Torsion of Circular Shaft

Torsional Deformation of a Circular Shaft

Torque is a moment that tends to

twist a member about its
longitudinal axis.
 Twisting causes the circles to
remain circles.
 Sections do not warp or bulge in
or out.
Form the figures below, it is apparent that if the angle of
twist is small, the length of the shaft and its radius will
remain unchanged.
The angle of twist φ(x) increases as x increases.
Torsional Deformation of Circular Shaft
This angle, is indicated on the element. It can be related
to the length ∆x of the element and the angle ∆φ between
the shaded planes by considering the length of arc BD,
that is,
The shear strain within the shaft
varies linearly along any
radial line, from zero at the axis of
the shaft to a maximum γmax its
outer boundary, as shown below.
Since dφ/dx= γ/ρ= γmax/c, then,
If the material is linear-elastic, then Hooke’s law applies,
and consequently a linear variation in shear strain, leads
to a corresponding linear variation in shear stress along
any radial line on the cross section
Torque Computation
The torque produced by this force is

Polar moment of inertia=

Torsion formula=
Polar Moment of Inertia- Solid Shaft
The polar moment of inertia J can be determined using
an area element in the form of a differential ring or
annulus having a thickness dρ and circumference 2πρ.
For this ring, dA = 2πρ dρ and so,
Tubular or hollow shaft
Angle of Twist
Using the method of sections, a differential disk of
thickness dx, located at position x, is isolated from the
shaft
Stress Concentration
The torsion formula, cannot be
applied to regions of a shaft
having a sudden change in the
cross section. The necessity to
perform a complex stress
analysis at a shaft
discontinuity to obtain the
maximum shear stress can be
eliminated by using a torsional
stress-concentration factor, K.
Elastic-Plastic Torque
Let us consider the material in the
shaft to exhibit an elastic-perfectly
plastic behaviour.
15
Plastic Torque
Further increases in T tend to shrink the radius of the
elastic core until all the material will yield
Compared with the maximum elastic torque Ty
Problems
The solid shaft of radius c is subjected to
a torque T, as shown in figure. Determine
the fraction of T that is resisted by the
material contained within the outer region
of the shaft, which has an inner radius of
c/2 and outer radius c.
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