Use the formula ALL FROM 9 AND THE LAST FROM 10 to perform

instant subtractions.

• For example 1000 - 357 = 643

We simply take each figure in 357 from 9 and the last figure from 10.

So the answer is 1000 - 357 = 643

This always works for subtractions from numbers consisting of a 1 followed by

noughts: 100; 1000; 10,000 etc.

• Similarly 10,000 - 1049 = 8951

• For 1000 - 83, in which we have more zeros than figures in the numbers being
subtracted, we simply suppose 83 is 083.

So 1000 - 83 becomes 1000 - 083 = 917

Using VERTICALLY AND CROSSWISE you do not need to the multiplication

tables beyond 5 X 5.

• Suppose you need 8 x 7

8 is 2 below 10 and 7 is 3 below 10.

Think of it like this:
The diagram below shows how you get it.

You subtract crosswise 8-3 or 7 - 2 to get 5,

the first figure of the answer.
And you multiply vertically: 2 x 3 to get 6,
the last figure of the answer.

See how far the numbers are below 10, subtract one
number's deficiency from the other number, and
multiply the deficiencies together.
 • 7 x 6 = 42

Here there is a carry: the 1 in the 12 goes over to make 3 into 4.

Here's how to use VERTICALLY AND CROSSWISE for multiplying numbers close to
100.

Suppose you want to multiply 88 by 98.

Not easy,you might think. But with

VERTICALLY AND CROSSWISE you can give
the answer immediately, using the same method
as above.

Both 88 and 98 are close to 100.

88 is 12 below 100 and 98 is 2 below 100.

You can imagine the sum set out like this:

As before the 86 comes from

subtracting crosswise: 88 - 2 = 86
(or 98 - 12 = 86: you can subtract
either way, you will always get
the same answer).
And the 24 in the answer is
just 12 x 2: you multiply vertically.
So 88 x 98 = 8624

Multiplying numbers just over 100.

• 103 x 104 = 10712

• The answer is in two parts: 107 and 12,
107 is just 103 + 4 (or 104 + 3),
and 12 is just 3 x 4.
• Similarly 107 x 106 = 11342 107 + 6 = 113 and 7 x 6 = 42

Use VERTICALLY AND CROSSWISE to write the answer straight down!

 •

Multiply crosswise and add to get the top of the answer:

2 x 5 = 10 and 1 x 3 = 3. Then 10 + 3 = 13.
The bottom of the fraction is just 3 x 5 = 15.
You multiply the bottom number together.

So:

Subtracting is just as easy: multiply crosswise as before, but the subtract:

A quick way to square numbers that end in 5 using the formula BY ONE MORE
THAN THE ONE BEFORE.

• 752 = 5625

752 means 75 x 75.

The answer is in two parts: 56 and 25.
The last part is always 25.
The first part is the first number, 7, multiplied by the number "one more", which
is 8:
so 7 x 8 = 56

• Similarly 852 = 7225 because 8 x 9 = 72.

Method for multiplying numbers where the first figures are the same and the last
figures add up to 10.

• 32 x 38 = 1216

Both numbers here start with 3 and the last

figures (2 and 8) add up to 10.

So we just multiply 3 by 4 (the next number up)

to get 12 for the first part of the answer.
 And we multiply the last figures: 2 x 8 = 16 to
get the last part of the answer.

Diagrammatically:

• And 81 x 89 = 7209

We put 09 since we need two figures as in all the other examples.

An elegant way of multiplying numbers using a simple pattern.

• 21 x 23 = 483

This is normally called long multiplication but

actually the answer can be written straight down
using the VERTICALLY AND CROSSWISE
formula.

We first put, or imagine, 23 below 21:

There are 3 steps:

a) Multiply vertically on the left: 2 x 2 = 4.

This gives the first figure of the answer.
b) Multiply crosswise and add: 2 x 3 + 1 x 2 = 8
This gives the middle figure.
c) Multiply vertically on the right: 1 x 3 = 3
This gives the last figure of the answer.

And thats all there is to it.

• Similarly 61 x 31 = 1891
 • 6 x 3 = 18; 6 x 1 + 1 x 3 = 9; 1 x 1 = 1

Multiply any 2-figure numbers together by mere mental arithmetic!

If you want 21 stamps at 26 pence each you can

easily find the total price in your head.

There were no carries in the method given above.

However, there only involve one small extra step.

• 21 x 26 = 546

The method is the same as above

except that we get a 2-figure number, 14, in the
middle step, so the 1 is carried over to the left
(4 becomes 5).

So 21 stamps cost £5.46.

• 33 x 44 = 1452

There may be more than one carry in a sum:

Vertically on the left we get 12.

Crosswise gives us 24, so we carry 2 to the left
and mentally get 144.

Then vertically on the right we get 12 and the 1

here is carried over to the 144 to make 1452.
Multiplying a number by 11.

To multiply any 2-figure number by 11 we just put

the total of the two figures between the 2 figures.

• 26 x 11 = 286

Notice that the outer figures in 286 are the 26

being multiplied.

And the middle figure is just 2 and 6 added up.

• So 72 x 11 = 792
• 77 x 11 = 847

This involves a carry figure because 7 + 7 = 14

we get 77 x 11 = 7147 = 847.

• 234 x 11 = 2574

We put the 2 and the 4 at the ends.

We add the first pair 2 + 3 = 5.
and we add the last pair: 3 + 4 = 7

(*)342 x 11 = 03420 = 0+3 /4 + 3/2 + 4/0 + 2 = 3762

Explanation: We added 0 at the end and the beginning of 342 and got
03420. Now, as you see we broke the number by taking each
consecutive number and added them. The first part is 0 + 2 = 2, the
first number of our answer, then we took 2+4 and got 6, second
number of our answer and so on.

(*)312 x 22 = 03120 x 11 x 2 = (0+3 / 3 + 1 /2 + 1 /0 + 2) x 2

= 3432 x 2 = 6864
Explanation: This is the exact same sum as above. In this case you
multiply the end answer by 2 and get the exact same answer.

Part A (Original number and the number of 9 is same, for example 234 x 999
but we cannot use this method for 234 x 9999 or 234 x 99)
Rules: As usual there is a left hand part of the answer and the right hand part of
the answer. When multiplying by 9 we subtract one from the original number and
write it down on the left hand side. Then we subtract each number on the left
hand side from 9 and write it down on the right hand site (this will become clearer
with the examples that follow).
234 x 999 = 233 | 766
Explanation: We subtract one from 234 and write it down on the left hand side i.e
234 - 1 = 233. Then we take each individual number and subtract that number
from 9 in the order - left to right. So we subtract 9 - 2 = 7, then we subtract 9 - 3 =
6 and again 9 - 3 = 6. Hence, we get the right part of our answer i.e 766

Common Mistake: As you see from the above example we subtract 9 from each
individual number, but we did so from the left hand side of our answer and not
the original number. In simple words, we should subtract individually from 233
and not from 234. This is a common mistake I have found and would advice you
to remember this crucial point.

Part B (Original number is less then the number of 9's, for example 234 x
99999)
Rules: Similar to above method, but just imagine 0's in front of the original
number. But make sure the number of 9's are more and not less or equal.)

383 x 9999 will become 0383 x 9999 = 0382 | 9617

Explanation:It is simple, we imagine the number to be 0383. Subtract one from it
and get 0382. Then as usual we calculate 9 - 0 = 9, then 9 - 3 = 6 and so one.

383 x 999999 will become 000383 x 999999 = 000382 | 999617

Explanation: In this case we had 3 extra 9's. So we imagine 3 extra 0's in front of
383. Therefore our first case will be 000383 - 1 = 000382, which becomes the left
part of the answer. And like before we subtract 9 - 0 and get 9, then again 9 - 0 =
9 and again 9 - 0 = 9, then 9 - 3 = 6 and so on.

Part C (Original number is more then the number of 9's, for example 234 x
9, this method is tough to undestand so pay close attention to this one)
Rules:I will directly goto the example in this case, as the rules will confuse you at
this level.

14 x 9 = 12 | 6
Explanation: From the number 14 we choose 1(the number in the ten's digit),
increase it by 1 i.e. 2 or we add + 1. Subtract that from 14 and we get 12. Next
we subtract 4 from 10 and and get 6 i.e. 10 – 4 = 6. The method is confusing but
once a person gets a hang of it, it’s pretty easy.

24 x 9 = 21/6

Explanation: From the number 24 we choose 2(ten's digit); increase it by 1 i.e. 3

or we add + 1 (2 + 1). Subtract that from 24 and we get 21 (24 -3). Next we
subtract 4 from 10 and get 6 i.e. 10 – 4 = 6.

47 x 9 = 42/3
Steps involved: From the number 47 we choose 4(ten's digit); increase it by 1 i.e.
5. Subtract that from 47 and we get 42 (47 - 5). Next we subtract 7 from 10 and
get 3 i.e. 10 – 7 = 3.

112 x 99 = 110/88

Steps involved: From the number 112 we choose 1; increase it by 1 i.e. 2 or we

can say we add + 1 (1 + 1). Subtract that from 112 and we get 110 (112 - 2).
Next we subtract 99 from 12 and then add 1 i.e. 99 – 12 + 1 = 88.

112 x 9 = 100/8

Steps involved: From the number 112 we choose 11; increase it by 1 i.e. 12 or
we can say we add + 1 (11 + 1). Subtract that from 112 and we get 100 (112 -
12). Next we subtract 9 from 2 and then add 1 i.e. 9 – 2 + 1 = 8

Method for diving by 9.

• 23 / 9 = 2 remainder 5

The first figure of 23 is 2, and this is the answer.

The remainder is just 2 and 3 added up!

• 134 / 9 = 14 remainder 8

The answer consists of 1,4 and 8.

1 is just the first figure of 134.
4 is the total of the first two figures 1+ 3 = 4,
and 8 is the total of all three figures 1+ 3 + 4 = 8.

• 842 / 9 = 812 remainder 14 = 92 remainder 14

Actually a remainder of 9 or more is not usually

permitted because we are trying to find how
many 9's there are in 842.

Since the remainder, 14 has one more 9 with 5

left over the final answer will be 93 remainder 5
 MULTIPLICATION TABLE:

Example 1 : 47 X 43
See the end digits sum 7 + 3 = 10 ; then by the sutras
we have the answer.
47 x 43 = ( 4 + 1 ) x 4 / 7 x 3
= 20 / 21
= 2021.
Example 2: 62 x 68
2 + 8 = 10, L.H.S. portion remains the same i.e.,, 6.
Ekadhikena of 6 gives 7
62 x 68 = ( 6 x 7 ) / ( 2 x 8 )
= 42 / 16
= 4216.
Example 3: 127 x 123
As antyayor dasakepi works, we apply ekadhikena
127 x 123 = 12 x 13 / 7 x 3
= 156 / 21
= 15621.
Example 4: 65 x 65
We have already worked on this type. As the present sutra is applicable.
We have 65 x 65 = 6 x 7 / 5 x 5
= 4225.
Example 5: 3952
3952 = 395 x 395
= 39 x 40 / 5 x 5
= 1560 / 25
= 156025.
E.g.1 :292 x 208
Here 92 + 08 = 100, L.H.S portion is same i.e. 2
292 x 208 = ( 2 x 3 ) / 92 x 8
60 / =736 ( for 100 raise the L.H.S. product by 0 )
= 60736.
Eg. 3: 693 x 607
693 x 607 = 6 x 7 / 93 x 7
= 420 / 651

= 420651.

example 2: 42 x 48 we can carry as follows by

treating 50 = 5 x 10

Working base 2 X 10 = 20

Since 400 can also be taken as working base, treat 400 = 4

X 100 as working base.
Thus
working base = 5 x 100 = 500

Working base 50 = 5 x 10 gives

18X14. Base is 10.

108 X 94. Base is 100.

*) 6 7 6 7
1908

5 2 6 1 = 4859.
Here, to convert 5 2 6 1 to 4859 we split it into 5 2/6 1.
52 = 48 (because 50 – 2 = 48), and 61 = 59 (because 60 – 1 = 59).
998 X 1025. Base is 1000.

*)Solve ax + by = m ……… ( i )
cx + dy = n ………. ( ii )

md - nb bn - md
x = ______ = (OR) ______
ad - cb bc – ad

mc - na
y = ______
bc – ad

Suppose we had: 444 – 286.

We can set the sum out like this:
444
286–
Subtracting in each column we get 4 – 2 = 2, 4 – 8 = –4, 4 – 6 = –2.
Since these negative answers can be written with the minus on top we
can write:
444
286

242 and 2 42 is easily converted into 158 because this is just

the kind of sum you have just done:
2 42 => means 200 – 42 = 158.

A We will use the term Duplex, D, to denote:

• for 1 figure D is its square, e.g. D(4) = 42=16;
• for 2 figures D is twice their product, e.g. D(43) = 2×4×3 = 24;
• for 3 figures D is twice the product of the outer pair + the square of
the
• middle digit, e.g. D(137) = 2×1×7 + 32 = 23;
• for 4 figures D is twice the product of the outer pair + twice the
product of
the inner pair, e.g. D(1034) = 2×1×4 + 2×0×3 = 8;
D(10345) = 2×1×5 + 2×0×4 + 32 = 19;

2
43 = 1849
So to square 43: we find the duplex of the 3 on the right,
then the duplex 43,
then the duplex of the 4 on the left.
432 = 1 8 24 9
D(3) = 9, that’s the last figure: 9
D(43) = 24, put down 4 and carry 2: 24 9
D(4) = 16, 16 + carried 2 = 18: 18 24 9

642 = 4096
D(4) = 16: 16
D(64) = 48: 4916
D(6) = 36: 404916

4412 = 194481
Here we have a 3-figure number:
D(4) = 16, D(44) = 32, D(441) = 24, D(41) = 8, D(1) = 1.
So 4412 = 1692444881.
√2704 = 52
This means we are looking for a number whose square is 2704.
We can see the first figure must be 5 because 502 = 2500 and
602 = 3600,
and 2704 comes between 2500 and 3600.
Since 502 = 2500 and 2704 starts with 27, there is a remainder of 2 which
we place as shown below to give 20 in the tens place:
√27204 = 5?
To get the last figure (?) we just divide this 20 (20) by twice the first
answer figure. That is 20 ÷ 10 = 2.
So we get √2704 = 52.
This is quite straight forward: we decide the first figure of the answer (5 in the
above example) and put it down and also the remainder (2). Then we divide
the next 2-figure number (20) by twice the answer figure (twice 5).

√2116 = 46
Seeing 2116 starts with 21, the first figure must be 4 as 42 = 16.
And there will therefore be a remainder of 5 as 21–16 = 5.
So: √21516 = 4?
Now divide 51 (51) by 8 (twice 4).
This gives 6, so √2116 = 46.

Suppose we want to divide 219 by 52.

We can set the sum out like this:
The divisor, 52, is written with the 2 raised up, On the Flag, and a vertical
line is drawn one figure from the right-hand end to separate the answer, 4,
from the remainder, 11.
221 9
1
5

4 11

The steps are:

A) 5 into 21 goes 4 remainder 1, as shown.
B) Answer digit 4 multiplied by the flagged 2 gives 8, and this 8 taken
from 19 (19) leaves the remainder of 11, as shown.

Divide 321 by 63.

We set the sum out:
6 into 32 goes 5 remainder 2, as shown,
and answer, 5, multiplied by the flagged 3 gives 15, which we take from the
21 to leave the remainder of 6.