Kataastaasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan

- Known as K.K.K or Katipunan, dedicated to national independence through armed revolution.

- Katipunan was a result of the failure of the Reform movement in Spain in which Filipinos
attempted to demand reforms for the Philippines from the Spanish government.
- It was founded on July 7, 1892 at Azcarraga Street (now Claro M. Recto) in Tondo, Manila.
- Secret revolutionary society

Main founders of KKK:

Andres Bonifacio Teodoro Plata
Ladislao Diwa Valentin Diaz
Deodato Arellano

Objectives of KKK:
Political: Philippine independence or separation of Philippines from Spain.
Civic: Defend the oppressed and develop self-help.
Moral: Teaching good moral and values, teachings of cartilla among Katipuneros.

- Katipunan recruit its members by means of Triangle method in which an original member would
recruit two members who did not know each other but only knew the original member who took
them in.
- Before a person becomes a member of Katipunan, they need to answer several questions that
would test their sincerity and honesty in joining the organization.
- If a person passed the test, they would signed their membership papers with their own blood.
- More than a secret society, the Katipunan was a government itself.
- The central government of the Katipunan was vested in Kataastaasang Sangunian (Supreme
Council).
- In each province, there was a Sangguniang Byan (Provincial Council), and in each town, a
sangguniang Balangay (Popular Council), judicial power resided in a secret chamber called
Sangguniang Hukuman (Judicial Council).

Three Grades of Membership

Level of Membership Name Password
1st Katipon (associate) Anak ng Bayan
2nd Kawal (soldier) GOMBURZA
3rd Bayani (patriot) Rizal

- There were also women members of the Katipunan, but they were not required to sign with their
own blood. To be admitted in the women’s section, one had to be wife, daughter, or sister of a
Katipunero (male member) to ensure the secrecy of the movement.
- Among the women member were, Gregoria de Jesus (Bonifacio’s wife) who was called as
Lakambini of Katipunan, Benita Rodriguez, (Restituto Javier’s wife), and Josefa and Trinidad
(Rizal’s sisters).
- Another step taken by the Katipunan to propagate its teachings was the establishment of printing
press.
- Under Emilio Jacinto’s supervision, printed the Kalayaan, the organ of the Katipunan or the official
newspaper to disseminate the ideals of the society.
- Emilio Jacinto edited the “Ang Kalayaan”
- He also wrote the Kartilya, the primer of the Katipunan, serves as bible of the Katipunan.
- Emilio Jacinto became the chief theoretician and adviser of Bonifacio and later earned for him the
title, BRAINS OF THE KATIPUNAN.

Content of the Cartilla “Kartilya”

- 13 teachings
1. A person’s life should be used for a cause.
o A life must be dedicated to greatness and sacredness
2. Kindness is to desire for common goods.
3. Geatness is being charitable and loving your fellow men.
o Charity resides in compassion (love for fellow men)
4. Equality of men regardless of social class and race.
o Equality despite of physical attributes
5. Noble person prefer honor than personal profit.
o Good deed must not be rooted from personal profit
6. One should honor his word.
o Importance of one’s utterances
7. Value you time.
8. Defend the oppressed.
o Defend the oppress, fight the oppressor
9. An inteligent man could keep secret.
10. A father is a guide of his wife and children to good path.
o Man leads the way (family)
11. Respect women.
o Woman’s status in the society was emphasized
12. Do not do things that you don’t want to happen to tour wife.
o [Golden rule]
13. Tho noble man is a person of dignity and honor.
o Concept of pure and true noble man

- In Cavite, there were Katipunan councils- the Magdalo Council, headed by Baldomero Aguinaldo
(Emilio Aguinaldo’s cousin) and the Magdiwang headed by Mariano Alvarez (uncle of Gregoria de
Jesus).
- The Magdalo faction believed that with the outbreak of revolution, the Katipunan had ceased to
be a secret society and therefore should be replaced by a new one.
- The Magdiwang insisted that there was no need to create a revolutionary government because
the Katipunan was actually government with constitution and by-laws recognized by everyone.
- In the convention held on March 22, 1987 at Tejeros, San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite, the two
factions met.

Results of the election (March 22, 1987)

President - Emilio Aguinaldo
Vice-President - Mariano Trias
Captain General - Artemio Ricarte
Director of War - Emiliano Riego de Dios
Director of Interior - Andres Bonifacio

- Daniel Tirona, a Magdalo, protested Bonifacio’s election saying that his position should be
occupied by a lawyer. He suggested a Cavitenio lawyer, Jose del Rosario, for the post.
- Bonifacio was insulted. He demanded Tirona to retract what he had said but Tirona, instead of
offering an apology tried to leave the scene.
- By the middle of 1896, as the Katipunan was busy preparing for a revolution, hints about its
existence reached the Spanish authorities.
- The Katipunan was finally discovered on August 19,1896 when Teodoro Patino, a member of the
Katipunan betrayed the secrecy of it to Father Mariano Gil, an Augustinian parich curate.
- 8 provinces which joined the uprising against Spaniards:
- Manila - Nueva Viscaya
- Cavite - Tarlac
- Batangas - Pampanga
- Laguna - Bulacan

First Voyage around the world by Antonio Pigaffeta.

Background of the Author:

- Antonio Pigafetta was an Italian scholar and explorer from the Republic of Venice. He traveled
with the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and his crew by order of the King Charles VI of
Spain on their voyage around the world. During the expedition, he served as Magellan's assistant/
chronicler and kept an accurate journal of their journey.

Historical background of the document

- The manuscript volume dating from around 1525, details Ferdinand Magellan’s voyage
accompanied by Antonio Pigaffeta around the world.
- Pigafetta kept a detailed journal, the original of which is lost. However, an account of the voyage
written by Pigaffeta between 1522 and 1525, survives in four manuscript versions. One in Italian
and three in French.
- TRANSYLVANUS “DE MOLUCCIS INSULIS”, first printed in Cologne in 1523, was the first account
of Magellan’s voyage.
- Maximilianus Transylvanus was a sixteenth-century author based in Flanders who wrote the
earliest account published on Magellan and Elcano's first circumnavigation of the world (1519–22).
- Written after he interviewed the survivors of the Victoria, and being a relative of
sponsor Christopher de Haro, his account De Moluccis Insulis is a main source about the
expedition along with that of Antonio Pigafetta.
- The second, or Paris, edition of Transylvanus’ De Moluccis, printed in 1523, several moths after
the first or the Cologne edition (Massachussetts Historical Library.
- Second French manuscript by Pigaffeta, the writing is more legible and seems newer that the
preceeding two copies.
- The fourth edition of Transylvanus ’ De Moluccis, printed in 1524, about a year and half after it
first appeared in Cologne.

Historical context
- In the 15th century, spices were at the epicenter of the world economy. Many merchants aspired
to monopolize their supply and distribution in the European markets.
- Magellan was exposed to stories of the great Portuguese and Spanish rivalry for sea exploration
and dominance over the spice trade in the East Indies.
- Intrigued by the promise of fame and riches, Magellan developed an interest in maritime
discovery in those early years.
- Magellan ask for a support from the portugal king but the king did not support him and so, he
went to Spain to ask for a support and luckily the King of spain subsidized his voyage.
- In search of fame and fortune, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan set out from Spain in
1519 with a fleet of five ships to discover a western sea route to the Spice Islands. (Conception,
Sntiago, Trinidad, Victoria and San Antonio.)
- The Magellan expedition left Port San Lucas de Barrameda in Sevile Spain on September 20,
1519.
- The foremost reason is to search for a new maritime path to the spice Islands that would not
violate Spain’s treaty with Portugal.
- Other objectives:
o God; To spread Christianity
o Glory, to expand their empire and to gain honor and fame
o Gold; because they believe in the Mercantilism principle where the basis for power is the
amount of gold they have.

- March 16,1521 – Antonio Pigafetta together with Ferdinand magellan and the crew landed Zamal
(Samar).
- Along the way, the expedition suffered natural and man made challenges and out of the five ships
that left Spain, only three reached the Philippines.
- The first couple of weeks of their stay in the Philippines were marked with hospitality and cordial
exchanges of goods.
- The local inhabitants traded with them and some were even converted into Christianity.
- March 29, 1521 – blood compact of Rajah Humabon and Magellan
- Magellan befriended the locals and, struck with a sudden religious zeal, and he sought to convert
them to Christianity.
- March 31, 1521- first recoded mass in the Philippines
- Rev. Fr. Pedro de Valderama officiated the mass.
- Rajah Humabon was the first chieftain who was baptized as Christian and his wife Queen
Elizabeta was given a name by Magellan after she was baptized as Christian as Queen Juana.
- April 17, 1521 – Magellan with his fleet landed in Mactan.
- Lapu lapu, the chieftain of Mactan, refused to to tade with the spaniards and when Magellan
learned this, he waged war with him.
- April 27, 1521 - Tragedy stuck the fleet and Magellan was killed during local battle in Mactan.
- Despite their superiority in terms of arms and trainings, the Spaniards lost the battle.
- This prompted them to leave the island.
- Unfortunately, theTrinidad and the crew were captured by the Portuguese on their journey back.
- September 7, 1522, Juan Sebastian Elcano and other 17 survivors arrived in Spain aboard the ship
of Victoria. One of them was Antonio Pigaffeta, the assisstant of Magellan who kept a journal that
became the main source of what we know about the first encounter of teh Spaniards and the
Filipinos.
- 5 ships
- Victoria- succesfully circumnaviagted the world
- Trinidad- captured by Portugal government
- Santiago-destroyed by typhoon
- Conception- burned and abandoned by group of Magellan
- San Antonio- disserted and sailed back to Spain

Historical Analysis and Contemporary Relevance

- The story tells about the experiences of Pigaffeta when they arrived at Samar.
- Pigaffeta’s travelogue contributed immensely to the enrichment of Philippine historiography. His
writing provided us a glimpse of the political, economic and social conditions of the islands in the
Visayan region during the 16th century.
- He vividly described the physical appearance, social life, religius beliefs and cultural practices of
the people they encountered in the islands of Smar, Cebu and Leyte.
- His account also contains data about the economic activities of the local folks and the goods they
offered and trade.
- Pigaffeta also gave us an eyewitness account of the death of Magellan in the Battle of Mactan.
- It reminds that natives of the mentioned places have already colorful culture and some aspect are
still present.
- Develop sense of Patriotism
- The excerpt promotes understanding of Philippine History from an eyewitness.
- Pigafetta’s journal became the basis for his 1525 travelogue.
- Serves as new source in reconstructing the history.
- It shows that many of our utencils came from the culture of the Spanish.

“Custombres de Los Tagalogs” by Fray Juan de Plasencia

Role of Friar missionaries:
- they performed administrative functions
- propagate Christianity/ convert the natives into Christian
- helped in the collection of taxes
- directly involved in educating the youth
- supervised the elections of the local executives
- performed other civic duties
- friars became the most knowledgeable and influential figure in the town/pueblo.

Friars who were assigned in mission territories were required periodically to inform their superiors
about:
- the event in the respective areas,
- Prepared reports on the number of natives they converted
- People’s way of life
- Socio-economic situation
- Preoblems they encountered
- Personal observations and experiences.

Spanish government in Manila during early 15th Century

(Spanish Empire)
King of Spain

Executive Branch Miguel Lopez de Legaspi

( Governor General) (First Gov.General
9

Provincial Branch
(alcalde mayor)

Town/Pueblo
(Gobernadorcillo)

Town/Pueblo
(Gobernadorcillo)

Customs of Tagalogs

 Written by Fray Juan de Plasencia (Joan de Portocarrero)

Arrival in the Philippines
 Came with the first batch of Franciscan missionaries in the Philippines
 Arrived at a port in Cavite July 2, 1578
 He and a fellow, Franciscan Fray Diego de Oropesa, were assigned to do mission works in the
Southern Tagalog area (Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal and Quezon)
 He was a well reputed as the one who took the leading role in fostering the spread of primary
education
 Converted natives, taught catechisms and organized towns and barangays in the Philippines
 Promoted the understanding of both the Spanish language among the natives and the local
languages among the missionaries to facilitate the task of spreading Christianity.
 The original copy of the excerpt was kept at Archivo General de Indias, in Seville Spain.
 While the duplicate copy was kept at Archivo Franciscano Ibero- Oriental, in Madrid Spain

CONTENT OF THE EXCERPT

 Datos-who governed the people and were captains in their wars and whom they obey and
reverence

THE THREE CASTES

 Nobles- the free- born whom they call Maharlica. They do not pay taxes or tribute to the Dato
 Commoners-aliping namamahay. They live in their own houses and are lords of their own
property and gold
 Slaves –aliping sa guiguilir. They serve their master in his house and on his cultivated lands
and may be sold
 In these three cases, those who are maharlicas on both the father’s and mother’s side
continue to be so forever and if it happens that they should become slaves, it is through
marriage.
 If two persons married of whom one was a Maharlica and the other a slave, the children were
divided.
 Maharlicas could not after marriage have from one village to another without paying a certain
fine in gold as arranged among them.
 They had laws by which condemned to death a man of low birth who insulted the daughter or
wife of a chief and witches.
 For loan, the debtor is condemned to a life of toil(labor). Borrowers become slaves and after
the death of the father, the children pay the debt.
 For inheritance, the legitimate children of a father and mother inherit equally
 Dowries are given by men and women’s parents before marriage. If the parents are both alive,
they both enjoy the use of it.

WORSHIPS OF TAGALOGS
 No temples
 Simbahan- temple or place of adoration
 Pandot or a festival celebrated
 They constructed the purpose of sheltering the assembled people, a temporary shed on each
side of the house, with a roof called sibi
 On the post s of the house they set small lamps called sorihile
 The whole barangay or family united and joined in the worship which they call nagaanitos
IDOLS
 Bathala whom they worshipped, the title signifies “all powerful’’ or maker of all things.
 They also worshiped the sun, moon, adored stars
 Dian masalanta (patron of lovers and of generation)
 Lacapati and Idianale (patrons of cultivated lands and of husbandry)
 Spaniards and other nation know the planets with the one exception of the morning star,
which they called Tala
 Seven little goats (the Pleiades)
 Mapolon (change of seasons)
 Balatic (greater Bear)
 They possessed many idols called lic-ha, which were images with different shapes, and at a
times they worshiped any little trifle in which they adored
 They paid reverence to water- lizards called by the buaya or crocodiles
 Tigmamanuguin- bird, which was singing in the tree or if they chanced upon anyone who
sneezed, they returned at once to their house.
 Catolonan (officiating priest)
Distinction among the Priests of the Devil
1. Catolonan-either man or woman. This was the honorable one among the natives
2. Mangagauay- witches who deceived by pretending to heal the sick, these priest induced
maladies by their charms, which in proportion to the strength and efficacy of the
witchcraft, are capable of causing death
3. Manyisalat- these are priest has a power to apply remedies to lovers that they would
abandon and despise their own wives and in fact could prevent them from having
intercourse
4. Mancocolam- emit fire from himself, once or oftener each month.
5. Hocloban another kind of witch of greater efficacy than the manggagauay. Without the use
of medicine and by simply saluting or raising the hand, they killed whom they chose.
6. Silagan, whose office it was, if they saw anyone clothed in white, to tear out his liver and
eat it, thus causing death
7. magtatangal-show himself at night to many persons, without his head or entrails. In such
wise the devil walked about carried or pretended to carry, his head to different places; and
in the morning returned it to his body- remaining as before alive
8. osuang- equivalent to sorcerer; they say that they have seen him fly and that he
murdered men and ate their flesh, from the Visayas Islands
9. manggagayoma-made char ms for lovers out of herbs, stones and wood, which would
infuse the heart with love. They deceive the people although sometimes, through the
intervention of the devil, they gained their ends.
10. sonat- equivalent to preacher. It was his office to help one to die, at which he predicted
the salvation or condemnation of the soul.
11. pangatahojan- was a soothsayer and predicted the future. This was general in all the
islands
 12. bayoguin- signified a cotquean, a man whose nature inclined toward that of a woman
 manner of burying the dead
 the deceased was buried beside his house and if he were a chief, he was placed
beneath a little house or porch which they constructed for his purpose.
 before interring him, they mourned him for four days and afterward laid him on a boat
which serve as a coffin or brier, placing him beneath the porch, where guard was kept
over him by a slave.
 In place of rowers, various animals were placed within the boat, each one being
assigned a place at the oar by two- male and female of each species belong together as
for example two goats, two deer or two fouls.
 If the deceased had been a warrior, a living slave was tied beneath his body until in this
wretched way he died. In course of time, all suffered decay; and for many days the
relatives of the dead man bewailed him, singing dirges and praises of his of qualities
until they wearied of it.
 manner of burying dead of the Aetas or Negrillos
 they dug a deep, perpendicular hole and placed the deceased within it
 in a different forms of burial
 put a half coconut that will serve as shield
 conspired together and will hang a tokens ion their necks until innocent one will
procured.