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AF – Ampere Frame *Physical size of the breaker *MCP – L Graph (uses magnetic for short circuit protection only)
*Interchangeability purposes Ex: Fire Pump Motor needs to run even on overload or grounded
conditions (will not run on short circuit condition)
*No Ampere Trip in ACB only Ampere Frame because it can be setup) *Magnetic-Only Circuit Breaker is Rare
Locked Rotor Current: 5x FLA
SAMPLE SWITCHGEAR (ACB)
Ex: 20A Motor FLA
LRA = 5(IFL)
= 5 (20)
= 100 A
*Protection system must be fast enough to protect but not fast enough to
lose coordination
Notes:
Note:
√ *For XLPE: T2=250°C; T1=90°C
MATRIX:
⁄
COMBINED LOAD CHARACTERISTIC SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTION COORDINATION
Phase Fault Protection
Ex: Motor + Static Loads Ground Fault Protection
VRDG = VAPP = IL ZØ
%Z or Percent Impedance
Z or Per-unit Impedance (w/o 100)
ZPER UNIT
Note:
*Considered in Generator:
*Winding = Copperloss or LineLoss = IL2 R
-Max Step Load (Bulk Increase in load)
-Max Rejection of Load (Bulk Decrease in load)
Z=
-Transient Stability
S3Ø = 3 S1Ø
S1Ø = VØIØ
If Wye: If Delta:
VECTOR DIAGRAM ( ) ( )
√ √
√ √
̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ *Wye or Delta do not affect power formula
1. √
2.
3.
√
√
4.
√ ( √ )
NOTE:
√ *Voltage should not change ZPER UNIT
*Per-unit is unitless
√
THREE PHASE FAULT SHORT CIRCUIT FORMULA Example Problem:
√ √ √
( )
√
( )
√
√
( )
NOTE:
*In Solidly Grounded System:
ZOT = ZP-SYS
IMPEDANCE DIAGRAM
[ ]
Z2(-) *just remove power
source
[ ]
*Hila hila method, Z1
[ ]
[ ][ ]
[ ][ ]
[ ][ ]
√ √
*No motor contribution at 30 cycles @BUS 3
@BUS 1
Z0B1 = 10.5
@BUS 1
@ 30 cycles
√ √
@BUS 2
√ √
( ) ( )
Z0B2 = XT2 + 3ZG
√
⁄
√
( ) @BUS 2 @BUS 3
√
Z0B2 = 30 + 3(1040.89)
Z0B2 = 30 + 3122.67
Z0B2 = 3152.67
COMMON PROTECTION CURRENT TRANSFORMER CONCEPT
WHERE: CT POLARITY
50 = Instantaneous Overcurrent • Polarity Mark
51 = Time Delay Overcurrent
= Current Transformer
*S = 5 A (ANSI)
= Primary/Secondary *S = 1 A (IEC)
Current Ratio
N = Ground Protection * +
( )
(Setting)
SAMPLE DIAGRAM (3 PHASE)
@8 kA Fault (3 Phase)
* +
*Partial Saturation
* +
L-L Fault
*Additional Relay for L-G Fault for “Back-up Protection”
(To delay action)
*By Zero Sequence Current:
= 200/3 A *Inductive kick
* +* +
For Transformer:
(Set to half of reading)
*Multifunction Relay
*87T is recommended for ≥5MVA TF
*Overlapping of Zone
*Bus Differential
ZCT – Usually used for motor feeder
*87 - Differential Protection (Sensitive)
- No Coordination needed
*Differential Relay must be same manufacture date, model, brand
*Insulation Percent
-100%
For Motor: “PROTECTION IS
-133% SCIENCE AND ART”
-177%
-Jimenez, PEE
*References
-IEEE Colored Books
-Stevenson’s
-Schaumm’s Outline
-Jimenez, PEE
@PRIMARY
*use L-L if delta-wye
*Characteristic of motor
starting: √
-Cold Motor If 3Ø fault is one unit: ( )
-Hot Motor
RA51 Setting:
*CLASS 10 – Its trips 10 Pickup 600Max
seconds of starting current.
Set:
*Self-protection up to 1.25
of FL current. * +* + 100 A @4160V, 1040 A @400V
300 A
*Service Factor (SF) – can
overload up to certain EI-IEC (Extremely Inverse)
percentage @ rated
ambient temperature. Where; K = 80, M = Multiple
*Up to 13.41 kA
(Short Circuit)
[ ] Characteristic K
Normal Inverse 0.02 0.14
@TRANSFORMER: Very Inverse 1.0 13.5
Ext. Inverse 2.0 80
* + Long Time 1.0 120