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1 Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 2
2 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 2
2.1 Impacts of Steel on Construction ..................................................................................... 2
2.2 Health and safety .............................................................................................................. 3
2.3 Environment ..................................................................................................................... 3
3 Steel construction’s role in sustainable development .............................................................. 4
3.1 The construction phase ..................................................................................................... 4
3.2 The recycling of Steel ...................................................................................................... 4
4 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 5
5 References ............................................................................................................................... 6
List of Figures
2 Introduction
The term “sustainable development” became popularized with the publication of Our Common
Future (the Bruntland Report) in 1987 which defines sustainable development as “development
that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs” .The interpretation of this definition has, however, since 1987 broadened
and matured. The protection of the environment is today recognized as but one element of
sustainable development; others include social and economic factors. In the UK Government’s
Sustainable Development Strategy , Sustainable development is defined as enabling “all people
throughout the world to satisfy their basic needs and enjoy a better quality of life, without
compromising the quality of life of future generations”, thereby accentuating the importance of
the social element. (Huang Yuan, Huan-Peng Hong, Huang Deng, Yu Bai, 2018) Today, it is
widely accepted that sustainable development has three foundations: environmental, social and
economic. If we accept this, the link between sustainable development and construction becomes
clear; construction is of high economic significance and has strong environmental and social
impacts. (Yvonne Ciupack, Hartmut Pasternak, Christoph Mette, Elisabeth Stammen, Klaus
Dilger, 2017)
2.3 Environment
Globally, the construction sector is arguably one of the most resource-intensive industries.
Construction and the operation of buildings accounts for 40% of total energy use and 16% of
total water withdrawals. Construction also accounts for 40% of the total flow of raw materials
into the global economy every year—around 3 billion tons. The production and processing of
these materials impacts heavily on the landscape, and can cause air pollution, toxic runoff into
watercourses and loss of forests and agricultural land. (En-Feng Deng, Liang Zonga, Yang
Dinga, Xiao-Meng Dai, Ni Lou, Yang Chen, 2018)
Furthermore, waste from construction and demolition constitutes one of the largest waste streams
in Europe. A study carried out for the European Commission showed that in the EU-15 arisings
of ‘core’ 1 construction and demolition waste amount to around 180 million tonnes each year
and that only about 28% across the EU-15 as a whole is re-used or recycled with the remaining
72% going to landfill. Five Member States (Germany, the UK, France, Italy and Spain)
accounted for around 80% of the total, broadly consistent with the share of the overall
construction market accounted for by these countries. (Muiris C.Moynihan, Julian M.Allwood,
2012)
Figure 2 Vertical and horizontal extension to the Empress State Building using braced steel
framing (Bassam A.Burgan, Michael R.Sansom, 2006)
Prefabrication and factory based work also enable waste to be minimized, not just on site, but
throughout the design and manufacturing processes, which are optimized through computer
aided design and manufacturing and fully or semi-automated production lines. For steel
construction, whilst wastage rates will vary depending on the complexity of the manufacturing
process and the product, they are typically between 1% and 4%.
(ViktorMechtcherineaJasminGrafeaVenkatesh
N.NerellaaErikSpaniolbMartinHertelbUweFüsselb, 2018)
Figure 3 World Crude and Scrap Steel (In billion tons) (Bassam A.Burgan, Michael R.Sansom,
2006)
4 Conclusions
Sustainable construction is neither a single material issue nor a single discipline problem. It
requires multi-disciplinary whole life thinking to inform decision making. For steel, the process
of improvement and innovation to contribute to sustainable construction is a continuous one. But
today, the steel construction sector can point to:
Advances in process and product technology;
Factory-based construction that minimizes site impact and creates stable and good quality
working conditions and employment opportunities;
Fabrication methods that enable adaptable buildings to be constructed;
Joining techniques that enable buildings to be easily dismantled and their components re-
used; and
An industry with a global infrastructure for recycling all steel construction products.
(Bassam A.Burgan, Michael R.Sansom, 2006)
5 References
Bassam A.Burgan, Michael R.Sansom. (2006, November). Sustainable steel construction.
Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 62(11), 1178-1183.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2006.06.029
Bernardino D’Amico, Francesco Pomponi. (2018). Sustainability Tool to Optimise Material
Quantities of Steel in the Construction Industry. Procedia CIRP, 69, 184-188.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2017.10.006
Cyrille F.Dunanta, Michał P.Drewniok, Michael Sansom, Simon Corbey, Jonathan M.Cullen,
Julian M.Allwood. (2018, May 10). Options to make steel reuse profitable: An analysis
of cost and risk distribution across the UK construction value chain. Journal of Cleaner
Production, 183, 102-111. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.141
En-Feng Deng, Liang Zonga, Yang Dinga, Xiao-Meng Dai, Ni Lou, Yang Chen. (2018, July 15).
Monotonic and cyclic response of bolted connections with welded cover plate for
modular steel construction. Engineering Structures, 167, 407-419.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.04.028
Huang Yuan, Huan-Peng Hong, Huang Deng, Yu Bai. (2018, November 10). Displacement
ductility of staged construction-steel tube-reinforced concrete columns. Construction and
Building Materials, 188, 1137-1148. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.141
I.Arrayago, E.Real, E.Mirambell, F.Marimon, M.Ferrer. (2018, January). Experimental study on
ferritic stainless steel trapezoidal decks for composite slabs in construction stage. Thin-
Walled Structures, 134, 255-267. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2018.10.012
J.Thomas, D. (2018). Chapter 2 - Failure analysis of welded constructional steel components.
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Muiris C.Moynihan, Julian M.Allwood. (2012, November). The flow of steel into the
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Nicola Scholl, Florian Minuth-Hadi, Klaus Thiele. (2018, June). Modelling the strain rate
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doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2018.02.013
RuwanRajapakse. (2017). Steel Construction. Construction Engineering Design Calculations
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ViktorMechtcherineaJasminGrafeaVenkatesh
N.NerellaaErikSpaniolbMartinHertelbUweFüsselb. (2018, August 10). 3D-printed steel
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doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.202
Wang, L. B. (2012). Chinese Urban Residential Construction. Retrieved from
https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2012/sep/3.html
Yvonne Ciupack, Hartmut Pasternak, Christoph Mette, Elisabeth Stammen, Klaus Dilger.
(2017). Adhesive Bonding in Steel Construction - Challenge and Innovation. Procedia
Engineering, 172, 186-193. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.02.048