Step 4 - to analyze the waves behavior in guided mediums and radiation

Course Electromagnetic Theory and Waves

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA - UNAD

november 16 2018
 Tabla de Contenidos ii

Lista de figuras ................................................................................................................... iii

What is the practical implications associated to a line with only reactive components or
only resistive components? .............................................................................................................. 1
Only resistive components ............................................................................................... 1
Power in a pure resistive circuit ................................................................................... 1
A line with only reactive components .................................................................................. 2
In a circuit with pure induction .................................................................................... 2
Power in a pure inductive circuit.................................................................................. 2
In a practical transmission system. What is a good value for the reflection coefficient and
the VSWR? Explain. ........................................................................................................................ 3
What occurs with the voltage and current in a line with the following conditions: line
terminated in its characteristic impedance, line terminated in a short and line terminated in an
open? ................................................................................................................................................ 5
What is the voltage reflection coefficient and what is an ideal value for a transmission
system? ............................................................................................................................................. 5
What is the effect of Lossy line on voltage and current waves? .......................................... 6
In the Smith Chart identify a 𝒁𝑳 =∝, a 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟎, two resistive loads and two complex
loads. You have to assume the characteristic impedance................................................................. 8
Referencias ........................................................................................................................... 9
 Lista de figuras iii

Ilustración 1 Representación de caídas de ganancia. ....................................................................... 6

 What is the practical implications associated to a line with only reactive 1
components or only resistive components?

Only resistive components

In a pure resistive circuit: the voltage and current have the same frequency and in phase.
Ohm's law for peak values and effective values is met. A pure resistance is characterized by only
ohmic resistance, whose value is given by:
𝐼
𝑅=𝜌
𝑆

Resistance value depends only on the length, the section and the nature of the driver.
Therefore, the value of R is independent of the frequency of the network. When there is only the
parameter R, we say that it is a pure resistive circuit of alternating current. Therefore, according
to the obtained expression, in a circuit resistive pure tension and intensity have the same
frequency are in phase and met Ohm's law for the maximum values (http://www.proyecto987.es,
2013):

𝑢𝑚
𝑖𝑚 =
𝑅

Power in a pure resistive circuit

The instantaneous power is obtained by multiplying the instantaneous values of voltage

and current. So, in a pure resistive circuit:

 The value of the power is always greater than or equal to zero, therefore the
resistance absorbed power at all times except when u and i are zero.

 The power frequency is twice that of the intensity and tension.

  Referred to the mean value of the power in a period active power (P). 2

The active power is real power dissipated as heat in the circuit resistance R.

𝑈2
𝑃 = 𝑈 . 𝐼 = 𝐼2 . 𝑅 =
𝑅
Faced with this reality, the material is over heated, practical application.

A line with only reactive components

In a circuit with pure induction

 The voltage and current have the same frequency and in phase.
 The tension is ahead of π/2 regarding the intensity.
 Coil enters the circuit an opposition to the passage of electric current called
inductive reactance 𝑋𝐿. Being 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑤𝐿

A pure self-inductance or ideal coil is one in which only considered the Induction coil and
you despise the ohmic resistance of the conductor which is made.

Power in a pure inductive circuit

The average power value is zero.

The power frequency is twice that of the intensity and tension.

To the maximum value 𝑝𝑚 = 𝑈 · 𝐼 It is called reactive power, is represented by the letter

Q and your drive is reactive volt-ampere (𝑉𝐴𝑟). This reactive power is not transformed into
any kind of useful energy. Being:
𝑄 = 𝑈 . 𝐼 = 𝑋𝐿 𝐼 2
 The application is a major force in electric motors, limits current to avoid 3
damage, helps limit the emission of transmission lines.

In a practical transmission system. What is a good value for the reflection coefficient
and the VSWR? Explain.

In a transmission system the best values of the coefficient of reflection, are those that
show differences between them based on the voltage incident and voltage reflected.

Example;

For an incident voltage transmission line 𝐸𝑖 = 5 𝑉 and reflected voltage 𝐸𝑟 = 3 𝑉,

determinar:
(a) The reflection coefficient.
(b) Standing wave ratio, SWR.

(a) Formula coefficient of reflection

𝐸𝑟 𝐼𝑟
Γ= =
𝐸𝑖 𝐼𝑖

3
Γ=
5

Γ = 0.6

(b) Formula of the standing wave ratio

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐸𝑖 + 𝐸𝑟
𝑆𝑊𝑅 = =
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑖 − 𝐸𝑟
 5+3 4
𝑆𝑊𝑅 =
5−3

8
𝑆𝑊𝑅 =
2

𝑆𝑊𝑅 = 4

It is replaced in the equation:

𝑆𝑊𝑅 − 1
Γ=
𝑆𝑊𝑅 + 1

4−1
Γ=
4+1

3
Γ=
5

Γ = 0.6

This is not an ideal case, the ideal case is => 1.

The SWR equation, you can see that when the incident and reflected waves have equal
amplitude (total decompensation), SWR = infinite. It is the worst. Also, in the equation, you can
see that when there is no reflected wave (Er = 0), SWR = Ei/IE, i.e. 1. This case arises when Zo =
ZL and is ideally (Tomasi, 2003, págs. 328, 329).
 What occurs with the voltage and current in a line with the following 5
conditions: line terminated in its characteristic impedance, line terminated in a short and
line terminated in an open?

When the line terminated in its impedance the voltage is adsorbed by the load, when the
line ends in a short circuit there is no load that adsorbs the incident voltage, so it is reflected with
the same amplitude and polarity and adds to the new incident, producing a maximum effective
voltaje.
When the line terminated in an open there is no charge that adsorbs the incident voltage,
so it is reflected with the same amplitude and opposite polarity and the sum of the new incident,
producing a zero voltage

What is the voltage reflection coefficient and what is an ideal value for a
transmission system?

The reflection coefficient is a vector quantity that represents the ratio of the voltage
reflected between the incident voltage, or current reflected between the current incident. The
mathematical definition of the coefficient of reflection, as represented by the capital letter
gammaT, is (Tomasi, 2003, pág. 327):

𝐸𝑟 𝐼𝑟
𝑇= 𝑜
𝐸𝑖 𝐼𝑖

Being T reflection coefficient (adimensional)

Ei _ incident voltage (volts)
Er _ reflected voltage (volts)
Ii _ incident stream (amps)
Ir _ reflected stream (amps)

The ideal case is T => 1

 6
What is the effect of Lossy line on voltage and current waves?

A drop in profit is a decrease in the gain of the circuit in more than 12 dB, that lasts more
than 4 Ms. Sudden drops of profit are characteristic of a temporary open circuit condition, caused
by large lightheadedness radio, or maintenance in telecommunications activities. Gain falls are
presented with an approximate frequency from once per hour.

Ilustración 1 Representación de caídas de ganancia.

As the current passes through a transmission line, and this has a finite resistance, there is
an inherent and inevitable loss of power. Sometimes this loss in conductor or loss is called by
heating of the conductor, and is just a waste of the I2R form. As the resistance is distributed in a
transmission line, conductor loss is directly proportional to the length of the line. Also, since the
power dissipation is directly proportional to the square of the current, the loss in conductor is
inversely proportional to the characteristic impedance. To reduce the losses in the conductor there
rather than shorten the transmission line or use a larger diameter wire (change the diameter of the
wire also changes the characteristic impedance and, consequently, the current).
 The loss in the driver depends rather on the frequency, due to an action called 7
surface effect. When passing current through a round wire isolated, the magnetic flux associated
with it has the form of concentric circles. The density of flow near the center of the conductor is
greater than near the surface.
Then, flow lines near the center of the driver contain current and reduce the mobility of
the trapped electrons. It is a form of self inductance, and makes that inductance close to the center
of the conductor is greater than on the surface. Thus, in the radio frequencies, most current passes
along the surface and not near the center of the driver. This is equivalent to reduce the cross-
sectional area of the conductor, and increase opposition to the flow of current (i.e., to increase the
resistance). Additional opposition has phase angle equal to 0°, and consequently is a strength and
not a reactor. Thus, conductor AC resistance is proportional to the square root of the frequency.
The relationship of the resistance in ca between resistance on a driver cd is called resistance ratio.

Above about 100 MHz, can be eliminated by full Center of a driver, absolutely without
any effect on loss in conductor or propagation of the electromagnetic wave.

Losses in the conductor, in the transmission lines, varies from a fraction of a decibel per
100 m in rigid coaxial cables with dielectric air, up to 200 dB per 100 m in a flexible dielectric
rigid line.

Both the losses𝐼 2 𝑅 as the dielectric is proportional to the length, are frequently grouped
and are expressed in decibels of loss per unit length, i.e., dB/m.
 In the Smith Chart identify a 𝒁𝑳 =∝, a 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟎, two resistive loads and two 8
complex loads. You have to assume the characteristic impedance.

𝒁𝑳 = 𝟎 𝑹 = 𝟏𝑲𝛀 𝑹 = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟓𝛀 𝒁𝑳 =∝,

 Referencias 9
http://www.proyecto987.es. (12 de Junio de 2013). Obtenido de
http://www.proyecto987.es/corriente_alterna_6.html#Circuito_resistivo_puro
Tomasi, W. (2003). Sistemas de comunicaciones electrónicas-Cuarta Edición. México DF:
Pearson.