Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Tuesday:
- Grid-tied photovoltaic systems – components and design
Wednesday:
- Stand-alone photovoltaic systems – components and design
Thursday:
- Installation and commissioning
- Open discussion and questions, preparation of the klausur
1. Energy supplies – today and in the future
Economic damage
Insured proportion
Annual global
Geothermal Biomass energy requirement
Solar energy
Year
year
Japan Germany USA
Total installed capacity Total installed capacity Total installed capacity
1100 MW (2004) 760 MW (2004) 270 MW (2003)
Solar Constant
(Maximum Irradiation Outside Atmosphere)
1.367 W/m2
21 September 21 June
21 December 21 March
Irradiance Due
to Albedo
Zenith
21 June
21 September
21 March
W
21 December
N
04:00 a.m.
S
06:20 a.m.
08:33 a.m.
E
Irradiation W/m2
Annual June
Month Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb.
Propor- 7.9% 11.3% 13.4% 12.4% 13.6% 12.2% 9.2% 7.4% 3.2% 1.9% 2.9% 4.5%
tion of
yearly
output
Table: Output of PV array in Central Europe in monthly percentages of total output. Snow on the array for a few days in January does not
make much difference to the yearly yield
Annual percentage
solar insolation (%)
North
West East
Angle of
inclination
W
E
Example South
S
Example: 30° / 45° South-west = 95 %
• Structure of silicon
• Functioning of a crystalline solar cell
• Different cell types and their characteristics
• Solar modules and their characteristics
Conduction in n- and p- doped silicon
Hole
Electron
Diffusion
Negative
electrode
n-type silicon
Junction
Positive electrode
p-type silicon
Open circuit
1 TCO, 2 Blue absorbent Layer, 3 Green absorbent Layer, 4 Red absorbent Layer, 5 Reflective
Layer, 6 Substrate
Hybrid HIT solar cell Combination of crystalline and 20,1 % 15 – 17,5 % Industrial production
thin-film cells
Monocrystalline silicon
Polycrystalline silicon
Thin film
copper-indium-diselenide
Amorphous silicon
1 Glass on front and rear sides, 2 Encapsulation in ethyl-vinyl-acetate (EVA), 3 Crystalline solar cell
1 Aluminium frame, 2 Seal, 3 Glass, 4 Encapsulating EVA, 5 Crystalline cell, 6 Tedlar sheet
Series
Series
Parallel
Parallel
Series-Parallel
Main DC
cables Inverters Hot/live
Neutral
Ground/
earth
Surge protection
DC-Isolator AC-
(all poles) Isolator
Inverter Grid
Distance
4 - 6 x height
Height
PV array
Inverter
Charge regulator
Battery
Discharge Current
Charging Current
Current in A
Akku
Loads
Voltage in V
Charge
Gassing voltage
Quiescent Voltage
Discharge
Discharge Time in h
Discharge at:
Temperature in °C
Discharge time
Number of cycles
Modified SLI Gel cells, maintenance free
Usual type description Modified SLI Gel cells, Maintenance-free Flooded deep cycle
maintenance-free deep cycle
Construction Thicker plates than SLI Maintenance-free, Gel electrolyte, tubular Liquid electrolyte,
(automotive) sealed plates tubular plates,
transparent containers
Properties Moderate to low water No maintenance Low maintenance, can Low maintenance,
loss, low self-discharge withstand deep robust construction,
rate discharge charge well with low
currents, can withstand
deep discharge
Unit voltages 12 V 12 V 2V–6V 2V–6V
Capacity range in Ah 60 – 260 Ah 10 – 130 Ah 200 – 12,000 Ah 20 – 2,000 Ah
Self-discharge rate – 2–4% 3–4% <3% 2–4%
monthly
% DOD – cycle life 20 % – 1000 30 % – 800 30 % – 3000 30 % – 4500
(approximate) 40 % – 500 50 % – 300 80 % > 1000 80 % > 1200
(can be less)
Maintenance periods 3 months approx. None Monitoring & yearly 3 month approx.
cleaning
PV array
500 W p
Controller
Fridge
50 W
Battery
Lamp
9W
Socket 120 W