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Abbakka Chowta
Rani Abbakka Chowta was the first Tuluva Queen of Ullal who fought the Portuguese in the latter half of the 16th century. She belonged to the Chowta dynasty who
Abbakka Chowta
ruled over parts of coastal Karnataka (Tulu Nadu), India. Their capital was Puttige.[Note 1] The port town of Ullal served as their subsidiary capital. The Portuguese made
several attempts to capture Ullal as it was strategically placed. But Abbakka repulsed each of their attacks for over four decades. For her bravery, she came to be known as
Rani of Ullal

Abhaya Rani (The fearless queen).[1][2] She was also one of the earliest Indians to fight the colonial powers and is sometimes regarded as the 'first woman freedom fighter
of India'.[3][4] In the state of Karnataka, she is celebrated along with Rani Kittur Chennamma, Keladi Chennamma and Onake Obavva, as the foremost women warriors and
patriots.

Contents
Early life Life Size statue of the Chowta
Historical background Queen Abbakka in Ullal
Battles against the Portuguese Reign 1525 – 1570s
Folklore and legend Predecessor Tirumala Raya
Memory Chowta
Rani Abbakka-class patrol vessel Spouse Banga Lakshmappa
See also Arasa
Footnotes House Chowta
Notes
References
External links

Early life
The Chowtas followed the system of matrilineal inheritance (Aliyasantana) of Digambara hindu Bunt community by which Tirumala Raya, Abbakka's uncle, crowned her the queen of Ullal. He also forged a
matrimonial alliance for Abbakka with Lakshmappa Arasa, the King of the Banga principality in Mangalore.[5] This alliance was to later prove a source of worry for the Portuguese. Tirumala Raya also trained
Abbakka in the different aspects of warfare and military strategy. The marriage, however was short lived and Abbakka returned to Ullal. Her husband thus longed for revenge against Abbakka and was to later join
the Portuguese in their fight against Abbakka.

Historical background
After overrunning Goa and taking control of it, the Portuguese turned their attention southwards and along the coast. They first attacked the South Kanara coast in 1525 and destroyed the Mangalore port. Ullal was
a prosperous port and a hub of the spice trade to Arabia and other countries in the west. Being the profitable trading center that it was, the Portuguese, the Dutch and the British vied with one another for control of
the region as well as the trade routes. They however, had not been able to make much headway as the resistance from the local chieftains was very strong. The local rulers even forged alliances cutting across caste
and religious lines.

Abbakka's administration was well represented by Jains, Hindus as well as Muslims. Her army too consisted of people of all sects and castes. She even forged alliances with the Zamorin of Calicut. Together, they
kept the Portuguese at bay. The marital ties with the neighbouring Banga dynasty added further strength to the alliance of the local rulers. She also gained support from powerful king Venkatappanayaka of Bidnur
and ignored the threat of Portuguese forces.[6]

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Battles against the Portuguese

The Portuguese, clearly upset by Abbakka's tactics, demanded that she pay them tribute but Abbakka refused to yield. In 1555, the Portuguese sent Admiral Dom Álvaro da Silveira to fight her after she refused to pay
them tribute.[7] In the battle that followed, Rani Abbakka once again managed to hold her own and repulsed the attack successfully.

In 1557, the Portuguese plundered Mangalore and laid waste to it. In 1568, they turned their attention to Ullal but Abbakka Rani resisted them yet again. João Peixoto, a Portuguese general and a fleet of soldiers
were sent by the Portuguese Viceroy António Noronha. They managed to capture the city of Ullal and also entered the royal court. Abbakka Rani, however, escaped and took refuge in a mosque. The same night, she
gathered around 200 of her soldiers and mounted an attack on the Portuguese. In the battle that ensued, General Peixoto was killed, [8] seventy Portuguese soldiers were taken prisoners and many of the Portuguese
retreated. In further attacks, Abbakka Rani and her supporters killed Admiral Mascarenhas and the Portuguese were also forced to vacate the Mangalore fort.

The Portuguese not only regained the Mangalore fort but also captured Kundapur (Basrur). Despite these gains, Abbakka Rani continued to remain a source of threat. With the help of the queen's estranged
husband, they mounted attacks on Ullal. Furious battles followed but Abbakka Rani held her own. In 1570, she formed an alliance with the Bijapur Sultan of Ahmed Nagar and the Zamorine of Calicut, who were also
opposing the Portuguese. Kutty Pokar Markar, the Zamorine's general fought on behalf of Abbakka and destroyed the Portuguese fort at Mangalore but while returning he was killed by the Portuguese. Following
these losses and her husband's treachery, Abbakka lost the war, was arrested and jailed. However, even in prison she revolted and died fighting.

Folklore and legend

According to traditional accounts, she was an immensely popular queen and this is also attested by the fact that she is even today a part of folklore. The queen's story has been retold from generation to generation
through folk songs and Yakshagana, a popular folk theatre in [Coastal Karnataka]. In Daiva Kola, a local ritual dance, the persona in trance recounts the great deeds of Abbakka Mahadevi. Abbakka is portrayed as
dark and good looking, always dressed in simple clothes like a commoner. She is portrayed as a caring queen who worked late into the night dispensing justice. Legends also claim that Abbakka was the last known
person to have used the Agnivana (fire-arrow) in her fight against the Portuguese. Some accounts also claim that she had two equally valiant daughters who fought alongside her in her wars against the Portuguese.
Tradition however treats all three - mother and two daughters as the same person.

Memory
Abbakka's memory is much cherished in her home town of Ullal. The "Veera Rani Abbakka Utsava" is an annual celebration held in her memory. The Veera Rani Abbakka Prashasti(award) is awarded to
distinguished women on the occasion.[9] On January 15, 2003, the Indian postal department issued a special cover on Rani Abbakka. There have been calls to name the Bajpe airport.[10] A bronze statue of the queen
has been erected in Ullal and another in Bangalore.[11] The Karnataka Itihasa Academy has called for renaming the Queen's road in the state capital as 'Rani Abbakka Devi road'.[12]

Rani Abbakka-class patrol vessel

The Indian Coast Guard ship ICGS Rani Abbakka, the 1st of a series of five inshore patrol vessels (IPV) built at Hindustan Shipyard Ltd is named after Abbakka Mahadevi was commissioned in Visakhapatnam on
January 20, 2012, and is based in Chennai.[13][14]

See also
Ullal
Tulunadu
Goa Inquisition
Battle of Colachel

Footnotes
1. There are four places in Karnataka and Kerala whose modern name is Puttige or similar. None seems to have ever been larger than a village. Another candidate for the place is Puttur, a town which is the seat
of a modern taluk (which also includes one of the villages called Puttige). An unsourced statement in the corresponding article in Kannada Wiki calls Puttur "the capital of a dynasty of kings" (Kannada: ವಂಶದ
ಅರಸರ ಾಜ ಾ ಾ ತು).

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Notes
1. "Queen Abbakka's triumph over western colonisers" (http://pib.nic.in/release
/rel_print_page.asp?relid=6707). Press Information Bureau, Govt., of India. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
2. "The Intrepid Queen-Rani Abbakka Devi of Ullal" (http://www.boloji.com/history/028.htm). Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20070807132003/http://www.boloji.com/history/028.htm) from the
original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
3. "Include Tulu in Eighth Schedule: Fernandes" (http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/feb/17tara.htm).
Rediff.com. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
4. "Blend past and present to benefit future" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow
/29664181.cms). Times of India. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
5. K. Sanjiva Prabhu (1977). Special Study Report on Bhuta Cult in South Kanara District
(https://books.google.com/books?id=xwgaAAAAMAAJ). Controller of Publications, 1977. pp. 9–12.
Retrieved 13 March 2015.
6. Sarojini Shintri, Kurukundi Raghavendra Rao (1983). Women freedom fighters in Karnataka
(https://books.google.com/books?id=-05uAAAAMAAJ). Dharwad: Prasaranga, Karnatak University.
pp. 13, 14.
7. Kudva, Venkataraya Narayan (1972). History of the Dakshinatya Saraswats
(https://books.google.com/books?ei=woC4ULz5PIX9rAfTyoGQBA&id=x0NuAAAAMAAJ&
dq=abbakka+ullal&q=ullal). Madras: Samyukta Gowda Saraswata Sabha. pp. 107–110.
8. CIL. "Abbakka Rani : The Unsung Warrior Queen - Kailash Mishra" (http://ignca.nic.in/nl001903.htm).
Ignca.nic.in. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
9. "M.P. Prakash calls for revival of local culture" (http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/09/stories
/2006010914610300.htm). Chennai, India: Deccan Herald. 2006-01-09. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20070809201529/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/09/stories
/2006010914610300.htm) from the original on 9 August 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
10. "Name Mangalore airport after Rani Abbakka: Dhananjaya" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com
/articleshow/32796607.cms). Times of India. 2002-12-30. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
11. "Highlight freedom fighters' role in books, says Ashok" (http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/27/stories
/2007012721710400.htm). Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2007-01-27. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
12. "Academy demands awards for historians" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014830/http:
//www.cscsarchive.org:8081/__e5256852001e3a90.nsf
/0/69721135fc4ba8e765256942002e3db2%21OpenDocument%26Highlight%3D0%2Cabbakka).
Indian Express. Archived from the original (http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081
/__e5256852001e3a90.nsf
/0/69721135fc4ba8e765256942002e3db2!OpenDocument&Highlight=0,abbakka) on 27 September
2007. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
13. "Coast Guard Inducts New Indigenous IPV Rani Abbakka" (http://www.livefistdefence.com/2012/01
/coast-guard-inducts-new-indigenous-ipv.html). Livefist. Retrieved 2016-11-01.
14. Ministry of Defence (20 January 2012). "1st Inshore Patrol Vessel Commissioned into Coast Guard"
(http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=79763). Press Information Burea. Retrieved 20 January
2012.

References
Abbakka Rani - The unsung warrior queen (http://www.ignca.gov.in/nl001903.htm)
Queen Abbakka's triumph over Western colonisers (http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=6707)

External links
Pepper queen Abbakka (https://web.archive.org/web/20070806161344/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/Articles/starofmysore/abbakka.htm)
Rani Abbakka Devi of Ullal (http://www.boloji.com/history/028.htm)
Abbakka, the warrior queen of Karnataka (http://www.mea.gov.in/indiaperspective/2004/102004.pdf)
Rani Abbakka has not been given her due (http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/09/stories/2006010904870400.htm)
Brave Abbakka still awaiting her due (https://web.archive.org/web/20070929124017/http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/jun192006/state2216232006618.asp)
Historian Dr. Jyotsna Kamat's Article on Abbakka (http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/itihas/abbakka.htm)

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