the assumption of
normal distribution. But that data does not follow that assumption is not impossible. To
determine the certainty of the distribution of data obtained should be tested normality of
the data concerned. Various inferential statistical formulas used to test the research
hypothesis based on the assumption that the relevant data meet the characteristics of
normal distribution, in other words the state of normal distribution data is a requirement
that must be met.
Thus before being subject to certain statistical formulas, the normality of the distribution
of a data must be known. Thus, the normality test of the data must have been performed
before the application of a statistical formula for Hypothesis Testing. It should also be
noted that there is a statistical formula that is not so sensitive to deviations from the
assumption of data normality. Precisely although there is a deviation from the normality
requirement that the deviation must be not too big so that is still in a reasonable level.
The Formula (Chi Square)

O1−E1 ¿2 O 2−E2 ¿2 On−E n ¿2

¿ + ¿ +…+ ¿
¿ ¿ ¿
2
x =¿ ¿ ¿

O = Frequency Observed

E = Expected Frequency

Thus, in the normality test of a data using the formula x squared we must first calculate
the expected frequency (E). While the observed frequency (O) is by itself available.