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2
Engineering Bulletin EDP-2
Dependable (2004-2)
Protection
For An
Electrical
Distribution
System
Part 2
Selective Coordination
Of Overcurrent
Protective Devices
For
Low Voltage Systems
Bussmann
Electrical Distribution System
Non-Selective Coordination Resulting in a Blackout It is also possible that non-selective OPENING could
A fault on a branch circuit opens protective devices be due to overload conditions on the branch circuit.
"D", "C" and "B". The entire power supply to the building is Selective Coordination
completely shut down. This non-selective operation is A fault on a branch circuit opens protective device " D"
normally due to a medium to high level short circuit. This only. Since A, B and C are not disturbed, the remainder of
fault may be L-L, L-G, or 3 phase bolted in nature. the electrical system is still energized.
B B
Opens
D Opens
D
Branch
Circuit De-energized
Fault Portion of System. Fault
(This is the only part of
the system affected).
Figure 1 Figure 2
3
Selective Coordination –
100A
400A
600
This infor mation is presented as an aid to
understanding time-current characteristic curves of fuses 400
and circuit breakers, and will discuss the major 300
considerations in properly applying electrical protective
200
devices. A thorough understanding of time-current
characteristic curves of overcurrent protective devices is 400A
essential to provide a Selectively Coordinated System. 100
It should be noted that the study of time-current curves 80 Point E Point C
indicates performance during overload and low level fault 60
conditions. The performance of overcurrent devices that 40
operate under medium to high level fault conditions are not 100A
30
reflected on standard curves. Other engineering methods
must be utilized. 20 Available
Fault
Current
Fuse Curves Level
Point G 1000A
10
Figure 3 illustrates the time-current characteristic
TIME IN SECONDS
8 Figure 3a.
curves for two sizes of time-delay, dual-element fuses in 6
series, as depicted in the one-line diagram in Figure 3a.
4
The horizontal axis of the graph represents the RMS
symmetrical current in amperes. The ver tical axis 3
20,000
100
200
300
400
600
800
1000
2000
3000
4000
6000
8000
4
Selective Coordination –
5
Selective Coordination –
400
Ove
300
rloa
d
200
Reg
Minimum
Maximum
ion
Unlatching
Time Interrrupting Time
100
80
60
40
30
Average Unlatching Times
20
Breaker Tripping Magnetically
Current in Time in
RMS Amps Seconds
10 5,000 .0045
10,000 .0029
8
15,000 .0024
6 20,000 .0020
Adjustable Magnetic 25,000 .0017
4 Instantaneous Trip
Set at 10 Times
3 I.T. = 10X
(± 10% Band)
Interrupting Rating
TIME IN SECONDS
2
RMS Sym. Amps
240V 42,000
480V 30,000
1
600V 22,000
.8 Adjustable
.6 Instantaneous Trip
Set at 5 Times
.4 I.T. = 5X
(± 25% Band)
.3
.2
.1
.08
.06
Maximum
.04 Interrupting
Time
.03
.02
Instantanous Region
.01
.008
.006
.004
Interrupting
.003 Rating
at 480 Volt
Average Unlatching
.002 Times for
Instantaneous Tripping
.001
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
100
200
300
400
600
800
1000
2000
3000
4000
6000
8000
CURRENT IN AMPERES
Figure 4. Typical Circuit Breaker Time-Current Characteristic Curve
6
Selective Coordination –
TIME IN SECONDS
20
a built-in override mechanism (Figure 6). This is called the
instantaneous override function, and will override the STD
for medium to high level faults. This override may "kick in" 10
2,000
3,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
protective device is opening the faulted circuit.
CURRENT IN AMPERES
Figure 5
7
Selective Coordination –
600
400
300
200
100
80
60
ICCB
40
30
20
10
8
3
TIME IN SECONDS
1
.8
.6
.4
.3
.2
Instantaneous
Override
= 12X
.1
.08
.06
.04
.03
.02
.01
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
100
200
300
400
600
800
1000
2000
3000
4000
6000
8000
CURRENT IN AMPERES
Figure 6
8
Selective Coordination –
600
2000A
400
300
200
100A
100
80
60
2000A ICCB
100A CB
40
30
20
10
TIME IN SECONDS
1
.8
.6
.4
.3
.2
.1
.08
.06
.04 BLACKOUT!
.03
.02
.01
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
100
200
300
400
600
800
1000
2000
3000
4000
6000
8000
CURRENT IN AMPERES
Figure 7
9
Selective Coordination –
Current
limiting fuses.
The area under the current curves indicates the energy
let-thru. If no protective device were present, or if
I'p Limited Current Results
mechanical type overcurrent devices with opening times of When Fuse Clears
one-half cycle or longer were present, the full available
short-circuit energy would be delivered to the system. The
amount of energy delivered is directly proportionate to the
square of the current. So we can see how important it is to
have fuses which can limit the current being delivered to
the system to a value less than the available current. The
tm ta
amount of energy being produced in the circuit while the Time
fuse is clearing is called the total clearing energy and is tc
equal to the melting energy plus the arcing energy. Fault is Initiated Here
Selectivity between two fuses operating under short- Figure 8
circuit conditions exists when the total clearing energy of An engineering tool has been developed to aid in the
the load side fuse is less than the melting energy of the line proper selection of fuses for selective coordination. This
side fuse (See Figure 9). Selectivity Ratio Guide (SRG) is shown below.
600A ment FUSETRON FRN-R – – 1.5:1 1.5:1 2:1 – 1.5:1 1.5:1 1.5:1 1.5:1
(RK5) FRS-R
601 to LIMITRON KTU 2:1 2.5:1 2:1 2:1 6:1 2:1 2:1 2:1 2:1 N/A
6000A (L)
0 to Fast- LIMITRON KTN-R – – 3:1 3:1 8:1 – 3:1 3:1 3:1 4:1
600A Acting (RK1) KTS-R
0 to T-TRON JJN – – 3:1 3:1 8:1 – 3:1 3:1 3:1 4:1
1200A (T) JJS
0 to LIMITRON JKS – – 2:1 2:1 8:1 – 3:1 3:1 3:1 4:1
600A (J)
0 to Time- SC SC – – 3:1 3:1 4:1 – 2:1 2:1 2:1 2:1
60A Delay (G)
* Note: At some values of fault current, specified ratios may be lowered to permit closer fuse sizing. Plot fuse curves or consult with Bussmann.
General Notes: Ratios given in this Table apply only to Buss fuses. When fuses are within the same case size, consult Bussmann.
** Consult Bussmann for latest LPJSP ratios.
As an example, refer to Figure 9 and the SRG for Low ampere ratings is 5:1 (1000:200) which indicates
Peak fuses. The SRG suggests that the minimum ratio coordination between these fuses. Continuing further into
between line side and load side fuse should be at least 2:1. the system the LPS-RK-200SP feeds a LPJ60SP. This ratio
The one-line illustrated in Figure 9 shows Low Peak fuses of ampere ratings is 3.33:1 (200:60), which also indicates a
KRP-C1000SP feeding a LPS-RK200SP. The ratio of selectively coordinated system.
10
Selective Coordination –
LOW-PEAK®
Time-Delay Fuse tm
KRP-C-1000SP
Line Side tc
Load Side
LOW-PEAK®
LPS-RK-200SP
Dual-Element Fuse
LPS-RK-200SP
Amp Fuse
Let-Thru Energy*
tm
tc
Line Side
Load Side
LOW-PEAK®
LPJ-60SP
Dual-Element Fuse
LPJ-60SP
Amp Fuse
Fault Let-Thru Energy*
tc
Figure 9
Requirements for selectivity—Total clearing energy of load side fuse is less than melting energy of line side fuse.
11
Selective Coordination –
Circuit Breakers
Medium to High Level Fault Currents
Figure 10 illustrates a 400 ampere circuit breaker
ahead of a 90 ampere breaker. Any fault above 1500
amperes on the load side of the 90 ampere breaker will
open both breakers. The 90 ampere breaker will generally
unlatch before the 400 ampere breaker. However, before
the 90 ampere breaker can separate its contacts and clear
the fault current, the 400 ampere breaker has unlatched
and also will open.
Assume a 4000 ampere short circuit exists on the load
side of the 90 ampere circuit breaker. The sequence of
events would be as follows:
1. The 90 ampere breaker will unlatch (Point A) and
free the breaker mechanism to start the actual opening
process.
2. The 400 ampere breaker will unlatch (Point B) and it,
too, would begin the opening process. Once a breaker
unlatches, it will open. At the unlatching point, the process
is irreversible.
3. At Point C, the 90 ampere breaker will have
completely interrupted the fault current.
4. At Point D, the 400 ampere breaker also will have
completely opened the circuit.
Consequently, this is a non-selective system, causing
a complete blackout to the load protected by the 400
ampere breaker.
As printed by one circuit breaker manufacturer, "One
should not overlook the fact that when a high fault current
occurs on a circuit having several circuit breakers in series,
the instantaneous trip on all breakers may operate.
Therefore, in cases where several breakers are in series,
the larger upstream breaker may start to unlatch before the
smaller downstream breaker has cleared the fault. This
means that for faults in this range, a main breaker may
open when it would be desirable for only the feeder breaker
to open."
12
Selective Coordination –
Circuit Breakers
1000
800
600
400
400A
300
200
90A
100
80 4000A
60
40
30
20
90Amp 400Amp Circuit Breaker
Circuit Breaker I.T. = 5X
10
8
2
TIME IN SECONDS
1
.8
.6
.4
.3
.2
.1
.08
.06
.04
.03 •D
.02
•C
.01
.008
.006 B
•
.004
A•
.003
.002
.001
10,000
20,000
30,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
40,000
10
20
40
60
80
100
200
300
400
600
800
1000
2000
3000
6000
8000
30
1,500A
CURRENT IN AMPERES 4,000A 14,000A 30,000A
I.R. I.R.
Figure 10
13
Selective Coordination Study –
Recommended Procedures
The following steps are recommended when 2. Short Circuit Study
conducting a selective coordination study. Perform a short circuit analysis, calculating maximum
1. One-Line Diagram available short circuit currents at critical points in the
Obtain the electrical system one-line diagram that identifies distribution system (such as transformers, main switchgear,
important system components, as given below. panelboards, motor control centers, load centers, and large
a. Transformers motors and generators.) (Reference: Bussmann Bulletin,
Obtain the following data for protection and coordination infor- Engineering Dependable Protection - EDPI.)
mation of transformers:
- KVA rating 3. Helpful Hints
- Inrush points a. Determine the Ampere Scale Selection. It is most
- Primary and secondary connections convenient to place the time current curves in the center of
- Impedance the log-log paper. This is accomplished by multiplying or
- Damage curves dividing the ampere scale by a factor of 10.
- Primary and secondary voltages b. Determine the Reference (Base) Voltage. The best
- Liquid or dry type reference voltage is the voltage level at which most of the
b. Conductors - Check phase, neutral, and equipment devices being studied fall. (On most low voltage industrial
grounding. The one-line diagram should include infor- and commercial studies, the reference voltage will be 208,
mation such as: 240, or 480 volts). Devices at other voltage levels will be
- Conductor size shifted by a multiplier based on the transformer turn ratio.
- Number of conductors per phase The best reference voltage will require the least amount of
- Material (copper or aluminum) manipulation. Modern computer programs will automat-
- Insulation ically make these adjustments when the voltage levels of
- Conduit (magnetic or non-magnetic) devices are identified by the input data.
From this information, short circuit withstand curves can be c. Commencing the Analysis. The starting point can be
developed. This provides information on how overcurrent determined by the designer. Typically, studies begin with
devices will protect conductors from overload and short the main circuit devices and work down through the
circuit damage. feeders and branches. (Right to left on your log-log paper.)
c. Motors d. Multiple Branches. If many branches are taken off one
The system one-line diagram should include motor feeder, and the branch loads are similar, the largest rated
information such as: branch circuit should be checked for coordination with
- Full load currents upstream devices. If the largest branch will coordinate, and
- Horsepower the branch devices are similar, they generally will
- Voltage coordinate as well. (The designer may wish to verify other
- Type of starting characteristic areas of protection on those branches, conductors, etc.)
(across the line, etc.) e. Don't Overcrowd the Study. Many computer generated
- Type of overload relay studies will allow a maximum of ten device characteristics
(Class 10, 20, 30) per page.
Overload protection of the motor and motor circuit can be f. One-Line Diagram. A one-line diagram of the study
determined from this data. should be drawn for future reference.
d. Fuse Characteristics
Fuse Types/Classes should be identified on the one-line
diagram.
e. Circuit Breaker Characteristics
Circuit Breaker Types should be identified on the one-line
diagram.
f. Relay Characteristics
Relay Types should be identified on the one-line diagram.
14
Examples of Selective Coordination Studies
The following pages will analyze in detail the system This simple radial system will involve three separate
shown in Figure 11. It is understood that a short circuit time current curve studies, applicable to the three feeder/
study has been completed, and all devices have adequate branches shown.
interrupting ratings. A Selective Coordination Analysis is the
next step.
13.8KV
Overcurrent Relay
IFLA=42A JCN80E
#6 XLP
1000KVA
∆-Y 5.75% Z
480/277V
#3/0 THW
LOW-PEAK® LOW-PEAK®
LPS-RK-100SP LPN-RK-500SP
LP1
20A Branch 250 kcmil
2/Ø THW
100A Motor Branch
20A CB
#12 THW
20A CB #1 THW
60HP 3Ø
M 77A FLA
Figure 11
15
Example –
16
Example –
400 FLA 3
300 2
XFMR
200 DAMAGE
100
11
80
60
JCN 80E
20A MCCB
40
LPS-RK-200SP 5
30
KRP-C-1600SP
20
MV OLR
TIME IN SECONDS
10
8
4
#6 DAMAGE
3 3/0 DAMAGE
2
#12 DAMAGE 12
13.8KV
14 4
1
.8
Overcurrent .6 13
Relay
.4
JCN80E .3
#6 XLP
.2
1000KVA TX
5.75%Z 1
INRUSH
∆-Y .1
480/277V
.08
.06
KRP-C-1600SP 6
.04
.03
.02
LPS-RK-200SP
200A .01
10,000
1
8
10
20
30
40
60
80
100
200
300
400
600
800
1000
2000
3000
4000
6000
8000
20A CB 20A CB
#12 THW
17
Example –
18
Example –
600 2
400 FLA 3
300 2
100 24
80 23
13.8KV 60
JCN80E
MTR START
40 5
30 LPS-RK-100SP
Overcurrent
Relay MV OLR
20
KRP-C-1600SP
JCN 80E
TIME IN SECONDS
10
#6 XLP 8
6
1000KVA
5.75%Z 4
∆-Y #6 DAMAGE
480/277V 3
2
22
25
KRP-C-1600SP #1 DAMAGE 4
1
.8
.6
.4
LPS-RK-400SP 21
.3
400A Feeder
.2
TX
INRUSH
.1
LPS-RK-100SP 1
.08
#1 THW .06
.04 6
.03
.02
.01
60HP M
10,000
1
8
10
20
30
40
60
80
100
200
300
400
600
800
1000
2000
3000
4000
6000
8000
19
Example –
20
Example –
600 2
3
400 FLA FLA
300 2
XFMR DAMAGE
200
100
80
60
JCN80E
13.8KV 40
LPS-RK-225SP 5
30
LPN-RK-500SP
MV OLR
20
Overcurrent KRP-C1600SP
Relay 31
TIME IN SECONDS
10 34
8
2-250 DAMAGE
JCN 80E 6
35
4
#6 DAMAGE
3
#6 XLP XFMR DAMAGE 33
2
1000KVA
5.75%Z
∆-Y 4
1
480/277V
.8
.6
.4
KRP-C-1600SP
.3
.2
TX TX
INRUSH INRUSH
LPS-RK-225SP .1 32 1
.08
150KVA .06
2.0%Z
∆-Y .04
208/120V 6
.03
.02
LPN-RK-500SP
250 kcmil
2/Ø THW .01
10,000
1
8
10
20
30
40
60
80
100
200
300
400
600
800
1000
2000
3000
4000
6000
8000
21
Conclusions
Unnecessar y power OUTAGES, such as the
BLACKOUTS we so often experience, can be stopped by
isolating a faulted circuit from the remainder of the system
through the proper selection of MODERN CURRENT-
LIMITING FUSES.
Time-Delay type current-limiting fuses can be sized
close to the load current and still hold motor-starting
currents or other har mless transients, thereby
ELIMINATING nuisance OUTAGES.
The SELECTIVITY GUIDE on page 10 may be used for
an easy check on fuse selectivity regardless of the short-
circuit current levels involved. Where medium and high
voltage primary fuses are involved, the time-current
characteristic curves of the fuses in question should be
plotted on standard NEMA log-log graph paper for proper
study.
The time saved by using the SELECTIVITY GUIDE will
allow the electrical systems designer to pursue other areas
for improved systems design.
22