OSI Reference Model

Faisal Karim Shaikh

faisal.shaikh@faculty.muet.edu.pk

DEWSNet Group
Dependable Embedded Wired/Wireless
Networks
www.fkshaikh.com/dewsnet

OSI Reference Model 1

 LAYERED TASKS: Tasks involved in sending a letter

OSI Reference Model 2

 Standard Protocol Architectures
 Two approaches (standard)
 OSI Reference model
• never used widely
• but well known
 TCP/IP protocol suite
• Most widely used

 Another approach (proprietary)

 IBM’s Systems Network Architecture (SNA)

OSI Reference Model 3

 OSI Reference Model
 Open Systems Interconnection
 Reference model
 provides a general framework for standardization
 defines a set of layers and services provided by each layer
 one or more protocols can be developed for each layer
 Developed by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO)
 also published by ITU-T (International Telecommunications
Union)

OSI Reference Model 4

 OSI Reference Model
 A layered model
 Seven layers – seven has been presented as the optimal number
of layer
 Delivered too late (published in 1984)!
 by that time TCP/IP started to became the de facto standard
 Although no OSI-based protocol survived, the model is
still valid

OSI Reference Model 5

 Standardized Protocol Architectures

OSI Reference Model 6

 Seven layers of the OSI model

OSI Reference Model 7

 The OSI Environment

OSI Reference Model 8

 Interaction b/w layers in the OSI model

OSI Reference Model 9

 Exchange of data using the OSI model

OSI Reference Model 10

 Physical layer

 Physical interface between devices

 Characteristics
• Mechanical - interface specs
• Electrical - voltage levels for bits, transmission rate

OSI Reference Model 11

 Data link layer
 Principle service: error detection and control
 Higher layers may assume error free transmission
 link to link (point to point)
 Later a sublayer is added to Data Link Layer
• MAC (Medium Access Control) sublayer
• to deal with broadcast networks

OSI Reference Model 12

 Hop-to-hop delivery

OSI Reference Model 13

 Network layer
 Transfer of information through comm. network
 Higher layers do not need to know about underlying networking
technology
 Not needed on direct links
 If needed network nodes (relays) should perform switching and routing
functions
 QoS (Quality of Service) and congestion control are also addresses in
this layer
 Several other internetworking issues
• e.g. differences in addressing, max. data length, etc.

OSI Reference Model 14

 Source-to-destination delivery

OSI Reference Model 15

 Transport layer

 Exchange of data end to end

 If needed, upper layer data are split into smaller units
 In sequence, no losses, no duplicates

OSI Reference Model 16

 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

OSI Reference Model 17

 Session layer
 Control of dialogues
• whose turn to talk?
 Dialogue discipline (full-duplex, half-duplex)
 Checkpointing and recovery

OSI Reference Model 18

 Presentation layer
 Data formats and coding
 Data compression
 Encryption

OSI Reference Model 19

 Application layer
 Support for various protocols

OSI Reference Model 20

 Summary of layers

OSI Reference Model 21